Q1. What is an IP address and what is its purpose in computer networking? What is
the importance of Computer Network?
Ans- An IP address or Internet Protocol Address is a unique identifier for a computer or a
device which is assigned by an Internet Service provider (ISP). It serves as an address for
the device on the network. IP address facilitates communication by connecting appropriate
severs. It also helps in exchanging data over internet by providing address to the device.
One computer can find another computer with the help of its IP address. Ip address have 2
versions namely, IPv4 and IPv6.
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IPv4 a commonly used IP address format consisting of 4 set of numbers ranging from
0 to 255. Eg. 192.204.20.90
IPv6 is the newer version, which was introduced for providing unique identity to
growing number of devices.
There are two types: Public IP and Private IP
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Public IP is assigned by ISP, acting as a unique identifier. It helps devices find each
other over internet and helps in communication over websites or email servies.
Private IP is generally used in local networks. It is assigned by a local router or
administrator, which is not directly accessible from the internet.
Following are the major purposes of IP in computer networking:
● Device Identification: Devices on a network are identified only by their IP
addresses.They serve as a device's "virtual address," enabling other devices to find
and connect with it. each and every internet-connected gadget, including An IP
address is given to devices like computers, smartphones, servers, and routers.
● Network Routing: The routing of data packets across networks is made possible by
IP addresses. Data is broken up into tiny packets and sent over the internet. The
source and destination IP addresses are included in every packet.
These addresses are used by routers and other network equipment to choose the
optimal route for the packets to take to get to their destination.
Importance of computer networks:
● Communication: Computer networks make effective communication and teamwork
between people, businesses, and even nations possible. They make communication quicker,
more dependable, and more affordable by enabling the sharing of information, files, and
resources.
● Resource Sharing: Networks enable several users to share hardware resources like
printers, scanners, and storage units. This increases production, lowers expenses, and
promotes efficiency within businesses.
● Data Transfer: Large volumes of data may be transferred between systems thanks to
networks. This is crucial in industries like scientific research where jobs requiring a lot of
data demand fast access and lots of bandwidth.
● Internet Access:Devices are connected to the internet through computer networks, giving
them access to a huge variety of data, services, and resources. For research, education,
e-commerce, entertainment, and many other parts of our lives, the internet has evolved into
a necessary tool.
Q2. What is Shell, Kernel, and package manager? Explain TCP/IP model in detail?
AnsShell: Also known as the command line interface or terminal, a shell is a user interface that
enables users to communicate with an operating system. Users can run commands, start
programs, and work with files and folders using the command-line interface (CLI) or
graphical user interface (GUI) it offers.
Kernel: The foundation of an operating system is the kernel. It is in charge of controlling
system resources, giving hardware devices an interface, and facilitating communication
between software and hardware elements. The kernel is in charge of things like memory
management, task allocation, device drivers, and system security. It serves as a link
between software programs and computer hardware, guaranteeing that various software
components can operate without any problems on the System.
Package Manager: A package manager is a software tool or system that simplifies
the process of installing, updating, configuring, and removing software packages on
a computer system. It provides a centralized repository of software packages and
automates the management of dependencies.
The TCP/IP model is a conceptual framework that describes how data is transmitted
over the internet. It stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. It
breaks the data into packets, provides addressing and routing information, and takes
care of the physical transmission.
The TCP/IP model consists of four layers:
● Application Layer: The applications and procedures you use to send and receive data are
represented by this layer. In our case, it may be a web browser or the email program on your
computer.
● Transport Layer: The data transfer between your computer and your friend's PC is handled
by this layer. It divides the data into smaller units known as packets. Additionally, it makes
sure that every package arrives on time and in the proper order. Imagine it as the delivery
service that handles the packaging, tracking, and confirmation of the letter's safe arrival.
● Internet Layer: This layer manages the data transit between our computer and our friend's
PC. The data is divided into packets, which are smaller bits of data. It also guarantees that
every shipment is delivered on time and in the right sequence.
● Network Interface Layer: The physical link between our computer and the network is taken
care of by this layer. The packets are transformed into signals that may be sent over a
network medium like Ethernet or Wi-Fi. Additionally, it looks for any transmission faults. This
layer, in our comparison, corresponds to the mailman who actually picks up your letter and
delivers it to the neighborhood post office.
Q3. What is Cloud computing? Explain benefits and service model of cloud
computing?
Ans- cloud computing is on-demand access, to computing resources like applications,
servers (physical servers and virtual servers), data storage, development tools, networking
capabilities, and more via the internet, hosted at a remote data centre managed by a cloud
services provider (or CSP)
Following are the advantages of cloud computingScalability: Organizations may easily and on-demand scale their resources up or down in
response to their demands thanks to cloud computing. This adaptability enables firms to
effectively manage changing workloads.
Cost Savings: The requirement for initial hardware and software investments is eliminated by
cloud computing. Instead, companies use a pay-as-you-go model to pay for the resources
they use. Consequently, capital expenses are reduced, and firms can convert their IT costs.
Availability and Reliability: Cloud service companies often offer a solid infrastructure with
several data centers and redundant systems. With less chance of downtime and data loss,
this provides high availability and reliability. Service level agreements (SLAs) also provide a
level of uptime and performance assurance.
Accessibility and Mobility: Cloud services give users greater mobility and flexibility because
they can be accessed from any location with an internet connection. This makes it possible
to collaborate remotely, access data and applications from various devices, and work from
different places.
Security: Advanced security procedures are used by cloud providers to safeguard
infrastructure and data. They frequently have specialized security teams, encryption
technologies, and compliance certifications, all of which can raise security levels..
Cloud computing offers different service models.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Users have control over the operating systems,
applications,and development frameworks running on the infrastructure, and only the cloud
provider manages the hardware.
Platform as a Service (PaaS): The cloud provider offers a pre-configured environment,
including operating systems, databases, and development tools, while developers focus on
application development.
Software as a Service (SaaS): Users access the software through web browsers or
dedicated client applications, and the provider handles all aspects of software management,
and security.
Q4. What is the AWS region and availability zone?
Ans- An area in which AWS data centers are situated. Each area is completely autonomous
from the others and is built to be impervious to failures in other regions, enabling fault
tolerance and resilience. At the moment, AWS manages a number of regions around the
world, including those in North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, and the
Middle East.
Users can build and deploy highly available, scalable, and fault-tolerant applications using
AWS's idea of regions and availability zones. It allows users to select the best region and
availability zone combination and the ability to disperse workloads across many locations.
A region is a distinct geographical area containing numerous AZs that are disconnected from
one another in terms of infrastructure, networking, and power. Each region has a minimum of
two AZs, which are geographically distinct data centers. Customers can deploy their
applications and services across many geographies to achieve high availability and global
redundancy.
Q5. Question: Match the following Linux commands with their respective
descriptions:
1-c
2-i
3-j
4-f
5-d
6-g
7-e
8-a
9-h
10-b
Q6. Question: How can you delete a directory and its contents using a single
command in
Linux?
Ans. b) rm -r directory_name