Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (wewmGm : †U÷-02 Gi mnvqK †bvU) # 1 # AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj : 01
cÖvPxb mf¨Zv
wek^ mf¨Zvi hvÎv ïiæ nq AvbygvwbK wLª÷c~e© 5000 A‡ã| c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg mf¨Zv¸‡jv n‡jv01. ‡g‡mvc‡Uwgqv
02. wgkixq
03. ‣PwbK
04. wmÜz
05. wdwbkxq
07. wneªæ
08. wMÖK
09. †ivgvb
10. gvqv
11. bviv
‡g‡mvc‡Uwgqv mf¨Zv
fvm©b
b‡f¤^i, 2021 wLª÷vã
06. cvim¨
12. BbKv
‡U÷-02
M‡o I‡V UvBwMÖm (`Rjv)
AšÍf©y³ mf¨Zv
 c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg mf¨Zv|
I BD‡dªwUm (‡dvivZ)
 eZ©gvb Biv‡Ki AšÍM©Z|
my‡gixq mf¨Zv
e¨vwejbxq mf¨Zv
b`xi De©i Zxiv‡j|
A¨v‡mixq mf¨Zv
 wMÖK Ô†g‡mvc‡UwgqvÕ A_© `yB b`xi ga¨eZ©x f~wg/AÂj|
K¨vjWxq mf¨Zv
my‡gixq mf¨Zv  ‡g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi me‡P‡q cÖvPxb mf¨Zv M‡o Zy‡jwQj my‡gixqMY|
(The
 my‡gixq‡`i Avw`evm wQj— Gjv‡gi cvnvwo A‡j| AvbygvwbK 2000 wLª÷c~e©v‡ãi KvQvKvwQ mg‡q
Gjvgxq m¤úª`v‡qi gvby‡li Avµg‡Y my‡gixq mf¨Zvi cZ‡bi m~Pbv nq|
Sumerian
Civilization)  Av‡qi g~j Drm wQj— K…wl| DbœZ †mP e¨e¯’v M‡o Zz‡jwQj|
 ‡g‡mvc‡Uwgqv mf¨Zvi AšÍf©y³ my‡gixq mf¨Zvi ‡jv‡Kiv ‡iv‡` ïKv‡bv BU ev ‡cvov BU w`‡q Nievwo
wbg©vY Ki‡Zb| Zv‡`i ‣Zwi bMi ‡`eZvi gw›`i¸wj‡K wR¸ivU ev ¯^‡M©i cvnvo ejv n‡Zv| my‡gixq
mgvR e¨e¯’vq f~¯^vgx‡`i ejv n‡Zv ÔjyMvmÕ|
 my‡gixq mf¨Zvi ‡jvK‡`i wKQy Ae`vb
01. me‡P‡q eo Ae`vb— ÔPvKvÕ (Wheel) Avwe®‥vi (me©cÖ_g Mvwo I i‡_ PvKv e¨envi K‡i)|
02. eM©g~j I Nbg~j Gi MvwYwZK c×wZ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib|
03. Pvu‡`i AveZ©‡bi wfwˇZ P›`ªªgv‡mi cÖPjb| A_©vr P›`ªcwÄKvi (Lunar Calendar) Avwe®‥vi|
04. me©cÖ_g wjLb c×wZ (wPÎwjwc I wKDwbdg© wjwc) Avwe®‥vi|
 ÔwKDwbdg©Õ (Cuneiform) n‡jv AÿiwfwËK eY©wjwc| wKDwbdg© †`L‡Z †Kvb †KvbUv Bs‡iwR ÔVÕ
(wf) Aÿ‡ii g‡Zv g‡b n‡Zv| G mf¨Zvq cÖPwjZ wKDwbdg© wjwci cv‡Vv×vi K‡ib— m¨vi ‡nbwi
‡µmDBK ‡ivwjbmb (1827 wLª÷v‡ã)|
e¨vwejbxq
 e¨vwejbxq mf¨Zvi ¯’cwZ — nv¤§yivwe (Hammurabi)| wZwb wQ‡jb— c„w_exi 1g wjwLZ AvBb
mf¨Zv (The
cÖ‡YZv| GB mf¨Zvq cÖYxZ n‡qwQj— AvBb msµvšÍ Ônv¤§yivwe ‡KvWÕ| Ônv¤§yivwe ‡KvWÕ n‡jv— ‡gvU
Babylonian
282wU AvB‡bi msKjb hv c„w_exi Ab¨Zg cÖvPxb wjwLZ AvBb msKjb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
Civilization)  e¨vwej‡bi ‣`bw›`b Rxe‡b e¨eüZ fvlv— ÔAv°v`xqvb fvlvÕ| eZ©gv‡b GB wb`k©b¸‡jv msiwÿZ
Av‡Q— c¨vwi‡mi jy¨fi Rv`yN‡i|
 ÔwKDwbdg©Õ wjwc‡Z e¨vwejbxq‡`i Øviv ‡jLv nq weL¨vZ gnvKve¨— ÔwMjMv‡gkÕ (Gilgamesh)|
 c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg gvbwPÎ cvIqv hvq— e¨vwej‡bi Dˇii Mv_yi kn‡ii aŸsmve‡k‡l| GwU wQj
ågYKvix‡`i c_ wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ mnR I mij cÖKv‡ii gvbwPÎ|
A¨v‡mixq mf¨Zv  UvBwMÖm b`xi Zx‡i ÔAvïiÕ bv‡g GKwU mg„× kni M‡o D‡V| BwZnv‡m A¨v‡mixqiv cwiwPZ— mvgwiK
(The
ivóª wn‡m‡e| ZvivB cÖ_‡g ‡jvnvi A‡¯¿ mw¾Z evwnbx MVb K‡i Ges hy×i‡_i e¨envi K‡i|
 A¨v‡mixqiv cÖ_g e…ˇK 3600 fvM K‡i| c„w_ex‡K Zviv me©cÖ_g A¶vsk Ges `ªvwNgvsk (Latitudes
Assyrian
and Longitudes) Abyhvqx fvM K‡iwQ‡jv|
Civilization)
K¨vjWxq mf¨Zv  e¨vwejb kni‡K ‡K›`ª K‡i M‡o IVvq G mf¨Zv cwiwPZ— ÔbZyb e¨vwejbxq mf¨ZvÕ bv‡g|
(The
 K¨vjWxq‡`i Ae`vb—
Chaldean
mßvn‡K 7 w`‡b wef³
cÖwZw`b‡K 12 ‡Rvov NÈvq fvM Kiv|
Civilization)
12wU b¶Îcy‡Äi mÜvb cvb Zv †_‡K 12 wU ivwkP‡µi (12 Zodiac Circles) m…wó nq|
 G mf¨Zvi ¯’cwZ wQ‡jb— mgªvU ‡beyPvu`‡bRvi| Zvui Agi KxwZ©— Ôe¨vwej‡bi k~b¨ D`¨vbÕ (The
Hanging Garden of Babylon) wbg©vY| mgªvÁxi Drmv‡n mgªvU bMi ‡`Iqv‡ji Dci ‣Zwi
K‡iwQ‡jb Avðh© my›`i GK evMvb| e¨vwej‡bi k~b¨ D`¨vb— cÖvPxb mßvðv‡h©i GKwU|
Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (wewmGm : †U÷-02 Gi mnvqK †bvU) # 2 # AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj : 01
wgkixq mf¨Zv





mf¨Zvi †MvovcËb N‡U— wLª÷c~e© 5000 A‡ã bxjb‡`i Zx‡i| G mf¨Zv ¯’vqx n‡qwQj— 2500 eQ‡iiI †ewk|
wMÖK BwZnvmwe` †n‡iv‡WvUvm wgki‡K— bxjb‡`i `vb e‡j‡Qb| bxj b‡`i mc© ejv nq— wgk‡ii ivYx wK¬I‡cUªv‡K|
mgMÖ wgki‡K GKwÎZ K‡ib— ivRv †g‡bm| †g‡b‡mi kvmbKv‡j ivRavbx wQj— †gwçm|
G mf¨Zvi Ae`vb—
me‡P‡q eo Ae`vb n‡jv— wcivwgW ‣Zwi| wgk‡ii me‡P‡q eo wcivwgW wgk‡ii wgkixqiv Qwe I ms‡K‡Zi mvnv‡h¨
ivRv dvivI ev ivRv Lydyi wcivwgW| G wcivwg‡W ivRv Lydyi mgvwa Aew¯’Z| cÖPjb K‡ib— nvqv‡ivwMøwdKm
c„w_exi me‡P‡q eo wcivwgW— The Great Pyramid of Cholula (‡gw·‡Kv)| (Hieroglyphics) wjwc|
Zvuiv cvj ‡Zvjv eo ‡b․Kv, 12 gv‡m eQi, 30 w`‡b gvm, 365 w`‡b mvj MYbv, Mv‡Qi evKj ‡_‡K Zviv •Zwi
g„rcvÎ ‣Zwii hš¿, Xvj, Z‡jvqvi, Zxi-abyK cÖf…wZi cÖPjb K‡ib|
K‡ib— Ôc¨vwcivmÕ bvgK KvMR|
Zv‡`i me‡P‡q eo K…wZZ¡ ÔwùsmÕ •Zwi‡Z| eûLÐ cv_‡ii Mv‡q dzwU‡q †Zvjv n‡Zv G fv¯‥h©| wùs‡mi †`n wms‡ni
AvK…wZi, Avi gv_v wQj dvivI‡qi|
‣PwbK mf¨Zv





‣PwbK mf¨Zv M‡o I‡V— Px‡bi ‡nvqvs‡nv I BqvswmwKqvs b`xi De©i A‡j|
Px‡bi mgvRe¨e¯’v wef³ wQj— Pvi fv‡M| h_v— ivRv, eyw×Rxex, RbMY, µxZ`vm|
Pxbviv Zv‡`i ivRv‡K ÔCk¦‡ii cyÎÕ g‡b KiZ| Pxbv Rb‡Mvôx g~jZ g‡½vjxq es‡kv™¢~Z|
Pxbviv ‡eªv‡Äi e¨envi RvbZ| Zviv ‡Nvov Uvbvi i_ e¨envi KiZ| Nywoi DrcwË— cÖvPxb Px‡b|
Kbdywmqvm wQ‡jb Px‡bi me‡P‡q cÖfvekvjx `vk©wbK| Kbdywmqv‡mi `k©b a‡g© cwiYZ nq wLª÷c~e© 206 A‡ã|
wmÜz mf¨Zv





wmÜy mf¨Zv (Sindh Civilization) wQj— ‡eªvÄ hyMxq mf¨Zv (3500 wLª÷c~e©vã)| G mf¨Zv M‡o I‡V— cvwKšÍv‡bi
wmÜy b‡`i Zx‡i niàv I g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv (Mohenjo Daro) Ges Av‡iv ‡QvUeo GKkZ kni I MÖvg wb‡q |
G mf¨Zv cÖwZôv K‡ib— `ªvweoMY| bMixwU M‡o I‡V— wmÜzi Dcb`x BiveZxi Zx‡i|
wmÜy mf¨Zv Avwe®‥vi K‡ib— Rb gvk©vj, `qvivg mvnbx Ges ivLvj`vm e‡›`¨vcva¨vq| 1922 mv‡j cÖZœZË¡we`iv gvwU
Lyu‡o G mf¨Zvi wb`k©b ‡`L‡Z cvb| gvwU Lyu‡o †LvuR cvIqv cÖ_g bMixwUi bvg— niàv|
wLª÷c~e© 1500 A‡ã DËi-cwðg w`K ‡_‡K AvMZ Avh©‡`i Avµg‡Y GB mf¨Zv aŸsm n‡q hvq|
wmÜz mf¨Zvi Ae`vb— cwigvcY c×wZ| †hgb- IRb cwigv‡ci Rb¨ evULviv Ges •`N©¨ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ †¯‥‡ji e¨envi|
wdwbkxq mf¨Zv




G mf¨Zv M‡o D‡V— ‡jevbb I f~-ga¨mvM‡ii gvSvgvwS A‡j| Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii nv‡Z wdwbkxq‡`i cZb N‡U|
mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m Zv‡`i cwiPq n‡jv— ‡kªô bvweK I RvnvR wbg©vZv wn‡m‡e| G‡`i g~j ‡ckv wQj— evwYR¨| wdwbkxq
bvweKiv aªæeZviv (Pole star) ‡`‡L iv‡Z RvnvR Pvjv‡Z cvi‡Zb| G Kvi‡Y aªæeZvivi Aci bvg— wdwbkxq Zviv|
Giv D™¢veb K‡i— 22wU e¨Äbe‡Y©i mgš^‡q wdwbkxq eY©gvjv (Phoenician alphabet)| AvaywbK eY©gvjvi m~Pbv
GLvb ‡_‡KB| Giv Kvwj, Kjg, KvM‡Ri e¨envi RvbZ|
2005 mv‡j BD‡b‡¯‥v wdwbkxq fvlv‡K ‘International Documentary Heritage’ wn‡m‡e ‘Memory of the
world Register’ G wbewÜZ K‡i|
cvim¨ mf¨Zv





cvim¨ (eZ©gvb Bivb) mf¨Zv— wLª÷c~e© 2000 A‡ã giæf~wgi Dˇi we¯ÍxY© De©i f~wg‡Z Avh©iv M‡o †Zv‡jb|
Zv‡`i cÖavb Ae`vb n‡jv— `¶ e¨e¯’vcbv M‡o ‡Zvjv| cvim¨iv wjwc wjL‡b 39wU wKDwbdg© e¨envi KiZ|
`vwiqym wQ‡jb— cvi‡m¨i weL¨vZ mgªvU| cvim¨ mf¨Zvi Aci bvg— GK‡gwbW mf¨Zv|
cvim¨iv me©kw³gvb cÖfy‡K ejZ Avûiv gvR`v| Ri_ªy÷ bvgK avwg©K I `vk©wbK bZyb ag©xq Ri_ªy÷ev` cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
wLª÷c~e© 330 mv‡j wMÖK exi Av‡jKRvÛvi cvim¨ `Lj K‡ib|
wneªæ mf¨Zv

c¨v‡j÷vB‡bi ‡RiæRv‡jg bMix‡K ‡K›`ª K‡i wneªæ mf¨Zvi weKvk N‡UwQj| wneªæ g~jZ GKwU †m‡gwUK fvlvi bvg, GwU
†Kvb RvwZi bvg bq| Z‡e wneªæ A_© ÔwbP es‡ki ‡jvKÕ ev ÔhvhveiÕ|
Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (wewmGm : †U÷-02 Gi mnvqK †bvU) # 3 # AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj : 01

eZ©gvb BmivB‡ji Awaevmxiv n‡”Q wneªæ‡`i eskai| ‡Rwi‡Kv kniwU BmivB‡j Aew¯’Z| GLv‡b bMi mf¨Zvi cËb
n‡qwQj| wneªæ‡`i cÖavb Ae`vb a‡g©i †ÿ‡Î|
wMÖK mf¨Zv

wMÖK mf¨Zv `yB fv‡M wef³| h_v— wµU Øx‡ci wg‡bvqvb mf¨Zv (3000-1400 wLª÷c~e© ch©šÍ) I wMÖ‡mi g~j f~L‡Ði
`wÿY A‡ji BwRqvb mf¨Zv (1600-1100 wLª÷c~e© ch©šÍ)|
 ‡ivgvbiv Ô‡njvmÕ ‡`k‡K wMÖK bv‡g iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| wMÖ‡mi ‡jv‡Kiv AZx‡Z wb‡R‡`i‡K— Ô‡n‡jwbRÕ ejZ| Zv‡`i
ms¯‥…wZ‡K ‡n‡jwbK AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| Avi ‡n‡jwbw÷K ms¯‥…wZi Rb¥ nq— wgk‡ii Av‡jKRvw›`ªqv‡K ‡K›`ª K‡i wMÖK
mf¨Zvi mv‡_ Ab¨ ms¯‥…wZi wgkª‡Y|
 wMÖK mf¨Zv g~jZ— ¯úvU©v I G‡_݇Kw›`ªK| bMiivóª `y‡Uvi g‡a¨ ¯úvU©v wQj— mvgwiK bMiivóª| G‡_Ý I ¯úvU©vi g‡a¨
msMwVZ ‡jvgnl©K hy‡×i bvg wQ‡jv— ‡c‡jvc‡bwmqvi hy× (Pelopennsian war)| G hy‡× cZb N‡U G‡_‡Ýi|
 bMiivóª ÔG‡_ÝÕ-G m~wPZ nq— c„w_exi ÔcÖvPxbZg MYZš¿Õ| ZvB wMÖm‡K ejv nq— ÔMYZ‡š¿i m~wZKvMviÕ| G‡_‡Ýi
‡MvÎcÖavb‡`i wb‡q MwVZ msm`‡K ejv nZ— ÔGwiI‡cMvmÕ|
`k©bkv¯¿
 `vk©wbK m‡µwUm wQ‡jb G mf¨Zvi— ‡kªô `vk©wbK| wZwb hyw³ev`x `k©b cÖeZ©b K‡ib| m‡µwUm‡K
‡ngjK wel cv‡b nZ¨v Kiv nq|
 ‘Republic’ MÖ‡š’i ‡jLK ‡cø‡Uv wQ‡jb— m‡µwU‡mi wkl¨|
 ‡cø‡Uv wLª÷c~e© 385 mv‡j `k©‡bi ¯‥zj GKv‡Wwgqv (Akademia) cÖwZôv K‡ib|
 ‡cø‡Uvi QvÎ wQ‡jb— Gwi÷Uj| Gwi÷Uj The Politics, The Ethics, The Logic MÖ‡š’i ‡jLK।
Gwi÷Uj cÖwZôv K‡ib— jvBwmqvg (Lyceum) | wZwb wQ‡jb— wMÖK exi Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii wkÿK|
 _¨v‡jm wQ‡jb— wMÖK mf¨Zvi weL¨vZ `vk©wbK|
BwZnvm
 ‡n‡iv‡WvUvm BwZnvm iPbv K‡ib| Zv‡K ejv nq BwZnv‡mi RbK|
weÁvb
 weL¨vZ MwYZwe` Ôwc_v‡MvivmÕ Ges wPwKrmvweÁvbx Ôwn‡cvwµUvmÕ G mg‡qi wMÖ‡mi evwm›`v|
‡Ljva~jv
 wMÖ‡m cÖvPxb Awjw¤úK ïiæ nq— 776 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã|
mvwnZ¨ I  cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi gnvKwe †nvgvi iPbv K‡i‡Qb— ÔBwjqWÕ I ÔIwWwmÕ bvgK `ywU gnvKve¨| wMÖK cyiv‡Yi
ms¯‥…wZ
me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask Uª‡qi hy‡×i Aej¤^‡b iwPZ| Uªq bMix Aew¯’Z— Zzi‡¯‥|
 wMÖK Kwe †nvgv‡ii gnvKve¨ †_‡K BwRqvb mf¨Zvi Z_¨ cvIqv hvq|
 we‡qvMvwšÍK bvU‡Ki RbK GmKvBjvm G mg‡qi| Zvui bvU‡Ki bvg— cÖwgw_Dm evDÛ, AvMv‡ggbb|
 ‡mv‡dvwK¬m iPbv K‡ib— ivRv BwWcvm, B‡j±ªv bvUK|
 wMÖKiv †`e‡`ex‡Z wek^vmx wQj| wMÖK‡`i cÖavb †`eZv wQj wRDm| Ab¨vb¨ †`eZv‡`i g‡a¨m~h©, wPwKrmv I m½x‡Zi †`eZv— ÔA¨v‡cv‡jvÕ
weev‡ni †`ex— Ô‡nivÕ (wRD‡mi †evb I ¯¿x)
fvjevmv I †m․›`‡h©i †`ex— ÔA¨v‡dªvw`wZÕ
K…wl †`ex— ÔwWwgUviÕ
wkKvi I De©iZvi †`ex— ÔAvi‡UwgmÕ
hy× ‡`eZv— ÔGwimÕ
Ab¨vb¨ mf¨Zvmg~n
wg‡bvqvb
mf¨Zv
BwRqvb
mf¨Zv
‡ivgvb
mf¨Zv






gvqv




Av_©vi BfvÝ 1899 mv‡j wµU mf¨Zvi aŸsmve‡kl ‡LvuovLyuwo K‡i Avwe®‥vi K‡ib G mf¨Zv|
wLª÷c~e© 2500 A‡ã cÖwZwôZ nq— ivRavbx ÔK¬mmÕ| G bMix wLª÷c~e© 1400 A‡ã Av¸‡b cy‡o hvq|
GB mf¨ZvwU BD‡iv‡ci BwRqvb mvM‡ii wbKUeZ©x Øxc‡K ‡K›`ª K‡i G mf¨Zvi ‡MvovcËb N‡U|
G mg‡q wjLb c×wZ Avwe®‥…Z nq Ges iwOb ‡`qvjwPÎ I g„rwk‡íi mÜvb cvIqv hvq|
BZvwji ‡ivg‡K ‡K›`ª K‡i wLª÷c~e© 2000 A‡ã ‡ivgvb mf¨Zvi m~ÎcvZ nq| GwU bMi‡Kw›`ªK mf¨Zv|
Rywjqvm wmRvi wQ‡jb— ‡iv‡gi mgªvU| wZwb wLª÷c~e© 46 A‡ã ‡iv‡gi mgªvU nb| Rywjqvm wmRvi mn‡R
weª‡Ub `Lj K‡i e‡jwQ‡jb, ‘Veni, Vidi, Vici’- hvi A_© ÔGjvg, ‡`Ljvg I Rq KijvgÕ|
AMv÷vm wmRv‡ii kvmbvg‡j— whï wLª÷ Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| m¤ªvU Kb÷¨v›UvBb wLªó a‡g©i we¯Ívi NUvb|
12wU ‡eªv‡Äi cv‡Z †ivgvb AvBb msKjb K‡ib|
me©cÖ_g †ivgvb AvBb msKjb K‡ib— m¤ªvU Rvw÷wbqvb|
wLª÷c~e© 1,000 A‡ã ga¨ Av‡gwiKvi ‡gw·‡Kv, ¸‡q‡Zgvjv A‡j G mf¨Zvi m~ÎcvZ|
Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (wewmGm : †U÷-02 Gi mnvqK †bvU) # 4 # AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj : 01
 ‡R¨vwZwe©`, MwYZ, ‡m․i K¨v‡jÛvi cÖYqb, cv_‡ii gw›`i wbg©vY G mf¨Zvi wb`k©b|
wLª÷c~e© 600 A‡ã Rvcv‡b G mf¨Zv ‡`Lv ‡`q| ‡e․ׇ`i cÖfvweZ ‡e․× ms¯‥…wZi DrKl© wQj G mf¨Zvi cÖavb
welq| G mgq ‡e․× ms¯‥…wZi DrKl© mvwaZ nq Ges c¨v‡MvWv wbwg©Z nq|
 ‡ciæi `w¶Yv‡j (`wÿY Av‡gwiKv) G mf¨Zvi weKvk N‡U| G mf¨Zvi mgªvUMY Zv‡`i emev‡mi Rb¨
gvPz-wcPz bMix ‣Zwi K‡ib| GwU‡K me‡P‡q AvaywbK mf¨Zv we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
 BbKv mf¨Zvi me©‡kªô Avwe®‥vi R‡ji mvnv‡h¨ †mP c×wZ| BbKv mf¨Zvi miKvwi bvg— K¨vPyqv|
mf¨Zv
bviv
mf¨Zv
BbKv
mf¨Zv
.
cÖvPxbKv‡ji weL¨vZ e¨w³eM©
‡n‡iv‡WvUvm
nv¤^yivwe
wK¬I‡cUªv
‡WwfW
‡beyPvu`‡bRvi
HwZnvwmK wn‡iv‡WvUvm BwZnv‡mi RbK wn‡m‡e L¨vZ| wZwb me©cÖ_g History kãwU e¨envi K‡ib| Zvi
iwPZ eB-Gi bvg ÔBwZe…ËÕ (History).
e¨vwej‡bi ivRv wQ‡jb| Zvui Aaxb ‡jvK‡`i K‡Vvi wbqgvbyewZ©Zvi g‡a¨ ivLvi j‡¶¨ AvBb cÖYqb K‡i
ÔCode of HammurabiÕ bv‡g GKwU wekvj eB iPbv K‡ib| 282 aviv wewkó G AvBb MÖš’wU c„w_exi
cÖ_g AvBb MÖš’ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z|
Øv`k U‡jgxi Kb¨v wQ‡jb wK¬I‡cUªv| mc©`sk‡b AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib| wZwb Ômv‡c©›U Ae bvBjÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
BmivB‡ji cÖvPxb ivRv| wdwjw¯Íwb exi ‡Mvwjqv_‡K civwRZ K‡i wZwb wLª÷c~e© 1,000 A‡ã ‡RiæRv‡j‡g
BmivBj ivóª cÖwZôv K‡i| wZwb Bmjvg ag© Abyhvqx bex nhiZ `vD` (Avt)|
wLª÷c~e© 605-562 mg‡q wZwb wQ‡jb e¨vwej‡bi mgªvU| Gmg‡q wZwb Zvui ¯¿xi g‡bvićbi Rb¨
Ôe¨vwej‡bi k~b¨ D`¨vbÕ ‣Zwi K‡ib|
Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨


Av‡jKRvw›`ªqv 
‡jŠn hyM
Rvfv gvbe

wcwKs gvbe

‡nB‡WjevM©
gvbe
jywm gvbe


wLª÷c~e© 1200 A‡ã Gwkqv gvBb‡i †j․n hy‡Mi Aemvb nq|
‡j․n e¨envi cÖ_g ïiæ K‡i— wnUªvBU mf¨Zvi †jv‡Kiv| wnUªvBU‡`i a‡g© cÖfve wQj ûwiqvb‡`i|
wgk‡ii Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvq ‡n‡jwbw÷K mf¨Zv M‡o D‡VwQj| †n‡jwbw÷ mf¨Zv M‡o †Zv‡jb
g¨vwm‡Wvwbqvi AwacwZ Av‡jKRvÛvi `¨v †MÖU|
1891 mv‡j B‡›`v‡bwkqvi AšÍM©Z c~e© Rvfvq cÖv‣MwZnvwmK gvby‡li Lywj Avwe®‥…Z nq| GB Avw`
gvb‡ei bvg †`Iqv nq ÔRvfv gvbeÕ|
eZ©gvb ‡eBwRs ev wcwKs-Gi wbKU cvIqv hvq cÖv‣MwZnvwmK gvby‡li gv_vi Lywj hv‡K ÔwcwKs gvbeÕ
ejv nq|
Rvg©vwbi †nB‡WjevM© wek^we`¨vj‡qi GK Aa¨vcK Avw` gvb‡ei wb‡Pi †Pvqvj Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| GB
Avw` gvb‡ei bvg †`Iqv nq Ô‡nB‡WjevM© gvbeÕ|
1974 mv‡j Bw_Iwcqvq Avwe®‥…Z wgwjqb eQ‡ii cyi‡bv GKwU K¼vj|
we‡k^i cÖavb ag©
Bmjvg




wn›`y




Bmjvg ag© Abymv‡i, nhiZ Av`g (Av) n‡jb cÖ_g gvbe I Avjøvni bex Ges nhiZ gynv¤§` (m) n‡jb
me©‡kl I me©‡kªô ivm~j|
gymwjg RvwZi wcZv nhiZ Beªvnxg (Av)| Zvi gvRvi ‡nei‡b Aew¯’Z|
gnvbex nhiZ gynv¤§` (m) 570 wLª÷v‡ãi 12 iweDj AvDqvj ‡ivR ‡mvgevi Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui wcZvi
bvg Avãyjøvn Ges gvZvi bvg Avwgbv| 25 eQi eq‡m wZwb nhiZ Lvw`Rv (iv) ‡K we‡q K‡ib| Pwjøk eQi
eq‡m 27 ‡k igRv‡bi iv‡Z 610 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb beyIq¨vZ cÖvß nb| `xN© 23 eQ‡i Zvui Dci cweÎ KyiAvb
bvwRj nIqv mgvß nq| 632 wLª÷v‡ãi 12 iweDj AvDqvj g„Zy¨eiY K‡ib|
Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g Lwjdv nhiZ Avey eKi (iv)| Bmjv‡gi ‡gvU Lwjdv 4 (Pvi) Rb| Zvuiv n‡jb- nhiZ Avey
eKi (iv.), nhiZ Igi (iv.), nhiZ Imgvb (iv.) Ges nhiZ Avjx (iv.)|
ag©MÖš-’ KziAvb; cÖv_©bv‡K›`ª- gmwR`; Ges cweÎ ¯’vb- gw`bv, g°v, †RiæRv‡jg|
we‡k¦i cÖvPxbZg ag© wn›`y ag©| GwU‡K mbvZb ag© ejv nq|
wn›`y‡`i cÖavb ag©xq MÖš’ ms¯‥…Z fvlvq iwPZ Ô‡e`Õ| ‡e‡`i PviwU fvM i‡q‡Q- FK‡e`, hRy‡e©`, mvg‡e` I
A_e©‡e`| cÖ‡Z¨K ‡e‡`i `yBwU Ask i‡q‡Q-mswnZv I eªvþY|
eY©cÖ_v Abymv‡i wn›`ya‡g© PviwU cÖavb eY© i‡q‡Q- eªvþY (ag©¸iæ I ‡c․iwnZ¨ mvab), ¶wÎq (‡`ki¶v),
Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (wewmGm : †U÷-02 Gi mnvqK †bvU) # 5 # AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj : 01
wLª÷vb




wkL
Bûw`












†e․×



•Rb






‣ek¨ (e¨emv -evwYR¨), ï`ª (KvwqK kªg Z_v ‡mev cÖ`vb)|
wn›`y a‡g©i cÖavb wZb ‡`eZv n‡”Q- eªþv, weòy I wke|
cÖeZ©K: Avh© FwlMY, cÖv_©bv †K›`ª: gw›`i Ges cweÎ ¯’vb: Mqv-Kvkx|
BwZnvmL¨vZ ‡e‡_jnvg c¨v‡j÷vB‡b Aew¯’Z| GLv‡b whïwLª÷ GK ‡Mvkvjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| whïi gvZvi
bvg ‡gwi| Bmjvg a‡g© whïwLª÷‡K nhiZ Bmv (Av.) g‡b Kiv nq|
wLª÷vb‡`i ag©MÖš’ ÔwbD ‡U÷v‡g›UÕ ev ÔevB‡ejÕ| GwU cÖ_‡g wneªæ fvlvq ‡jLv nq| wbD ‡U÷v‡g‡›Ui 27wU
cy¯Í‡Ki g‡a¨ PviwU cy¯ÍK Ô‡Mv‡¯újÕ ev ÔmymgvPviÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| G¸‡jv wj‡LwQ‡jb gw_, gvK©, jyK I
‡hvnb| ‡jLvi mgqKvj 60 -110 wLª÷vã|
‡RiæRv‡jg wLª÷vb‡`i cweÎ bMix Ges RW©vb b`x cweÎ b`x|
wLª÷vb‡`i ag©xq Dcvmbvjq- wMRv©|
ÔwkLÕ kãwUi DrcwË cvÄvex fvlvi ÔwkLbvÕ kã ‡_‡K| ¸iæ bvb‡Ki Abymvix‡`i wkL ejv n‡q _v‡K|
¸iæbvbK cvwK¯Ív‡bi jv‡nv‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
¸iæMÖš’ ÔmvwneÕ n‡jv wkL a‡g©i cÖavb ag©MšÖ ’| wkL‡`i cÖv_©bv‡K›`ª - ¸iæ`yqviv|
wkL DcvmbvMvi weL¨vZ ¯^Y©gw›`i Ag„Zmi kn‡i Aew¯’Z| GwU ‡Mv‡ìb ‡U¤új bv‡g cwiwPZ|
1571 mv‡j ¸iæ Agi `v‡mi mv‡_ mgªvU AvKei mv¶vr K‡i wkL ag©cÖmv‡i f~wgKv iv‡Lb|
G‡Kk¦iev`x ag©mg~‡ni g‡a¨ Bûw` ag© cÖ_g I cÖvPxbZg|
ZvIivZ Abymv‡i Bûw` RvwZi wcZv nhiZ Beªvnxg (Av)|
Bû`x a‡g©i cÖeZ©K n‡jb nhiZ gymv (Av)|
evB‡e‡ji Iì ‡U÷v‡g›U AskB Bûw`‡`i ag©MÖš’| Bûw`iv kwbevi c~Y© wekªv‡g ‡_‡K cÖfyi Dcvmbv I
Avivabv K‡i| ag©MÖ‡š’i bvg ZvIivZ|
Bûw`‡`i cweÎ DcvmbvMvi evqZyj gyKvÏvm gmwR` ‡RiæRv‡j‡g Aew¯’Z| Bûw`iv Giv bvg w`‡q‡Q ‡U¤új
gvD›U| cÖv_©bv‡K›`ª- wmbvMM|
ivRv ‡beyPvu`‡bRvi GwU cÖ_gevi aŸsm K‡iwQ‡jb| ‡RiæRv‡jg gymjgvb, wLª÷vb I Bûw` KZ©„K mgv`…Z
Ges wZb a‡g©i wgjb‡K›`ª|
cÖeZ©K †M․Zg ey×|
‡e․× a‡g©i cÖeZ©K ‡M․Zg ey× ‡bcv‡ji Kwcjve¯‘‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi wcZv ivRv ï‡Øvab Ges gvZv
ivbx gnvgvqv| Kwcjve¯‘ ‡_‡K 12 ‡µvk `~‡i wcÎvj‡q Mgbc‡_ Ôjyw¤^wbÕ Ai‡Y¨v`¨v‡b eyׇK cÖme K‡ib Zviu
gvZv| kvK¨es‡k Rb¥MÖnYKvix ‡M․Z‡gi evj¨bvg wQj wm×v_©|
‡e․× a‡g©i g~j K_v ÔAwnsmv cig ag©Õ| ey× mvabvi gva¨‡g PviwU m‡Z¨i mÜvb cvb-`ytL, `yt‡Li KviY,
`ytL wb‡iva, `ytL wb‡iv‡ai Dcvq| wZwb gvbyl‡K cÂkxj cvj‡bi Dc‡`k w`‡q‡Qb|
‡e․× `k©‡bi g~j j¶¨ n‡jv wbe©vY jvf Kiv| ‡e․ׇ`i cweÎ ag©MšÖ ’ n‡jv cvwj fvlvq iwPZ ÔwÎwcUKÕ|
c¨v‡MvWv n‡jv ‡e․ׇ`i Dcvmbvjq| ey×Mqv, mvibv_ Zv‡`i c~Y¨¯’vb|
RxenZ¨vi we‡ivwaZvq wn›`y‡`i ga¨ ‡_‡K ‣Rb a‡g©i DrcwË| ‣Rb kã Øviv wnsmv, ‡µva, ‡jvf, jvjmv I
RvMwZK AvKl©Y ‡_‡K gyw³ ‡c‡q K‡Vvi K…”QZvavix nIqvi c_vbymÜvb‡KB ‡evSvq|
GwU fvi‡Zi wenv‡i DrcwË jvf K‡i|
‣Rb a‡g© Zx_©¼i n‡jb ag©¸iæ| ‣Rb ag© `ywU avivq wef³ ‡¯^Zv¯^i I w`M¤^i|
‣Rb‡`i mywbw`©ó ag©MÖš’ ‡bB| 45 wU cÖvgvwYK ag©wewa iPbv‡K Zviv AbymiY K‡i|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. wbe©vY' aviYvwU ‡Kvb ag©wek¦v‡mi mv‡_ mswkøó? [43Zg wewmGm]
(K) wn›`y ag©
(L) ‡e․× ag©
(M) wLª÷ ag©
02. gvqv mf¨Zv we‡k^i †Kvb A‡j weivRgvb wQj? [43Zg I 39Zg wewmGm]
K. ga¨ Av‡gwiKv
L. ga¨-cÖvP¨
M. c~e© Avwd«Kv
03. Ô‡g‡mvc‡Ugxq mf¨ZvÕ M‡o D‡VwQj †Kv_vq? [39Zg wewmGm]
K. BqvswmwKqvs b`xi Zx‡i L. bxj b‡`i Zx‡i
M. UvBwMÖm I BD‡d«wUm b`xi Zx‡i
04. BbKv mf¨Zv †Kvb A‡j weivRgvb wQj? [40Zg wewmGm]
(K) `wÿY Av‡gwiKv
(L) †ciæ Ges †f‡bRy‡qjv
(M) ga¨cÖvP¨
(N) Bûw` ag©
DËi : L
N. c~e© Gwkqv
DËi : K
N. †nvqvs‡nv b`xi Zx‡i
(N) BD‡ivc
DËi : M
DËi: K
Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (wewmGm : †U÷-02 Gi mnvqK †bvU) # 6 # AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj : 01
05. we‡k¦i me‡P‡q cÖvPxb mf¨Zv †Kv_vq M‡o D‡VwQj? [24Zg wewmGm]
K. Greece
L. Mesopotamia
M. Rome
N. India
DËi: L
06. Ô†g‡mvc‡UwgqvÕ GjvKvi †ewki fvM eZ©gvb †Kvb †`‡k? [18Zg wewmGm]
K. BivK
L. Bivb
M. Zzi¯‥
N. wmwiqv
DËi: K
07. we‡k^i me‡P‡q cÖvPxb mf¨Zv †Kv_vq M‡o D‡VwQj? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (‡gNbv) : 13; cÖv_vwgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (cÙv) : 08]
K. wMÖ‡m
L. †iv‡g
M. †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvq
N. fvi‡Z
DËi: M
08. my‡gixq mf¨Zv †Kv_vq M‡o D‡VwQj? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (kxZjÿ¨v : 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ksm) : 08]
K. †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvq
L. cvi‡m¨
M. wgk‡i
N. ivwkqvq
DËi: K
09. c„w_exi cÖvPxb gvÎwPÎ cvIqv hvq- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Lyjbv wefvM) : 05]
K. Px‡bi cÖvPx‡ii Kv‡Q
L. `wÿY Avwd«Kvi wf‡±vwiqv cÖ‡`‡k
M. e¨vwej‡bi Dˇi Mv_yi kn‡ii aŸsmve‡k‡l
N. Biv‡bi wmivR kn‡ii aŸsmve‡k‡l
DËi: M
10. e¨vwej‡bi k~b¨ D`¨vb †K M‡o Zz‡jwQj? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (myigv) : 13; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (avbwmuwo) : 08]
K. †beyPvu`†bRvi
L. mvBivm
M. i¨vg‡RR
N. `vwiDm
DËi: K
11. 12 gv‡m eQi I 30 w`‡b gvm G MYbvixwZ Kv‡`i? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (Ki‡Zvqv) : 12]
K. Aviexq‡`i
L. wgkixq‡`i
M. `vwiqy‡mi
N. K¨v‡¤^‡m‡mi
DËi: L
12. BwZnvm weL¨vZ Uªq bMix †Kv_vq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (KY©dzjx) : 12]
K. BZvwj
L. †¯úb
M. Zzi¯‥
N. wMÖm
DËi: M
13. wK¬I‡cUªv †Kvb †`‡ki ivYx wQ‡jb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK : 92]
K. wgki
L. †¯úb
M. †jevbb
N. wMÖm
DËi: K
14. BwZnv‡mi RbK ev wcZv †K? [cÖvK-cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK : 15]
K. hywmWvBwRm
L. †n‡iv‡WvUvm
M. Gwi÷Uj
N. U‡qbwe
DËi: L
15. g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv‡Z cvIqv †M‡Q †KvbwU?
K. MÖš’vMvi
L. †MvmjLvbv
M. km¨vMvi
N. iZœfvÐvi
DËi: L
16. wgkixq mf¨Zvi wPÎwjwc‡K wK ejv nq? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. IwWwm
L. nvqv‡ivwMøwdK
M. c¨vwcivm
N. K¨vwjIMÖvwd
DËi: L
Gwkqv gnv‡`k
Ae¯’vb I msL¨v
`wÿY Gwkqv (8wU)
`wÿY-c~e© Gwkqv (11wU)
‡`k
gvjØxc, evsjv‡`k, AvdMvwb¯Ívb, fviZ, kªxj¼v, fzUvb, †bcvj, cvwK¯Ívb|
gvj‡qwkqv, _vBj¨vÛ, wf‡qZbvg, wdwjcvBb, B‡›`v‡bwkqv, jvIm, gvqvbgvi, eªæbvB,
K‡¤^vwWqv, wm½vcyi|
`~icÖvP¨ ev c~e© Gwkqv (6wU) Pxb, Rvcvb, DËi †Kvwiqv, `wÿY †Kvwiqv, g‡½vwjqv, ZvBIqvb|
wbKUcÖvP¨ (5wU)
wdwjw¯Íb, ‡jevbb, Zzi¯‥, wmwiqv, BmivBj|
ga¨cÖvP¨ (10+4=14wU)
KvZvi, Kz‡qZ, †m․w` Avie, mshy³ Avie AvwgivZ, Igvb, evnivBb, BivK, Bivb, B‡q‡gb,
RW©vb + wdwjw¯Íb, ‡jevbb, wmwiqv, BmivBj|
ga¨ Gwkqv (6wU)
KvRvL¯Ívb, wKiwMR¯Ívb, ZvwRwK¯Ívb, DR‡ewK¯Ívb, ZzK©‡gwb¯Ívb, AvRvievBRvb|
‡gvU- 46wU| ‡hmKj †`k GK Pxb bxwZ mg_©b K‡i, Zvuiv ZvBIqvb‡K ¯^vaxb †`‡ki g‡Zv m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡ib bv| we‡k^i
AmsL¨ †`k wdwjw¯Í‡bi ¯^vaxbZv ‡g‡b wb‡jI GLbI Zviv wbR †`‡k civaxb|
`wÿY Gwkqv
‡`‡ki bvg
evsjv‡`k
fviZ
cvwK¯Ívb
kªxj¼v
ivRavbx
gy`ªv
fvlv
‡`‡ki bvg
ivRavbx
gy`ªv
XvKv
UvKv
evsjv
KvVgvÛz
iƒwc
‡bcvj
bqvw`wjø
iæwc
wnw›`
w_¤úy
¸jUªvg
fzUvb
Bmjvgvev`
iƒwc
D`©y
gv‡j
iƒwcqv
gvjØxc
Kj‡¤^v (evwYwR¨K) iƒwc
wmsnwj
Kveyj
AvdMvwb
AvdMvwb¯Ívb
‡`k¸‡jvi bvg g‡b ivLvi †K․kj = MBA IS for BNP.
fvlv
‡bcvwjR
‡`vRsLv
w`‡ewn
ckZz
Dcwb‡ek : `wÿY Gwkqvi me¸‡jv †`‡k Dcwb‡ek wQj- hy³iv‡R¨i| evsjv‡`k 1971 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi †_‡K ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i|
‡Mv‡ìb I‡qR: `wÿY Gwkqvi wZbwU †`‡ki (fviZ, †bcvj, evsjv‡`k) mxgv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z Avwdg Drcv`bKvix AÂj|
Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (wewmGm : †U÷-02 Gi mnvqK †bvU) # 7 # AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj : 01
fviZ
¯^vaxbZv jvf
RvwZi wcZv
cÖRvZš¿
†NvlYv
weªwUk‡`i wbKU ‡_‡K— 15 AvM÷, 1947 mv‡j| ‡`kwU‡Z ïiæ †_‡KB MYZš¿ we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q|
‡gvnb`vm KigPvu` MvÜx (gnvZ¥v MvÜx)|
fvi‡Zi msweavb Kvh©Ki nq— 1950 mv‡ji 26 Rvbyqvwi| †mw`bB mvsweavwbKfv‡e fviZ cÖRvZš¿ ‡NvwlZ
nq| †mRb¨ fvi‡Zi cÖRvZš¿ w`em— 26 Rvbyqvwi|
miKvi e¨e¯’v ivR¨ miKvi, ‡K›`ªxq miKvi (‡K›`ªkvwmZ AÂj)|
msweavb
we‡k^i me‡P‡q eo msweavb— fvi‡Zi| fvi‡Zi msweav‡bi iƒcKvi— W. we Avi Av‡¤^`Kvi| bZyb
msweav‡bi Av‡jv‡K cÖ_g wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq— 1951-52 mv‡j|
AvBbmfv
fvi‡Zi AvBbmfvi bvg— cvj©v‡g›U hv wØK¶wewkó| D”PK‡¶i bvg ivR¨mfv (Council of States) Ges
wbgœK‡¶i bvg ‡jvKmfv (House of the People)| ivR¨mfvq cÖwZwbwa— 245 Rb hvi g‡a¨ wbe©vwPZ
cÖwZwbwa— 233 Rb Ges ‡jvKmfvi cÖwZwbwa— 545 Rb hvi g‡a¨ wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa— 543 Rb|
cÖkvmwbK
eZ©gv‡b fvi‡Z 28 wU ivR¨ I 8 wU kvwmZ AÂj i‡q‡Q| 31 A‡±vei 2019 mv‡j R¤§y Kvwk¥i †f‡½ 2wU
KvVv‡gv
†K›`ª kvwmZ AÂj Kivi ci fvi‡Zi †K›`ª kvwmZ AÂj nq 9wU| Z‡e 26 Rvbyqvwi, 2020 mv‡j Ô`vgvb I
w`DÕ Ges Ô`v`iv I bvMi nv‡fwjÕ-‡K GKwÎZ K‡i GKwU †K›`ª kvwmZ AÂj Kiv n‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡Y eZ©gv‡b
fvi‡Z †K›`ª kvwmZ AÂj 8wU (7 + 2 - 1 = 8)| fvi‡Zi †K›`ªkvwmZ AÂj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ 3 wU A‡ji
weavbmfv i‡q‡Q— cwÛ‡Pwi, w`wjø, R¤§y-Kvwk¥i|
Av›`vgvb wb‡Kvei ØxccyÄ fvi‡Zi AšÍfz©³ nq— 1956 mv‡j|
‡gNvjq, wg‡Rvivg I AiæYvPj Avmvg †_‡K †ewi‡q wM‡q Avjv`v ivR¨ nq— 1972 mv‡j|
wmwKg fvi‡Zi AšÍf©y³ nq— 1975 mv‡j|
DËivLÐ, QwËkMo, SvoLÐ iv‡R¨i Rb¥ nq— 2000 mv‡j|
me©‡kl ivR¨ ‡Z‡j½vbv (2014 mv‡j Aܪ cÖ‡`k ‡_‡K c„_K nq)| ‡Z‡j½vbvi ivRavbx— nvq`vivev`|
 eZ©gvb ¶gZvmxb `‡ji bvg fviZxq RbZv cvwU© (BJP) Ges ¶gZvmxb ‡Rv‡Ui bvg National Democratic
Alliance ev RvZxq MYZvwš¿K ‡RvU (NDA)|
 fvi‡Zi ivó«cwZ bvMwiK ms‡kvabx we‡j ¯^v¶i K‡i 12 wW‡m¤^i 2019 mv‡j| weZwK©Z bvMwiKZ¡ AvBbwU cÖ_g Kvh©Ki
nq 5 Rvbyqvwi 2020 mv‡j fvi‡Zi DËi cÖ‡`‡k| mviv‡`‡k G AvBbwU we‡Rwc miKvi Kvh©Ki K‡i 10 Rbyqvwi, 2020
mv‡j|
 fviZ ‡_‡K A_©bxwZ‡Z ‡bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi ‡c‡q‡Qb `yBRb- AgZ¨© ‡mb (1998 mv‡j) Ges AwfwRr e¨vbvwR© (2019
mv‡j)| (A_©bxwZ‡Z ‡bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi ‡`Iqv nq 1969 mvj ‡_‡K|)
fvi‡Zi cÖ_g
evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i mgq
fvi‡Zi cÖ_g ivóªcwZ
W. iv‡R›`ª cÖmv`
fvi‡Zi †cÖwm‡W›U
fvivnwMwi †f¼U wMwi
fvi‡Zi cÖ_g cÖavbgš¿x
cwÐZ RInijvj †b‡niæ
fvi‡Zi cÖavbgš¿x
kªxgwZ Bw›`iv MvÜx
fvi‡Zi cÖ_g gymwjg ivóªcwZ W. RvwKi †nv‡mb
fvi‡Zi ciivóªgš¿x
miY wms
fvi‡Zi cÖ_g evOvwj ivóªcwZ cÖYe gyLvwR©
cwðge‡½i gyL¨gš¿x
ARq Kzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq
fvi‡Zi cÖ_g bvix ivóªcwZ
cÖwZfv cvwZj
‡m‡fb wm÷vm©
iv‡R¨i bvg
ivRavbxi bvg
iv‡R¨i bvg
ivRavbxi bvg
weeiY
Avmvg
w`mcyi
wÎcyiv
AvMiZjv
†f․‡MvwjKfv‡e fvi‡Zi DËi-c~‡e©i
¯^vaxbZKvgx 07 wU ivR¨‡K †m‡fb
wg‡Rvivg
AvBRj
gwbcyi
Bçj
wm÷vm© (Seven Sisters) ejv nq|
AiƒYvPj
BUvbMi
bvMvj¨vÛ
‡Kvwngv
g‡b ivLyb- Avwg A‡gwÎ gbv|
‡gNvjq
wkjs
 ‡evdm© ‡K‡j¼vwii mv‡_ RwoZ ivwRe MvÜx| 1991 mv‡j AvZ¥NvZx †evgv nvgjvq wbnZ nb| AvZ¥NvZx †evgv enbKvix
gwnjvi bvg- _vby ev Mv‡qwÎ| nZ¨vi `v‡q Kviv`‡Ð `wÐZ Avmvgxi bvg ÔbwjbxÕ|
 AvMÖvi ZvRgnj Aew¯’Z hgybv b`xi Zx‡i|
 evewi gmwR` ‡f‡½ ‡djv nq— 6 wW‡m¤^i, 1992| ¸Riv‡U `v½v nq— 2002 mv‡j|
 c„w_exi me‡P‡q ‡ewk e…wócvZ nq— ‡PivcywćZ| weL¨vZ KyZye wgbvi Aew¯’Z— fvi‡Zi w`jøx‡Z|
Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (wewmGm : †U÷-02 Gi mnvqK †bvU) # 8 # AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj : 01
Kvk¥xi
(f~-¯^M©)








Kvk¥x‡ii me©‡kl ivRv wQ‡jb— nwi wms| Kvk¥xi wb‡q fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb hy× msNwUZ nq— 1965 mv‡j|
jv`v‡Li gvwjKvbv wb‡q fviZ-Pxb hy× msMwVZ nq— 1962 mv‡j|
cvwK¯Ívb kvwmZ Kvk¥x‡ii bvg— Avhv` Kvk¥xi (37%)|
fviZ wbqwš¿Z Kvk¥xi (R¤§y-Kvk¥xi DcZ¨Kv, jv`vL, wmqv‡Pb I wngevn) Kvk¥x‡ii f~wgi 43%|
Pxb wbqwš¿Z (AvKmvB Pxb, UªvÝ Kviv‡Kvivg Uªv±) Kvk¥x‡ii 20%|
1947 mv‡j Kvk¥xi wQj gymwjg msL¨vMwiô Ki` ivR¨|
Kvk¥x‡ii Ôwe‡kl myweavÕ msµvšÍ fviZxq msweav‡bi 370 I 35G Aby‡”Q`wU evwZj Kiv n‡q‡Q— 5
AvM÷, 2019 wLª÷v‡ã|
Kvk¥xi †f‡½ `ywU Avjv`v †K›`ªkvwmZ AÂj (Kvk¥xi I jv`vL) MVb Kiv nq|
weL¨vZ e¨w³Z¡
gnvZ¥v MvÜx





cÖK…Z bvg- †gvnb`vm KigPvu` MvÜx (ÔgnvZ¥vÕ Dcvwa †`b iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi)|
gnvZ¥v MvÜx m¤úvw`Z cwÎKvi bvg ÔBwÛqvb AwcwbqbÕ|
fvi‡Zi RvwZi RbK I Awnsm Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖe³v| Zvui Rb¥ZvwiL 2 A‡±vei ÔAvšÍR©vwZK Awnsm w`emÕ|
30 Rvbyqvwi, 1948 mv‡j Ôb_yivg MW‡mÕ bvgK GK †g․jev`x wn›`y AvZZvqx ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v K‡i|
gv`vi
Rb¥: 1910 mv‡ji 26 AvM÷ Dmgvbxq mvgªv‡R¨i BD¯‥y‡e (Aaybv g¨vwm‡Wvwbq cÖRvZ‡š¿i ivRavbx
†Z‡imv
‡¯‥vwc‡q) Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
 fvi‡Z Av‡mb- 1928 wLª÷v‡ã| fvi‡Zi bvMwiKZ¡ jvf- 1948 wLª÷v‡ã|
 ÔwgkbvwiR Ae P¨vwiwUR cÖwZôv K‡ib- 1950 wLª÷v‡ã| kvwšÍ‡Z †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf- 1979 wLª÷v‡ã|
 ÔfviZ iZœÕ cyi¯‥vi jvf- 1980 wLª÷v‡ã| g„Z¨z eiY- KjKvZvq 5 ‡m‡Þ¤^i, 1997 wLª÷v‡ã|
RInijvj
 ¯^vaxb fvi‡Zi- cÖ_g cÖavbgš¿x| fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZvi mgqKv‡j Ks‡MÖm mfvcwZ|
†b‡niæ
 RInijvj †b‡niæ cÂkxj bxwZi Ab¨Zg cÖe³v|
 cÂkxj bxwZ (5wU bxwZ) b¨vg Gi m`m¨ ÔPxb-fviZ m¤úK©Õ wbY©‡qi bxwZ|
Gwc‡R
✾ wgmvBjg¨vb Gwc‡R Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv` fvi‡Zi cvigvYweK †evgvi RbK I GKv`k ivóªcwZ|
Aveyj Kvjvg ✾ Zvi Dcvwa Missile Man| wZwb gviv hvb 27 RyjvB, 2015 mv‡j|
✾ fviZ cvigvYweK ‡evgvi cÖ_g we‡ùviY NUvq 1974 mv‡j ivR¯’v‡bi ‡cvLiv‡b|
m‡ivwRbx
 fvi‡Zi †KvwKj ev fvi‡Zi `¨v bvB‡U‡½j Ae BwÛqv bv‡g cwiwPZ|
bvBWz
 wZwb wQ‡jb fvi‡Zi RvZxq Ks‡MÖ‡mi cÖ_g gwnjv mfvcwZ Ges cÖ_g gwnjv Mfb©i|
ni‡Mvwe›`
 Av‡gwiKvi bvMwiK, Rb¥ fvi‡Z| 1968 mv‡j wPwKrmvwe`¨vq wZwb ‡bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib|
†Lvivbv
 wZwb ÔK…wÎg wRbÕ ‣Zwii KxwZ© M‡o G cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib|
Ô‣ewk^K `vwi`ª¨Zv `~ixKi‡YÕ M‡elYvi Rb¨ AwfwRr e¨vbvwR© I Zvui ¯¿x G‡¯Íi `y‡d¬v Ges gvB‡Kj †µgvi 2019 mv‡j
AwfwRr
A_©bxwZ‡Z †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib| wZwb A_©bxwZ‡Z †bv‡ej cvIqv wØZxq evOvwj I †bv‡ejRqx PZz_© evOvwj|
e¨vbvwR©
Av‡jvwPZ ¯’v‡bi bvg
A‡hva¨v
‡WvKjvg
e¨v‡ib
Kvjvcvwb
AvRwgi kixd
ARšÍv I
B‡jviv
gvjvevi wnj
wP‡KbÕm †bK
ms¯‥…Z gnvKve¨ ivgvq‡Y DwjøwLZ wn›`y ‡`eZv iv‡gi Rb¥¯’vb| fvi‡Zi DËi cÖ‡`‡ki ‣dRv ev` kn‡i
Aew¯’Z| ivg‡KvU wn‡ji Dci GKwU gmwR` wQj hv evewi gmwR` bv‡g cwiwPZ| gmwR`wU 1527 mv‡j
fvi‡Zi cÖ_g gyNj mgªvU eve‡ii Av‡`‡k wbwg©Z nq|
Pxb, fzUvb I fvi‡Zi wmwKg cÖ‡`‡ki ms‡hvM¯’‡j †WvKjvg gvjf~wg Aew¯’Z| gvwjKvbv wb‡q Pxb I
fzUv‡bi mv‡_ fvi‡Zi we‡iva i‡q‡Q|
Av›`vgvb wb‡Kvei Øxccy‡Äi ivRavbx †cvU© †eøqv‡ii DËi-c~‡e© Aew¯’Z Ôe¨v‡ibÕ `wÿY Gwkqvi GKgvÎ
RxešÍ Av‡MœqwMwi|
Kvjvcvwb n‡”Q fviZ I †bcv‡ji g‡a¨ we‡ivac~Y© AÂj|
fvi‡Zi ivR¯’vb iv‡R¨ Aew¯’Z|
¸nvwk‡íi Rb¨ weL¨vZ| Pxbv cwieªvRK wnD‡qb mvs Gi ågY wjwc‡Z ARšÍvi eY©bv Av‡Q| 1983 mvj
†_‡K GB ¯’vbwU GKwU BD‡b‡¯‥v Iqvì© †nwi‡UR mvBU|
Avie mvM‡ii †Kvj‡Nu‡l gvjvevi wnj •Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q cv_i †K‡U †K‡U| GLv‡bB i‡q‡Q gy¤^vB‡qi
weL¨vZ SzjšÍ D`¨vb|
wkwj¸wo Kwi‡Wvi ev wP‡KbÕm †bK fvi‡Zi DËi-c~e©vÂjxq ms‡hvM iÿvKvix msKxY© f~-LÐ|
Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (wewmGm : †U÷-02 Gi mnvqK †bvU) # 9 # AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj : 01
cvK-fviZ hy× (4wU hy× msNwUZ nq)
cÖ_g hy× (1947-48)
wØZxq hy× (1965)
Kvk¥x‡ii gvwjKvbv ؇›Ø cÖ_g hy×| RvwZms‡Ni ga¨¯’Zvq G we‡iv‡ai wb®úwË nq|
Kvk¥x‡i mxgv j•Nb‡K †K›`ª K‡i wØZxq ev‡ii gZ hy×| ZvmL›` Pzw³i gva¨‡g 1966 mv‡ji 10 Ryb
†mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi ga¨¯’Zvq wb®úwË nq|
Z…Zxq hy× (1971)
evsjv‡`‡ki gnvb gyw³hy‡×i mgq fviZ-cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ Z…Zxq hy× msNwUZ nq| wmgjv Pzw³i gva¨‡g 1972
mv‡j wngvPj iv‡R¨i wmgjvq †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi ga¨¯’Zvq wb®úwË nq|
PZz_© hy× (1998)
KviwMj hy× bv‡g cwiwPZ G hy×wU KviwMj mxgv‡šÍ mxgvj•Nb‡K †K›`ª K‡i msNwUZ nq|
Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨








Gfv‡i÷ weRqx cÖ_g evOvwj— fvi‡Zi mZ¨eªZ `vm Ges cÖ_g evOvwj bvix— fvi‡Zi wkcÖv gRyg`vi|
fvi‡Z ag©, RvwZ I fvlvi wfwˇZ Avi †fvU PvIqv hv‡e bv e‡j fvi‡Zi mywcÖg †KvU© ivq †`q— 2 Rvbyqvwi, 2017|
fvi‡Zi mywcÖg †KvU© wbivgq A‡hvM¨ †iv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î †¯^”Qv g„Zy¨ AbygwZ cÖ`vb K‡i— 9 gvP©, 2018 mv‡j|
ÔKUb iæUÕ aviYvi D™¢veK— fviZ|
cwðge‡½i weavbmfvq ivR¨wUi bvg evsjv/wn›`x/Bs‡iwR wZb fvlv‡ZB evsjv †i‡L GKwU cÖ¯Íve me©m¤§wZµ‡g M„nxZ
nq— 26 RyjvB 2018| we‡k¦i me© Kwbô Gfv‡i÷ Rqx bvix— gvjvevZ c~b©v (fviZ), eqm : 13 eQi 11 gvm|
1885 mv‡j A¨v‡jb A‡±vwfqvb wnDg KZ…K cÖwZwôZ fviZxq b¨vkbvj Ks‡MÖm cÖwZwôZ nq|
fvi‡Zi `xN©Zg wØZj †mZz— ewMwej †mZz (Bogibeel Bridge).
Gjvnvev‡`i bZzb bvg ÔcÖqvMivRÕ Ges dqRvev‡`i bvg ÔA‡hva¨vÕ|
‡bcvj
AvdMvwb¯Ívb
`wÿY
Gwkqv
fzUvb
cvwK¯Ívb
fviZ
gvjØxc, evsjv‡`k, AvdMvwb¯Ívb, fviZ,
kÖxj¼v, fzUvb, †bcvj, cvwK¯Ívb|
evsjv‡`k
gvjØxc
kÖxj¼v
cvwK¯Ívb
Õ
cÖL¨vZ D`©y gnvKwe BKevj gymwjg Aay¨wlZ cvÄv‡ei ÔPÕ AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi ÔAÕ Kvk¥x‡ii ÔKÕ wmÜyi ÔSÕ Ges ‡ejywP¯Ív‡bi
ÔTanÕ wb‡q cvwK¯Ívb bvgKi‡Yi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZwôZ n‡jI AvdMvwb¯Ívb I Kvk¥xi cvwK¯Ív‡bi
AšÍf©y³ nqwb|
Õ cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g—
ivóªcwZ
B¯‥v›`vi Avjx wgR©v
Mfb©i ‡Rbv‡ij
‡gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn
cÖavbgš¿x
wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb
gwnjv w¯úKvi (gymwjg we‡k^i)
dvnwg`v wgR©v
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
cvwK¯Ívb ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i— 1947 mv‡ji 14 AvM÷ ga¨iv‡Z| 1956 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡b msweavb Rvwi n‡j cvwK¯Ívb
cÖRvZ‡š¿ cwiYZ nq|
cvwK¯Ív‡bi cvigvYweK ‡evgvi RbK— W. Ave`yj Kvw`i Lvb| gymwjg ‡`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ cvwK¯Ívb cÖ_g cigvYy cÖhyw³
AR©b K‡i| cvwK¯Ívb fvi‡Zi GKwU cvigvYweK cix¶vi Rev‡e ‡ejywP¯Ív‡bi cwðg-`w¶‡Y Zvi cÖ_g cvuPwU (5)
cvigvYweK cix¶v Pvjvq— 1998 mv‡ji 28 ‡g|
ÔAvwdªw`Õ cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKwU DcRvwZ| G‡`‡ki mxgvšÍi¶x evwnbxi bvg— Ô‡iÄvm©Õ|
cvwK¯Ív‡b m¤úªwZ cÖ_g ev‡ii gZ wn›`y m¤úª`v‡qi Rb¨ Ôwn›`y weevn AvBbÕ cvm nq|
cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖavbgš¿x Bgivb Lvb GKRb wµ‡KUvi wQ‡jb|
cvwK¯Ív‡bi ÿgZvi kx‡l© Av‡ivnb Kiv A·‡dvW© coyqv cÂg e¨w³— Bgivb Lvb|
gymwjg we‡k^i cÖ_g bvix cÖavbgš¿x— cvwK¯Ív‡bi †ebRxi fz‡Æv| wZwb ÔDaughter of the East’ bv‡g L¨vZ|
Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (wewmGm : †U÷-02 Gi mnvqK †bvU) # 10 # AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj : 01
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
gvjvjv BDmyd RvB : gvjvjv BDmyd RvB n‡jb cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvix wk¶vKg©x| wZwb Zv‡jevb‡`i nv‡Z ¸wjwe× nb| 2014
mv‡j wZwb kvwšÍ‡Z ‡bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib| Zv‡K ÔWUvi Ae cvwK¯ÍvbÕ ejv nq|
‡g‡gv‡MU †K‡jsKvix : GB NUbvi Rb¨ `vqx Kiv nq cvwK¯Ív‡bi mv‡eK †cÖwm‡W›U Avwmd Avjx Rvi`vix‡K| 2011 mv‡j
cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÿ †_‡K GKwU ¯§vi‡Ki gva¨‡g †mbvevwnbxi m¤¢ve¨ ÿgZv `Lj †VKv‡bvi Rb¨ hy³iv‡óªi KvQ †_‡K
ivR‣bwZK I mvgwiK mvnvh¨ Kvgbv Kiv nq|
‡mvqvZ DcZ¨Kv : cvwK¯Ív‡bi wn›`yKzk ce©Z‡kªwYi DcZ¨Kv|
LvBevi wMwic_ : cvwK¯Ívb I AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z| Gi ‣`N¨© 33 gvBj (53 wK‡jvwgUvi)।
Zÿkxjv : cvwK¯Ív‡bi cvÄve cÖ‡`‡ki ivIqvjwcwÐ †Rjvq Aew¯’Z †e․× a‡g©i ¯§„wZweRwoZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖZœZvwË¡K ¯’vb|
wkqvjKU : cvwK¯Ív‡bi cvÄve cÖ‡`‡k Aew¯’Z| GwU ‡Ljvayjvi mvgMÖx I wPwKrmv hš¿cvwZi Rb¨ weL¨vZ|
GK Pxb bxwZ AbymiY Kivq 28 A‡±vei 2018 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb ZvBIqv‡bi mv‡_ K~U‣bwZK m¤úK© wQbœ K‡i|
Px‡bi Iqvb †eë Iqvb ‡ivW cÖK‡íi AšÍf©y³ Pxb - cvwK¯Ívb A_©‣bwZK Kwi‡Wv‡ii bvg China Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC). A_©‣bwZK Kwi‡Wv‡ii •`N¨© cÖvq 1200 gvBj ev 2000 wK‡jvwgUvi|
AvdMvwb¯Ívb
cÖvmw½K
Z_¨









Zv‡jevbgvwK©b kvwšÍ
Pzw³



Zv‡jevb
Ab¨vb¨










‡mvwf‡qZ ‣mb¨ 1978 mv‡j AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges `Lj K‡i— 1979 mv‡j|
1973 mv‡j gynv¤§` `vD` Lvb i³cvZnxb Afz¨Ìv‡bi gva¨‡g gyn¤§` Rwni kvn‡K ÿgZvPy¨Z Ki‡j
AvdMvb ivRZ‡š¿i Aemvb N‡U| AvdMvwb¯Ívb †_‡K iæk •mb¨ 1989 mv‡j|
AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b gvwK©b evwnbx cÖ‡ek K‡i 7 A‡±vei, 2001 mv‡j| GB Avµg‡Yi bvg ÔOperation
Enduring FreedomÕ| 2017 mv‡ji 13 GwcÖj AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b ISIS NvuwU j¶¨ K‡i ÔMother of
All BombsÕ (MOAB) ‡d‡j Av‡gwiKv| ‡evgvwUi cÖK…Z bvg GBU 43/B Massive Ordinance
Air Blast (MOAB), hv ‣Zwi K‡i Air Force Research Laboratory 2003 mv‡j|
AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi AvBbmfvi bvg— jqv wRiMv| we‡k¦i me‡P‡q DuPy ‡e․×gw›`i wQj AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi
evwgqv‡b| 2001 mv‡j Zv‡jevb miKvi GB ‡e․×gw›`i aŸsm K‡i|
AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi cÖexY †bZv‡`i msMV‡bi bvg— ckZz wRiMv|
AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi DËi I `w¶Y A‡ji ms‡hvM i¶vKvix GKgvÎ gnvmoKwUi bvg mvjvb wMwic_|
AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¯’vb¸‡jv n‡jv gvRvi-B-kwid, ‡nivZ, Kv›`vnvi, Kveyj, Rvjvjvev`, Ky›`yR,
evwgqvb, gymv Kvjv cÖf…wZ| evMivg wegvb NvuwU AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b Aew¯’Z| we‡k¦i me©vwaK Avwdg
Drcv`bKvix †`k— AvdMvwb¯Ívb|
Avj Kv‡q`vi AbjvBbwfwËK Bs‡iwR g¨vMvwR‡bi bvg— wimv‡R©Ý|
AvdMvwb¯Ívb GKwU ¯’j‡ewóZ †`k| Gi mxgv‡šÍ i‡q‡Q— cvwK¯Ívb, Bivb, Pxb, ZzK©‡gwb¯Ívb,
DR‡ewK¯Ívb, ZvwRwK¯Ívb|
Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq— 29 †deªæqvwi, 2020 wLª÷vã| ¯^vÿ‡ii ¯’vb— KvZv‡ii ivRavbx †`vnv|
cÿ— Zv‡jevb I hy³ivóª| AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi gvwU‡Z civwRZ civkw³— weª‡Ub, †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb Ges
hy³ivóª| BwZnvmwe`iv AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi bvg w`‡q‡Qb— mv¤ªvR¨ev`x‡`i †Mvi¯Ívb|
hv‡`i g‡a¨ Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq— gvwK©b ciivóªgš¿x gvBK c‡¤úI I Zv‡jevb †bZv‡`i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z G Pzw³
¯^vÿwiZ nq| Pzw³‡Z ¯^vÿi K‡ib— gvwK©b ciivóªgš¿x gvBK c‡¤úI Ges Zv‡jev‡bi gyLcvΗ
‡mvnvBj kvnxb|
Zv‡jevb k‡ãi A_©— QvÎ| Zv‡jevb cÖwZwôZ nq— 1994 mv‡j|
Zv‡jevb AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi ÿgZvq Av‡m— 1996 mv‡j|
m¤úªwZ Zv‡jevb AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi ÿgZv `Lj K‡i— 15 AvM÷, 2021 wLª÷v‡ã|
AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi eZ©gvb ivóªxq bvg— Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
AvdMvb hy‡×i mgqKvj— 7 A‡±vei, 2001-30 AvM÷, 2021 wLª÷vã|
AvdMvwb¯Ívb †_‡K gvwK©b •mb¨ cÖZ¨vnvi Avi¤¢ nq— 01 †g, 2021 wLª÷vã|
me©‡kl gvwK©b ‣mb¨ AvdMvwb¯Ívb Z¨vM K‡i— 31 AvM÷, 2021 wLª÷v‡ã|
IqvLvb Kwi‡Wvi Aew¯’Z— AvdMvwb¯Ívb| AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi iv‡R¨i msL¨v— 34wU|
hy³iv‡óªi •Zwi ÔevMivg wegvbNvuwUÕ Aew¯’Z— AvdMvwb¯Ívb|
AvdMvwb¯Ívb ¯^vaxb nq— ivIqvjwcwÛ Pzw³i gva¨‡g| (1919 wLª÷v‡ã, weª‡U‡bi wbKU n‡Z)
Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (wewmGm : †U÷-02 Gi mnvqK †bvU) # 11 # AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj : 01


ga¨ Gwkqvi †h †`‡ki mv‡_ AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi ‡Kvb mxgvšÍ ms‡hvM bvB— KvRvL¯Ívb|
evwgqvb †e․× g~wZ©wU wQj— AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b|
‡bcvj
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
wngvjq Kb¨v ‡bcv‡ji ivRZš¿ ‡NvwlZ nq— 21 wW‡m¤^i, 1768| ivRZ‡š¿i Aax‡b wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq— 1991 mv‡j|
‡kicv kãwU wngvjq ce©‡Z Av‡ivn‡Y mv‡_ RwoZ|
2004 mv‡j GK kvwšÍPyw³i gva¨‡g miKvi I gvIev`x we‡`ªvnx‡`i `k eQi e¨vcx hy‡×i Aemvb N‡U|
‡bcvj cÖRvZš¿ ‡NvwlZ 28 wW‡m¤^i, 2007 mv‡j| Gw`b ‡bcv‡ji cvj©v‡g›U ivRZš¿ Aemvb AvBb cvm K‡i| Gi gva¨‡g
240 eQ‡ii ivRZ‡š¿i wejyß nq|
cÖRvZ‡š¿i Aax‡b msm`xq wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq— 10 GwcÖj, 2008 mv‡j| ‡bcv‡ji cvj©v‡g‡›Ui Avmb msL¨v 205|
‡bcv‡ji me©‡kl ivRv wQ‡jb ivRv Áv‡b›`ª exi weµg kvn‡`e (4 Ryb, 2001-28 ‡g, 2008)|
20 ‡m‡Þ¤^i, 2015 mv‡j ‡bcv‡j bZyb msweavb Kvh©Ki nq| GwU n‡”Q ‡bcv‡ji ÔcÖ_g MYZvwš¿K mb`Õ|
‡bcvjB Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ‡`k hviv wgkª wbe©vPbx cÖwµqv (Mixed Electoral System) Pvjy K‡i| `w¶Y Gwkqvi G
‡`kwU‡Z g„Zy¨`Ð iwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
‡ZbwRs I wnjvix ‡bcv‡j Aew¯’Z Gfv‡i÷-Gi P~ovq cv iv‡Lb 1953 mv‡ji 29 ‡k ‡g| ‡bcv‡j evsjv‡`k ‡_‡K ‡Q‡o
hvIqv BDGm evsjvi wegvb weaŸ¯Í nq 12 gvP©,2018|
cÖ_g mvd †Mgm AbywôZ nq— †bcv‡ji KvVgvÛz‡Z|
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi ûgwKi e¨vcKZv Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ †bcvj •eVK K‡i— wngvj‡qi P~ovq|
gvjØxc
 Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki g‡a¨ AvqZ‡b ¶y`ªZg ‡`k gvjØxc (298 eM© wK.wg.)| ‡`kwUi wbR¯^ ‡mbvevwnbx ‡bB| Z‡e mvK©fy³





‡`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wkw¶‡Zi nvi me‡P‡q ‡ewk gvjØx‡c| †`kwU‡Z †Kvb wek^we`¨vjq †bB| mgy‡`ª Zwj‡q hvevi Avk¼vq
gvjØxc Rwg µq K‡i‡Q— gvjØxc|
‡gvnv¤§` bvwk` MYZvwš¿Kfv‡e wbe©vwPZ cÖ_g gvjØx‡ci †cÖwm‡W›U (cÂg †cÖwm‡W›U)|
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi m‡PZbZvi Rb¨ cvwbi wb‡P gwš¿mfvi •eVK K‡iwQ‡jb— †gvn¤§` bvwk`| wZwb hy³iv‡R¨ ivR‣bwZK
Avkª‡q I kªxj¼vq wbe©vwmZ wQ‡jb|
gvjØx‡ci AvBbmfvi bvg— Ôwccjm gRwjmÕ| gvjØx‡ci RvZxq cÖZxK— bvwi‡Kj MvQ|
we‡k¦i me‡P‡q †QvU gymwjg †`k gvjØxc mgy`ªc„ô †_‡K gvÎ 2.30 D”PZvq Aew¯’Z hvi mgy`ªc„ô †_‡K Mo D”PZv gvÎ
1.50 wgUvi| GwU fviZ gnvmvM‡i Aew¯’Z GKwU Øxc ivóª|
we‡k^i cÖ_g Aa©WzešÍ Rv`yNi •Zwi K‡i‡Q gvjØxc| wRwWwc‡Z ch©U‡bi Ae`v‡b kx‡l©— gvjØxc|
fzUvb
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
1947 mv‡j fviZ ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci fyUvb‡K GKwU ¯^vaxb ‡`k wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i| ‡`kwUi mvsweavwbK bvg—
Kingdom of Bhutan. GwU GKwU ¯’j‡ewóZ ivóª| Gwkqvi `yB AvÂwjK kw³ fviZ I Pxb Df‡qi mv‡_ †`kwUi
mxgvbv i‡q‡Q| ZvB †`kwU‡K Ôevdvi ivóªÕ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
fyUv‡bi cÖ_g ivRv wQ‡jb— D¸‡qb IqvsPyK (Ugyen Wangchuck)|
1971 mv‡ji 21 ‡m‡Þ¤¦‡i fyUvb RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨ c` jvf K‡ib|
fyUv‡bi BwZnv‡m cÖ_g cvj©v‡g›U wbe©vPb nq— 24 gvP©, 2008 mv‡j| 2008 mv‡ji 18B RyjvB fyUv‡bi msm` GKwU
bZyb msweavb MÖnY K‡i| GB w`b ‡_‡K fyUv‡b cig ivRZ‡š¿i mgvwß N‡U Ges fyUvb GKwU mvsweavwbK ivRZš¿ Ges
msm`xq MYZ‡š¿ cwiYZ nq|
fyUv‡bi eZ©gvb ivRvi bvg wRM‡g ‡Lmvi bvg‡Mqvj IqvsPyK| fyUv‡bi Awaevmxiv wb‡R‡`i ‡`k‡K gvZ…fvlv ‡`vRsLv
fvlvq Ô`ªæK BqyjÕ ev ÔeRª WªvM‡bi ‡`kÕ bv‡g Wv‡K|
dy›Umwjs n‡jv f~Uv‡bi GKwU mxgvšÍ kni Ges cÖavb evwYR¨ ‡K›`ª|
fyUvb c„w_exi cÖ_g Kve©b ‡b‡MwUf ‡`k| 2015 mv‡j 49672wU MvQ GK NÈvq jvwM‡q ‡iKW© m…wó K‡i fyUvb|
fzUvb A_©‣bwZK Dbœq‡bi gvb`Ð wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Q— ‡gvU RvZxq myL (Gross National Hapiness)|
cÖ_g †`k wn‡m‡e Rbmg‡ÿ aygcvb wbwl× K‡i— fzUvb| RvZxq †Ljv AvP©vwi| ‡`kwUi ivóªag©— gnvhvb †e․×ag©|
Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (wewmGm : †U÷-02 Gi mnvqK †bvU) # 12 # AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj : 01
kÖxj¼v
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
kªxjsKv ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i— 4 ‡deªæqvwi, 1948 mv‡j|
1960 mv‡j mvsweavwbKfv‡e Gwkqvi GKgvÎ ‡e․× ivóª kªxjsKvi Z_v we‡k¦i cÖ_g gwnjv cÖavbgš¿x nb— kªxgv‡fv
e›`ibv‡q‡K|
1976 mv‡j mk¯¿ ‡Mwijv msMVb LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam) AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i|
gymjgvb Aay¨wlZ Ôgvbœvi ØxcwUÕ Aew¯’Z— kªxjsKvq| nv¤^vb‡UvUv †Kvb ‡`‡ki mgy`ªe›`i— kªxj¼v|
kªxj¼vi cÖvPxb ivRavbxi bvg— K¨vwÛ| Abyivavcyyi, Rvdbv, GWvgm wcK, gvbœvi Øxc cÖf…wZ Aew¯’Z— kªxj¼vq|
kÖxj¼vi †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui evmfe‡bi bvg— ‡U¤új wUª| kÖxj¼vi cÖvPxb ivRavbx— K¨vwÛ| GwU †`kwUi mvs¯‥…wZi ivRavbx|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. bv_y jv cvm ‡Kvb `ywU ‡`k‡K mshy³ K‡i‡Q? [43Zg wewmGm]
(K) fviZ-‡bcvj
(L) fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb
(M) fviZ-Pxb
(N) fviZ-fyUvb
D:M
(N) 1915 mv‡j
D. K
N. ‡gNvjq
DËi: M
N. DËi Av‡gwiKv
DËi: M
M. wgqvbgvi
N. Bivb
DËi: L
M. fzUvb
N. gvjØxc
02. weªwUk fvi‡Zi ivRavbx KjKvZv †_‡K w`jøx‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq KZ mv‡j? [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) 1912 mv‡j
(L) 1913 mv‡j
(M) 1914 mv‡j
03. fvi‡Zi †Kvb iv‡R¨i ivRavbx Bçj? [26Zg wewmGm]
K. wg‡Rvivg
L. AiæbvPj
M. gwbcyi
04. c„w_exi e„nËg gnv‡`k †KvbwU? [22Zg wewmGm]
K. AvwdªKv
L. BD‡iwkqv
M. Gwkqv
05. eøvKK¨vU †Kvb †`‡ki Kgv‡Ûv evwnbx? [24Zg wewmGm]
K. ‡bcvj
06. Gwkqvi wn›`y ivóª †KvbwU?
L. fviZ
[34Zg wewmGm]
K. ‡bcvj
L. fviZ
DËi: ‡bvU
e¨vL¨v : c~‡e© †bcvj wn›`y ivóª wQj, eZ©gv‡b †bB| 2006 mv‡j AvBb cv‡mi gva‡g †bcvj‡K ag©wbi‡cÿ †`k wn‡m‡e ‡NvlYv Kiv nq|
07. ivRxe MvÜxi †evgv we‡ùvi‡Y AvZ¥NvZx Zvwgj gwnjvi bvg Kx? [14Zg wewmGm]
K. ‡RvQbv
L. bwjbx
M. _vby ev Mv‡qÎx
08. fviZxq †jvKmfvi wbe©vwPZ m`m¨ msL¨v KZ? [26Zg I 27Zg wewmGm]
K. 543
L. 545
M. 414
09. fvi‡Zi me‡P‡q cÖvPxb ivR‰bwZK `j †KvbwU?
K. fviZxq RbZv cvwU©
L. KwgDwbó cvwU©
M. BwÛqvb b¨vkbvj Ks‡MÖm
N. Abyivav
DËi: M
N. 540
DËi: K
N. eûRb mgvR cvwU© DËi: M
10. AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi †Kvb kn‡i Zv‡jevbiv Biv‡bi K~UbxwZK‡`i nZ¨v K‡i? [20Zg wewmGm]
K. gvRvi-G kixd
L. †nivU
M. Rvjvjvev`
N. Kv›`vnvi
DËi: K
N. AvdMvwb¯Ívb
DËi: N
11. ‡Kvb †`‡k ÔZv‡jevbÕ bvgK ivR‣bwZK MÖæc ÿgZvq AwawôZ wQj? [18Zg wewmGm]
K. my`vb
L. wZDwbwmqv
12. AvdMvwb¯Ívb ‡_‡K †kl †mvwf‡qZ ‣mb¨ cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nq K‡e?
K. 15 †deªæqvwi, 1989
L. 15 gvP©, 1989
13. AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi †kl ev`kvn †K wQ‡jb? [31Zg wewmGm]
K. `vD` Luv
L. Rwni kvn
14. fviZ ¯^vaxbZv cvq K‡e?
K. 15 AvM÷ 1947
L. 14 AvM÷ 1947
15. fviZ cÖRvZš¿ KZ mv‡j †NvwlZ nq?
K. 1947
M. B‡q‡gb
[24Zg wewmGm (evwZj)]
M. 15 GwcÖj, 1989
N. 15 †g, 1989
DËi: K
M. bvw`i kvn
N. bRxeyjøvn
DËi: L
M. 15 AvM÷ 1948
N. 14 AvM÷ 1948
DËi: K
L. 1950
M. 1956
N. 1971
DËi: L
L. my`vb
M. ‡Kwbqv
N. wMwb wemvD
DËi: K
M. Bivb
N. gvj‡qwkqv
DËi: M
N. BmivBj
DËi: K
16. ‡`vRvsLv ‡Kvb ‡`‡ki fvlv?
K. fzUvb
17. `wÿY Gwkqvi GKwU †`k- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK: 2012]
K. _vBj¨vÛ
L. gvqvbgvi
e¨vL¨v: †f․‡MvwjK Kvi‡Y Bivb‡K A‡b‡K `wÿY Gwkqvi †`k wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡ib|
18. †Kvb †`‡ki cÖavbgš¿x we‡k^i cÖ_g gwnjv cÖavbgš¿x? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. kÖxj¼v
L. fviZ
M. hy³ivR¨
19. we‡k^i cÖ_g gwnjv cÖavbgš¿x †K wQ‡jb? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (XvKv wefvM) : 02]
K. Bmiv‡q‡ji wg‡mm †Mvìv‡gqvi
L. kÖxj¼vi kÖxgv‡fv e›`ibv‡qK
M. weª‡U‡bi wg‡mm gvM©v‡iU _¨vPvi
N. fvi‡Zi wg‡mm Bw›`iv MvÜx
DËi: L
Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨v‡ci cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ (wewmGm : †U÷-02 Gi mnvqK †bvU) # 13 # AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj : 01
20. GjwUwUB †Mwijviv †Kvb †`‡ki? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (wm‡jU wefvM) : 06; cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 93]
K. †jevbb
L. jvB‡ewiqv
M. wgqvbgvi
N. kÖxj¼v
21. †Kvb †`kwUi mgy`ªmxgv †bB? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK : 2019]
K. evsjv‡`k
L. fviZ
M. †bcvj
N. cvwK¯Ívb
22. ‡e․× mf¨Zvi Rb¨ Zÿkxjv †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK (eywoM½v) : 13]
K. †bcv‡j
L. fvi‡Z
M. cvwK¯Ív‡b
N.Px‡b
23. cvwK¯Ívb wbqwš¿Z Kvwk¥‡ii †Kvb As‡k fviZ m¤úªwZ (†deªæqvwi, 2019) mvgwiK wegvb nvgjv cwiPvjbv K‡i? [40Zg wewmGm]
K. G‡evUvev`
L. evjv‡KvU
M. †Kv‡qUv
N. wMjwMU
24. kªxjsKvi †Kvb mgy`ªe›`i Px‡bi wbKU 99 eQ‡ii Rb¨ jxR †`qv n‡q‡Q? [40Zg wewmGm]
K. w·¼vgvjx
L. nv¤^vb‡UvUv
M. Mj e›`i
N. †cvU© Ae Kj‡¤^v
DËi: N
DËi: M
DËi: M
DËi: L
DËi: L