BASIC
PSYCHOLOGY
Knowledge Base in Psychology
Agenda
+ Knowledge Based Psychology
+ Principals Of Psychology
+ overarching themes in
psychology
+ Working knowledge of
psychology’s content domains
+ Applications of psychology
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Introduction
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Knowledge-based psychology, also
known as cognitive psychology, is a
branch of psychology that focuses on
understanding the mental processes
involved in human cognition, perception,
learning, and problem-solving. It
explores how individuals acquire,
organize, and utilize knowledge to
interpret the world around them and
make sense of their experiences.
Knowledge-based psychology
investigates concepts such as memory,
attention, language, decision-making,
and problem-solving strategies. By
examining these cognitive processes,
researchers aim to gain insights into how
humans think, reason, and make
judgments. This field plays a crucial role
in understanding human intelligence,
memory systems, and the factors that
influence our cognitive abilities and
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limitations.
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Topic One
Knowledge Based Psychology
Knowledge-based
psychology
Knowledge-based psychology
refers to an approach in
psychology that emphasizes the
role of knowledge, beliefs, and
cognitive processes in human
behavior and mental processes.
Here are some key concepts
associated with knowledge-based
psychology:
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Influencers of Knowledge-based
psychology
Information Processing: Knowledge-based psychology views the mind as an informationprocessing system, similar to a computer. It focuses on how individuals acquire, store, retrieve,
and manipulate information in their mental representations.
Mental Representations: Mental representations refer to the internal structures in the mind that
hold information about the world, including concepts, beliefs, memories, and schemas. These
representations influence how individuals perceive, interpret, and respond to the environment.
Schemas: Schemas are cognitive frameworks or mental templates that organize knowledge and
help individuals make sense of the world. They guide attention, influence perception, and aid in
memory processes. Schemas can be influenced
Knowledge Structures: Knowledge-based psychology emphasizes the importance of organized
and interconnected knowledge structures in cognition. These structures include semantic
networks, which represent the relationships between concepts, and scripts, which outline the
typical sequence of events in specific situations.
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Influencers of Knowledge-based
psychology
Cognitive Development: Knowledge-based psychology examines how individuals acquire and
develop knowledge over time. It considers cognitive development as a progression through
qualitatively different stages, with each stage characterized by distinct cognitive abilities and
understanding of the world.
Problem Solving and Reasoning: Knowledge-based psychology investigates how individuals
solve problems and make decisions based on their knowledge and reasoning processes. It
examines heuristics, biases, and decision-making strategies that influence problem-solving
outcomes.
Expertise and Expert Performance: Knowledge-based psychology examines the characteristics
and processes underlying expertise in various domains. It explores how individuals acquire and
organize domain-specific knowledge and develop problem-solving skills through deliberate
practice.
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Influencers of Knowledge-based
psychology
Cognitive Load: Knowledge-based psychology considers the limitations of human cognitive
resources and the impact of cognitive load on learning, memory, and performance. It examines
how the complexity and organization of information affect cognitive processes.
Metacognition: Metacognition refers to individuals' awareness and control of their own cognitive
processes. Knowledge-based psychology explores how individuals monitor, regulate, and reflect
upon their thinking, learning, and problem-solving strategies.
Social Cognition: Knowledge-based psychology recognizes the social nature of cognition and
examines how social factors influence knowledge acquisition, representation, and processing. It
investigates processes such as social perception, attribution, and the influence of social norms
on cognition.
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The way to get
started is to quit
talking and
begin doing.
Walt Disney
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Topic Two
Principals Of Psychology
Principals Of Psychology
These principles provide a foundation for conducting scientific research,
understanding human behavior, and applying psychological knowledge to various
contexts. They guide psychologists in their study of the mind, behavior, and mental
processes, while promoting objectivity, rigor, and ethical conduct.
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Key Principals Of Psychology
 Principle of Empiricism: This principle states that knowledge in psychology should
be based on empirical evidence and observations. It emphasizes the use of
scientific methods to study and understand human behavior and mental processes.
 Principle of Falsifiability: Psychology follows the principle that scientific theories and
hypotheses should be falsifiable, meaning that they can be tested and potentially
proven false through empirical evidence. This principle ensures that psychological
research is based on objective and verifiable findings.
 Principle of Parsimony: Also known as Occam's Razor, this principle suggests that
when multiple explanations or theories exist for a phenomenon, the simplest and
most straightforward explanation is usually the most valid. It encourages
researchers to avoid unnecessary complexity and seek simple explanations
whenever possible.
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Key Principals Of Psychology
 Principle of Determinism: This principle states that all behavior has a cause or a
determinant. It suggests that behavior is not random but rather influenced by a
combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Determinism
implies that behavior can be predicted and explained based on these factors.
 Principle of Multifactorial Causation: This principle acknowledges that behavior and
mental processes are influenced by multiple factors that interact with each other. It
recognizes that a variety of biological, psychological, and social factors contribute
to human behavior and that understanding behavior requires considering these
multiple influences.
 Principle of Individual Differences: This principle highlights the uniqueness of
individuals and acknowledges that people differ in terms of their thoughts,
emotions, and behaviors. It emphasizes the importance of considering individual
variations when studying and explaining psychological phenomena.
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Key Principals Of Psychology
1.Principle of Biopsychosocial Approach: This principle emphasizes the integration of biological,
psychological, and social factors in understanding human behavior and mental processes. It
recognizes that biological processes, psychological experiences, and social interactions all play
a role in shaping individuals' thoughts, emotions, and actions.
2.Principle of Interactionism: This principle suggests that behavior is influenced by the
interaction between an individual and their environment. It emphasizes the reciprocal
relationship between individuals and their surroundings, highlighting that behavior is not solely
determined by internal or external factors but rather by their interaction.
3.Principle of Cognitive Mediation: This principle emphasizes the role of cognitive processes,
such as perception, memory, attention, and problem-solving, in shaping behavior and mental
experiences. It recognizes that individuals actively interpret and process information from their
environment, which influences their thoughts, emotions, and actions.
4.Principle of Ethical Considerations: Psychology adheres to ethical principles when conducting
research or providing psychological services. This includes obtaining informed consent, ensuring
confidentiality, minimizing harm, and considering the well-being and rights of participants or
clients.
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Topic Three
overarching themes in psychology.
overarching themes in psychology.
These overarching themes provide a framework for studying and understanding
the complexity of human behavior and mental processes in psychology. They
facilitate the integration of different perspectives and approaches, encouraging
researchers and practitioners to consider multiple factors and levels of analysis in
their work.
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overarching themes in psychology
• Nature and Nurture: This theme explores the interplay between genetics (nature) and
environmental influences (nurture) in shaping human behavior and development. It
acknowledges that both biological factors and environmental experiences contribute to
psychological processes.
• Individual and Universality: This theme recognizes the uniqueness of individuals and the
existence of universal aspects of human behavior and cognition. It examines the ways in which
individuals vary in their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, while also identifying commonalities
across different cultures and populations.
• Conscious and Unconscious Processes: This theme explores the distinction between conscious
and unconscious mental processes. It examines how conscious awareness influences behavior
and cognition, as well as the role of unconscious processes, such as implicit biases and
automatic thoughts, in shaping behavior.
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overarching themes in psychology
• Continuity and Discontinuity: This theme explores the developmental processes and changes
in human behavior and cognition. It examines whether development occurs gradually and
continuously or through distinct stages and transitions.
• Stability and Change: This theme addresses the question of how individuals' traits, behaviors,
and cognitive processes remain stable or change over time. It explores the extent to which
individuals maintain consistent characteristics or undergo significant transformations
throughout their lifespan.
• Interaction of Biological, Cognitive, and Social Factors: This theme highlights the interplay
between biological, cognitive, and social factors in understanding human behavior and mental
processes. It recognizes that these factors interact and influence each other, shaping
individuals' thoughts, emotions, and actions.
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overarching themes in psychology
• Culture and Diversity: This theme emphasizes the role of culture in shaping psychological
processes and behavior. It recognizes that cultural norms, values, and beliefs influence
individuals' cognition, social interactions, and worldview. It also acknowledges the
importance of diversity in studying and understanding human behavior.
• Mind-Body Connection: This theme explores the relationship between the mind and the
body. It investigates the ways in which psychological processes, such as thoughts, emotions,
and stress, can impact physical health and well-being, and how physiological factors can
influence psychological experiences.
• Research and Application: This theme highlights the practical application of psychological
research findings to real-world issues and challenges. It emphasizes the importance of using
scientific methods to inform interventions, therapies, and policies that promote individual and
societal well-being
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Topic Four
Working knowledge of
psychology’s content domains
Working knowledge of psychology’s
content domains
Psychology encompasses a wide range of content domains, each focusing on specific
aspects of human behavior and mental processes. Developing a working knowledge
of these domains can provide a comprehensive understanding of the field. Here are
some key content domains in psychology:
These content domains in psychology provide a comprehensive framework for
understanding human behavior, cognition, development, and the application of
psychological principles in various contexts. Developing knowledge in these domains
can provide a well-rounded understanding of the field and its practical implications.
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• Biological Psychology: This domain examines the biological basis of behavior and mental
processes. It investigates topics such as the structure and function of the nervous system, the
influence of genetics on behavior, the role of neurotransmitters, and the study of brain activity
using techniques like neuroimaging.
• Cognitive Psychology: Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes such as perception,
attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. It explores how
individuals acquire, organize, and use information, as well as the underlying cognitive
mechanisms involved in these processes.
• Developmental Psychology: Developmental psychology studies the changes in behavior and
mental processes that occur across the lifespan. It examines topics such as cognitive, social,
emotional, and physical development from infancy to old age, and explores how individuals
change and grow over time.
• Social Psychology: This domain investigates how social interactions, social influence, and
social factors impact individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It examines topics such as
attitudes, conformity, group dynamics, social perception, and interpersonal relationships.
• Personality Psychology: Personality psychology focuses on understanding individual
differences in personality traits, characteristics, and patterns of behavior. It examines various
theories of personality, assessment techniques, and the ways in which personality influences
individuals' thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
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• Abnormal Psychology: Abnormal psychology explores psychological disorders, including their
classification, diagnosis, causes, and treatment. It investigates the factors contributing to mental
health issues and the impact of psychological disorders on individuals' functioning and wellbeing.
• Industrial/Organizational Psychology: This domain applies psychological principles to the
workplace and organizational settings. It addresses topics such as employee motivation, job
satisfaction, leadership, teamwork, organizational culture, and employee selection and training.
• Health Psychology: Health psychology focuses on the psychological factors that influence
physical health and well-being. It examines the relationship between psychological processes,
behaviors, and health outcomes, including topics like stress, health behaviors, illness
prevention, and coping strategies.
• Educational Psychology: Educational psychology applies psychological principles to the study
of teaching and learning. It explores topics such as learning theories, instructional methods,
student motivation, assessment and evaluation, and the psychological factors that influence
academic achievement.
• Forensic Psychology: Forensic psychology applies psychological principles to legal and criminal
justice settings. It involves topics such as criminal behavior, eyewitness testimony,
psychological assessment in legal contexts, offender rehabilitation, and the role of psychology
in the legal system.
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Topic Five
Applications of psychology
Applications of psychology
Psychology has numerous applications across various domains, where its principles and
knowledge are used to address practical issues, improve well-being, and enhance
human functioning. Here are some key applications of psychology:
These are just a few examples of the many applications of psychology. Psychology's
principles and methods are utilized in numerous other domains, including community
psychology, neuropsychology, military psychology, and cross-cultural psychology, among
others. The application of psychology extends to diverse fields where understanding
human behavior and mental processes is essential for improving individual and collective
well-being
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Applications of psychology
• Clinical and Counseling Psychology: Clinical and counseling psychologists apply
psychological principles and interventions to assess, diagnose, and treat mental
health disorders. They work with individuals, families, and groups to provide therapy,
counseling, and support for issues such as depression, anxiety, addiction, trauma,
and relationship problems.
• School Psychology: School psychologists work in educational settings to assess and
support students' academic, social, and emotional well-being. They conduct
assessments, provide counseling, develop intervention plans, and collaborate with
teachers and parents to address learning difficulties, behavioral issues, and promote
positive school environments.
• Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Industrial and organizational
psychologists apply psychological principles to enhance workplace productivity,
employee well-being, and organizational effectiveness. They work on issues such as
employee selection and training, leadership development, work motivation, job
satisfaction, and organizational change.
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Applications of psychology
• Health Psychology: Health psychologists focus on the psychological factors that influence
physical health and well-being. They work in healthcare settings to promote healthy behaviors,
help patients cope with chronic illnesses, manage pain, and improve adherence to medical
treatments.
• Sports Psychology: Sports psychologists work with athletes, coaches, and teams to enhance
performance and well-being in sports settings. They address mental aspects such as goal setting,
motivation, confidence, focus, and managing performance anxiety.
• Forensic Psychology: Forensic psychologists apply psychological principles within the legal and
criminal justice system. They conduct evaluations, provide expert testimony, and work with law
enforcement, courts, and correctional facilities to assess and treat individuals involved in legal
proceedings.
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Applications of psychology
• Educational Psychology: Educational psychologists study learning processes and develop
strategies to improve teaching and learning outcomes. They work with educators to design
effective instructional methods, assess student learning, address learning difficulties, and promote
positive educational environments.
• Consumer Psychology: Consumer psychologists study consumer behavior, decision-making
processes, and marketing strategies. They help businesses understand consumer preferences,
design effective advertising campaigns, and develop strategies to influence consumer choices.
• Environmental Psychology: Environmental psychologists study the interaction between individuals
and their physical environments. They explore how the environment influences behavior, wellbeing, and sustainability. They contribute to the design of spaces that promote well-being, enhance
productivity, and encourage pro-environmental behaviors.
• Rehabilitation Psychology: Rehabilitation psychologists work with individuals who have disabilities
or injuries to enhance their psychological well-being and promote successful rehabilitation. They
address issues such as adjustment to disability, coping with chronic pain, improving quality of life,
and promoting independence.
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Summary
Psychology has a wide range of practical applications across various domains.
Clinical and counseling psychology focuses on diagnosing and treating mental health disorders, while
school psychology supports students' well-being in educational settings.
Industrial and organizational psychology enhances workplace productivity and employee well-being.
Health psychology addresses the psychological factors influencing physical health.
Sports psychology enhances performance in sports settings.
Forensic psychology applies psychological principles in the legal system.
Educational psychology improves teaching and learning outcomes.
Consumer psychology studies consumer behavior and marketing strategies.
Environmental psychology examines the interaction between individuals and their physical environment.
Rehabilitation psychology supports individuals with disabilities.
These applications demonstrate how psychology is used to address practical issues, improve well-being,
and enhance human functioning in diverse contexts
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Thank You
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