Operating Systems & Computer Architecture CT049-3-1-OS&CA Ver: VE Introduction to Computer Architecture Topics we will cover • The System Concept • Physical Systems • Conceptual Systems • IT System Architecture • Distributed System Processing • Example: Google Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 2 Learning Outcomes At the end of this section, YOU should be able to: • • • Understand the basics of architecture Understand the basic architecture of a computer and an IT system Understand the components of systems and how they are studied Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 3 Key Terms Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 4 What is a System? A System is a group of inter-related components working together to produce an outcome. A System may consist of physical or conceptual components. •What do the following systems have in common? 1. 2. 3. 4. Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Plumbing system Solar system Home network system Inventory control system Slide Title SLIDE 5 Plumbing System Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 6 Solar System Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 7 Map The Egyptians mapped out the components of this system to understand cosmic events. Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 8 Map It is through the study of Systems and their architecture that we gain better insight and understanding. Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 9 Language (System as a Concept) Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 10 Lunar Calendar (System as a Concept) Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 11 Home Network System Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 12 Inventory Control System Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 13 Definition of a System • “ A systems is a collection of components linked together and organized in such a way as to be recognizable as a single unit.” • Linked components of a system also define the boundary for the system • The environment is anything outside of the system Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 14 Representation of a System Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 15 Representation of a System E.g. Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 16 System Decomposition • Components – May be irreducible or – May be subsystems • Decomposition – The division of a system into its components and linkages – Hierarchical Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 17 System Architecture “The fundamental properties, and the patterns of relationships, connections, constraints, and linkages among the components and between the system and its environment are known collectively as the architecture of the system” Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 18 Abstraction of Systems • Abstraction: Information hiding • The process of taking away or removing characteristics from something in order to reduce it to a set of essential characteristics. • In order to fully understand how Systems work, we must break them down into simpler units… hence Abstraction. Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 19 Organization Chart Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 20 Business Application Architecture How are the previous two abstractions of a business system different from one another? (Organization Chart VS Business Application Architecture) How are these abstractions different from the real business system? (Organization Chart VS Business Application Architecture) Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 21 IT System Architectures • Distributed processing systems – Client-Server Computing • • • • 2-tier architecture 3-tier architecture N-tier architecture Web-Based Computing – Peer-to-Peer Computing Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 22 Client Server Computing • A program on a client computer requests services from a program on a server computer • Examples: – Email services, file services, print services, directory services, Web services, database services, application services, remote access services Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 23 Basic Client-Server Architecture Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 24 Advantages of Client-Server Architecture • Centralization of services permits – – – – Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA easier administration of services by IT professionals easier availability and location by users consistency of resources, such as files and data, can be managed and assured more efficient and cost-effective hardware procurement through purchasing a small number of very powerful computers Slide Title SLIDE 25 Clients and Servers Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 26 Multi-tier Architectures • Two-tier architecture – Two computers are involved in a service. – Example: Web-browser and Web server model used in intranets and on the Internet • Three-tier architecture – Three computers are involved in a service – Example: client computer, Web server, database server • N-tier architecture Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 27 Three-tier Architecture Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 28 Peer-to-Peer Computing • Computers on a network are treated as equals • Each computer can share resources with the other computers on the network • Disadvantages – Difficult to establish centralized control of services – Difficult to locate services – Difficult to synchronize versions of files or software – Difficult to secure network from unauthorized access and from viruses • Advantages – Sharing files between personal computers – Internet file sharing Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 29 Hybrid Model of Computing • Client-server technology used to locate systems and files • Then systems can participate in peer-to-peer transactions • Examples – Instant messaging – Skype – Napster Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 30 Google’s System Architecture • Provide powerful, fast search capability for material on the Internet • Derive income from advertising that is targeted to each user based on their searches • Basic requirements – Capable of responding to millions of simultaneous requests from all over the world – Perform a web crawl of the Internet retrieve and organize data – Establish ranking of results with appropriately targeted advertising – High reliability of the system – System is easily scalable and cost effective Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 31 Google’s Data Center Architecture(Search) Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 32 Google’s Hardware Architecture Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 33 Ethics “With great power comes great responsibility” Ethics.: The Moral principles which govern a person’s or group’s behavior. Understanding the Architecture of Systems brings about many benefits, however if used in-appropriately will also cause harm. History has shown how the careless use of knowledge and power has brought about disservice to the human race. So, a Fundamental question must be asked, is Computer Technology in all it’s various applications beneficial or detrimental to humanity? Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 34 Quick Review Questions • What are the most important ideas, keywords, and phrases that are stated in the definition of a system? • Explain the relationships among the following words: system, environment, boundary, interface. • Explain the following statement about systems: ‘‘Decomposition is inherently hierarchical.’’ • Explain what is meant by the architecture of a system. • The human body is an example of an object that can be represented as a system. Consider the various ways in which you could represent the human body as a system. Select a representation and identify the components that constitute the system. Select one component and decompose it to the next subsystem level. Now consider a completely different system representation of the human body and repeat this exercise. Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 35 Summary When working with large concepts with defined boundaries, it is often easiest to think of them in terms of systems. A system can be defined as a collection of components, linked together and organized in such a way as to be recognizable as a single unit. The components themselves may also be recognized as subsystems, to be further reduced into components, when appropriate. The area outside the boundaries of a system is its environment. The system affects and is affected by various elements of the environment. In many situations, the environment supplies inputs to the system and receives outputs from the system. The patterns of relationships, connections, constraints, and linkages among the components of a system and between a system and its environment are known collectively as the architecture of the system. Information technology systems are systems that support the strategy and operations of organizations. Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 36 END Q&A Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 37 Next Data Representation Module Code & Module Title CT049-3-1-OS&CA Slide Title SLIDE 38