№ 4999
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное
учреждение высшего профессионального образования
«Южный федеральный университет»
Учебный военный центр
Отдел иностранных языков и психологической работы
УТВЕРЖДАЮ
Начальник учебного военного
центра при ЮФУ
полковник
В.Шибанов
«____»_________20
УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
US ARTILLERY
Таганрог 2013
Туркот Ю.В.
US artillery.
Практический курс военного перевода.
Английский язык. (Первый иностранный язык). Выпуск 1. Учебное
пособие. Таганрог: Изд-во ЮФУ 2013. - 132 с.
Пособие предназначено для обучения военному переводу
курсантов по специальности «Лингвистическое обеспечение военной
деятельности». Оно имеет целью развитие навыков устного и
письменного перевода.
Данное пособие состоит из 7 уроков, которые включают в себя
профессионально ориентированные материалы, теоретический
комментарий,
лексико-грамматические
упражнения,
коммуникативные
упражнения,
упражнения
на
устный
последовательный перевод, упражнения на зрительно-письменный
перевод, упражнения на зрительно-устный перевод.
При составлении пособия автор опирался на боевые уставы
армии США, оригинальные американские тексты, опубликованные в
открытой иностранной печати и сети Интернет. В ряде случаев тексты
адаптировались.
Тематика текстов соответствует учебной программе и
расширяет представление курсантов в области материальной части
ствольной и реактивной полевой артиллерии армий стран НАТО,
устройства их боеприпасов, организации частей и подразделений
артиллерии армии США, а также боевого применения полевой
артиллерии.
Ил. 26. Табл.1. Библиогр.: 11 назв.
Рецензент:
Агапова С.Г. доктор филологических наук, профессор.
1. EDUCATIONAL MODULE # 1
US FIELD ARTILLERY.
CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION
В результате изучения EDUCATIONAL MODULE # 1
курсант должен
Иметь представление:
 об общей характеристике полевой артиллерии и задачах,
стоящих перед ней;
 о классификации артиллерийских орудий, принятых на
вооружение в ВС стран НАТО;
 об эмоционально-окрашенной лексике по тематике модуля;
Знать:
 необходимый объем лексико-фразеологических единиц и
военных терминов;
 функционально-стилистические особенности военных и
военно-технических текстов;
 сокращения и условные обозначения, используемые в
военных и военно-технических текстах.
Уметь:
 осуществлять адекватный перевод военной и военнотехнической информации;
 применять полученные теоретические знания в процессе
составления основных видов вторичных документов-рефератов и
аннотаций;
 осуществлять предпереводческий анализ военного текста,
определять цель перевода и тип переводного текста;
 выбирать общую стратегию перевода;
 правильно оформлять текст перевода в соответствии с
нормами и типологией текстов на языке перевода;
 профессионально пользоваться словарями, справочниками,
банками данных и другими источниками военной и военнотехнической информации;
 осуществлять зрительно-устный (с листа), зрительнописьменный, абзацно-фразовый и последовательный перевод на слух
монологической речи на военные и военно-технические темы с
английского языка на русский и с русского языка на английский.
US FIELD ARTILLERY.
CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION
Lesson 1
Цели занятия:
1. Развитие и совершенствование умений и навыков:
- перевода на слух (упражнение 4, 5, 11);
- перевода с листа (текст 1.2);
- двустороннего перевода (упражнение 11);
- письменного перевода (упражнение 6);
- аудирования (упражнение 4; 5);
- преодоления переводческих, грамматических и лексических
трудностей (commentary; упражнение 5; 6; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12);
- переключения (упражнение 5).
2. Развитие творческого мышления (4; 7; 8; 10).
3. Активизация эквивалентов по теме (упражнение 1; 2; 3; 5).
4. Совершенствование уровня лексической компетенции (упражнение
1.1).
5. Расширение знаний по теме (текст 1.2).
1.1 ACTIVE TERMS
полевая артиллерия
подвижный род войск
огонь
на
подавление
артиллерии
противника
installations
сооружения; объекты
vulnerability
слабая сторона; уязвимость
self-sustaining
способный
вести
самостоятельные
действия
curved trajectory
крутая траектория
defiladed
укрытый (рельефом местности)
flat trajectory
отлогая траектория
overhead cover
укрытие от навесного огня
widely deployed formations
сильно расчленѐнный боевой порядок
anti-aircraft (AA) protection зенитное прикрытие
air defense artillery (ADA)
зенитная артиллерия
ordnance
артиллерийское вооружение; боеприпасы;
оружие; средства поражения; боезаряд;
field artillery (FA)
ground-gaining arm
counterbattery fire
cannon artillery
velocity
projectile
mountain gun
field gun
howitzer
gun howitzer
mortar
rocket artillery
long range
muzzle velocity
charge
grooves
bore
rifling
armored combat vehicles
naval gun
direct-fire
plunging fire
whereas
moderately
indirect-fire
defilade
land
towed
vehicle (veh)
prime mover
self-propelled (SP)
aerial
truck-drawn
боеприпас; артиллерийско-технический
ствольная артиллерия
скорость
снаряд; мина; реактивный снаряд; пуля;
ракета (неуправляемая); летящий осколок
горная пушка; горное орудие
полевое
орудие;
орудие
полевой
артиллерии
гаубица
пушка-гаубица
миномѐт
реактивная артиллерия
дальнобойный; большая дальность
начальная скорость; дульная скорость
заряд
бороздки; канавки
канал ствола
система нарезки ствола
боевая бронированная машина
корабельная артиллерия; корабельное
орудие
огонь прямой наводкой; огонь с открытых
позиций
навесной огонь
в то время как
умеренно; средне
огонь с закрытых огневых позиций
естественное укрытие
поле нареза
буксируемый; прицепной
сухопутное средство передвижения или
перевозки
(автомобиль,
велосипед,
повозка, сани)
тягач; трактор; генератор; источник
энергии
самоходный
авиатранспортабельный
на автомобильной (колѐсной) тяге
на тракторной (гусеничной) тяге
залп; «открываю огонь»
кратковременный огонь со сменой ОП
ракета; реактивный снаряд; управляемая
ракета
rocket
ракета; реактивный снаряд; неуправляемая
ракета
guided missile (GM)
управляемая ракета; управляемый снаряд
range capability
предел
действия
по
дальности;
дальнобойность; досягаемость
mortar carrier vehicle
миномѐтный транспортѐр; миномѐтная
установка
division arty
дивизионная артиллерия
corps arty
корпусная артиллерия
army arty
армейская артиллерия
General HQ Reserve Arty
артиллерия
резерва
главного
командования
smart artillery
артиллерия
с
высокой
точностью
поражения
WORD-COMBINATIONS:
to place concentrations of вести
сосредоточенный огонь по
fire on enemy positions
позициям противника
to give depth to combat
увеличивать
дальность
огневого
воздействия на противника
to influence the course of оказывать влияние (влиять) на исход боя
combat
to pierce armor
пробивать броню
in the open
на открытой местности
to lob projectiles into забрасывать мины (снаряды) в траншеи по
trenches
крутой траектории
under nuclear conditions
в условиях применения ядерного оружия
under nonnuclear conditions
в условиях применения обычного оружия
to disrupt command system
нарушать систему управления
to classify according to [as]
классифицировать как, подразделять
tractor-drawn
salvo
shoot-and-scoot
missile (msl)
LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS
to come to the aid
to move in deployed movement
to aim at the target
to fire a projectile at a low velocity
artillery with the army
to fire projectile with curving trajectory
SLANG EQUIVALENTS TO SOME TERMS
презр.
фам.
полевая
артиллерия;
артиллеристы (cosmoline космолин смазка для материальной части)
Ack Tom
противотанковое орудие (произвольная
расшифровка сокр. * AT antitank)
barker
[брехливая собака; пустолайка] фам.
big boy
тяжѐлое орудие
тяжѐлое орудие
bean shooter
[игрушечный
пистолет,
стреляющий
горохом] фам. пренебр. стрелковое
оружие; малокалиберная пушка
big staff
тяжѐлый снаряд
ash can
тяжѐлый снаряд
boom-boom
шутл. лѐгкое орудие
cannon cocker
фам. артиллерист (cock ставить на боевой
взвод, взводить курок)
cosmoline slinger
[slinger - маслоотражатель] презр. фам.
артиллерист
galloper
[лошадь, идущая галопом] шутл. лѐгкое
орудие
gunnery bird
фам. артиллерист
high archer
огневое средство с крутой траекторией
Jack Johnson
фам. тяжѐлое орудие; тяжѐлый снаряд (по
имени известного негритянского боксѐра)
mud splasher
артиллерист
red leg(s)
фам. шутл. артиллерист (в прошлом
артиллеристы армии США носили брюки
с красными кантами)
Royal Hearse Artillery
Бр. шутл. артиллерия на конной тяге
(шутливо изменѐнное *Royal Horse
Artillery; hearse - катафалк)
wad
[пыж] насм. артиллерист
cosmolines
wagon soldier
насм.
артиллерист
(в
прошлом
артиллеристы ездили на зарядных ящиках
своих орудий)
INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Read and translate the following words and word:
Teaching technique; шеренга; abreast; фланг; preparatory
command; исполнительная команда; precautionary; СТАНОВИСЬ!;
band; ОТСТАВИТЬ!; port; принимать строевую стойку
Exercise 2. Find in the texts of this lesson, decipher and
translate the following abbreviations:
Arty; msn; spt; en psns; pers; cbt; atk; res; mvmt; comm sys; wpns;
nuc; AA; FA; ADA; US; fld arty; SP; FA msls; rkts; GMs; General HQ.
Exercise 3. Find in the text the equivalents of the wordcombinations:
Поддерживать огнѐм подвижные рода войск; вести
сосредоточенный огонь по позициям противника; увеличивать
дальность огневого воздействия на противника; в условиях
применения ядерного и обычного оружия; может иметь
спиралеобразные нарезы в канале ствола; система нарезки придаѐт
снаряду устойчивость в полѐте; чаще всего используются для ведения
огня не прямой наводкой; место для экипажа и боеприпасов, отвечать
требованиям современного скоротечного боя.
1.2 US field artillery.
Characteristics and classification
"The final argument of kings"
Louis XIV's inscription on French artillery
The word ―artillery‖ as used in the current context originated in the
Middle Ages. One suggestion is that it comes from the Old French "atellier"
meaning "to arrange", and "attillement" meaning "equipment". From the
13th century an "artillier" referred to a builder of any war equipment, and

Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода.
for the next 250 years the sense of the word "artillery" covered all forms of
military weapons. Another suggestion is that comes from the Italian "arte de
tirare" (art of shooting) coined by one of the first theorists on the use of
artillery Niccolo Fontana.
The arty is a combat arm. The primary msn of arty is to spt the
ground-gaining arms by fire, place concentrations of fire on en psns and
pers, give depth to cbt by counterbattery fires, atk hostile res, restrict mvmt,
and disrupt comm sys's and other installations. It provides a powerful
means of influencing the course of cbt. The artillery forces call for maximal
range and rate of fire. Its curved trajectories enable fire to reach pers
defiladed against flat trajectory wpns or protected by overhead cover. The
radius of effect of arty projectiles compels hostile troops in the open to
move in widely deployed formations. The arty is prepared to fire under
either nuc or nonnuclear conditions. It acts by fire alone and is not capable
of independent action. The power of arty is limited by its inability to act
otherwise than by fire action, by its vulnerability when in mvmt, and by its
comparative vulnerability, even when in position, to attack by fire at
medium or short ranges, especially from the flanks or rear. These
limitations prevent the employment of the arty as an independent, selfsustaining arm.
AA protection is another primary msn of arty. The two general
types of arty are FA and ADA.
Air defense arty: weapons, usually mobile, designed for attacking
aircraft from the ground. Some guns were suitable for dual-role anti-aircraft
and field (anti-tank) use.
Artillery types can be categorized in several ways, for example by
type or size of weapon or ordnance, by role or by organizational
arrangements.
US conventional fld arty may be classified in several ways
depending on: firing characteristics (types of ordnance), weight of the
weapons, mobility of the weapons, and tactical employment.
Types of ordnance
The types of cannon artillery are generally distinguished by the
velocity at which they fire projectiles.
Types of field artillery:

Рекомендуется для пересказа по-английски.
 Infantry support guns: directly support infantry units.
 Mountain guns: lightweight weapons that can be moved through
difficult terrain.
 Field guns: capable of long range fire.
 Howitzers: capable of high angle fire.
 Gun howitzers: capable of high or low angle fire with a long
barrel.
 Mortars: towed or self-propelled weapons that fire projectiles at
an angle of over 45 degrees to the horizontal (not usually considered field
artillery).

Rocket artillery: alternative propulsion.
A gun is cannon that fires projectiles from a long tube (known as
the barrel) at high velocity in a low, flat trajectory. A gun has a long barrel,
long range, and high muzzle velocity. The projectile usually carries a
charge that explodes when it hits its target. The barrel of a gun may have
spiraled grooves in its bore; the process of adding these grooves is called
rifling. Rifling improves the stability of a projectile in flight, making its
trajectory more accurate. Some guns use ammo that can pierce armor. Guns
are widely used on warships, armored combat vehicles, and tanks.
Naval guns are typically longer-barreled, low-trajectory, highvelocity weapons designed primarily for a direct-fire role. Typically the
length of a cannon barrel is greater than 25 times its caliber (inner
diameter).
Howitzers are shorter. The name comes from Czech houfnice,
denoting a 15th century cannon used by Hussites. Howitzers are
distinguished from other types of cannon artillery by their trajectory
because they fire at high angles and deliver plunging fire. In addition to this
the barrel of a howitzer is commonly below 30 calibers, (the length of the
barrel is less than 30 times as long as the diameter of the bore), whereas
other cannon and field guns fire at no more than 45° and have a caliber of
30 or over. Since the Second World War, a weapon that combines both high
and low angles has been developed with longer barrels, the gun howitzers.
Modern gun-howitzers have barrel lengths of 39, 45 or longer. A howitzer
fires a projectile with a moderately curving trajectory. Capable of both
high- and low-angle fire, they are most often employed in an indirect-fire
role, capable of operating in defilade. Typically, the length of a howitzer
barrel is between 15 and 25 times its caliber.
Mortars are smaller, low-velocity, high-angle weapons capable of
only high-trajectory fire at a relatively short range. Thus, its trajectory is
sharply curved. Its extremely high angle of fire permits it to be fired
effectively at tgts behind high hills and to lob projectiles into trenches.
Typically the length of a mortar barrel is less than 15 times its caliber.
Morts are not employed by FA.
Types of weight of the weapons (caliber)
Cannons are also classified according to caliber. Caliber is the
diameter of the bore measured at the muzzle from land to land.
According to there caliber cannons are classified as:
 light (120 mm and less);
 medium (greater than 120 mm but not to exceed 160 mm);
 heavy (greater than 160 mm but not to exceed 210 mm),
 very heavy (greater than 210 mm).
Very heavy cannons are not employed by active Army field
artillery units.
Types of mobility
FA cannons are further classified according to their method of
organic transport as towed (designed for mvmt by a separate veh generally
termed a prime mover, for example, the M923 5-ton truck for the M198
howitzer), SP (installed on carriages which provide automotive power for
the arty piece and from which the wpn is fired, for example, M110 SelfPropelled Howitzer) and aerial (carried on airmobile vehicles).
Depending on the prime mover towed arty may be subdivided into
truck-drawn and tractor-drawn.
Self-propelled howitzers are permanently mounted on a carriage or
vehicle with room for the crew and ammunition and thus capable of moving
quickly from one firing position to another, both to support the fluid nature
of modern combat and to avoid counter-battery fire.
The greatest tactical advantage in the case of artillery guns is
clearly the greater degree of mobility they have compared to towed
artillery. Not only is it important in offering military forces greater
flexibility, but it is critical in avoiding attack from the enemy by allowing
the guns to change position immediately after firing one or more salvos and
before their position can be located (―shoot-and-scoot‖ tactics).
FA msls are classified as free rkts and GMs. GMs are further
classified according to their range capability as short-range GMs (max
range less than 100 km), medium-range GMs (max range at least 100 km
but less than 500 km), and long-range GMs (max range 500 km or more).
There are also mortar carrier vehicles, many of which allow the
mortar to be removed from the vehicle and be used dismounted, potentially
in terrain in which the vehicle cannot navigate, or in order to avoid
detection. As example: the U.S. M106 Mortar Carrier.
Types of tactical employment
According to tactical employment arty may be divided into division
arty, corps arty, army arty, and General HQ Reserve Arty.
The terms ―army arty‖ and ―corps arty‖ do not include the organic
arty of subordinate units. To refer to all the arty in an army or in a corps, the
expression ―arty with the Second Army‖, or ―artillery with the VII Corps‖
is used.
COMMENTARY
1. Обратите внимание на перевод терминов cannon, piece, gun.
Термин
cannon
используется
для
обозначения
любого
артиллерийского орудия. Он имеет две формы множественного числа
cannons и cannon. В собирательном значении термин cannon означает
ствольная артиллерия в отличие от missiles - реактивной артиллерии.
Например, сочетание cannons and missiles переводится как ствольная
и реактивная артиллерия. Синонимом сочетания cannon artillery
ствольная артиллерия будет tube artillery.
Термин piece означает любое огневое средство —
артиллерийское орудие, миномет, пулемет, винтовка и т. п. При
расчете плотности огня термин piece используется в значении орудие,
ствол. Однако часто этот термин употребляется в терминологических
сочетаниях artillery piece, piece of artillery, piece of ordnance, которые
переводятся как артиллерийское орудие.
Термин gun имеет весьма широкую семантику. В разговорной
(не профессиональной) речи gun означает любое огнестрельное
оружие: ружье - shortgun, винтовка (rifle), пистолет (pistol), пулемет machine gun, револьвер (revolver), пистолет-пулемет - submachine
gun, пушка - gun и т. д. Однако для специалиста gun означает пушка в
отличие от гаубицы - howitzer и миномета - mortar, хотя в
разговорной речи такие артиллерийские орудия можно назвать gun.
2. По системе, принятой в артиллерии Великобритании,
Канады и некоторых армий других стран, орудия классифицируются
не по калибру ствола, а по весу снаряда в фунтах. Термин pounder
(производное от pound) в сочетании с числительными,
определяющими вес снаряда в фунтах, применяется для обозначения
орудий разных калибров и огневых подразделений, вооружѐнных
этими орудиями.
Ниже, для справок, приводится таблица перевода английских
обозначений калибров орудий в общепринятые калибры в
миллиметрах.
One-pounder
37-мм пушка
Two-pounder
40-мм или 42-мм пушка
Three-pounder
47-мм пушка
Six-pounder
57-мм пушка
Ten-pounder
70-мм пушка
13-pounder
76-мм пушка
18-pounder
84-мм пушка
25-pounder
87,6-мм пушка
33-pounder
88-мм пушка
60-pounder
127-мм пушка
100-pounder
152-мм пушка
Возникновение этой системы относится ко времени, когда
калибр артиллерийских орудий определялся весом чугунных ядер. Под
американским влиянием данная система заменяется системой
исчисления артиллерийских калибров в миллиметрах.
1.3 EXERCISES
Exercise 4. Translate the following questions by ear and answer
them in English:
1. What is the primary mission of arty?
2. What are the main characteristics of arty?
3. What are the general types of arty?
4. How can the artillery be categorized by types?
5. How is the US conventional arty classified?
6. What types of field artillery by ordnance do you know?
7. What is a gun?
8. What does the term ‗howitzer‘ mean?
9. What is a mortar?
10.What types of field artillery by caliber do you know?
11.What is caliber?
12.What types of field artillery by mobility do you know?
13.How are FA missiles classified?
Exercise 5. Translate the following words and word
combination by ear:
Range
capability;
миномѐтный
транспортѐр;
missile;
кратковременный огонь со сменой ОП; truck-drawn; тягач; selfpropelled; буксируемый; self-sustaining; крутая траектория; groundgaining arm; полевая артиллерия; overhead cover; зенитная артиллерия;
flat trajectory; скорость; projectile.
Exercise 6. Translate the following text in written form:
Артиллерия – вид оружия или совокупность предметов
вооружения. Она включает пушки, гаубицы, минометы, безоткатные
орудия, боевые машины (пусковые установки – ПУ) противотанковых
управляемых
ракет
(ПТУР)
и
реактивную
артиллерию;
артиллерийские и стрелковые боеприпасы; средства передвижения
артиллерии – колесные и гусеничные тягачи и др.; приборы
управления огнем; средства разведки и обеспечения стрельбы; все
виды стрелкового оружия, гранатометы.
Кроме того, название «артиллерия» используется для
обозначения рода войск, а также науки об устройстве,
проектировании, производстве и эксплуатации артиллерийского
вооружения, его боевых свойствах, способах стрельбы и боевого
применения.
Различают артиллерию сухопутных войск и морскую
артиллерию.
Артиллерия сухопутных войск – артиллерия, состоящая на
вооружении формирований сухопутных войск. Делится на войсковую
(полевую) артиллерию и артиллерию Резерва Верховного
Главнокомандования (Supreme Command Reserve).
По назначению артиллерия сухопутных войск делится на
наземную артиллерию (для поражения наземных целей) и зенитную
(для поражения воздушных целей). Зенитная артиллерия также может
использоваться для стрельбы по наземным (надводным) целям.
Войсковая (полевая) артиллерия – артиллерия, входящая в
состав общевойсковых подразделений, частей, соединений и
объединений.
По
организационно-штатной
принадлежности
подразделяется на батальонную, полковую, дивизионную, корпусную
и армейскую. Термин «полевая артиллерия» используется в основном
в западной военной литературе.
Батальонная
артиллерия
–
штатные
артиллерийские
подразделения, непосредственно подчиненные командиру батальона.
На вооружении состоят противотанковые орудия, минометы и ПТУР,
обладающие небольшими массой и габаритами, высокой
подвижностью
и
скорострельностью.
Предназначена
для
непосредственного сопровождения мотострелковых (мотопехотных)
подразделений. Термин «мотопехота» («моторизированная пехота»)
используется в основном в западной военной литературе.
Полковая артиллерия – артиллерийские подразделения,
непосредственно подчиненные командиру полка. На вооружении
состоят буксируемые и самоходные орудия (минометы) и ПТУР.
Предназначена для решения огневых задач в интересах полка в целом,
а также для усиления батальонов, действующих на главных
направлениях (cardinal direction).
Дивизионная артиллерия – штатные артиллерийские части и
подразделения, непосредственно подчиненные командиру дивизии. На
вооружении состоят самоходные и буксируемые орудия (минометы)
калибра 75–155 мм, боевые машины реактивной артиллерии (rocketartillery combat vehicle) и ПТУР. Предназначена для решения огневых
задач в интересах главной группировки (main body) дивизии и
усиления мотострелковых (мотопехотных), танковых полков (бригад)
на главном направлении.
Корпусная/армейская артиллерия – артиллерийские части и
подразделения, непосредственно подчиненные командиру армейского
корпуса/командующему
армией.
На
вооружении
состоят
дальнобойные артиллерийские системы, боевые машины реактивной
артиллерии, противотанковые орудия и ПТУР. Предназначена для
решения огневых задач в интересах главной группировки
корпуса/армии (в т.ч. для борьбы со средствами ядерного нападения
противника), борьбы с артиллерией противника и усиления дивизий,
действующих на главном направлении.
Артиллерия Резерва Верховного Главнокомандования –
артиллерийские формирования, не входящие в состав общевойсковых
соединений и объединений (large units). Вооружение то же, что и в
войсковой (полевой) артиллерии, а также орудия большой и особой
мощности (обычно пушки, гаубицы, минометы калибра 175–240 мм).
Предназначена для усиления общевойсковых соединений и частей.
Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and
translate the sentences:
The arty is a … arm. The … of arty is to spt the ground-gaining
arms by fire. The power of arty is … by its inability to act otherwise than by
fire action. The two general types of arty are … . US conventional fld arty
may be classified in several ways depending on: … . A gun is cannon that
fires projectiles from a … . Rifling improves the stability … in … .
Howitzers are distinguished from other types of cannon artillery by … .
Cannons are … according to caliber. Depending on the prime mover towed
arty may be subdivided into … .
Exercise 8. Make up 10 questions to the text “US field artillery.
Characteristics and classification”.
Exercise 9. Say the following word-groups in English:
Вести сосредоточенный огонь по позициям противника;
увеличивать дальность огневого воздействия на противника;
оказывать влияние (влиять) на исход боя; пробивать броню; на
открытой местности; забрасывать мины (снаряды) в траншеи по
крутой траектории; в условиях применения ядерного и обычного
оружия; отвечать требованиям современного скоротечного боя.
Exercise 10. Agree or disagree with the statements. Prove your
opinion:
1. The arty is a cbt svc spt br.
2. The primary msn of arty is to support the development,
production, acquisition and sustainment of weapons systems and munitions.
3. The power of arty is augmented by its inability to act otherwise
than by fire action.
4. A gun is cannon that fires projectiles with curving trajectory.
5. Mortars are weapons capable of only direct fire at long range.
6. According to their caliber cannons are classified as short, long
and extremely long.
7. Field artillery officers lead units that have the critical mission of
destroying, neutralizing or suppressing the enemy by cannon, rocket and
missile fire and ensuring the integration of all supporting fires in
Combined-Arms operations.
8. Depending on the prime mover towed arty may be subdivided
into truck-drawn and airlift.
9. The terms ―army arty‖ and ―corps arty‖ include the organic arty
of subordinate units.
10.
The term ‗60-pounder gun‘ means 76-mm gun.
Exercise 11. Act as an interpreter:
1. Какова численность вашей The strength of our br is 3500
бригады?
servicemen.
2. Сколько гаубиц осталось в There were 2 203,2-mm SP how
вашем дивизионе?
and 11 155-mm towered how in
our bn after last action.
3. Сколько артиллерийских орудий There are 72 pieces in mech inf div
имеется в дивизии?
and 90 pieces in inf div.
4. Какие задачи выполнял ваш The primary msn of our bn was atk
дивизион?
hostile res, restrict its mvmt, and
disrupt comm sys.
Exercise 12. Say the following word-groups in Russian:
To place concentrations of fire on enemy positions; to pin down; to
come to the aid of infantrymen; to shift fire; to fire over the heads of
friendly troops; to deal a knockout blow; in the open; to defilade pers
against flat trajectory; to concentrate the fire; to change psn; to lob
projectiles into trenches.
2. EDUCATIONAL MODULE # 2
US ARTILLERY MATERIEL
В результате изучения EDUCATIONAL MODULE # 2
курсант должен
Иметь представление:
 об общем устройстве современной ствольной артиллерии,
как буксируемой, так и самоходной;
 об общем устройстве боеприпасов для ствольной
артиллерии и боевых ракет и их предназначении;
 об артиллерийском вооружении армий стран НАТО и его
тактико-технических данных;
 об эмоционально-окрашенной лексике по тематике модуля.
Знать:
 необходимый объем лексико-фразеологических единиц и
военных терминов;
 функционально-стилистические особенности военных и
военно-технических текстов;
 сокращения и условные обозначения, используемые в
военных, военно-технических текстах и боевых документах.
Уметь:
 осуществлять качественный перевод военной и военнотехнической информации;
 применять полученные теоретические знания в процессе
составления основных видов вторичных документов-рефератов и
аннотаций;
 осуществлять предпереводческий анализ военного и
военно-технического текста, определять цель перевода и тип
переводного текста;
 выбирать общую стратегию перевода;
 правильно оформлять текст перевода в соответствии с
нормами и типологией текстов на языке перевода;
 профессионально пользоваться словарями, справочниками,
банками данных и другими источниками военной и военнотехнической информации;
 осуществлять зрительно-устный (с листа), зрительнописьменный, абзацно-фразовый и последовательный перевод на слух
монологической речи на военные и военно-технические темы с
английского языка на русский и с русского языка на английский.
US ARTILLERY MATERIEL
CANNON
Lesson 2
Цели занятия:
1. Развитие и совершенствование умений и навыков:
- перевода на слух (текст 2.7; );
- перевода с листа (текст 2.2; 2.5; 2.8; 2.9; 2.10);
- двустороннего перевода (упражнение 5; 11);
- письменного перевода (текст 2.3; текст 2.4; текст 2.5; упражнение 6);
- аудирования (текст 2.4; упражнение 4; 11);
- преодоления переводческих, грамматических и лексических
трудностей (commentary; упражнение 6; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12);
- переключения (упражнение 5; 11).
2. Развитие творческого мышления(4; 7; 8; 10).
3. Развитие памяти (текст 2.5).
4. Активизация эквивалентов по теме (упражнение 1; 2; 3; 5).
5. Совершенствование уровня лексической компетенции (упражнение
2.1).
6. Расширение знаний по теме (текст 2.2; 2.3; 2.4; 2.5; 2.6; 2.7; 2.8; 2.9;
2.10)
2.1 ACTIVE TERMS
обнаружение и целеуказание; захват и
сопровождение; закупка
survey
топогеодезическая привязка; съѐмка
(местности)
ballistic meteorology
метеорологическое обеспечение
fire control and coordination управление
огнѐм
и
огневое
взаимодействие
automatic data processing
автоматическая обработка данных
barrel assembly
ствол в сборе
breech mechanism
затворный механизм; затвор
carriage
лафет; (орудийный станок)
cradle
люлька
recoil system
откатное устройство
top carriage
вертлюг; верхний станок лафета
bottom carriage
рама крепостного лафета; нижний станок
acquisition
traversing mechanism
elevating mechanism
shield
axle
wheel
brake
trail
spade
breech ring
tube
bore
chamber
ammunition (ammo)
rifling
groove
land
sealing
firing mechanism
breechblock
screw breechblock
wedge breechblock
sleigh
trough
recoil brake
counterrecoil mechanism
counterrecoil buffer
muzzle brake
blade
oscillations
recoil rod assemble
lateral
split trails
box trail
crew
direct fire support
лафета
механизм горизонтальной наводки
механизм вертикальной наводки
щит
ось; вал; мост (автомобиля)
колесо
тормоз
станина
сошник
казѐнник
ствол
канал ствола
камора; зарядная камора
боеприпасы
система нарезки канала ствола
бороздка; нарез
оруж. поле нареза
блокирование
ударно-спусковой механизм
затвор; клин (затвора)
поршневой затвор
клиновой затвор
полозки
лоток; жѐлоб
тормоз отката
противооткатный механизм
тормоз
наката;
устройство
для
торможения наката
дульный тормоз
лопасть
вибрирование; тряска; колебание
шток тормоза отката
боковой; горизонтальный; побочный; по
фронту; вдоль фронта; фланговый
раздвижные станины
коробчатая станина
расчѐт
поддержка огнѐм прямой наводкой
поддержка огнѐм с закрытых огневых
позиций
combat loaded weight
боевая масса
recoil pit
углубление для упора сошника
inventory
Вооружение;
военная
техника
и
имущество (воинского формирования и
т.д.)
HMMV (High Mobility армейский многоцелевой автомобиль
Multi-purpose
Wheeled повышенной проходимости «Хаммер»
Vehicle) truck
basic load
боекомплект
rocket assisted projectile
активно-реактивный снаряд
milliradian (mils)
тысячная
sustained (rate of fire)
выдерживаемый длительное время темп
огня
fixed-wing aircraft
самолѐт
с
крылом
неизменяемой
геометрии
rocket assisted projectile
активно-реактивный снаряд
propelling charge
пороховой заряд; метательный заряд;
вышибной заряд
Stryker Brigade Combat бригадная боевая группа на БМП
Team
«Страйкер»
durability
срок боевой пригодности
independent suspension
независимая подвеска
footprint
удельное
давление
на
грунт;
разведывательные признаки; площадь
поражения
primer feed mechanism
механизм подачи с воспламенителем
projectile loader-assist
вспомогательное заряжающее устройство
(орудия)
digital fire control system
цифровая система управления огнѐм
Family of Medium Tactical семейство
войсковых
транспортных
Vehicles (FMTV)
средств средней грузоподъѐмности
navigational system
навигационная система
automatic fire control system автоматическая
система
управления
огнѐм
chassis
шасси; рама; ходовая часть
pressurized
crew герметичное
отделение
экипажа;
indirect fire support
(имеющее избыточное давление)
защита от ОМП
digital засекреченная телефонная и цифровая
связь
гусеничная машина
точность
поражения
точечных
(малоразмерных) целей
general support battalion
дивизион общей поддержки
high explosives
осколочно-фугасный; бризантный заряд;
дробящий заряд
bomblet
кассетный боеприпас
fording
переправа в брод
vertical obstacle
вертикальное препятствие
gap crossing
преодоление рвов
payload
полезный груз; полезная нагрузка
abreast
рядом; на линии; в одну линию
ammunition supply vehicle
транспортно-заряжающая машина
fuze
взрыватель
bustle hatch
люк отсека башни
extension assembly
удлинитель в сборе
adaptation kit
комплект оборудования
breech piece socket
муфта казѐнной части ствола
bipod support
основание сошки
travel clamp assembly
ходовые узлы крепления
step assembly
подножка в сборе
mortar ballistic computer миномѐтный
электронный
(MBC)
баллистический вычислитель
plotting board
планшет-корректор (для автоматического
вычерчивания кривых)
firing table
таблица
стрельбы;
площадка
для
огневого средства (в окопе)
aiming circle
буссоль; артиллерийский круг
boresight equipment
оборудование для визирования
aiming post
прицельная веха
aiming post light
подсветка прицельной вехи
Global Positioning System глобальная
система
навигации
и
(GPS)
определения местоположения
compartment
NBC protection
secure voice and
communications
full-tracked vehicle
pinpoint accuracy
WORD-COMBINATIONS:
to select firing position
выбирать огневую позицию
to take up position
занимать позицию
to make lateral changes in the direction of изменять направление оси
the axis of the barrel
ствола в горизонтальной
плоскости
to elevate the barrel to a desired angle
придавать стволу нужный
угол возвышения
as a unit
в собранном виде
LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS:
to fire up to ranges
to enter service with the US Army
to be fixed to
to elevate to an angle
to connect with
to put to use for direct fire
transportation by rail
Big Daddy
flit gun
Long Tom
Short Tom
stove pipe
SLANG EQUIVALENTS TO SOME TERMS
США 105-мм орудие (кодовое название, Вьетнам)
[прибор для распыления инсектицидов] Бр. фам. 87,6-мм
орудие; лѐгкое орудие
фам. крупнокалиберное артиллерийское орудие; 155-мм
пушка
шутл. миномѐт (ср. * Long Tom)
[лѐгкая клепаная труба, железная дымовая труба] шутл.
миномѐт; реактивный самолѐт; прямоточный воздушнореактивный двигатель
INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Read and translate the following words and word
combinations of the previous lessons:
Cannon artillery; канал ствола; overhead cover; система нарезки
ствола; muzzle velocity; навесной огонь; defilade; буксируемый; truckdrawn; на тракторной тяге; shoot-and-scoot; guided missile;
неуправляемая ракета; mortar carrier vehicles.
Exercise 2. Find in the texts of this lesson, decipher and the
following abbreviations:
Arty wpns sys; elms; tgt; mblty; log; fire con and coord; comm;
ammo; org; spt.
Exercise 3. Find in the texts and translate the following wordcombinations:
Arty wpns sys; to obtain the desired effect on the tgt; a chamber to
hold the ammo; the raised portions being called lands; for entry and sealing
of the ammunition; the cradle houses the recoil mechanism; to absorb the
energy of recoil; equipped with muzzle brakes; to reduce the recoil impulse;
to connect the weapon with its prime; light weight air mobile air droppable
Towed Howitzer; to provide maximum fire power; to be constructed of
aluminum and steel; will replace all howitzers in operation with the Marine
Corps; to enhance reliability and accuracy; to take up its firing position;
entered service with the US Army; unarmored full-tracked vehicle; machine
gun can be mounted over the cab; full-tracked, self-propelled, dieselpowered vehicle; well-suited to rough terrain; to provide close-in and
continuous indirect fire support.
2.2 US artillery materiel1
"God is on the side with the best artillery."
Napoleon Bonaparte
Artillery Weapons System
The arty wpns sys consists of all of those elms that are necessary to
obtain the desired effect on the tgt. These elms include arty wpns (classified
as cannons and msls); tgt acquisition; survey; ballistic meteorology; mblty
(both air and surface); log; fire con and coord; automatic data processing;
comm; ammo; org; and employment. Fire spt is the result of the effective
application of the arty wpns sys.
Cannon. Construction
Essentially, guns and howitzers consist of the barrel assembly with
the breech mechanism and the carriage.
1
Спажев Ю.А., Филиппов А.А. Курс военного перевода. Английский язык. Часть I. –
М.: Военное издательство МО СССР, 1963. – 506 с.

Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода по абзацам с предварительной
подготовкой.
The parts which make up the carriage are: cradle, recoil system,
top carriage, bottom carriage, traversing mechanism, elevating mechanism,
shields, axle, wheels, brakes, trails, and spades.
The barrel assembly is composed of a tube and a breech ring. The
hollow part of the tube is the bore. The rear portion of the bore is a chamber
to hold the ammo. The breech ring houses the breech mechanism. The
rifling consists of spiral grooves cut along the interior of the bore, the raised
portions being called lands. The caliber of the piece is the diameter of the
bore, between lands, expressed in inches or millimeters.
The breech mechanism provides for entry and sealing of the
ammunition in the weapon. To the center of the breech mechanism is
fastened the firing mechanism which detonates the ammo. The principal
part of the breech mechanism is the breechblock which closes the back end
of the barrel. There are two types of breechblocks: a screw breechblock and
a wedge breechblock.
The cradle supports the barrel and the sleigh. Where no sleigh is
used, the cradle houses the recoil mechanism. In general, the cradle is a Ushaped trough along which the gun recoils and counterrecoils.
The recoil system is a mechanism designed to absorb the energy of
recoil gradually and so avoid violent movement of the carriage. It usually
consists of three components: a recoil brake, a counterrecoil mechanism and
a counterrecoil buffer.
Large caliber weapons, 155 mm howitzers for instance, are usually
equipped with muzzle brakes. The purpose of these brakes is to reduce the
recoil impulse on the weapons. Muzzle brakes unfortunately have negative
side effects on the recoil system. The effect is that a force resulting from the
gas pressure on the blades in the muzzle brake acts on the barrel, initiating
oscillations. These oscillations are transferred from the barrel to the recoil
system. The force acting on the recoil rod assemble therefore is oscillatory.
The top carriage supports the cradle and carries the elevating
mechanism.
The bottom carriage supports the top carriage and has, attached to
it, the traversing mechanism.
Besides, the carriage also incorporates the panoramic telescope, the
shield, the axle, the wheels, the parking and the stopping brakes, the split or
box trails, and the spades to restrict the movement of the piece during
recoil.
The traversing mechanism is a device for making lateral changes
in the direction of the axis of the barrel. The moving parts usually consist of
the barrel and the top carriage. The elevating mechanism consists of devices
for elevating or depressing the barrel to a desired angle.
The trail transmits the forces of recoil to the ground, stabilizes the
weapon, keeps it from moving out of its original firing position and serves to
connect the weapon with its prime mover for transport. Trails are of two
generai types: split trails and box trails. The rear end of the trail has a spade,
which is forced into the ground to restrict movement of the weapon during
recoil.
COMMENTARY
1. Термин materiel является собирательным и охватывает
большой круг понятий. Основное его значение материальная часть. В
американской и британской армиях этим термином обозначается
имущество всякого рода, используемое в бою. Сюда относятся
приборы, машины, обмундирование, оружие и боеприпасы.
Полным синонимом этого термина является equipment,
охватывающий тот же круг понятий. Оба существительных
употребляются только в единственном числе.
Распространѐнной ошибкой является перевод русского
термина боевая техника с помощью английского technique,
обозначающего приѐмы, техника (действий); синонимами technique
будут термины methods, tactics и procedure. Английским
соответствием русского термина боевая техника является materiel
или (combat) equipment.
2. Обратите внимание на перевод термина assembly. В военноуставной литературе он означает сбор, построение, сосредоточение
войск. Например: assembly area район сосредоточения, район сбора,
район погрузки; assembly plan план сбора в районе сосредоточения. В
военно-технических материалах этот термин означает устройство;
агрегат; узел; комплекс, система. Например, antenna assembly
антенное устройство; brake assembly тормозная система; control
assembly узел крыла; barrel assembly ствол в сборе.
2.3 The M119A1 105mm Lightweight Towed Howitzer2
The M119A1 (see Figure 1) is a light weight air mobile air
droppable (by parachute) or Towed Howitzer with an average crew of seven
soldiers. It provides direct and indirect fire support to highly mobile light
infantry divisions and separate brigades. The howitzer can be quickly
moved and employed to provide maximum fire power with a minimum of
combat loaded weight. It also provides a low silhouette and requires no
recoil pit. These aspects make the M119A1 Howitzer one of the most lethal
weapon systems in the Army inventory.
Figure 1. The M119A1 105mm Lightweight Towed Howitzer
1 – barrel ствол; 2 – counterrecoil cylinder цилиндр накатника; 3 – counterrecoil
cylinders head головка цилиндра накатника; 4 – прицел; 5 – trails станины; 6 – spade
attachments места крепления лопат; 7 – lunette bracket шворневая лапа; 8 – trail spade
сошник; 9 – clearing rod банник; 10 – wheel and tire колесо с шиной.
The M119A1 has greater range, is lighter and has a more rapid rate
of fire than its predecessor, the M102, which it replaces in light/
airmobile/airborne units. The M119 weights 4,000 pounds. The prime
mover is the HMMV truck. The M119 is air transportable with its basic
load of ammunition by the UH60 helicopter and is dual lift capable with the
CH47 Chinook. The M119 fires all current 105-mm ammunition and new
propellant is being developed to give the M119 an increased range to
approximately 19K with the rocket assisted projectile.
The M119 was first fielded to the 7th Infantry Division, Ft Ord,
CA, in December 1989.
2

www.fas.org
Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного перевода.
The main performance of the M119A1 105mm Lightweight Towed
Howitzer
Weight:
Cannon
1,389 lb
With Complete BII
4,520 lb
Maximum Range
14,000 m w/Chg 8
19,000 m w/M913 RAP
Designated Prime Movers
HMMWV (M1097)
Elevation Range
-100 to +1244 mils
Rate of Fire:
Max
6 rounds per min for 2 min
Sustained
3 rounds per min for 30 min
2.4 The M198 Towered Howitzer3
The M198 Medium Towed Howitzer (see Figure 2, 3) is a 155mm
field artillery howitzer. It is constructed of aluminum and steel, and is air
transportable by CH-53E helicopter, and C-130 or larger fixed-wing
aircraft. The weapon is designed for use with new ammunition, such as the
Copperhead and rocket assisted projectiles, as well as other 155mm
standard projectiles and propelling charges.
Figure 2. The M198 Towered Howitzer
1 – equilibrators уравновешивающий
механизм; 2 – equilibrators
уравновешивающий механизм; 3 –
traversing handwheel маховик
поворотного механизма; 4 – elevating
handwheel маховик подъѐмного
механизма
3

Figure 3. The M198 Towered Howitzer
1 – top carriage верхний станок лафета; 2 –
bottom carriage нижний станок лафета; 3
– firing platform опорная плита;
www.fas.org
Рекомендуется для письменного перевода на слух.
The main performance of the M198 Towered Howitzer
Primary function:
Provides field artillery fire support for
Marine Corps.
Weight:
15,758 pounds
Bore diameter:
155mm
Maximum effective range:
conventional ammunition:
13.92 miles
rocket-assisted projectile:
18.64 miles
Copperhead:
16,100 meters
Time into action:
6 minutes
Rate of Fire:
Maximum:
4 rounds per minute
Sustained:
2 rounds per minute
Crew:
9 enlisted
Unit Replacement Cost:
$527,337
2.5 The M777A2 Lightweight 155mm Howitzer (LW155)
The M777A2 Lightweight 155mm Howitzer mission is to provide
direct, reinforcing, and general support fires to maneuver forces as well as
direct support artillery for Stryker Brigade Combat Teams.
The M777A2 Lightweight 155mm Howitzer (LW155) will replace
all M198 155mm howitzers in operation with the Marine Corps and Army.
The extensive use of titanium in all its major structures makes it 7,000
pounds lighter than its predecessor, the M198, with no sacrifice in range,
stability, accuracy, or durability. Two M777A2s can be transported by a C130, and it can be dropped by parachute. The M777A2‘s lighter weight,
independent suspension, smaller footprint, and lower profile increase
strategic deployability, and tactical mobility. The system uses a primer feed
mechanism, projectile loader-assist, advanced digital fire control system,
and other improvements to enhance reliability and accuracy, and
significantly increase system survivability.
The M777A2 is jointly managed; the Marine Corps led the
development of the howitzer and the Army led the development of the
digital fire control system.

Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного перевода
Specifications for the M777A2
Weight:
Less than 10,000 pounds
Emplace:
Less than three minutes
Displace:
Two to three minutes
Maximum range:
30 kilometer (rocket assisted round)
Rate-of-fire:
Four to eight rounds per minute maximum; two
rounds per minute sustained
Ground mobility:
Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV), fiveton Trucks
Air mobility:
Two per C-130; six per C-17; 12 per C-5; CH53D/E; CH-47D; MV-22
155mm compatibility: all fielded and developmental NATO munitions
Digital fire control: self-locating and pointing; digital and voice
communications; self-contained power supply
Program status:
 The M777A2 is in full-rate production with 572 systems having
been delivered to the Army and Marine Corps (354/218 respectively)
 Seven Stryker Brigades have been fielded and two Fires
Brigades
 Both the Army and Marine Corps have deployed the weapon to
Iraq and Afghanistan where it is currently engaged in combat operations.
2.6 The M109A6 SP Howitzer Paladin4
The M109A6 Paladin (see Figure 4, 5, 6) is the latest advancement
in 155mm self-propelled artillery. The system enhances previous versions
of the M109 by implementing onboard navigational and automatic fire
control systems. Paladin has both a Kevlar-lined chassis and a pressurized
crew compartment to guard against ballistic, nuclear, biological, and
chemical threats.
4
www.fas.org
Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода с последующим пересказом
по-английски.

Figure 4. The M109A6 SP Howitzer Paladin – left front view
1 - muzzle brake дульный тормоз; 2 – muzzle break locking ring стопорное кольцо
дульного тормоза; 3 – evacuator эжектор; 4 – hatch люк; 5 – antennas of secure voice
and digital communications антенны засекреченной телефонной и цифровой связи; 6 –
compensating idler wheel (or the idler) – направляющий каток; 7 - caterpillar steel
track гусеница; 8 - road wheel опорный каток; 9 - segregated hydraulic compartment
отсек гидравлической аппаратуры; 10 - drive sprocket ведущее колесо; 11 – travelling
lock bracket with remotely operated travel lock кронштейн крепления ствола в
походном положении с дистанционным управлением.
Figure 5. The M109A6 SP Howitzer Paladin – right view
1 – 5 gallon can 19 л. канистра; 2 – engine compartment моторное отделение; 3 –
transmission compartment трансмиссионное отделение; 4 – towing eye буксирная
проушина; 5 – shovel лопата; 6 – clearing rod банник.
Figure 6. The M109A6 SP Howitzer Paladin – left rear view
1 – tools and accessories запасные части и инструменты (ЗИП); 2 - тент; 3 – full width
bustle ammo storage отсек башни для хранения боекомплекта; 4 - вещмешок; 5 –
spade сошник; 6 – splashboard подкрылок; 7 – case ejection hatch люк для
выбрасывания стрелянных гильз
The M109A6 is the most technologically advanced cannon in the
Army inventory. This weapon has a 4 man crew, and weights
approximately 62,000 lbs, and has a cruising range of 186 miles, max speed
is 35 MPH. It has a fuel capacity of 133 gals. The Paladin can operate
independently, from on the move, it can receive a fire mission, compute
firing data, select and take up its firing position, automatically unlock and
point its cannon, fire and move out - all with no external technical
assistance. Firing the first round from the move in under 60 seconds, a
"shoot and scoot" capability protects the crew from counter battery fire. The
M109A6 Paladin is capable of firing up to four rounds per minute to ranges
of 30 kilometers. The Paladin features increased survivability
characteristics such as day/night operability, NBC protection with climate
control and secure voice and digital communications.
By the end of 1999, 824 Paladins will be in the hands of US Army
and National Guard Field Artillery units.
The main performance of the M109A6 SP Howitzer Paladin
Self-propelled
Type
27.5 tons
Weight
30 ft
Length
10.3 ft
Width
Height
Crew
Shell
Caliber
Breech
Rate of fire
Effective range
Primary armament
Secondary
armament
Operational range
Speed
10.7 ft
6 - Gun Commander, Driver, 4 x Gunners
Separate loading; bagged charge
155 mm
Interrupted screw
4 round/min maximum, 1 round/min sustained
18,000 m - 30,000 m (with rocket-assisted
projectile)
M126 155mm Howitzer
.50 cal M2 mg
216 mi
35 mph
2.7 The M110 SP Howitzer5
The M110 (see Figure 7) is a self-propelled heavy artillery cannon
with a crew of 12.
Figure 7. The M110 SP Howitzer
The self-propelled M-110 8-inch howitzer first entered service with
the US Army in 1963. The vehicle itself transports only two projectiles and
five men, while the remainder of the ammunition and the crew is on board a
tracked M548. This is full-tracked, self-propelled artillery weapon that fires
a 200-pound projectile out to 16,800-meters.
Versions of the M110 with the longer barrel are the M110A1 (no
muzzle brake) and the M110A2 (fitted with muzzle brake). In 1977, the
first M110A1s entered service; these were armed with the longer 8"
howitzer M201. The M201 allowed greater range over the shorter M2A2
howitzer.
5

www.fas.org
Рекомендуется для устного перевода на слух.
It is highly mobile and maneuverable, and can be airlifted in large
cargo aircraft. The gun is an 8" Howitzer traversing in its own mount at the
rear of the vehicle. The large spade at the rear is required for the massive
recoil. It is hydraulically raised and lowered, and keeps the vehicle in place
when the gun is fired. With a range of 20 miles, it has pinpoint accuracy.
Being mounted on a tracked chassis allows it to support infantry or armor in
nearly all terrain conditions. It weighs 52,600 lbs, and has a top speed of 34
mph.
The M110A2 is the largest available self-propelled howitzer in the
Army's inventory. It is deployed in division artillery of general support
battalions and in separate corps- and Army-level battalions. Missions
include general support, counterbattery fire, and suppression of enemy air
defense systems.
Ammunition includes standard high explosives, bomblets and high
explosive rockets. There were 1,023 M-110A2s in the Army inventory in
the early 1990s.
The main performance of the M110 SP Howitzer
203mm SP Howitzer
Type:
Crew:
5+8
Vehicle Range:
725 km
Max. Speed:
56 km/h
Fording:
1m
Vertical Obstacle:
.5 m
Gap Crossing:
2.3 m
Armament:
1 x 203mm M2a1 Howitzer
Armour:
nil
2.8 The M548A3 Cargo Carrier6
The M548A3 (see Figure 8) is an unarmored full-tracked vehicle
that provides transportation of ammunition and general cargo to forward
6

www.inetres.com
Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода.
areas in support of field units. The vehicle is capable of carrying a six-ton
payload and four men sitting abreast in its cab.
Figure 8. The M548A3 Cargo Carrier
The rear cargo deck accommodates the transport of troops and/or
materiel. The M548A3 is transportable in C130 and C141 aircraft, will ford
water up to 40 inches deep and travels easily over rough terrain and
highways. The 7.62mm or .50 caliber machine gun can be mounted over the
cab and operated from a hatch in the cab roof.
2.9 The M992 FAASV Field Artillery Ammunition Supply Vehicle7
Field Artillery Ammunition Support Vehicle (see Figure 9) is a
field artillery weapons (M109A2 self-propelled class) in terms of speed,
mobility, and survivability with the turret replaced by a fully enclosed
superstructure. Inside this superstructure, which has the same protection as
the rest of the vehicle, can be stacked 93 155 mm projectiles, 99 propellant
charges and 104 fuzes.
This full-tracked, self-propelled, diesel-powered vehicle is a highly
mobile and maneuverable. It is capable of long-range, high-speed operation
on improved roads. It is also well-suited to rough terrain, muddy or marshy
ground, sand, snow, and ice. The M992 can also ford waterways where
maximum depth is 42 inches.
7
www.fas.org
Figure 9. The M992 Configuration
1 – fuzes взрыватели; 2 – stacker погрузчик; 3 – projectile racks гнѐзда для
снарядов; 4 – canister compartments кассеты для снарядов; 5 – conveyor конвейер.
All ammunition handling within the M992 is mechanical. In use,
the M992 backs up to the user M109 and the conveyor delivers the 155 mm
ammunition at the rate of up to 8 rounds/minute to the M109 bustle or
lower hatches.
The M992 can have a crew of two plus six passengers and the
weight fully loaded is 25,900 kg. Intended primarily for use with M109
field units, the M992 can also be used by units with 175 mm, 203 mm, 120
mm and 105 mm self-propelled weapons. With 203mm units the M992 can
carry 48 203 mm projectiles, 53 charges and 56 fuzes.
2.10 The M1064A3 Mortar Carrier8
The M1064A3 (see Figure 10, 11) is a modification of the M106A2
carrier. It has external fuel tanks and is modified internally to carry a
120mm mortar. It is fully tracked, highly mobile, and armor protected. It
can be transported by air and is able to propel itself across water obstacles.
The M1064A3 incorporates all of the mobility, reliability
improvements of the M113A3.
The M1064A3 has the same silhouette as the M113A3 Personnel
Carrier and features a welded-in cross beam, additional floor support
structures to withstand mortar reaction forces, and an enlarged three-piece
top firing hatch. The 120mm mortar has a 90 traverse for firing over the
rear of the vehicle.
Replaced the M106-series 4.2-inch (107mm) mortar carrier in U.S.
service.
Figure 10. The M1064A3 Mortar Carrier – left front view.
1 – right headlight cluster правый блок фар; 2 – exhaust grille вытяжная
воздухораспределительная решѐтка; 3 – driver’s hatch люк механика-водителя; 4 –
AN/VVS-2 periscope cover бронированный колпак перископа; 5 – mortar hatch
крышка люка миномѐта; 6 – ground baseplate (stowed) опорная плита для стрельбы с
земли, закреплѐнная для перевозки; 7 – fire extinguisher pull handle натяжная
рукоятка противопожарного устройства; 8 – driver’s periscope (M17) перископ
механика-водителя; 9 – lifting eye подъѐмная скоба; 10 – left headlight cluster левый
блок фар; 11 – towing eye буксирная скоба; 12 - trim vane latch замок
волноотражательного щитка; 13 – trim vane волноотражательный щиток.
8

http://www.inetres.com/gp/military/cv/arty/M1064.html
Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода с предварительной подготовкой
Figure 11. The M1064A3 Mortar Carrier – rear view.
1 – 5 gallon water can 20 литровая канистра; 2 – rifle stowage rack стойка для
крепления стрелкового оружия; 3 – intercom box коробка внутреннего переговорного
устройства; 4 – 120-mm mortar 120-мм миномѐт; 5 – telephone receptacle телефонная
розетка; 6 – telephone cable reel катушка телефонного кабеля; 7 – water can канистра;
8 – vertical ammunition rack вертикальный стеллаж для боеприпасов; 9 – mortar
turntable миномѐтная поворотная платформа; 10 – vertical ammunition rack
вертикальный стеллаж для боеприпасов.
The 120mm mortar provides close-in and continuous indirect fire
support to maneuver forces.
The M121 carrier mounted mortar system consists of the M298
cannon, M9 baseplate (for ground mount mode), M191 bipod, an
adaptor kit for mounting in the M1064A3, and the M67 sight unit
with an extension assembly. The turntable provides a ninety degree
area of fire. The adaptation kit has a breech piece socket, bipod
support, travel clamp assembly, step assembly, and brackets to mount
the mortar into the M1064A3.
The M121 mortar system uses graphic scales, mortar ballistic
computer (MBC), M16 and M19 plotting boards, and firing tables.
The system is compatible with the M2 aiming circle, M45 series
boresight equipment, M14 aiming posts, and the M58/59 aiming post
lights.
The M95/M96 Mortar Fire Control System is currently being
fielded which will vastly improve all fire control aspects of the system.
Weight: 110 lbs. Length 69 in.
M298 Cannon
M190 Bipod
Weight: 70 lbs.
Assembly
M9 Mortar
Weight: 136 lbs.
Baseplate
M64A1 Sight Unit Weight: 2.5 lbs.
Minimum: 656 ft. Maximum: 23,622 ft.
Range
16 rounds per minute for the first minute; 4 rounds
Rate of Fire
per minute sustained.
The M95 Mortar Fire Control System (MFCS) provides a complete,
fully-integrated, digital, onboard fire control system for the carrier-mounted
120mm mortar. It provides a "shoot and scoot" capability to the carriermounted M121 mortar.
System accuracy is increased through the use of a Global
Positioning System (GPS), an onboard azimuth reference for the gun, and
digital meteorological data (MET) updates.
2.11 EXERCISES
Exercise 4. Translate the following questions and answer them
in English:
1. What does the artillery weapons system consist of?
2. What are the main parts of an arty piece?
3. What is the design of a barrel?
4. How many types of breechblocks do you know? What are they?
5. What are the functions of a cradle?
6. What is the recoil sys designed for?
7. What arty pieces are now in service with the US Army?
8. What are the characteristics of the M119A1 Towed Howitzer?
9. What are the characteristics of the M198 Medium Towed
Howitzer?
10. What are the characteristics of the M777A2 Lightweight
155mm Howitzer?
11. What are the characteristics of the M109A6 Paladin?
12. What are the characteristics of the self-propelled M-110 8-inch
howitzer?
13. What is the purpose of the M548A3 Cargo Carrier?
14. What do you know about the M992 FAASV?
Exercise 5. Translate the following words and word
combination:
Extension assembly; лопасть; split trails; тормоз отката; land;
бороздка; breech ring; управление огнѐм и огневое взаимодействие;
barrel assembly; затворный механизм; inventory; активно-реактивный
снаряд; milliradian; раздвижные станины; counterrecoil mechanism;
боекомплект; propelling charge; удельное давление на грунт; sustained
(rate of fire); таблица стрельбы; fuze; переправа в брод; general support
battalion; гусеничная машина; aiming circle; цифровая система
управления огнѐм; projectile loader-assist; расчѐт; combat loaded weight;
тормоз наката.
Exercise 6. Translate the following text in written form:
«Коалиция-СВ» - 152-мм двуствольная самоходная гаубица
Рабочие места членов экипажа расположены в компьютеризированном модуле управления, который размещен в носовой части шасси. Экипаж, состоящий из 2-х человек, осуществляет полный контроль
над процессами заряжания, наведения (targeting; direction) и стрельбы.
Модуль управления оборудован бортовыми тактическими системами
выбора цели, позиционирования и навигации. По показаниям приборов и датчиков экипаж постоянно следит за общим состоянием машины и количеством боеприпасов по типам выстрелов.
Каждое рабочее место членов экипажа оснащено комплексом
дистанционного управления, автоматизированным огнем. Предусмотрены основные люки экипажа, эвакуационный люк, а также технологический люк перехода в модуль вооружения.
Установка модуля управления в носовой части корпуса позволяет разместить экипаж в наименее опасном месте боевой машины.
Основное вооружение находятся в башне, где установлена спаренная артиллерийская установка и боекомплект с системой механизированного заряжения. Двигатель размещен в кормовой части машины.
Продемонстрированный в конце 2006 года образец был изготовлен на основе модифицированного шасси с использованием узлов
танков Т-80 и Т-72.
После выхода САУ на огневую позицию стрельба из орудия
производится после автоматического наведения на цель комплексом
управления огнем под контролем членов экипажа по дисплеям. Боеприпасы подаются из автоматизированных боеукладок (stowage). Механизмы в модуле обеспечивают автоматический выбор необходимых
типов снарядов и модульных зарядов.
В составе комплекса (САУ/ТЗМ) возможна реализация полностью автоматизированной системы загрузки боеприпасов на борт, заряжания и ведения огня, обеспечивающая высокую скорострельность.
Это стало возможным введением в состав комплекса бронированной
транспортно-заряжающей машины (ТЗМ), оборудованной автоматизированной подсистемой загрузки и перемещения боеприпасов, которая
позволяет экипажу за несколько минут перезагрузить на борт САУ все
необходимые выстрелы.
Спаренная артиллерийская установка (twin gun mount), имеет
люльку с размещенными в ней двумя расположенными друг над другом стволами. Верхний и нижний стволы установлены параллельно
друг другу в вертикальной плоскости.
На каждом стволе в передней части трубы выполнен дульный
тормоз сотового типа с боковыми окнами.
Стрельба из спаренной артиллерийской установки производится поочередно из каждого ствола.
Для самообороны на крыше установлен зенитный пулемет калибра 12,7-мм, а по бокам от башни установлены 81-мм пусковые установки дымовых гранат с электрическим управлением.
САУ со спаренной артиллерийской установкой обеспечивает
повышение скорострельности за счет обеспечения возможности одновременного заряжания двух стволов, что приближает такую артустановку по огневой производительности к реактивным системам залпового огня при сохранении кучности нарезкой ствольной системы.
Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and
translate the sentences:
Guns consist of the barrel assembly with the breech mechanism and
... . The … is composed of a tube and a breech ring. The hollow part of the
tube is … . The rear portion of the bore is a chamber to hold … . The rifling
consists of … cut along the interior of the … . … provides for entry and
sealing of the ammunition in the weapon. There are two types of
breechblocks: … . The cradle supports the ... . The recoil system is a
mechanism designed to ... . The self-propelled M-110 8-inch howitzer first
entered service … the US Army in 1963.
Exercise 8. Make up 10 questions to each text.
Exercise 9. Make up sentences with the following wordcombinations:
To obtain the desired effect on the tgt; result of the effective
application; to hold the ammo; being called lands; provides for entry and
sealing; to absorb the energy of recoil; equipped with muzzle brakes; to
reduce the recoil impulse; supports the cradle; transmits the forces of recoil
to the ground; is a light weight air mobile air droppable (by parachute) or
Towed Howitzer; can be quickly moved and employed; has a more rapid
rate of fire; the weapon is designed for; smaller footprint; tactical mobility;
is the latest advancement; to enter service with the US Army; it is highly
mobile and maneuverable; to withstand mortar reaction forces.
Exercise 10. Agree or disagree with the statements. Prove your
opinion:
1. The M109A6 Paladin is the out-of-date self-propelled how.
2. The self-propelled M-110 howitzer transports all projectiles and
its crew.
3. Ammunition of the self-propelled M-110 includes standard
high explosives, bomblets and high explosive rockets.
4. The M992 FAASV Field Artillery Ammunition Supply Vehicle
is full-tracked, self-propelled, horse traction vehicle.
5. The 120-mm mortar provides close-in and continuous indirect
fire support to maneuver forces.
6. The barrel assembly is composed of a tube and the bore.
7. The rear portion of the bore is a chamber to absorb the energy
of recoil.
8. Large caliber weapons, 155 mm howitzers for instance, are
usually equipped with wheel and tire.
9. The cradle supports the barrel and sight.
10. The elevating mechanism is a device for making lateral changes
in the direction of the axis of the barrel.
Exercise 11. Act as an interpreter:
1. Ваше воинское звание, I am driver of the M992 FAASV, Private
фамилия и должность?
First Class, Joe Smith.
2. В какой воинской части I served in Btry A, 1st Battalion, 6th Field
проходили службу?
Artillery assigned to the 1st Infantry
Mechanized Division.
3. Дайте
полное The full name of this combat vehicle is
наименование
боевой Field Artillery Ammunition Supply
машине, на которой служили. Vehicle.
4. Для чего предназначена It is used to carry ammo for the
эта боевая машина?
M109 155mm
self-propelled
medium
howitzer. In self-propelled units, the M992
is the companion vehicle to the howitzer. It
serves as an area from which to service the
weapon as well as a storage area for ammo.
5. Дайте
характеристику This full-tracked, self-propelled, dieselбоевой машине, на которой powered vehicle is well-suited to rough
проходили службу.
terrain, muddy or marshy ground, sand,
snow, and ice. It can be stacked 93 155 mm
projectiles, 99 propellant charges and 104
fuzes.
Exercise 12. Say the following word-groups in Russian:
Light weight air mobile air droppable Howitzer; o provide
maximum fire power with a minimum of combat loaded weight; one of the
most lethal weapon systems; to fire all current 105-mm ammunition; to
provide direct, reinforcing, and general support fires to maneuver forces; to
enhance reliability and accuracy; significantly increase system
survivability; take up firing position; "shoot and scoot" capability; fully
enclosed superstructure.
US ARTILLERY MATERIEL
MISSILE
Lesson 3
Цели занятия:
1. Развитие и совершенствование умений и навыков:
- перевода на слух (упражнение 4; 5; 11);
- перевода с листа (текст 3.2; 3.3);
- двустороннего перевода (упражнение 5, 11);
- письменного перевода (текст 3.3; упражнение 6);
- аудирования (упражнение 4; 5; 11);
- преодоления переводческих, грамматических и лексических
трудностей (commentary; упражнение 5; 6; 8; 9; 10; 11);
- переключения (упражнение 5).
2. Развитие творческого мышления(4; 7; 8; 10).
3. Развитие памяти (текст 3.3).
4. Активизация эквивалентов по теме (упражнение 1; 2; 3; 5; 9).
5. Совершенствование уровня лексической компетенции (упражнение
3.1).
6. Расширение знаний по теме (текст 3.2; 3.3).
3.1 ACTIVE TERMS
боеголовка
управляемая ракета
система наведения
ракета с инфракрасной головкой самонаведения
механизм управления
ракета с маршевым воздушно-реактивным
двигателем; крылатая ракета
ballistic type
баллистический тип
initial (boost) phase участок неуправляемого полѐта
of flight
Remote Controlled
дистанционно управляемый
Wire Guided Missile управляемая по проводам ракета
air-breathing
jet воздушно-реактивный двигатель
engine
cruise missile
крылатая ракета
silo
шахтная пусковая установка
railroad car
железнодорожный вагон
warhead
guided missile
guidance system
heat-seeking missile
control mechanism
cruise type missile
Multiple
Launch
Rocket
System
(MLRS)
all-weather
area fire weapon
system
high-payoff target
versatile
weapon
system
time-sensitive target
реактивная система залпового огня
всепогодный
система вооружения для ведения огня по
площади
важная цель
многоцелевая система вооружения
первоочередная цель; цель, подлежащая
срочному уничтожению
Vehicle ракетная пусковая установка, установленная на
Rocket бронированной машине
Armored
Mounted
Launcher
Army
Tactical
Missile
System
(Army TACMS)
ripple
batch
buckshot
camouflage netting
cot
тактический ракетный комплекс сухопутных
войск
залповый пуск
партия; выпуск (из училища); команда
картечь
камуфляжная сеть
парусиновая койка
WORD-COMBINATIONS:
at all depths of the tactical battlefield
на
всю
глубину
оперативно-такического
района боевых действий
to deliver large volumes of firepower
вести
огонь
большой
плотности
to provide fire support for infantry units
осуществлять
огневую
поддержку в интересах
пехотных
частей
и
подразделений
LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS:
to be aimed by orienting
to home onto radar emissions
SLANG EQUIVALENTS TO SOME TERMS
bad bird
ракета, потерявшая управление
bird
орѐл (на гербе); ракета
Gypsy Wagon
ракетная система залпового огня (MLRS)
Screaming Mimi
Chase-meшутл. самонаводящаяся ракета
Charlie
Christmas Tree
пусковая установка с несколькими направляющими;
индикаторный щит; пульт управления (со световой
сигнализацией);
(во
всех
этих
значениях
прослеживается отчѐтливая связь с образом ѐлки с
украшениями
и
гирляндами
разноцветных
лампочек)
dart
[дротик] шутл. ракета
drone
[трутень; жужжание] управляемая ракета
hot rod
ракета
INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Read and translate the following words and word
combinations of the previous lessons:
Tgt acquisition; управление огнѐм и огневое взаимодействие;
carriage; ствол в сборе; recoil system; механизм горизонтальной
наводки; trail; ствол; breech ring; зарядная камора; firing mechanism;
поле нареза; counterrecoil mechanism; расчѐт; indirect fire support;
поддержка огнѐм прямой наводкой; propelling charge; активнореактивный снаряд.
Exercise 2. Find in the texts of this lesson, decipher and
translate the following abbreviations:
Wpn; comps; HE; nuc charge; rkt mtr; msl; msl sys; rkt; lchr; GM;
SRBM; MRBM; IRBM; ICBM; SLBM.
Exercise 3. Find in the texts and translate the wordcombinations:
To be aimed by orienting the lchr; burns until it is exhausted;
corrected after firing by a guiding mechanism; closely guarded military
secrets; to ―home‖ onto the hot exhaust of jet engines; relays instructions
for course correction to the control mechanism; to strike targets far beyond
the battle area; area fire weapon system; while providing fire support for
attacking maneuver elements; can be fired individually or simultaneously;
controlled in both azimuth and elevation.
3.2 US artillery materiel. Missiles
"Artillery is the god of war."
Joseph Stalin
Missile is a rocket-propelled wpn designed to deliver an explosive
warhead with great accuracy at high speed. Missiles vary from small
tactical weapons that are effective out to only a few hundred feet to much
larger strategic wpns that have ranges of several thousand miles.
The main comps of a msl are:
 the warhead which contains a HE, chemical, or nuc charge and a
fuze to initiate detonation;
 the rkt mtr which contains the combustion chamber to house the
propellant, either solid or liquid;
 the fin assembly which stabilizes the msl in flight.
A combination of men and equip necessary to make a msl a wpn is
called a msl sys.
Classification
Almost all missiles contain some form of guidance and control
mechanism and are therefore often referred to as guided missiles. An
unguided military missile is usually referred to as a rocket.
A rkt is aimed by orienting the lchr. It has no guidance sys within or
without and therefore cannot be further guided once it is fired. The rkt mtr
burns until it is exhausted.
A guided missile‘s trajectory or flight path may be altered or
corrected after firing by a guiding mechanism.
The guidance system is the most important and sophisticated part of
the missile. Details of the guidance systems of most modern missiles are
closely guarded military secrets. In tactical missiles, electronic sensors
locate the target by detecting energy emitted or reflected from it. For
example, heat-seeking missiles carry infrared sensors that allow them to
―home‖ onto the hot exhaust of jet engines. Antiradiation missiles home

Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода с предварительной подготовкой.
onto radar emissions, while one type of optically homing missile may
―lock‖ onto an image of the target that is captured by a television camera.
Upon receiving information through its sensor, the guidance system relays
instructions for course correction to the control mechanism through some
type of autopilot contained within the missile or through commands
transmitted from the launch platform.
Although missiles can be propelled by either liquid-fueled or solidfueled rocket engines, solid fuel is preferred for military uses because it is
less likely to explode and can be kept ready-loaded for quick launch. Such
engines commonly propel tactical guided missiles — i.e., missiles intended
for use within the immediate battle area — toward their targets at twice the
speed of sound.
Strategic missiles (weapons designed to strike targets far beyond
the battle area) are either of the cruise or ballistic type. Cruise missiles are
jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while ballistic
missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial (boost) phase of flight, after
which they follow an arcing trajectory to the target. As gravity pulls the
ballistic warhead back to Earth, speeds of several times the speed of sound
are reached. Thereafter it follows a high, curving traj similar to that of an
arty shell. Ballistic missiles contain some type of inertial guidance system,
which compares the missile‘s actual speed and position to the positions that
it must assume in order to hit the target. The guidance system then
generates correcting commands to the control system. Inertial guidance has
become so accurate that the United States‘ MX Peacekeeper ballistic
missile, with a range of more than 6,000 miles, has a 50-percent chance of
delivering its 10 nuclear warheads within 400 feet of their targets.
A GM whose flight path may be altered by electrical signals
received through trailing wires as it heads for the tgt is known as a Remote
Controlled, Wire Guided Missile. Examples: Dragon, TOW.
A propeller-driven underwater missile is called a torpedo, and a
guided missile powered along a low, level flight path by an air-breathing jet
engine is called a cruise missile.
Types of missiles
Tactical guided missiles are generally categorized according to the
location of the launch platform and target. There are five types, air-to-air,
air-to-surface, surface-to-air, antiship, and antitank, or assault.
Ballistic missiles are most often categorized as short-range,
medium-range, intermediate-range, and intercontinental ballistic missiles
(SRBMs, MRBMs, IRBMs, and ICBMs). SRBMs are effective to 300
miles, MRBMs from 300 to 600 miles, IRBMs from 600 to 3,300 miles,
and ICBMs more than 3,300 miles.
ICBMs are usually launched from silos, which are reinforced
canisters sunk into the ground for protection. Shorter-range ballistic
missiles and some ICBMs are launched from railroad cars or wheeled
trailers that offer the protection of mobility. ―Hot-launched‖ ballistic
missiles are launched directly from their canisters, while ―cold-launched‖
missiles are ejected from the canisters by compressed gas before the rocket
engines ignite. Submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) are ejected
in this manner to the ocean surface from tubes within the submerged vessel.
COMMENTARY
1. Следует обратить внимание на перевод терминов rocket и
missile. Эти термины синонимичны. Раньше они были почти
абсолютными синонимами. Так, например, неуправляемая ракета
называлась free-flight rocket, free-flight missile, unguided rocket,
unguided missile, а управляемая ракета — guided rocket, guided
missile. Однако за последнее время произошла дифференциация
значений. В настоящее время термин rocket используется для
обозначения, как правило, неуправляемых ракет, иногда с
уточняющим определением free rocket, а термин missile — для
управляемых ракет, почти всегда с уточняющим определением guided
missile. В настоящее время значение термина missile несколько шире
понятия rocket. Сочетание rockets and missiles переводится
неуправляемые и управляемые ракеты.
2. Сокращенные обозначения ракет в вооруженных силах США
представляют систему, каждый элемент которой имеет свое собственное
значение.
Ракеты, состоящие на вооружении сухопутных войск, ВВС и ВМС
США, имеют буквенно-цифровые обозначения, которые определяют класс
ракеты, вид вооруженных сил, по заказу которого она разработана, тип и
модификацию ракеты. Часто к обозначению добавляется наименование
ракеты.
В зависимости от места запуска и места цели, ракеты подразделяются
на четыре класса, которые имеют следующие обозначения:
класс «земля — земля» — SSM (Surface-to-Surface Missile);
класс «земля — воздух» — SAM (Surface-to-Air Missile);
класс «воздух — земля» —ASM (Air-to-Surface Missile);
класс «воздух — воздух» — ААМ (Air-to-Air Missile)
Например, обозначение SAM-A-5 N1KE расшифровывается: SAM —
ракета класса «земля — воздух», А — армия (индекс заказчика): 5 — тип
пятый (индекс типов), NIKE — «Найк» (наименование ракеты).
Кроме того в подобных сочетаниях может встретиться буква U
(underwater), которая указывает на подводную цель или подводную
пусковую установку, обозначая таким образом место запуска или место
расположения цели под водой, например: AUM (Air-to-Underwater
Missile), UAM (Underwater-to Air Missile), USM (Underwater-to-Surface
Missile), SUM (Surface-to-Underwater Missile).
3.3 The M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System
The M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (M270 MLRS) (see
Figure 12) is a multiple rocket launcher, a type of rocket artillery.
The Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) provides the Army
an all-weather, indirect, area fire weapon system to strike counterfire, air
defense, armored formations, and other high-payoff targets at all depths of
the tactical battlefield.
The Multiple Launch Rocket System is a versatile weapon system
that supplements traditional cannon artillery fires by delivering large
volumes of firepower in a short time against critical, time-sensitive targets.
These targets often include enemy artillery, air defense systems,
mechanized units, and personnel. MLRS units can use their system's "shoot
and scoot" capability to survive while providing fire support for attacking
maneuver elements. MLRS is not intended to replace cannon artillery, but
has been designed to complement it.

Рекомендуется для письменного перевода с дальнейшим пересказом по-английски.
Figure 12. The M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System
1 – fire control panel пульт управления стрельбой; 2 – communicating processor
устройство обработки связи; 3 – antennas антенны; 4 – battery box ящик
аккумуляторной батареи; 5 – loading booms погрузочные стрелы; 6 – launcher loader
module заряжающе-пусковое устройство; 7 – elevation actuator подъѐмный привод; 8
– cage assembly стакан в сборе; 9 – payload interface module модуль сопряжения
ракет; 10 – power distribution box силовой распределительный щит; 11 – shorting
voltage tester прибор измерения напряжения пробоя; 12 – fire control unit блок
управления огнѐм; 13 – rocket tubes трубчатая ракетная пусковая направляющая; 14 –
improved stabilization reference
package
position determining system
усовершенствованный
контейнер
стабилизации
системы
определения
местоположения; 15 – boom controller датчик положения заряжающе-пускового
устройства; 16 – rocket pods контейнер с ракетами; 17 – turret assembly турельная
установка; 18 – electronic box радиотехнический отсек; 19 – improved electronic unit
усовершенствованный радиотехнический блок.
The MLRS M270 Launcher is the standard U.S. Army platform for
firing surface to surface artillery rockets and missiles. The Armored Vehicle
Mounted Rocket Launcher (M270) is a full-tracked, self-propelled
launcher/loader designed to launch 12 tactical rockets or 2 Army Tactical
Missile System (Army TACMS) missiles, which can be fired individually
or simultaneously and re-deploy before enemy determination of launch
position (shoot and scoot). Rockets have a range beyond 30 kilometers, and
the Army TACMS Block IA missile can reach to 300 kilometers. The
launcher consists of six rockets, each of which are mounted and controlled
in both azimuth and elevation.
The M270 launcher has a maximum speed of 64 Km/hour, with a
maximum range of 435 Km. It is capable of climbing a 60 degree slope and
a one meter wall. The M270 can load, arm, and fire a 12 rocket ripple
within five minutes. M270 launchers are deployed three per battery and 29
per battalion. The M270 launcher can be conFigure d for transport by Air
Force C-141 aircraft. The M270 launcher is also transportable by Air Force
C-5 and C-17 aircraft.
Some 1,300 M270 systems have been manufactured, along with
more than 700,000 rockets. The system has been used in the Gulf War and
Iraq War, where it proved itself as a practical and effective weapons
system. The production of the M270 ended in 2003, when a last batch was
delivered to the Egyptian army.
US military operators refer to the M270 as "the commander's
personal shotgun" or as "battlefield buckshot." It is also commonly referred
to as the "Gypsy Wagon", because crews store additional equipment such as
camouflage netting, cots, and personal items on top of the vehicle as the
launcher itself lacks adequate storage space for the crew. With the adoption
of the new M30 GPS guided rocket it is now being referred to as the "70
kilometer sniper rifle."
The main performance of the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System
3 man
Crew
Cruise Range
483 km
Reload Time
9 minutes
Rocket Range
31.8 km
3.4 EXERCISES
Exercise 4. Translate the following questions by ear and answer
them in English:
1. What is a missile?
2. What are the main comps of a msl?
3. What is the difference between rkt and guided msl?
4. What is the designation of a missile‘s guidance system?
5. What is the purpose of missile‘s rocket engine?
6. What are the main types of tactical guided missiles do you
know?
7. What are the main types of ballistic missiles do you know?
8. What multiple rocket launchers and rocket missiles are now in
service with the US fld arty?
9. What are the main characteristics of the M270 MLRS?
10.What kind of ammo can be fired the M270 MLRS?
Exercise 5. Translate the following words and word
combinations:
Initial (boost) phase of flight; крылатая ракета; silo; реактивная
система залпового огня; all-weather; система вооружения для ведения
огня по площади; versatile weapon system; цель, подлежащая срочному
уничтожению; Armored Vehicle Mounted Rocket Launcher; залповый
пуск; тактический ракетный комплекс сухопутных войск; buckshot;
камуфляжная сеть.
Exercise 6. Translate the following text in written form:
Реактивная система залпового огня "Смерч"
"Смерч" - качественно новое в области реактивных систем
оружие. "Смерч" создан в 1986-м, на вооружение Вооруженных Сил
принят в 1989-м.
РСЗО - боевая машина (БМ) с 12 направляющими
(размещенная на автомобильном шасси высокой проходимости МАЗ543М, которая обеспечивает скорость передвижения до 60 км/час,
запас хода по топливу - 850 км); транспортно-заряжающая машина с
краном и заряжающим устройством; реактивные снаряды (РС)
осколочно-фугасного действия (high-explosive), кассетного с
суббоеприпасами осколочного действия (cluster warhead with antipersonnel
bomblet),
кассетного
с
самоприцеливающимися
суббоеприпасами высокой эффективности (cluster warhead with high
performance
intelligent
submunitions),
позволяющими
вести
эффективную борьбу с современными танками и другой
бронированной техникой. Пуски РС обеспечиваются из кабины БМ
или с помощью выносного пульта.
"Смерч" - это оружие нового качественного уровня, он не
имеет аналогов по дальности и эффективности огня, площади
поражения живой силы и бронетехники. Если "Град" накрывает
площадь в 4 га на расстоянии 20 км, "Ураган" - 29 га на дальности 35
км, MLRS - 33 га на расстоянии 30 км, то у "Смерча" площадь
поражения фантастическая - 67 га (672 тыс. кв. м) при дальности залпа
от 20 до 70 км, в ближайшей перспективе - и до ста. Причем "Смерч"
сжигает все, даже бронетехнику.
Подготовка к бою РСЗО после получения целеуказания (target
indication) - всего 3 минуты, полный залп - 38 секунд. "Смерч"
неуязвим - удар, и он мгновенно исчезает.
12-ствольный "Смерч" ведет огонь 300-мм снарядами. Впервые
ракета имеет на борту блок системы управления. В отличие от
предыдущих за боевой частью ракеты размещен дополнительный
двигатель, с помощью которого ее недолгий полет до цели
корректируется по высоте и курсу. В результате рассеивание
(dispersion) уменьшается в три раза по сравнению с неуправляемым
снарядом, в два раза увеличивается точность стрельбы.
Для корректируемого снаряда "Смерча" характерно также и то,
что из его 800 кг боевая часть составляет 280 - это идеальное
соотношение между маршевым двигателем и поражающими
элементами. В кассете 72 боеприпаса весом 2 кг. Угол встречи их с
целью (с землей, окопами, боевой техникой противника) не как у
обычного снаряда - от 30 до 60 градусов, а за счет особого устройства
строго вертикальный - 90 градусов. Конусы таких "метеоритов"
запросто дырявят башни боевых машин, где броня не очень толстая.
Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and
translate the sentences:
Missile is a rocket-propelled wpn designed … an explosive
warhead … great accuracy … high speed. The main comps of a msl are … .
Almost all missiles contain some form … guidance and control. A rkt is
aimed … orienting the … . In tactical missiles, electronic sensors … the
target … detecting energy emitted or reflected from it. Missiles can be
propelled by either … or … rocket engines. The M270 Multiple Launch
Rocket System (M270 MLRS) (see Figure
12) is a … . US military
operators refer to the M270 … "the commander's personal shotgun".
Exercise 8. Make up 10 questions to each text of the lesson.
Exercise 9. Make up sentences with the following wordcombinations:
To be aimed by orienting the lchr; burns until it is exhausted;
corrected after firing by a guiding mechanism; closely guarded military
secrets; to ―home‖ onto the hot exhaust of jet engines; relays instructions
for course correction to the control mechanism; to strike targets far beyond
the battle area; area fire weapon system; while providing fire support for
attacking maneuver elements; can be fired individually or simultaneously;
controlled in both azimuth and elevation.
Exercise 10. Agree or disagree with the statements. Prove your
opinion:
1. Missile is a rocket-propelled wpn designed to deliver an
explosive warhead with great accuracy at high speed.
2. The main comps of a msl are: the warhead, the propellant,
strong steel case, a bursting charge and the launcher.
3. A guided missile‘s trajectory or flight path may be altered or
corrected after firing by a guiding mechanism.
4. Strategic missiles (weapons designed to strike targets far
beyond the battle area) can be only ballistic type, wile tactical missiles can
be only cruise type.
5. Tactical guided missiles are generally categorized according to
its size.
6. The Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) provides the
Army an all-weather, indirect, point-target fire weapon system to destroy en
tanks and individual foxholes.
7. The MLRS M270 Launcher is the standard U.S. Army platform
for firing surface to air artillery rockets and missiles.
Exercise 11. Act as an interpreter:
1. Для
чего Missile is a rocket-propelled wpn designed to
предназначены ракеты?
deliver an explosive warhead with great
accuracy at high speed.
2. Из каких основных
The main comps of a msl are: the
частей состоит ракета?
warhead, the rkt mtr, and the fin assembly.
3. На какие классы
Tactical guided missiles are generally
подразделяются ракеты? categorized according to the location of the
launch platform and target. There are five
types, air-to-air, air-to-surface, surface-to-air,
antiship, and antitank, or assault.
US ARTILLERY MATERIEL
ARTILLERY AMMUNITION
Lesson 4
Цели занятия:
1. Развитие и совершенствование умений и навыков:
- перевода на слух (упражнение 4; 5);
- перевода с листа (текст 4.2; 4.3; 4.4; 4.5);
- двустороннего перевода (упражнение 5);
- письменного перевода (текст 4.5; упражнение 6; 12);
- аудирования (текст 4.4; упражнение 4);
- преодоления переводческих, грамматических и лексических
трудностей (commentary; упражнение 6; 8; 9; 10; 12);
- переключения (упражнение 5);
2. Развитие творческого мышления (7; 8; 10).
3. Развитие памяти (текст 4.2; 4.4).
4. Активизация эквивалентов по теме (упражнение 1; 2; 3; 9).
5. Совершенствование уровня лексической компетенции (упражнение
4.1).
6. Расширение знаний по теме (текст 4.2; 4.3; 4.4; 4.5).
4.1 ACTIVE TERMS
fixed ammunition
унитарные боеприпасы
separate-loading ammunition
боеприпасы раздельного заряжания
cartridge case
гильза
service ammunition
(основные)
боеприпасы;
боевые
выстрелы
practice ammunition
учебные боеприпасы, практические
боеприпасы для выполнения учебных
стрельб
dummy ammunition
учебные боеприпасы, предназначенные
для тренировок или показа
blank ammunition
холостые боеприпасы
shell
(полый) артиллерийский снаряд
bursting charge
разрывной заряд
soft target
уязвимая цель; слабозащищѐнная цель
percussion fuze
взрыватель ударного действия
time fuze
взрыватель с установкой на взрыв в
определѐнное время
дистанционный взрыватель
бронебойный снаряд
противотанковый
кумулятивный
снаряд
бронебойный подкалиберный снаряд с
отделяющимся поддоном
подкалиберный снаряд
оперѐнный бронебойный снаряд с
отделяющимся поддоном
стабилизация за счѐт сопротивления
воздуха
tungsten alloy
вольфрамовый сплав
depleted uranium
обеднѐнный уран
dense
плотный; крепкий
High Velocity Armor Piercing бронебойный снаряд с высокой
(HVAP)
начальной скоростью
core
внутренняя полость неразрывного
снаряда
tungsten carbide
карбид вольфрама
Armor-piercing
capped, бронебойный снаряд с бронебойным
ballistic cap (APCBC) shell
баллистическим наконечником
composite armor
композитная броня
reactive armor
активная
броня
(защита);
динамическая броня (защита)
probe
конус
chemical shell
снаряд с боевым ОВ
smoke shell
дымовой снаряд
base ejection shell
снаряд с вышибным дном
illuminating shell
осветительный снаряд
carrier shell
специальный снаряд
flare
осветительный патрон
steering vanes
управляемые стабилизаторы
graze fuze
ударный взрыватель инерционного
действия
delay fuze
взрыватель замедленного действия
mechanical time fuze
механический
дистанционный
взрыватель
airburst fuze
взрыватель
воздушно-ударного
proximity fuze
armor-piercing shell
high
explosive
anti-tank
(HEAT) round
armor-piercing
discarding
sabot
sabot round
armor-piercing fin-stabilized
discarding sabot
drag stabilization
proximity sensor airburst
electronic time
electronic proximity fuze
cargo ammunition
Improved
conventional
ammunition
squash head shell
igniferous timer
действия (срабатывающий от ударной
взрывной волны)
неконтактный взрыватель воздушноударного действия
радиоэлектронный
дистанционный
взрыватель
радиоэлектронный
неконтактный
взрыватель
усовершенствованный
обычный
боеприпас
снаряд со сминаемой головной частью
замедлитель
воспламеняющего
действия
photo-electric fuze
фотоэлектрический взрыватель
radar fuze
радиолокационный взрыватель
shell retardation
замедление полѐта снаряда
downrange
в направлении от места стрельбы
shot
сплошной снаряд
payload
боевая
часть;
боевая
загрузка;
полезный груз
nose ejection
снаряд с вышибной носовой частью
dual
purpose
improved кумулятивно-осколочный
conventional
munition- усовершенствованный артиллерийский
bomblet
снаряд малого калибра
scatterable mines
укладываемые внаброс мины
colored flare
цветная ракета
flechette
игольчатый боеприпас; стреловидный
поражающий элемент
contained area
изолированная зона
combustion chamber
камера сгорания
black powder
дымный (чѐрный) порох
ramjet
прямоточный
воздушно-реактивный
двигатель
cartridge bag
зарядный картуз
cartridge case
патронная гильза
obturation
закрывание отверстия
percussion
взрыватель
ударного
действия;
ударного действия
сосок гильзы
объединѐнная оперативная группа
оперативный огонь
area вертолѐтный
передовой
пункт
пополнения
боекомплекта
и
дозаправки горючим
Anti-Personnel, Anti-Materiel боевой элемент кассетного боеприпаса
(APAM) bomblet
для поражения живой силы и техники
solid rocket motor
твердотопливный ракетный двигатель
insulation
теплоизоляция
liner
бронирующее
покрытие
заряда
(РДТТ); внутренняя труба; облицовка;
подкладка
nozzle
сопло
igniter arm
воспламенитель заряда
fire assembly
воспламенитель заряда
fin
стабилизатор; оперение
bulkhead
переборка; перегородка
warhead assembly
снаряжѐнная боевая часть
skin severance system
наружное устройство отделения
target location error (TLE)
ошибка в определении координат цели
electronic time fuze
электронный дистанционный
взрыватель
submunition
боевой малокалиберный боеприпас;
поражающий элемент кассетного
боеприпаса; боевой поражающий
элемент
cannon-launched guided
управляемый артиллерийский снаряд
projectile (CLGP)
toxic projectile
химический снаряд
hollow charge projectile
кумулятивный снаряд
rocket-assisted projectile
активно-реактивный снаряд
self-destroying fuse
самоликвидатор
ammunition lot
партия боеприпасов
primer magazine
joint task force (JTF)
operational fire
helicopter
forward
rearming/refueling point
to shatter the case
WORD-COMBINATIONS:
разрывать гильзу
to scatter sharp pieces
to be superseded by smth
to present
to deflagrate
to betray the positions
umbilical cable
aft end
flight computer system (FCS)
wire rope
retaining strap
lanyard
рассеивать острые осколки
замещаться, заменяться чем-либо
представлять собой
вспыхивать, гореть без детонации
демаскировать позиции
отрывной кабель (наземного питания
ракеты)
хвостовая часть
система управления полѐтом
тросовый леер
фиксирующая скоба
вытяжной фал
LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS:
To propel the projectile at the target
to be made of copper
SLANG EQUIVALENTS TO SOME TERMS
ammo Joe
солдат службы боепитания
brick
шутл. снаряд; мина
doodle bug
[дурной жук] тяжѐлый снаряд
dud
[неудачник; пугало огородное] неразорвавшийся
боеприпас
flying ash can [урна для мусора] тяжѐлый снаряд [мина]
flying ashbin
[зольный бункер] тяжѐлый снаряд [мина]
flying dustbin [пылесборник] тяжѐлый снаряд [мина]
gun fodder
[fodder – фураж; корм для скота] боеприпас
jam pot
[банка с вареньем] миномѐтная мина
red nose
шрапнель
stink
[зловоние; вонь] фам. пренебр. химический снаряд
[мина, бомба]; сигарета с наркотиком
whiz-bang
снаряд
с
высокой
начальной
скоростью
whizzbang
(звукоподражание)
снаряд
с
высокой
начальной
скоростью
(звукоподражание)
Willie Peter
белый фосфор
Wilson Picket белый фосфор
yellow nose
осколочно-фугасный снаряд
INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Read and translate the following words and word
combinations:
Warhead; система наведения; control mechanism; ракета с
инфракрасной головкой самонаведения; cruise type missile; участок
неуправляемого полѐта; Wire Guided Missile; воздушно-реактивный
двигатель; all-weather; важная цель; area fire weapon system.
Exercise 2. Find in the texts of this lesson, decipher and
translate the following abbreviations:
Fld arty; cbt; acft; rkt; SA; ammo; arty ammo; wpns; cal; in; HE;
AP shell; HEAT round; APDS round; APFSDS round; DU; WHA; USA;
UK; HVAP projectile; APCBC shot; AP shot; WP.
Exercise 3. Find in the texts and translate the wordcombinations:
Tailored for the engagement of different types of targets; is
assembled in the cartridge case; in live fire training; mimics the
characteristics (range, accuracy) of live rounds; to shatter the case; specially
hardened and shaped nose; have better penetration; kinetic energy of the
shot; used to defeat armored vehicles; illuminated with a laser; the devices
that trigger explosion; spin in flight; time sensitive targets.
4.2 Classification of ammunition
"I do not have to tell you who won the war.
You know, the artillery did."
General George S. Patton, Jr.
Fld arty has a wide variety of ammunitions tailored for the
engagement of different types of targets.
Ammunition is explosive materiel intended to be expended in cbt or
simulated cbt conditions. It consists of arty, acft, rkt, SA, and miscellaneous
ammo. Arty ammo includes all ammo, used in wpns of cal greater than 60
in.

Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода по абзацам с предварительной
подготовкой и пересказом по-английски «The M712 "Copperhead"»
Based on the method of loading ammo are classified as fixed and
separate-loading. In fixed ammunition the propelling charge is assembled
in the cartridge case, which is crimped rigidly to the projectile.
Artillery ammunition has four classifications according to use:
 Service: ammunition used in live fire training or for wartime use
in a combat zone. Also known as "warshot" ammunition.
 Practice: Ammunition with a non- or minimally-explosive
projectile that mimics the characteristics (range, accuracy) of live rounds
for use under training conditions. Practice artillery ammunition often
utilizes a colored-smoke-generating bursting charge for marking purposes
in place of the normal high explosive charge.
 Dummy: Ammunition with an inert warhead, inert primer, and
no propellant; used for training or display.
 Blank: Ammunition with live primer greatly reduced propellant
charge (typically black powder) and no projectile; used for training,
demonstration or ceremonial use.
There are many different types of shells. The principal ones
include:
The most common shell type is high explosive, commonly referred
to simply as HE. They have a strong steel case, a bursting charge, and a
fuze. The fuze detonates the bursting charge which shatters the case and
scatters hot, sharp case pieces (fragments, splinters) at high velocity. Most
of the damage to soft targets such as unprotected personnel is caused by
shell pieces rather than by the blast. The term "shrapnel" is sometimes
incorrectly used to describe the shell pieces, but shrapnel shells functioned
very differently. Depending on the type of fuze used the HE shell can be set
to burst on the ground (percussion), in the air above the ground (time or
proximity), or after penetrating a short distance into the ground (percussion
with delay, either to transmit more ground shock to covered positions, or to
reduce the spread of fragments).
An armor-piercing shell (see Figure13) is a type of ammo
designed to penetrate armor.
Shells designed for this purpose have a greatly strengthened case
with a specially hardened and shaped nose, and a much smaller bursting
charge. Some smaller-caliber AP shells have an inert filling, or incendiary
charge in place of the HE bursting charge. The AP shell is now little used in
naval warfare, as modern warships have little or no armor protection, but it
remains the preferred round in tank warfare, as it has a greater "first-hit-
kill" probability than a high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) round, especially
against a target with composite armor, and because of higher muzzle, is also
more accurate than a HEAT round.
Figure 13. Armor piercing shell of the APBC
1 – light weight ballistic cap облегчѐнный баллистический наконечник; 2 – steel alloy
piercing shell бронебойный снаряд из легированной стали; 3 –bursting charge
разрывной заряд); 4 – fuze взрыватель (set with delay to explode inside the target); 5 –
bourrelet (front) and driving band (rear) центрирующее утолщение (спереди) и
ведущий поясок (сзади)
Armor-piercing discarding sabot (APDS) (see Figure14, 15) is a
type of kinetic energy projectile fired from a gun to attack armored targets.
APDS rounds are sabot rounds and were commonly used in large caliber
tank guns, but have now been superseded by armor-piercing fin-stabilized
discarding sabot (APFSDS) projectiles in such guns. However, APDS
rounds are still commonly used in small or medium caliber weapon
systems.
Figure 14. French "Arrow" armorpiercing round, a form of APFSDS
Figure 15. APFSDS at point of separation of
sabot
An Armor-Piercing, Fin-Stabilized, Discarding Sabot (APFSDS)
projectile uses the sabot principle with fin (drag) stabilization. A long, thin
sub-projectile has increased sectional density and thus penetration potential.
However, once a projectile has a length-to-diameter ratio greater than 10
(less for higher density projectiles), spin stabilization becomes ineffective.
Instead, drag stabilization is used, by means of fins attached to the base of
the sub-projectile, making it look like a large metal arrow.
Large caliber APFSDS projectiles are usually fired from smoothbore (unrifled) barrels, though they can be and often are fired from rifled
guns. This is especially true when fired from small to medium caliber
weapon systems. APFSDS projectiles are usually made from high-density
metal alloys such as tungsten heavy alloys (WHA) or depleted uranium
(DU). DU alloys are cheaper and have better penetration than others as they
are denser and self-sharpening, but they present radiological and toxic
hazards that remain on the battlefield. The less toxic WHAs are preferred in
most countries except the USA, UK, and Russia.
The High Velocity Armor Piercing (HVAP) projectile is a core of
a high-density hard material such as tungsten carbide surrounded by a fullbore shell of a lighter material (e.g. an aluminum alloy). Most HVAP
projectiles are shaped like the standard APCBC shot, but the projectile is
lighter: up to half the weight of a standard AP shot of the same caliber. The
lighter weight allows a higher velocity. The kinetic energy of the shot is
concentrated in the core and hence on a smaller impact area, improving the
penetration of the target armor.
The High-Explosive, Anti-Tank (HEAT) (see Figure 16) shells are
a type of shaped charge used to defeat armored vehicles. They are
extremely efficient at defeating plain steel armor but less so against later
composite and reactive armor. The effectiveness of the shell is independent
of its velocity, and hence the range: it is as effective at 1000 meters as at
100 meters. The speed can even be zero in the case where a soldier simply
slaps a magnetic mine onto a tank's armor plate. A HEAT charge is most
effective when detonated at a certain, optimal, distance in front of the target
and HEAT shells are usually distinguished by a long, thin nose probe
sticking out in front of the rest of the shell. HEAT shells are less effective if
spun (i.e., fired from a rifled gun).
Figure 16. A HEAT round.
1 – case base and seal основание корпуса и обтюрирующее устройство; 2 –
fuze взрыватель; 3 – shaped charge liner удлинѐнный кумулятивный заряд; 4 – impact
sensor датчик столкновения; 5 – wave shaper формирователь кумулятивной струи; 6 –
combustible cartridge case сгораемая гильза; 7 – stick propellant пороховая шашка; 8
– primer воспламенитель огнепроводного шнура
Chemical shells contain just a small explosive charge to burst the
shell, and a larger quantity of a chemical agent such as a poison gas.
Signatories of the Chemical Weapons Convention have renounced such
shells.
The smoke shell is designed to create a smokescreen. The main
types are bursting (those filled with white phosphorus (WP) and a small HE
bursting charge are best known) and base ejection (delivering three or four
smoke canisters, or material impregnated with white phosphorus).
Modern illuminating shells are a type of carrier shell. A modern
illumination shell has a fuze which ejects the "candle" (a pyrotechnic flare
emitting white or infrared light) at a calculated altitude, where it slowly
drifts down beneath a heat resistant parachute, illuminating the area below.
These are also known as starshell or star shell.
Guided or "smart" ammunition have become commonplace.
The M712 "Copperhead" is a 155 mm cannon-launched, finstabilized, terminally laser guided, explosive projectile intended to engage
hard point targets such as tanks, SP howitzers or other high-value targets. It
may be fired from the following US Army field artillery weapons: both the
short-barrel (M109A1 and M109A1B) and long-barrel (M109A2, M109A3,
M109A3B, M109A4, M109A5 and M109A6) M109 howitzer series SP
howitzers and the M198 towed howitzer. The projectile has a minimum
ranger of 3 km and a maximum range of 16 km.
In order for Copperhead to function, the target must be illuminated
with a laser. Once the laser signal is detected, the on-board guidance system
will operate the steering vanes to maneuver the projectile onto the tgt. The
Copperhead targeting logic is designed to (1) ensure that the optical system
will always be able to detect the target, and (2) that once the tgt has been
detected there will be sufficient time and velocity to maneuver to hit the
target. Copperhead must be below any cloud cover at critical parts of the
trajectory, and there must be sufficient visibility to ensure that when the
target is acquired the projectile will have sufficient time to maneuver.
COMMENTARY
1. При переводе терминов ammunition и munitions часто
допускаются ошибки, т. к. значения терминов полностью не
совпадают. Термин ammunition означает только боеприпасы (но ни в
коем случае не амуниция). Например, ammunition factory — это завод
по производству боеприпасов (патронный завод или снарядный
завод). Термин munitions передает понятие военное имущество
(оружие, боеприпасы, снаряжение и все прочие виды имущества,
необходимые для ведения войны). В этом случае сочетание munitions
factory означает военный завод, a munitions industry военная
промышленность.
4.3 Shell. Construction
A round of artillery ammunition comprises four components:
1. The Fuze
2. The Projectile
3. The Propellant
4. The Primer
Fuzes
Fuzes are the devices that trigger explosion of the artillery
ammunition charge. Broadly there are four main types:
 impact (including graze and delay)
 mechanical time including airburst
 proximity sensor airburst
 electronic time
When used with HE shells, airburst fuzes usually have a combined
airburst and impact function. However, until the introduction of electronic
proximity fuzes, the airburst function was mostly used with cargo
ammunitions—for example shrapnel, illuminating, smoke and improved

Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода с предварительной подготовкой.
conventional munitions. Airburst HE is more lethal than groundburst
against many unprotected targets.
The larger calibers of anti-aircraft artillery are almost always used
airburst.
Most arty fuzes are nose fuzes. However, base fuzes have been used
with armor piercing shells and for squash head (HESH or HEP) anti-tank
shells.
Early airburst fuzes used igniferous timers which lasted into the
second half of the 20th century. Mechanical time fuzes appeared in the
early part of that century. By the 1990s, electronic time fuzes had been
introduced.
Proximity fuzes have been of two types: photo-electric or radar.
The former was not very successful and seems only to have been used with
British anti-aircraft artillery ―unrotated projectiles‖ (in other words, rockets)
in World War 2.
The first radar proximity fuzes were also used for anti-aircraft
purposes in World War 2. The first radar proximity fuzes were designed to
detonate at a specified height above the ground. These air-bursts are much
more lethal against personnel than ground bursts because they deliver a
greater proportion of useful fragments and deliver them into terrain where a
prone soldier would be protected from ground bursts.
Electronic proximity fuzes were a big improvement over the
mechanical (non-proximity) fuzes which they replaced, as time fuzes
required an accurate estimate of the round's time of flight to the target and
especially of the altitude of the target area. If the target's altitude was
incorrectly estimated, the rounds would either strike the ground or burst too
high.
Delay fuzes are used to allow the round to penetrate into the earth
before exploding. This is very effective for attacking earthen bunkers.
Similarly, hardened delay fuzes are used against concrete bunkers. Graze
fuzes were activated by shell retardation, for example passing through light
cover that was insufficiently solid to activate an impact fuze.
Projectiles
The projectile is the ordnance or ―bullet‖ fired downrange. This
may or may not be an explosive device. Traditionally, projectiles have been
classified as ―shot‖ or ―shell‖, the former being solid and the latter having
some form of ―payload‖.
Shells can also be divided into three configurations: bursting, base
ejection or nose ejection. The latter is sometimes called the shrapnel
configuration. The most modern is base ejection, which was introduced in
World War I. Both base and nose ejection are almost always used with
airburst fuzes. Bursting shells use various types of fuze depending on the
nature of the payload and the tactical need at the time.
Payloads have included:
 Bursting: high-explosive, white phosphorus ("Willie Pete" or
"Wilson Picket"), chemical, nuclear devices; high explosive anti-tank
(HEAT) and canister may be considered special types of bursting shell.
 Base Ejection: dual purpose improved conventional munitions
(DPICM)-bomblet, scatterable mines, illuminating, colored flare, smoke,
incendiary, propaganda, and modern exotics such as electronic payloads
and sensor-fuzed munitions.
 Nose Ejection: shrapnel, flechette, incendiary.
Projectile stabilization
Rifled: Traditionally, artillery projectiles have been spin-stabilized,
meaning that they spin in flight so that gyroscopic forces prevent them from
tumbling. Spin is induced by gun barrels having rifling which engages a
soft metal band around the projectile, called a "driving band" (UK) or
―rotating band‖ (U.S.). The driving band is usually made of copper, but
synthetic materials have also been used.
Smoothbore/Fin-Stabilized: In modern artillery smoothbore tubes
have been used mostly by mortars. These projectiles use fins in the airflow
at their rear to maintain correct orientation. The primary benefit over rifled
barrels is reduced barrel wear and longer ranges that can be achieved (due
to the reduced loss of energy to friction and gas escaping around the
projectile via the rifling).
Rifled/Fin-Stabilized A combination of the above can be used,
where the barrel is rifled, but the projectile also has deployable fins for
stabilization, guidance or gliding.
Propellant
All forms of artillery require a propellant to propel the projectile at
the target. Propellant is always a low explosive, this means it deflagrates
instead of detonating, as with high explosives. The shell is accelerated to a
high velocity in a very short time by the rapid generation of gas from the
burning propellant. This high pressure is achieved by burning the propellant
in a contained area, either the chamber of a gun barrel or the combustion
chamber of a rocket motor.
Until the late 19th Century the only available propellant was black
powder. Black powder had many disadvantages as a propellant; it has
relatively low power, requiring large amounts of powder to fire projectiles,
and created thick clouds of white smoke that would obscure the targets,
betray the positions of guns and make aiming impossible. In 1846
nitrocellulose (also known as guncotton) was discovered, and the high
explosive nitroglycerin was discovered at much the same time.
Nitrocellulose was significantly more powerful than black powder, and was
smokeless. Early guncotton was unstable however, and burned very fast and
hot, leading to greatly increased barrel wear.
Many other formulations were developed in the following decades,
generally trying to find the optimum characteristics of a good artillery
propellant: low temperature, high energy, non corrosive, highly stable,
cheap, and easy to manufacture in large quantities. Broadly, modern gun
propellants are divided into three classes: single-base propellants which are
mainly or entirely nitrocellulose based, double-base propellants composed
of a combination of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin, and triple base
composed of a combination of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin and
nitroguanidine.
Artillery shells fired from a barrel can be assisted to greater range
in three ways:
 Rocket assisted projectiles (RAP) enhance and sustain the projectile's
velocity by providing additional ―push‖ from a small rocket motor that is
part of the projectile's base.
 Base bleed uses a small pyrotechnic charge at the base of the projectile
to introduce sufficient combustion products into the low-pressure region
behind the base of the projectile responsible for a large proportion of the
drag.
 Ramjet assisted, similar to rocket assisted but using a ramjet instead of
a rocket motor.
Propelling charges for tube arty can be provided in one of two
ways: either as cartridge bags or in metal cartridge cases. Generally antiaircraft arty and smaller caliber (up to 6" or 155 mm) guns use metal
cartridge cases that include the round and propellant, similar to a modern
rifle cartridge. This simplifies loading and is necessary for very high rates
of fire. Bagged propellant allows the amount of powder to be raised or
lowered depending on the range to the target. It also makes handling of
larger shells easier. Each requires a totally different type of breech to the
other. A metal case holds an integral primer to initiate the propellant and
provides the gas seal to prevent the gases leaking out of the breech, this is
called obturation. With bagged charges the breech itself provides obturation
and holds the primer. In either case the primer is usually percussion but
electrical is also used and laser ignition is emerging. Modern 155 mm guns
have a primer magazine fitted to their breech.
Nomenclature
Because of the many sizes and types of present-day ammo it is
essential to differentiate between them. Ammo, including comps, is
completely identified by means of the painting, marking, and the
accompanying data card (see Figure17).
Arty ammo is painted the usual colors and marked in the usual way
for protection (to prevent rust) and identification. The table # 1 indicates the
colors.
Figure 17. Marking of rounds
1 — weight zone marking весовой знак; 2 — caliber
and type of cannon калибр и тип орудия; 3 — kind of filler
вид снаряда; 4 — model of shell индекс снаряда; 5 — lot
number номер партии; 6 — ammunition lot number
with loader's initials номер партии боеприпасов и шифр
сборщика; 7 — caliber of cannon and model of cartridge
case номер орудия и индекс гильзы; 8 — model of shell
индекс снаряда; 9 — manufacturer's initials and year of
manufacture шифр изготовителя и год выпуска
4.4 The MLRS M26 basic tactical rocket
The MLRS M26 basic tactical rocket (see Figure 18) was designed
to complement cannon weapons in the tactical fires arena. The M26 tactical
rocket provides devastating effects in attacking critical, time sensitive
targets with large volumes of firepower in a very short time. The M26 is a
free flight unguided tactical rocket that provides all weather, indirect fire
capability to attack artillery and air defense systems, personnel, and light
materiel targets. The M26 tactical rocket warhead contains 644 M77 dual
purpose improved conventional munition submunitions which can be
deployed to cover a 0.23 square km area.
Figure
18. The MLRS M26 basic tactical rocket
The MLRS rockets are tube-launched, spin-stabilized, free-flight
projectiles. The rockets are assembled, checked, and packaged in a dualpurpose launch-storage tube at the factory. This design provides for tactical
loading and firing of the rocket without troop assembly or detailed
inspection. Major components of the rocket assembly include four stabilizer
fins, a propulsion section, and a warhead section. Propulsion for the rocket
is provided by a solid propellant rocket motor. An umbilical cable, passing
through the aft end of the launch tube, links the FCS to an igniter in the
rocket nozzle. The motor is ignited by an electrical command from the FCS.
Each rocket is packaged with the four fins folded and secured by wire rope

Рекомендуется для устного перевода на слух с последующим пересказом поанглийски.
retaining straps. As the rocket moves forward upon firing, lanyard devices
trigger a delayed strap-cutting charge. After the rocket leaves the launch
tube, the charge cuts the straps. This allows the fins to unfold and lock.
4.5 The M39 Army Tactical Missile System (Army TACMS)9
The Army Tactical Missile System (Army TACMS) (see Figure
19) is a family of long-range, near all-weather guided missiles fired from
the Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) M270 launcher. The Army
TACMS provides the joint task force (JTF) and corps commanders an
operational fires capability for precision engagement of the enemy
throughout the depth of the battlefield beyond the range of currently fielded
cannons and rockets. It delays disrupts, neutralizes or destroys high payoff
targets such as combat maneuver units, surface to surface missile units, air
defense units, command and control communications sites and helicopter
forward area rearming/refueling points. The Block IA is an upgrade
intended to double the range of the current Army TACMS Block I missile.
Army TACMS Block IA will dispense M74 Anti-Personnel, Anti-Materiel
(APAM) bomblets, as does the Block I.
Figure 19. The M39 Army Tactical Missile
guidance and control section отсек аппаратуры наведения и управления; 2 – warhead
assembly снаряжѐнная боевая часть; 3 – propulsion section отсек двигательной
установки; 4 – control section отсек управления.
1-
Guidance and Control Section (GCS). The GCS provides all
navigation, guidance, autopilot, and internal communications functions for
the Army TACMS missile while in flight and for all ground operations.
Continuous determination of position, attitude, and motion are provided by
the inertial sensors, associated electronics, and software processing.
Guidance and autopilot functions are provided by software processing
9

http://www.fas.org
Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного перевода.
within the GCS computer. All communications, both internal and external
are provided by the GCS electronics and software.
Propulsion Section. The solid rocket motor furnishes the energy
necessary to launch the missile and sustain missile flight for a sufficient
time to meet Army TACMS altitude and range requirements. The solid
rocket motor consists of a motor case, propellant, insulation/liner, nozzle,
and igniter arm/fire assembly.
Control Section. The primary functions of the control section
assembly are to position the missile fins, provide the missile electrical
power while in flight, and support selected pyrotechnic functions.
Warhead Assembly. The primary function of the warhead
assembly is to carry, protect, and dispense the missile payload. The
warhead assembly consists of a rolled aluminum shell with aluminum
support structures and front and rear bulkheads. A center tube connects the
bulkheads and provides a central wire route. In addition to the payload, the
warhead assembly contains a skin severance system which controls the
release of the payload at the required time.
The M39 Missile Warhead is used against personnel and soft
targets normally with a TLE of 150 m or less. Larger TLEs may reduce
effectiveness. Each missile dispenses a cargo of approximately 950
antipersonnel and antimateriel (APAM) M74 grenades over the target area.
Warhead event is initiated by an electronic time fuze (M219A2). The fuze
detonates shaped charges mounted to the skin and bulkheads. This in turn
severs the skin. By means of centrifugal force and airstream currents, the
M74 grenades are distributed over the target area. Arming of the M74
grenades is accomplished by the spin action which is induced on the
individual grenade. The M74 grenade is filled with composition B
explosive filler and is covered by a steel shell. Upon impact and detonation
each grenade breaks up into a large number of high-velocity steel fragments
that are effective against targets such as truck tires, missile rounds, thinskinned vehicles, and radar antennas. This submunition is not effective
against armored vehicles. The M74 grenade also contains incendiary
material and has an antipersonnel radius of 15 m.
Army TACMS Block IA
System description:
Army TACMS Block IA (see Figure20) is an extended range
variant of the Army TACMS Block I missile. The Block IA effort entails
integrating an onboard Global Positioning System (GPS) with antenna and
software into an inertial navigation system and reducing the Block I
payload from 950 M-74 bomblets to approximately 300 M-74 bomblets to
achieve the required accuracy and extended range. To compensate for the
reduced payload, the accuracy of the missile has been improved with
inflight GPS updates.
Figure 20. Army TACMS Block IA
1 – Added thermal protection дополнительная тепловая защита; 2 – GPS antenna
антенна глобальной системы навигации и определения местоположения; 3 – improved
missile guidance system усовершенствованная система управления; 4 – 275 M74
bomblets 275 шт. боевых элементов кассетного боеприпаса
4.6 EXERCISES
Exercise 4. Translate the following questions by ear and answer
them in English:
1. What is ‗ammunition‘?
2. What types of ammunitions based on the method of loading do
youu know?
3. What is the classification of ammunition according to service
use?
4. How is artillery ammunition classified according to tactical use?
5. What are the main parts of a complete round?
6. How many types of fuzes do you know? What are they?
7. How artillery shells can be classified?
8. What is the purpose of projectile stabilization?
9. What is the MLRS M26 basic tactical rocket?
10.What are the main parts of the Army Tactical Missile System‘s
Block IA?
Exercise 5. Translate the following words and word
combination:
Flare; специальный снаряд; illuminating shell; игольчатый
боеприпас; black powder; прямоточный воздушно-реактивный
двигатель; cartridge case; воспламенитель заряда; Anti-Personnel, AntiMateriel bomblet; сопло; fin; снаряжѐнная боевая часть; target location
error; боевой малокалиберный боеприпас; fixed ammunition; учебные
боеприпасы; service ammunition; разрывной заряд; (полый)
артиллерийский снаряд.
Exercise 6. Translate the following text in written form:
Снаряд — средство поражения живой силы, материальной
части и укреплений противника, выстреливаемое из артиллерийского
орудия.
Большинство типов современных артиллерийских снарядов
представляют собой металлическое тело с плоским днищем, на
которое давят пороховые газы, образующиеся при сгорании
метательного заряда. Это тело может быть сплошным или пустотелым,
обтекаемой (оживальной) или стреловидной формы, нести полезную
нагрузку или нет — все эти факторы (вместе с внутренним
устройством) определяются назначением снаряда. Орудийные снаряды
конической формы были впервые применены итальянским
артиллеристом Кавалли для изобретенного им нарезного орудия (1845)
и с распространением нарезных пушек около 1860 года полностью
вытеснили прежние пушечные ядра.
Назначение снарядов
Бронебойный снаряд — боеприпас, предназначенный для
борьбы с бронетехникой противника. По своему устройству
бронебойные снаряды в свою очередь подразделяются на калиберные,
подкалиберные с постоянным или отделяющимся поддоном, и
стреловидные оперѐнные снаряды.
Бетонобойный снаряд — боеприпас, предназначенный для
разрушения железобетонных долговременных фортификационных
сооружений.
Фугасный
снаряд
(demolition
proj)
—
боеприпас,
предназначенный для разрушения полевых и долговременных
фортификационных сооружений, проволочных заграждений, зданий.
Кумулятивный снаряд (hollow charge projectile; shaped charge
projectile) — боеприпас, предназначенный для уничтожения
бронетехники и гарнизонов долговременных фортификационных
сооружений путѐм создания узконаправленной струи продуктов
взрыва с высокой пробивной способностью.
Осколочный снаряд (fragmentation proj) — боеприпас,
предназначенный для уничтожения живой силы противника
осколками, образующимися при разрыве снаряда.
Шрапнель (shrapnel) — боеприпас, предназначенный для
уничтожения открыто расположенной живой силы противника
пулями, находящимися внутри его корпуса. Разрыв шрапнели
происходит дистанционно в воздухе.
Картечь (canister) — боеприпас, предназначенный для
уничтожения открыто расположенной живой силы противника при
самообороне
орудия.
Представляет
собой
уложенные
в
легкосгораемый каркас пули, при выстреле разлетающиеся в
определѐнном секторе от ствола орудия.
Ядерный снаряд (nuclear proj) — боеприпас для нанесения
тактического ядерного удара по крупным целям и скоплениям сил
противника.
Химический снаряд (gas shell; gas proj) — боеприпас,
содержащий сильнодействующее отравляющее вещество для
уничтожения живой силы противника.
Биологический снаряд (biological proj) — боеприпас,
содержащий сильнодействующий биологический токсин или культуру
заразных микроорганизмов.
Термобарический снаряд (thermobaric proj) — боеприпас,
содержащий рецептуру для образования взрывчатой газообразной
смеси. Исключительно эффективен против укрытой живой силы
противника.
Зажигательный снаряд — боеприпас, содержащий рецептуру
для воспламенения легкогорючих материалов и объектов, таких как
городские здания, склады топлива и т. п.
Дымовой снаряд — боеприпас, содержащий рецептуру для
образования дыма в больших количествах. Применяется для создания
дымовых завес, ослепления командно-наблюдательных пунктов
противника.
Осветительный снаряд — боеприпас, содержащий рецептуру
для создания длительно и ярко горящего пламени. Применяется для
освещения поля боя в тѐмное время суток. Как правило, оснащѐн
парашютом для более долгой продолжительности свечения.
Агитационный снаряд (leaflet shell; propaganda shell) —
боеприпас, содержащий внутри себя листовки для агитации солдат
противника или распространения пропаганды среди гражданского
населения в прифронтовых населѐнных пунктах противника.
Учебный снаряд — как правило, сплошной боеприпас,
предназначенный для обучения личного состава арт частей.
Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and
translate the sentences:
Fld arty has a wide variety of … tailored for the engagement of
different types of targets. Arty ammo includes … . Based on the method of
… are classified as fixed and separate-loading. Most of the damage to soft
targets such as unprotected personnel is caused by … . Armor-piercing
discarding sabot is a type of kinetic energy projectile fired from a … to
attack … . The High-Explosive, Anti-Tank shells are extremely efficient at
defeating … . Chemical shells contain … . The smoke shell is designed to
… . In order for Copperhead to function, the target must be illuminated with
a … . The Copperhead targeting logic is designed to 1 - … and 2 - … .
Most arty fuzes are … . Traditionally, projectiles have been classified as …
or … . Artillery shells fired from a barrel can be assisted to greater range in
… ways. . The M26 is a … The solid rocket motor … the energy necessary
to launch the missile. The solid rocket motor … a motor case, propellant,
insulation/liner, nozzle, and igniter arm/fire assembly.
Exercise 8. Make up 10 questions to each text.
Exercise 9. Make up sentences with the following wordcombinations:
Consists of; to furnish the energy necessary to launch the missile; to
be assembled in; to be caused by shell pieces; depending on the type of; to
penetrate armor; to defeat armored vehicles; rocket warhead contains;
propulsion for the rocket is provided by; continuous determination of
position; warhead assembly; over the target area.
Exercise 10. Agree or disagree with the statements. Prove your
opinion:
1. Arty ammo includes all ammo, used in wpns of cal greater than
60 in.
2. Artillery ammunition has three classifications according to use:
service, practice and blank.
3. There are many different types of shells.
4. Fuzes are the devices that propel the projectile at the target.
5. All artillery projectiles are spin-stabilized.
6. All forms of artillery require a propellant to trigger explosion of
the artillery fuze.
7. The MLRS rockets are tube-launched, spin-stabilized, guided
projectiles.
8. The purpose of Army Tactical Missile System is to destroy high
payoff targets such as heavily protected vehicles, helicopters on the ground
and trench strawberry glades.
9. Some types of arty ammo have propeller to propel the projectile
at the target.
10. The driving band of the arty projs is usually made of plasticine.
Exercise 11. Study the table and tell in Russian about the
system of color marks of the USA Army artillery ammunition.
Table 1
Table of painting and marking colors of artillery bounds
Marking
Color bands
Type of shell
Shell color
(letters and Figure
on body
s)
High-explosive
Olive drab
Yellow
Armor-piercing with Olive drab
Yellow
HE
Without HE
Black
White
Chemical
Grey
Same color as band
Non-persistent
toxic
1 green band
gas
Persistent toxic gas
2 green bands
Persistent
harassing
2 red bands
agent
Smoke
1 yellow
band
Practice
Blue
White
Dummy or drill (Inert)
Black
White
Exercise 12. Translate the following text in written form:
Сухопутные войска США увеличивают закупки ракет10
Корпорация Lockheed Martin заключила контракт на поставку
дополнительной партии ракет ATACMS для армии США, сообщает
Defense-Aerospace. com.
Оперативно-тактические ракеты ATACMS имеют дальность
стрельбы от 115 до 300 километров в зависимости от модификации и
применяются для уничтожения стационарных целей - таких как
склады, самолеты на аэродромах, военные лагеря, огневые позиции
артиллерии и другие подобные объекты. Вес ракеты составляет 422
килограмма.
Ракеты могут запускаться со стандартных реактивных систем
залпового огня MLRS. Каждая пусковая установка может нести две
ракеты этого типа. Наведение на цель осуществляется с помощью
приемника глобальной навигационной системы GPS.
Существуют различные модификации ATACMS, в том числе
кассетные. Так, ракета MGM-140 block 2A снаряжается
самонаводящимися боевыми элементами Bat, оснащенными
инфракрасной головкой самонаведения и предназначенными для
поражения бронированных целей. Одна ракета может нести шесть
таких элементов.
Ракеты ATACMS block 1, предназначенные для поражения
открыто расположенной живой силы и небронированной техники,
были впервые применены во время войны в Персидском заливе 1991
года. В настоящий момент СВ и корпус морской пехоты США активно
используют ATACMS различных модификаций в боевых действиях в
Ираке и Афганистане.
10
http://www.lenta.ru/news/2006/10/12/atacms
3. EDUCATIONAL MODULE # 3
US FIELD ARTILLERY ORGANIZATION
TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT OF US FIELD ARTILLERY
В результате изучения EDUCATIONAL MODULE # 3
курсант должен
Иметь представление:
 об организации частей и подразделений полевой
артиллерии армии США;
 об общих обязанностях должностных лиц в артиллерийских
подразделениях ствольной артиллерии;
 о видах артиллерийского огня и порядке его ведения;
 о степени поражения целей;
 о тактическом применении полевой артиллерии,
 об эмоционально-окрашенной лексике по тематике модуля.
Знать:
 необходимый объем лексико-фразеологических единиц и
военных терминов;
 функционально-стилистические особенности военных и
военно-технических текстов;
 сокращения и условные обозначения, используемые в
военных, военно-технических текстах и боевых документах.
Уметь:
 осуществлять качественный перевод военной и военнотехнической информации;
 осуществлять предпереводческий анализ военного и
военно-технического текста, определять цель перевода и тип
переводного текста;
 выбирать общую стратегию перевода;
 правильно оформлять текст перевода в соответствии с
нормами и типологией текстов на языке перевода;
 профессионально пользоваться словарями, справочниками,
банками данных и другими источниками военной и военнотехнической информации;
 осуществлять зрительно-устный (с листа), зрительнописьменный, абзацно-фразовый и последовательный перевод на слух
монологической речи на военные и военно-политические темы с
английского языка на русский и с русского языка на английский.
US FIELD ARTILLERY
US FIELD ARTILLERY ORGANIZATION
Lesson 5
Цели занятия:
1. Развитие и совершенствование умений и навыков:
- перевода на слух (текст 5.4; упражнение 4; 5);
- перевода с листа (текст 5.2; 5.3);
- двустороннего перевода (упражнение 5; 11);
- письменного перевода (текст 5.3; упражнение 6);
- аудирования (текст 5.4; упражнение 4; 5);
- преодоления переводческих, грамматических и лексических
трудностей (commentary; упражнение 6; 8; 9; 10; 11);
- переключения (упражнение 5).
2. Развитие творческого мышления(4; 7; 8; 9; 10).
3. Развитие памяти (текст 5.4).
4. Активизация эквивалентов по теме (упражнение 1; 2; 3; 5; 9).
5. Совершенствование уровня лексической компетенции (упражнение
5.1).
6. Расширение знаний по теме (текст 5.2; 5.3; 5.4).
5.1 ACTIVE TERMS
division artillery (div arty)
дивизионная артиллерия
corps artillery
корпусная артиллерия
army artillery
армейская артиллерия
army group artillery
артиллерия группы армий
theater artillery
артиллерия ТВД
General HQ Reserve Artillery артиллерия
резерва
главного
командования
command and control (C2)
командование и управление
fire support (FS) mission
задачи по огневой поддержке
field artillery (FA)
полевая артиллерия
target acquisition (TA)
разведка и обнаружение целей
general support (GS) fire
общая огневая поддержка
notional
условный
theatre missile defense (TMD) противоракетная оборона ТВД
fire support element (FSE)
группа управления огневой поддержкой
command post (CP)
командный
пункт
(КП);
пункт
управления (ПУ)
непосредственная поддержка
battery батарея
артиллерийской
инструментальной разведки (АИР);
батарея по обнаружению и захвата
целей
committed
введѐнный в бой; участвующий в
боевых действиях; выделенный в
подчинение
austere
простой; аскетический; строгий
liaison section
секция связи взаимодействия
ambulance section
автосанитарная секция
wire team
секция проводной связи
cavalry troop fire support группа
огневой
поддержки
team
разведывательного подразделения
fire support team (FIST)
группа огневой поддержки
corps
target
acquisition выделенное
подразделение
detachment (CTAD)
артиллерийской
инструментальной
разведки корпуса
position and azimuth
система (комплекс) определения
determining system (PADS)
местонахождения и углов
combat service support (CSS) тыловое и техническое обеспечение
general support reinforcing
общая огневая поддержка средствами
усиления
ground
combat
element наземный элемент экспедиционного
(GCE) (USMC)
формирования морской пехоты США;
наземная
боевая
часть;
боевое
подразделение СВ
Marine air-ground task force тактическая группировка наземных сил
(MAGTF)
и авиации МП
Marine expeditionary force экспедиционное соединение МП
(MEF)
command echelons
группа управления; группа штаба
fire support coordination центр координации огневой поддержки
center (FSCC) (USMC)
sustainment operation
тыловое обеспечение
combat operations center командный пункт управления боевыми
(COC) (USMC)
действиями; центр управления боевыми
действиями
direct support (DS)
target acquisition
(TAB)
headquarters and service батарея штабная и обслуживания
battery
fire direction center (FDC)
центр управления огнѐм (пуском)
technical fire control
управление
огнѐм
посредством
технических средств
fire direction officer
офицер пункта управления огнѐм
position area
позиционный район; район обороны
tactical standing operating постоянно действующая инструкция по
procedures
тактическим вопросам
TC (tactical coordinator)
офицер по координации тактических
вопросов
degraded operations
боевые действия в сложных условиях
firing element
огневое подразделение
lull
оперативная
пауза;
убаюкивать;
успокаивать
POC (platoon operations командный пункт взвода
center)
rehearsal
репетиция; учебная тренировка
section
орудие (США; как подразделение)
chief of section (CS)
командир орудия
gunner (G)
наводчик-оператор
assistant gunner (AG)
помощник наводчика-оператора
cannoneer
номер орудийного расчѐта
missileman
ракетчик; специалист по ракетному
вооружению
deflection
поправка
(угломера);
магнитное
склонение
elevation
возвышение; вертикальная наводка
cross-level bubble
пузырѐк поперечного уровня
longitudinal-level bubble
пузырѐк бокового уровня
hull door
загрузочный люк корпуса (башни)
loading tray
зарядный лоток
WORD-COMBINATIONS:
to retain under the comd
оставлять под командованием
to refer the piece
наводить орудие (ствол)
to ram the proj
досылать снаряд
to prime the how
заряжать гаубицу
to swab the powder chamber
прочищать пороховую камеру
LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS:
The major differences with heavy div artys
squinter
ammo
humper
SLANG EQUIVALENTS TO SOME TERMS:
[косоглазый] шутл наводчик (орудия)
[humper – землекоп] фам подносчик боеприпасов
INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Read and translate the following words and word
combinations:
Separate-loading ammunition; унитарные боеприпасы; liner;
сопло; cartridge case; боевой элемент кассетного боеприпаса для
поражения живой силы и техники; ramjet; камера сгорания;
стреловидный поражающий элемент; dual purpose improved
conventional munition-bomblet; боевая часть; shot; взрыватель
замедленного действия; steering vanes; дымовой снаряд; chemical shell;
динамическая броня; sabot round.
Exercise 2. Find in the texts of this lesson, decipher and
translate the following abbreviations:
Org; wpns; pers; log spt; US FA; btries; bns; admin and tac units;
arty bns; div arty; GHQ Res Arty; div arty HHB; comd; div arty comdr; hq;
hq and svc btry; how; in; msl bn; hq and hq btry; msl btries; lchr; FDC; how
sec; sec pers; mtr carriage; SP; equip; armd or mech divs; CS; FA units; gp;
con; GHQ Res Arty.
Exercise 3. Find in the texts and translate the wordcombinations:
To be organized into; infrastructure to accomplish their FS and FA
missions; is based on theater requirements; with minimum friendly
casualties; to provide the personnel, equipment, and logistic support; in
contrast to heavy div artys; the type and caliber of assigned battalions can
be tailored based on mission; FA brigades may be routinely assigned any of
the four standard FA tactical missions.
5.2 US Field Artillery organization
"The best generals are those
who have served in the artillery."
Napoleon Bonaparte
The US Army Field Artillery traces its history back to the Corps of
Artillerists and Engineers, the only regular troops retained in the service of
the new United States following the revolution.
The org includes wpns, associated materiel, pers, and log spt.
The US FA is organized into btries and bns. Btries are the smallest
admin and tac units while arty bns are primarily tac units. Arty units are
also organized into div arty, corps arty, army arty, army group arty, theater
arty, and GHQ Res Arty.
The headquarters and headquarters battery (HHB) is the
organization that provides corps arty, div arty, and FA brigade commanders
the necessary C2 and sustainment infrastructure to accomplish their FS and
FA missions. The actual firepower is found in FA cannon and MLRS
battalions and supporting survey, TA, and meteorology units.
Corps artillery11
2-2. Corps arty plans, coordinates, and executes corps FA
operations and provides C2 over subordinate FA brigades. As indicated in
Figure 21, a typical corps arty consists of an HHB (Section I, Appendix
E), FA brigades, and TA assets. The number of deployed FA brigades is
based on theater requirements: normally one or two remain under corps
control to provide GS fires with others augmenting the fires of committed
subordinate divisions; two augment the fires of each committed subordinate
division.

Рекомендуется для абзацно-фразового перевода с последующим пересказом поанглийски.
11
FM 3-09.22 (FM 6-20-2) Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Corps Artillery,
Division Artillery, and Field Artillery Brigade Operations
Figure 21. Notional Corps Arty Organization.
2-3. Corps arty normally retains all ATACMS missiles and some
multiple rocket units for increased flexibility and responsiveness in support
of the corps deep battle and counterfire operations. AN/TPQ-37 radars in
the TA detachment may also be retained at corps for maximum centralized
support, mission tailored and attached to FA brigades for counterfire or
TMD operations, or attached to MLRS battalions to establish a direct
sensor-to-shooter linkage (for details on specific capabilities see FM 6-121,
Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Field Artillery Target Acquisition).
Division artillery12
General
2-4. Div arty controls the division‘s organic and attached FA units
and indirect FS operations, providing an FSE for continuous operations to
division main, tactical, and rear CPs. To win a major theater war quickly,
decisively, and with minimum friendly casualties, each division must be
supported with the fires of two fully modernized FA brigades equipped with
cannons and MLRS launchers.
2-5. The div arty HHB provides the personnel, equipment, and
logistic support for div arty CPs and division FSEs. Individual differences
among heavy, light infantry, airborne, and air assault div arty HHBs are as
indicated in Section II, Appendix E.
12
FM 3-09.22 (FM 6-20-2) Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Corps Artillery,
Division Artillery, and Field Artillery Brigade Operations
Armored and mechanized infantry division artillery13
2-6. Each armored and mechanized infantry div arty is organized
with an HHB and three 155mm SP howitzer battalions (three six-gun
howitzer batteries – one battalion in DS of each committed maneuver
brigade). In addition, a 3x6 division MLRS battalion with an organic TAB
provides fires for the division (Figure 22). One AN/TPQ-36 radar section
from the TAB is normally attached to each DS battalion supporting a
committed brigade. The remainders to include AN/TPQ-37 radars are
usually retained in GS of the division. For detailed information on TAB
operations see FM 6-121.
Figure 22. Heavy Div Arty Organization
Light division artillery14
2-7. Light infantry, air assault, and airborne infantry divisions are
designed to make optimum use of offensive, decentralized, irregular-type
operations by highly trained small units. Although their method of initial
13
FM 3-09.22 (FM 6-20-2) Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Corps Artillery,
Division Artillery, and Field Artillery Brigade Operations
14
FM 3-09.22 (FM 6-20-2) Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Corps Artillery,
Division Artillery, and Field Artillery Brigade Operations
deployment and employment requires specialized skills, the organization of
organic FA units is similar. …
2-8. In contrast to heavy div artys, light div artys are more austere
in terms of manning, equipment and logistic support. As indicated in
Section II, Appendix E, the major differences with heavy div artys in HHBs
are the absence of liaison and ambulance sections, the wire team, and
cavalry troop fire support teams (FISTs). Also, as indicated in Figure 23,
organic howitzers supporting divisional maneuver brigades are limited to
three DS 105mm towed (T) howitzer battalions. Although light infantry
divisions are supported by an organic six-gun 155mm towed howitzer
battery, airborne and air assault div artys have to depend on reinforcing
fires from supporting corps FA brigades and battalions. An additional
significant difference with heavy divisions is the absence of an organic
TAB. This limitation is partially overcome by one AN/TPQ-36 radar
organic to each DS battalion and a two-section AN/TPQ-37 corps target
acquisition detachment (CTAD) attached by corps to each committed light,
airborne, or airmobile division.
Figure 23. Light Div Arty Organization.
2-9. FA operations in nonheavy divisions may also be challenged
by a number of unique requirements and limitations. For example, in the
case of the air assault division, aviation brigades are employed in high
tempo, conventional offensive operations capitalizing on vertical
envelopment. They habitually operate beyond the range of their DS tube
artillery, unless accompanied by them. To employ FA cannon fires, FA
batteries are required to join maneuver elements in air assault operations
into or adjacent to maneuver unit landing zones. Also:
 Reinforcing SP tube and missile units cannot accompany air
assault operations.
 Air assault operations and deep aviation attacks in the deep area
consume large quantities of ammunition to suppress, neutralize, and destroy
enemy air defenses, FS, and mobile reserves.
Field artillery brigade15
2-10. The FA brigade HHB (Section III, Appendix E) provides the
C2 and CSS infrastructure to fight three to five attached FA cannon or
MLRS battalions. It is a highly flexible, intermediate C2 structure, capable
of changing task organization. Brigades are tailored prior to deployment to
meet initial theater requirements. After arrival in theater, the type and
caliber of assigned battalions can be tailored based on mission, number of
units available and corps FA support requirements, which frequently
change with the tactical situation.
2-11. An example FA brigade organization in support of a heavy
division is shown in Figure 24. Although similar in size and structure to div
artys, FA brigades have no permanent command relationship with a
maneuver HQ.
Figure 24. Notional FA Brigade Organization.
Unlike div artys, FA brigades may be routinely assigned any of the
four standard FA tactical missions (direct support, general support, general
support reinforcing, reinforcing). However, FSEs and FISTs are not organic
to FA brigades. When FA brigades or their subordinate battalions are
assigned a DS tactical mission, they have to be provided augmentation. This
augmentation may come from the supporting maneuver unit's DS battalion.
FA brigades also have to rely on corps or divisions for TA assets unless
task-organized with corps arty TA assets. They also depend on logistical
support from corps and/or divisional support elements on an area support
basis.
15
FM 3-09.22 (FM 6-20-2) Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Corps Artillery,
Division Artillery, and Field Artillery Brigade Operations
US Marine Corps artillery regiment16
2-12. Each Marine division has an organic artillery regiment. The
regiment and its subordinate elements are capable of deploying with and
supporting the ground combat element (GCE) of any size MAGTF. For
combat, the artillery regiment will have a HQ battery and five artillery
battalions (three six-gun towed 155mm howitzer batteries) to support the
GCE of a Marine expeditionary force (MEF) (Figure 25). Within the HQ
battery, the counterbattery radar platoon consists of four AN/TPQ-36 radar
sections. One radar section is normally attached to each DS battalion
supporting a committed infantry regiment. The remainder is retained in GS
of the division.
Figure 25. USMC Artillery Regiment
2-13. The regimental HQ battery has functional staff groupings to
assist the regimental commander in the control of operations, CSS, and
administrative support of the regiment (Section IV, Appendix E). The HQ
battery provides the equipment and personnel for the regiment command
echelons and the division FSCC. Personnel and sections of the HQ battery
also may be employed to reinforce an artillery battalion operating
independently of the regiment. The regimental HQ may be employed in two
echelons: a main echelon, which has the necessary staff and equipment to
direct tactical operations; and the rear echelon, which has the necessary
staff and equipment to direct sustainment operations. A forward echelon
may be formed from the staff and equipment of the main echelon to
facilitate the incremental displacement of the main echelon.
16
FM 3-09.22 (FM 6-20-2) Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Corps Artillery,
Division Artillery, and Field Artillery Brigade Operations
COCs are formed at each echelon to plan, direct, control, and
coordinate assigned functions. The regimental COC performs tactical fire
direction, targeting, and counterfire functions. The regimental commander
positions himself where he can best exercise C2 of the regiment and
function as the division artillery officer and fire support coordinator (FSC)
(USMC). The regimental CP is that echelon where the commander is
located.
Artillery battalion, battery and section
As has been said above, bn is the basic tactical unit for the arty.
Each bn contains a headquarters battery and three firing batteries. The
battery headquarters element contains communication, motor transport,
medical, liaison, and ammunition sections. The battery fire direction center
(FDC) exercises technical fire control for battery and communicates with
higher headquarters and supported unit.
The how sec consists of sec pers, a how mounted on a mtr carriage
if SP or a how and a prime mover if towed, and auxiliary equip. In 155mm
how btries organic to armd or mech divs, the how sec includes a chief of
sec (CS), a gunner, an assistant gunner, six cannoneers, numbered 1 through
6, a driver of a how mtr carriage.
The pers of 155mm how sec, towed, includes seven cannoneers.
The crew of a launcher usually includes the CS, a gunner, and
several missilemen.
The terms ―corps artillery‖ and ―army artillery‖ do not include the
organic arty of subordinate units. To refer to all arty in a corps, or in an
army, the expression ―artillery with the corps‖, or ―artillery with the army‖
is used. Army gp and Theater Arty consists only of the arty stf sees
necessary to fulfill the arty requirements of these hq. There are usually no
arty units under the con of these hq. GHQ Res Arty includes all arty which
comes under the comdr of the field forces and which is not organic part of
divs, corps, or armies.
COMMENTARY
Вероятно, вы обратили внимание, что термины assigned и
attached иногда переводятся одинаково как приданный, однако
имеется существенное различие в их значениях.
Глагол to assign означает назначать, вводить в штат,
включать в состав. Отсюда и значение assigned — приданный,
включенный в состав, назначенный (на должность, в штат).
Сочетание assigned unit означает приданное подразделение [часть] с
переподчинением
командиру,
которому
придается,
т.
е.
переподчиняется, включается в штатный состав. Глагол to attach
имеет значение придавать, временно включать в состав и,
следовательно, attached означает приданный, временно включенный в
состав, прикомандированный. Сочетание attached unit имеет значение
приданное подразделение (часть), остающееся в подчинении своего
прямого
начальника.
Значение
этих
терминов
хорошо
противопоставлено в выражении attached, unassigned —
прикомандированный без должности, приданный без включения в
штат.
Терминологическое сочетание attachments and detachments
переводится как приданные и выведенные из подчинения
подразделения и части, т. е. средства усиления и переподчинения.
Если assigned и attached несут значение действия или точнее
его совершения, то термин organic означает состояние и переводится,
следовательно, штатный, табельный, входящий в состав.
Сочетание organic unit переводится как штатное
подразделение (часть).
5.3 DUTIES OF KEY PERSONNEL17
The tactical responsibilities of the Paladin (M109A6) firing battery
key personnel are discussed in paragraphs 2-1 through 2-7.
2-1. BATTERY COMMANDER
a. Generals Duties:
The battery commander (BC) is responsible for all aspects of the
operations of the battery. He is the senior trainer and is responsible for the
professional development of the platoon leaders and fire direction officers.
The BC establishes training standards for the battery and ensures that those
standards are achieved and maintained. His specific tactical duties include
those discussed below.
b. Specific Duties:
(1) Command and control the Paladin battery and supervise the
operations of the platoons. To the maximum extent possible, maintain a
17
FM 6-70 ST 6-50-60 Coordinating draft Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for M109A6
howitzer (Paladin) operations

Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного перевода.
presence in the position area, teaching, supervising, and ensuring adherence
to established standards.
(2) Conduct general reconnaissance and select a series of firing
platoon positions.
(3) Directly coordinate with other units positioned in his assigned
battery area to provide for mutual defensive support and to resolve any land
management conflicts.
(4) Coordinate with the battalion S3 and reconnaissance and survey
officer for survey requirements including update points. (See Chapter 3.)
(5) Obtain survivability move criteria from battalion and provide to
platoon leaders. This guidance is based primarily on the anticipated level of
threat and the terrain available (factors of mission, enemy terrain, troops,
and time available (METT-T) and the unit's tactical standing operating
procedures (TSOP). (See paragraph 3-4.)
c. Vehicle Requirements.
(1) The battery commander must continue to be mobile on the
battlefield. Paladin tactics require the BC to have a combat tracked vehicle,
driver, TC, secure GPS, and 2 long range radios.
NOTE: The battalion commander requires a combat tracked vehicle
and a tactical vehicle (HMMWV).
...
2-3. PLATOON LEADER
a. General Duties:
The platoon leader (PLT LDR) is the tactical commander of the
Paladin platoon. He is responsible for all actions of the platoon to include
movement, night and degraded operations, platoon defense,
communications, training of the individual howitzer sections, and
enforcement of standards. Primarily, he remains with the platoon during
tactical operations.
The platoon leader relies heavily on the platoon sergeant to
supervise the firing element and on the gunnery sergeant to conduct
reconnaissance, selection, and occupation of the platoon position.
The platoon leader moves throughout the platoon area as his duties
require. During battle preparations or lulls in combat, the platoon leader can
go to the POC to obtain ..., issue orders, or coordinate for future operations.
During offensive operations, he must position himself where he can
effectively command and control his platoon. For example, during a
movement to contact, the platoon leader could be at a critical terrain choke
point to facilitate passage, passage points through minefields, critical check
or coordination points with maneuver, and if required position himself in a
combat vehicle during extended movements.
In the defense, he could be located in an over watch position
monitoring survivability moves; at a platoon passage point, or with the
platoon monitoring a pair of howitzers. In addition to the responsibilities of
commanding the platoon, the Platoon Leader must be prepared to assume
the duties of the platoon fire direction officer (FDO).
b. Specific Duties:
(1) Plan, coordinate, supervise, and direct Paladin platoon
operations. For example:
a. Plans and issues platoon operations orders.
b. Conducts in-depth platoon rehearsals.
c. Updates platoon on tactical situation and survivability movement
criteria.
d. Plan and supervise platoon tactical moves.
(2) Oversee the critical CSS for the platoon.
a. Tracks the ammunition status for the platoon.
с. Vehicle Requirement:
The platoon leader must have a dedicated vehicle in order to
accomplish his duties, and execute battle command of his platoon. A
combat vehicle is required for the platoon leader to include a driver, TC,
two radios, and a secure GPS.
5.4 Duties of Individuals in SP Howitzer Section
The CS, a NCO, supervises and commands his sec and is resp that
all pers of the sec perform their duties properly, that all commands are
executed, and that all safety precautions are observed. The G sets the
announced deflection and elevation, centers the cross-level and
longitudinal-level bubbles, lays for direction and elevation, and refers the
piece. The AG operates the breech and assists No.l in loading and ramming
the proj, primes the how, and fires the piece. No.l swabs the powder
chamber; assisted by the AG loads and rams the proj; and places the powder
charge in the chamber. No.2 fuzes the proj assisted by No.4, operates the
fuze setter, and sets fuzes. No.3 assisted by No.5, carries the proj to the hull

Рекомендуется для устного перевода на слух с последующим пересказом поанглийски.
door; returns loading tray to the ammo point. No.6 prepares powder
charges, assisted by the driver, and hands the prepared charge to No.l. The
driver shifts the how mtr carriage and assists in the preparation of powder
charges.
5.5 EXERCISES
Exercise 4. Translate the following questions by ear and answer
them in English:
1. What does the arty org include?
2. What is the organization of the div arty?
3. What is the difference between heavy div artys and light div
artys?
4. How many MLRS bns are there in heavy div arty?
5. What elements is the 105-mm FA how bn composed of?
6. What is the basic tactical unit for the arty?
7. What element does the how sec consist of?
8. What are the general duties of the battery commander?
9. What are the specific duties of the platoon leader?
10. What are the general duties of the how gunner?
Exercise 5. Translate the following words and word
combination:
Platoon operations center; боевые действия в сложных условиях;
deflection; загрузочный люк корпуса (башни); loading tray; армейская
артиллерия; direct support; общая огневая поддержка; combat operations
center; выделенный в подчинение; firing element; офицер пункта
управления огнѐм.
Exercise 6. Translate the following text in written form:
Как подчеркивается в иностранных военных периодических
изданиях, основным средством огневого поражения в сухопутных
войсках является полевая артиллерия вносящая наиболее весомый
вклад в огневую мощь общевойсковых формирований особенно в ходе
ведения боевых действий без применения ядерного оружия. По
мнению американских военных специалистов, полевая артиллерия,
огневые средства которой характеризуется высокой точностью
стрельбы, а также простотой конструкции и гибкостью огня, мажет
успешно решать широкий круг боевых задач как в наступлении, так и
в обороне. Она способна уничтожать или подавлять средства ядерного
нападения (means of nuc attack) противника, его бронетанковую
технику, артиллерию миномѐты, противотанковые средства, средства
ПВО и живую силу, пункты управления, органы материальнотехнического и тылового обеспечения, осуществлять постановку
дымовых завес, дистанционное минирование и освещение местности,
а также принимать активное участие в глубоком огневом поражении
противника.
Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and
translate the sentences:
The US FA is … into btries and bns. A typical corps arty consists of
an … . The div arty … provides the personnel, equipment, and logistic
support for div arty. … is the basic tactical unit for the arty. The how sec
consists of … .
Exercise 8. Make up 10 questions to each text.
Exercise 9. Explain in Russian and then in English the
difference in value of the following terms:
Truck-drawn — tractor-drawn; tube artillery — missile artillery;
launcher — launching vehicle; rocket — guided missile; corps artillery —
artillery with the corps; howitzer — mortar.
Exercise 10. Agree or disagree with the statements. Prove your
opinion:
1. The US FA is organized into btries and bns.
2. Bns are the smallest admin and tac units.
3. A typical corps arty consists of an HHB, FA bns, TA assets and
automobile bns.
4. The battery commander has only general duties, while platoon
leader has specific duties as well.
5. During offensive operations, platoon leader must position
himself near platoon‘s firing position.
6. Organic parts of a unit are those listed in its table of
organization.
Exercise 11. Act as an interpreter:
1.
Ваше воинское звание,
должность и фамилия?
2.
В
какой
части
служите?
I am btry commander, captain, Dick B.
Sallivan.
I serve in C Battery, 3rd Battalion (unit
nickname – ―Steel Professionals‖, 18th
Field Artillery Fort Silll, OK.
3.
За что Вы отвечаете, I response for all aspects of the operations
как командир батареи?
of my battery. I am senior trainer and
responsible
for
the
professional
development of the platoon leaders and fire
direction officers. More over I establish
training standards for the battery and
ensure that those standards are achieved
and maintained.
4.
А какие обязанности The platoon leader is responsible for all
возложены на командиров actions of the platoon to include
огневых взводов?
movement, night and degraded operations,
platoon defense, communications, training
of the individual howitzer sections, and
enforcement of standards. The platoon
leader moves throughout the platoon area
as his duties require. During offensive
operations, he must position himself where
he can effectively command and control his
platoon.
The platoon leader must:
1. Plan, coordinate, supervise, and
direct Paladin platoon operations;
2. Oversee the critical CSS for the
platoon
TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT OF THE US FIELD
ARTILLERY
ARTILLERY POSITIONS. FIELD ARTILLERY TEAM
CONDUCT OF FIRE
Lesson 6
Цели занятия:
1. Развитие и совершенствование умений и навыков:
- перевода на слух (текст 6.2; упражнение 4; 10);
- перевода с листа (текст 6.3; 6.4);
- письменного перевода (текст 6.4; упражнение 6);
- аудирования (текст 6.2; упражнение 4; 10);
- преодоления переводческих, грамматических и лексических
трудностей (commentary; упражнение 6; 8; 9; 10);
- переключения (упражнение 5).
2. Развитие творческого мышления(7; 8; 9).
4. Активизация эквивалентов по теме (упражнение 1; 2; 3; 5).
5. Совершенствование уровня лексической компетенции (упражнение
6.1).
6. Расширение знаний по теме (текст 6.2; 6.3; 6.4).
artillery position
gun line
laying
cover
concealment
indirect laying position
direct laying position
observer
concealed positions
unconcealed positions
balloon
open position
primary position
firing mission
alternate position
supplementary position
6.1 ACTIVE TERMS
артиллерийская
позиция;
огневая
позиция
позиция артиллерийской батареи
наводка; прокладка кабеля
укрытие от огня
обеспечение маскировки
закрытая огневая позиция
открытая огневая позиция
наблюдатель
позиция, укрытая от наблюдения
позиция, открытая для наблюдения
аэростат; воздушный шар
открытая позиция
основная позиция
огневая задача
запасная позиция
дополнительная позиция
дополнительная цель
ложная позиция
соседство; близость
светометрия, засечка орудий по
вспышкам выстрелов
sound ranging
звукометрия, засечка орудий по звукам
выстрелов
registration
пристрелка
forward observer (FO)
передовой наблюдатель
observation post (OP)
наблюдательный пост
fire direction center (FDC)
центр управления огнѐм (пуском)
laser rangefinder
лазерный дальномер
laser designator
лазерный целеуказатель
signal communication
связь сигналами
shell hole
воронка (от разрыва снаряда)
church steeple
церковная звонница
trench
окоп; траншея
danger close
безопасное удаление
fire for effect (FFE)
огонь на поражение
fire direction
управление
огнѐм;
направление
стрельбы
precise target location
точные координаты цели
protractor
угломерный круг
slide rule
счѐтная линейка
precomputed firing data
заранее вычисленные установки для
стрельбы
curvature
кривизна
Command Post Officer (CPO)
офицер командного пункта
Gun Position Officer (GPO)
старший офицер батареи
plotter
планшет; построитель траекторий;
устройство отображения обстановки
Forward Observer Officer офицер-передовой наблюдатель
(FOO)
headset radio
радиогарнитура
detachment
отряд; подразделение, выделенное из
состава своего формирования для
придания другому;
bearing
направление по буссоли (компасу)
secondary target (stgt)
dummy position
vicinity
flash ranging
adjustment fire
milliradians
hand crank
battery commander's telescope
range finder
field glasses
binoculars
azimuth
site
firing battery
sheaf
deflection difference
fuze range
quadrant
discontinuance
circumference
emplaced battery
пристрелка
тысячная
маховик; рукоятка
стереотруба
дальномер; дальномерщик
полевой бинокль
бинокль
азимут
угол места цели
огневая часть батареи; огневые взвода
батареи
ширина веера
поправка угломера
трубочная
дальность;
установка
трубки (взрывателя)
квадрант
прекращение
окружность
батарея на огневой позиции
WORD-COMBINATIONS:
to deceive the enemy as to the вводить противника в заблуждение
amount of artillery
относительно количества артиллерии
to carry out observation
вести наблюдение
to register a piece
пристреливать орудие
to place fire on the target
накрывать цель
to adjust fire on enemy
корректировать огонь по противнику
to compute firing data
вычислять установки для стрельбы
to take up a position
занять позицию
to mislead the enemy
ввести противника в заблуждение
LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS:
to register a piece from a position
effect on targets
adjustment on a point
to inclose in bracket
SLANG EQUIVALENTS TO SOME TERMS:
archer
снаряд [мина], летящий по крутой траектории
baffle painting
камуфляж
bingo
Бр. сосредоточенный огонь; разрыв вблизи цели;
bull
[бык] цель
Flashy
солдат [сержант] подразделения
светозвукометрической разведки
pillbox
закрытое огневое сооружение; бронеколпак;
железобетонный колпак (верхняя часть его без
грунтового покрытия напоминает коробочку для
пилюль какого-либо патентованного лекарства;
сейчас термин)
INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Read and translate the following words and word
combinations:
Headquarters and service battery; центр управления огнѐм
(пуском); technical fire control; возвышение; missileman; помощник
наводчика-оператора; chief of section; артиллерия резерва главного
командования; hull door; зарядный лоток.
Exercise 2. Find in the texts of this lesson, decipher and
translate the following abbreviations:
Arty psns; tgt; psn of a btry; firing msn; additional psn; en; btry
psn; FO; FDC; grd obsn; tgt; frd troops; OP; sig comm; FM; FDC; CP;
CPO; GPO; FOO; FFE; mils; btry cmdr.
Exercise 3. Find in the texts and translate the wordcombinations:
Natural protection from enemy fire; type of enemy observation; to
simulate an occupied btry psn; to mislead the en; to take up a position;
largely used for cbtry fire; precise target location; difference between target
and howitzer altitudes; orders are specified in milliradians; elevation and
bearing orders.
6.2 Artillery positions
"Renown awaits the commander
who first restores artillery
to its prime importance
on the battlefield."
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill
Arty psns are classified based on laying, concealment, and cover.
Laying
A psn from which the tgt cannot be seen and in which indirect
laying is necessary is an indirect laying position. A psn from which the tgt
can be seen through the sights is a direct laying position.
Concealment
The terms «concealed» and «unconcealed» are used to indicate
whether or not the battery may be seen by enemy observers; thus there are
concealed and unconcealed positions. When these terms are used, the type
of enemy observation (ground, balloon, or aircraft) should be indicated.
Cover
Cover refers to artificiel or natural protection from enemy fire.
A psn affording neither cover nor concealment other than
camouflage is termed an open position.
Tactical classification is as follows:
1. A primary position is the main psn of a btry from which it
executes its firing msns.
2. An alternate position is an additional psn prepared by a btry from
which it may execute its prescribed msns.
When the situation permits, one of more alternate positions are
prepared and kept concealed in order that the btry whose psn has been
located by the en, may avoid the effect of hostile fire on that psn by moving,
generally under cover of darkness, to an alternate psn.
3. A supplementary position is used for firing on secondary targets
which cannot be reached from the primary or alternate psns.
4. A dummy position is one prepared to simulate an occupied btry psn
in order to deceive the en either as to the amount of arty present or as to the
psn of the btry firing from the vicinity of the dummy psn. When the situation

Рекомендуется для абзацно-фразового перевода на слух.
permits, a piece may be registered from the dummy psn in order to mislead
the en who will perform flash or sound ranging of the piece on the dummy
psn. Results of the registration may be referred to the primary psn by
survey.
An arty unit is ―in position‖ when the pieces are in position and
ready to fire and the necessary systems of obsn and comm have been
established.
COMMENTARY
1. Термин position имеет следующие основные значения:
— позиция (в широком смысле этого слова);
— положение (например, положение цели в воздухе или в
море, положение работающей радиостанции);
— положение для стрельбы (например, в сочетаниях prone,
kneeling, standing position);
— огневая позиция (например, в сочетаниях concealed position,
primary position).
Производные термины fire position, firing position — полные
синонимы термина position в значении огневая позиция. Artillery position
это тоже огневая позиция, однако занимаемая лишь артиллерией.
2. Обратите внимание на значения терминов camouflage,
cover, concealment, которые могут вызывать трудности при переводе.
Глагол to camouflage означает маскировать при помощи
маскировочного имущества и материалов (также подручных) путем
изменения внешнего вида предметов и местности с целью введения
противника в заблуждение. Поэтому термин camouflage имеет
широкое значение маскировка, а также маскировочное имущество и
материалы.
Глагол to cover означает покрывать, прикрывать,
перекрывать. Термин cover означает не любое укрытие, а укрытие от
огня противника (любое, естественное или искусственное). Например,
overhead cover укрытие от навесного огня. Сравните: cover plan план
обеспечения скрытности действий и camouflage plan project план
проведения маскировочных работ.
Термин concealment означает укрытие от наблюдения
противника, маскировка. Поэтому выражение to provide cover and
concealment означает обеспечивать укрытие от огня и наблюдения
противника.
На различие значений существительных concealment и
camouflage указывает и сопоставление глаголов to conceal и to
camouflage. Если первый обозначает маскировать (ся), применяясь к
местности, используя природные маски, то второй глагол, значит
маскировать, используя технические и подручные средства.
6.3 Field artillery team
Modern field artillery has three distinct parts (see Figure 26): the
forward observer (or FO), the fire direction center (FDC) and the actual
guns themselves. On the battlefield, there will be combinations of all of the
following elements.
Figure
26. Artillery Call for Fire Process.
Forward Observer (FO)
Because artillery is an indirect fire18 weapon, the forward
observer must take up a position where he can observe the target using tools

Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода.
such as binoculars and laser rangefinders and designators and call back fire
missions on his radio. This position can be anywhere from a few thousand
meters to 20-30 km distant from the guns.
Artillery observation may be carried out from the ground or from
the air. Grd obsn is most suitable for firing on tgts immediately in front of frd
troops, and OPs are selected, whenever possible, so that they may give an
extensive and clear view of the zone and maintenance of sig comm, afford
cover and concealment, and be as near to the front and the line of fire as
practicable.
Tree tops, shell holes, ruins, steel towers, church steeples, and front
line trenches may be used on occasion as OPs.
Obsn from aircraft is largely used for cbtry fire, for fire on distant
tgts and generally for dealing with tgts which cannot be seen from the
ground.
Using a standardized format, the FO sends either an exact target
location or the position relative to his own location or a common map point,
a brief target description, a recommended ammunition to use, and any
special instructions such as "danger close" (the warning that friendly troops
are within 600 meters of the target, requiring extra precision from the guns).
Once firing begins, if the rounds are not accurate the FO will issue
instructions to adjust fire and then call "fire for effect".
The FO does not talk to the guns directly - he deals solely with the
FDC.
The US Army Field Manual describing the duties and
responsibilities is FM 6-30, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for
Observed Fire.
Fire Direction Center (FDC)
Typically, there is one FDC for a battery of six guns, in a light
division. In a typical heavy division configuration, there exist two FDC
elements capable of operating two four gun sections. The FDC computes
firing data, fire direction for the guns. The process consists of determining
the precise target location based on the observer's location if needed, then
computing range and direction to the target from the guns‘ location. These
data can be computed manually, using special protractors and slide rules
with precomputed firing data. Corrections can be added for conditions such
18
Indirect fire means aiming and firing a gun without relying on a direct line of sight
between the gun and its target, as in the case of direct fire.
as a difference between target and howitzer altitudes, propellant
temperature, atmospheric conditions, and even the curvature and rotation of
the Earth. In most cases, some corrections are omitted, sacrificing accuracy
for speed. In recent decades, FDCs have become computerized, allowing
for much faster and more accurate computation of firing data.
Command Post (CP)
In most artillery batteries the CP controls the firing of the guns. It is
usually located at the battery centre so as to be able to communicate easily
with the guns. The CP should be well camouflaged, but the CPO
(Command Post Officer) should be able to see all the guns with ease. Gun
markers are sometimes placed in front of the CP to remind the CPO which
gun is in which position. The CPO is assisted by two assistants, who
operate the fire data computers. The GPO (Gun Position Officer) and CPO
work at the plotter to ensure that the data calculated by the assistants is
accurate and safe. The CP signaller is contact with the OP, or Observation
Post, where the FOO, or Forward Observer Officer, works with the OP
team to identify targets and call-back fire data. In recent years, headset
radios have become common for communication between the CPO and gun
detachment commanders.
Guns
The final piece of the puzzle is the "gun line" itself. The FDC will
transmit a warning order to the guns, followed by orders specifying the type
of ammunition and fuze setting, bearing, elevation, and the method of
adjustment or orders for fire for effect (FFE). Elevation (vertical direction)
and bearing orders are specified in milliradians or mils. The crews load the
howitzers and traverse and elevate the tube to the required point, using
either hand cranks (usually on towed guns) or hydraulics.
6.4 Conduct of fire19
Conduct of fire is the technique of placing arty fire on the selected
tgt. It is performed by means of fire-control instruments which enable the
btry cmdr to make necessary calculations.
When the fire on the tgt can be observed, arty fire usually consiste of
adjustment fire and fire for effect. The object of adjustment is to determine, from
19
Спажев Ю.А., Филиппов А.А. Курс военного перевода. Английский язык. Часть I. –
М.: Военное издательство МО СССР, 1963. – 506 с.

Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного перевода
the observed positions of the bursts and the tgt, the firing data to begin fire
for effect.
Usually adjustment is executed by bracketing method intended to
inclose the tgt in a suitable bracket.
The most important fire-control instruments used in the FA are the
aiming circle, battery commander's telescope, range finder, and field glasses
(binoculars).
The aiming circle is an instrument for use in measuring angles in
azimuth and site, and for simple survey work. The battery commander's
telescope is a binocular, observing instrument for adjusting fire, but is also
used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles in the calculation of firing
data. The field glass is used in that way as well. The range finder is
designed to determine ranges.
All necessary calculations being made, the btry cmdr gives words
of fire command to the firing battery.
The prescribed sequence of f i r e commande is: 1) special methods
of adjustment and particular missions; 2) direction; 3) sheaf; 4) deflection
difference; 5) site; 6) projectile; 7) charge; 8) fuze; 9) fuze range or time;
10) pieces to fire; 11) method of fire; 12) use or discontinuance of use of
quadrant; 13) range or elevation.
The unit of range used in arty is the yard. The unit of angular
measure is the mil equal to 1/6,400 part of the circumference of a circle.
Practically a mil is the angle subtended by one yard at a distance of 1,000
yards.
Fuze in commands is denoted as quick or delay. The pieces to fire
are assigned by saying «number one» or «battery».
COMMENTARY
Единицей измерения углов, принятой в артиллерии большинства армий мира, и в частности в армии США, является тысячная,
равная 1/6400 части окружности (artillery mil). Следует иметь в виду,
что тысячная, принятая в артиллерии Российской армии, отличается по
своей абсолютной величине и равна 1/6000 части окружности.
Поэтому при переводе команд или артиллерийских документов и
наставлений это обстоятельство должно быть обязательно оговорено.
Кроме артиллерийской тысячной в армии США используется
еще так называемая пехотная тысячная (infantry mil), несколько
большая по своей абсолютной величине, чем артиллерийская
тысячная. 100 артиллерийских тысячных равны 98,2 пехотной
тысячной или 5,6°; 100 пехотных тысячных равны 101,8 артиллерийской
тысячной.
В практической работе переводчик может столкнуться со
случаями, когда разницей между абсолютными величинами, выраженными в артиллерийских и пехотных тысячных можно пренебречь,
и когда в переводе необходимо сохранить математическую точность
оригинала. В последнем случае ему придется либо пересчитать
величины в принятых в Российской армии единицах, либо оговорить, в
каких единицах даны величины в переводе, сохранив цифры
оригинала.
6.5 EXERCISES
Exercise 4. Translate the following questions by ear and answer
them in English:
1. How are arty positions classified?
2. What is ‗indirect laying position‘?
3. What is ‗direct laying position‘?
4. What is the designation of alternate position?
5. What is a dummy position used for?
6. In what cases the supplementary position is used?
7. What missions on the battle field are carried out by the
observer?
8. What is the main mission of the FDC?
9. What officials are on the CP?
10. What is the prescribed sequence of fire commands ?
Exercise 5. Translate the following words and word
combination by ear:
Огонь на поражение; fire direction; угломерный круг; slide rule;
планшет; headset radio; пристрелка; emplaced battery; бинокль; Gun
Position Officer; передовой наблюдатель; observation post; засечка
орудий по вспышкам выстрелов; dummy position; дополнительная цель;
supplementary position; основная позиция; unconcealed positions;
открытая огневая позиция; laying; позиция артиллерийской батареи;
artillery position.
Exercise 6. Translate the following text in written form:
Боевой порядок дивизиона20
Боевой порядок (battle formation) артиллерийского дивизиона
составляют штатные и приданные силы и средства, развѐрнутые (to
deploy) в соответствии с решением командира для выполнения
поставленных задач.
Боевой порядок дивизиона состоит из боевых порядков
батарей, приданных подразделений артиллерийской разведки,
командно-наблюдательного пункта (command-and-observation post), а
при необходимости и наблюдательных пунктов (передового и
бокового) и пункта управления огнѐм.
Боевой порядок дивизиона должен обеспечивать наиболее
эффективное и надѐжное выполнение поставленных огневых задач,
полное использование боевых возможностей подразделений,
поддержание непрерывного взаимодействия (coordination) с
общевойсковыми
подразделениями,
устойчивое
управление
подразделениями, возможность быстрого манѐвра в ходе боя, а также
наименьшую уязвимость подразделений от ударов всех видов оружия.
Районы огневых позиций по своему предназначению могут
быть основными, запасными и временными.
Основной район огневых позиций назначают для выполнения
огневых задач во всех видах боя. Его удаление от передовых
подразделений (tentacle) (переднего края обороны) (main fighting line)
наших частей зависит от принадлежности дивизиона, дальнобойности
артиллерийских систем, характера местности и других условий
обстановки.
Запасной район огневых позиций назначают обычно в обороне
для манѐвра дивизиона и выполнения огневых задач при
преднамеренном или вынужденном оставлении основного района
огневых позиций.
Временный район огневых позиций может назначаться для
выполнения отдельных огневых задач.
Огневая позиция – участок местности, занятый или
подготовленный к занятию огневыми взводами батареи (взводом,
орудием) для ведения огня.
20
Г.Е. Передельский. Артиллерийский дивизион в бою. – Москва: Воениздат, 1984.
Огневая позиция батареи включает места для орудий и
боеприпасов, для машины старшего офицера батареи, укрытий (cover
position) для личного состава, окопов (entrenchment) для самообороны,
наблюдательного поста, тягачей и машин с боеприпасами, а для
батареи реактивной артиллерии, кроме того, места для пункта
заряжания (loading depot) и метеорологического поста (weather station).
Боевой порядок подразделений оптической разведки включает
в себя наблюдательные пункты, пункты обработки и места
расположения автотранспорта. С наблюдательных пунктов ведется
наблюдение за полем боя (battle area) и производится засечка
ориентиров (landmark), реперов и целей. На пункте обработки
определяются координаты точек (point location), засеченных с
наблюдательных пунктов.
Боевой порядок подразделений звуковой разведки состоит из
звуковых постов, центрального пункта, одного—двух постов
предупреждения и метеорологического поста. Звуковые посты
располагаются на удалении 1,5—4 км от переднего края своих войск,
на расстоянии 1 — 1,5 км один от другого. Пост предупреждения
располагается впереди звуковых постов. На центральном пункте
находится регистрирующий прибор, пункт обработки и узел связи.
Метеопост производит свои работы поблизости от центрального
пункта.
Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and
translate the sentences:
The terms «concealed» and «unconcealed» are ... to indicate whether
or not the battery may be ... by enemy observers. A primary position ... the
main psn of a btry from which it ... its firing msns. When the situation
permits, a piece may be ... from the dummy psn. The forward observer must
… a position where he can observe the target. Artillery observation may be
... from the ground or from the air. Once firing begins, if the rounds are not
accurate the FO will issue instructions to … fire and then … "fire for
effect". The main missions of the FDC are … . In most artillery batteries the
… controls the firing of the guns. ). Elevation and bearing orders are
specified in … .
Exercise 8. Make up 10 questions to each text.
Exercise 9. Agree or disagree with the statements. Prove your
opinion:
1. A psn from which the tgt can be seen through the sights is a
indirect laying position.
2. The term «concealed position» is used to indicate that the battery
may be seen by enemy observers.
3. An arty unit is ―in position‖ when the pieces are in position but
not yet ready to fire.
4. Modern field artillery has four distinct parts: the forward
observer, the communication center, the fire direction center,
and the actual guns themselves.
5. The FO talks to the guns directly in order to mislead the enemy.
6. The CP is usually located far from the battery to avoid
destruction by en fire.
7. The btry cmdr makes necessary calculations by means of
pencil, paper and calculator.
Exercise 10. Translate orally at hearing:
1. What fire-control instruments are
1. Well, the most important
used by FA battery commander in are the aiming circle, battery
making necessary calculations for commander's
telescope,
field
conduct of fire?
glasses, range finder, and some
others.
2. What is the aiming circle used
2. The aiming circle is used
for?
for simple survey work and for
measuring angles in azimuth and
site.
3. Is the battery commander's
3. No, not exactly. It is used
telescope also used for this purpose? for measuring horizontal and
vertical angles in the calculation of
firing data and also for adjusting
fire.
4. Field glass, I understand, is used
4. Well, the range finder is
for the same purpose. And the range designed to determine ranges.
finder?
TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT OF US FIELD ARTILLERY
APPLICATION OF FIRE. TARGET DAMAGE CRITERIA
Lesson 7
Цели занятия:
1. Развитие и совершенствование умений и навыков:
- перевода на слух (упражнение 3; 4);
- перевода с листа (текст 7.2);
- письменного перевода (текст 7.4; упражнение 6; 10);
- аудирования (текст 7.3; упражнение 4; 6);
- преодоления переводческих, грамматических и лексических
трудностей (commentary; упражнение 5; 6; 8; 10);
- переключения (упражнение 4).
2. Развитие творческого мышления (3; 7; 8; 9).
3. Активизация эквивалентов по теме (упражнение 1; 2; 4).
4. Совершенствование уровня лексической компетенции (упражнение
7.1).
5. Расширение знаний по теме (текст 7.2; 7.3; 7.4).
application of fire
opportunity target
prearranged target
on-call target
scheduled target
fire plan
observed fire
unobserved fire
effect sought
destruction fire
neutralization fire
barrage
standing barrage
rolling barrage
ACTIVE TERMS
ведение огня
внеплановая
(неплановая)
цель;
выгодная цель
плановая цель
плановая цель, поражаемая по вызову
плановая цель
порядок огневого поражения; таблица
стрельбы; система огня
огонь
по
наблюдаемой
цели;
корректируемый огонь
огонь по ненаблюдаемой цели
желаемый результат
огонь на разрушение
огонь на подавление
заградительный огонь; огневой вал
неподвижный заградительный огонь
огневой
вал;
подвижный
заградительный огонь
successive concentrations
box barrage
predicted fire
target acquisition system
counterbattery fire
neutralization
annihilation
C2 (command and control)
counterpreparation fire
imminence
covering fire
defensive fire
final protective fire
harassing fire
interdiction fire
preparation fire
deep supporting fire
close supporting fire
direct supporting fire
destruction fire
grazing fire
cone of fire
concentrated fire
registration fire
fire for effect
adjusting point
platoon strongpoint
последовательное
сосредоточение
огня
окаймляющий заградительный огонь
стрельба по исчисленным данным;
стрельба
с
предварительной
подготовкой данных
система обнаружения целей
огонь на подавление артиллерии
противника
подавление
уничтожение
командование и управление
артиллерийская
контрподготовка;
ответный огонь на артподготовку
противника
неизбежность; неминуемость
огневая
поддержка;
огневое
прикрытие
заградительный огонь
сплошной заградительный огнь (перед
передним краем)
беспокоящий
огонь;
огонь
на
изнурение
огонь на воспрещение
артиллерийская подготовка; огневая
подготовка атаки
огневая поддержка на большую
глубину
непосредственная огневая поддержка
непосредственная огневая поддержка
огонь на разрушение
настильный огонь
сноп огня
сосредоточенный огонь
пристрелка
стрельба на поражение
репер
взводный опорный пункт
nuclear artillery asset
demolition
ACR
(armored
regiment)
artillery control line
силы и средства ядерной артиллерии
разрушение; уничтожение
cavalry разведывательный полк
рубеж безопасного удаления от огня
своей артиллерии
WORD-COMBINATIONS:
to impede enemy movement
затруднять продвижение противнику
to hinder enemy forces' затруднять
продвижение
войск
movement
противника
on call
по вызову
to be engaged in the attack
вести наступательный бой
to break up hostile attack расстраивать
боевые
порядки
formations
наступающих войск
to give words of command
подавать команды
to disorganize the enemy дезорганизовывать
управление
command system
войсками противника
to keep the enemy troops держать
войска
противника
в
alerted unnecessarily
постоянном напряжении
LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS:
fire on targets of opportunity
to deliver fire on signal (call)
to secure domination over the hostile artillery
to interfere with the enemy preparation
batteries in position
to place fire on a target
to measure angles in azimuth and site
SLANG EQUIVALENTS TO SOME TERMS:
[dope – секретная информация; секретные сведения]
установки для стрельбы
to button up
подавлять (огневую точку)
to make a попадать, поражать
bird
firing dope
Exercise 1. Read and translate the following words and word
combinations:
Deflection difference; угол места цели; milliradians; пристрелка;
headset radio; старший офицер батареи; Command Post Officer; огонь на
поражение; danger close; лазерный целеуказатель; laser rangefinder;
наблюдательный пост; flash ranging; дополнительная цель; alternate
position; огневая задача; primary position; позиция, открытая для
наблюдения; direct laying position; артиллерийская позиция; gun line.
Exercise 2. Find in the texts and translate the wordcombinations:
Opportunity target; prearranged targets; target acquisition system;
fire may take the form of; prearranged barrier of fire; to achieve fire
superiority; the imminence of the enemy attack; to impede enemy
movement; random intervals; to put psychological pressure on enemy; to
weaken the enemy position; to shift fire from one target, to another; nuclear
artillery assets; to make material objects unfit for further use.
7.2 Application of fire
There are several dimensions to this subject. The first is the notion
that fire may be against an opportunity target or may be prearranged. If it is
the latter it may be either on-call or scheduled. Prearranged targets may be
part of a fire plan. Fire may be either observed or unobserved, if the former
it may be adjusted, if the latter then it has to be predicted. Observation of
adjusted fire may be directly by a forward observer or indirectly via some
other target acquisition system.
Tactically arty fire is classified as to effect sought, form,
prearrangement, and tactical purpose.
Based on effect sought arty fires are classified as destruction fire
and neutralization fire. Arty fire may take the form of concentrations (fire
from a number of weapons, directed at a single point or small area) or
barrages (a prearranged barrier of fire, except that delivered by small arms,
designed to protect friendly troops and installations by impending en
movements across defensive lines or areas).
A concentration is a volume of fire placed on an area within a
limited time. Sometimes successive concentrations are employed. Barrages
may be standing, rolling or box.

Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного абзацно-фразового перевода.
NATO also recognizes several different types of fire support for
tactical purposes:
 Counterbattery fire: accomplishes the neutralization or
annihilation of enemy artillery batteries. Combat with enemy artillery is one
of the artillery's most important missions. It enables ground forces to
achieve fire superiority on the battlefield. Combat with enemy artillery
requires more than counterbattery fire. It requires the destruction of C2
centers as well as artillery. It also requires the cooperation of other ground
combat arms and aviation.
 Counterpreparation fire: intensive prearranged fire delivered
when the imminence of the enemy attack is discovered.
 Covering fire: used to protect troops when they are within range
of enemy small arms.
 Defensive fire: delivered by supporting units to assist and
protect a unit engaged in a defensive action.
 Final Protective Fire: an immediately available prearranged
barrier of fire designed to impede enemy movement across defensive lines
or areas.
 Harassing fire: a random number of shells are fired at random
intervals, without any pattern to it that the enemy can predict. This process
is designed to hinder enemy forces' movement. The goal of this fire is to put
psychological pressure on enemy personnel in concentrated defensive areas,
command posts, and rear installations. Successful harassment fire inhibits
maneuver, lowers morale, interrupts rest, and weakens enemy combat
readiness.
 Interdiction fire: placed on an area or point to prevent the
enemy from using the area or point.
 Preparation fire: delivered before an attack to weaken the
enemy position.
These purposes have existed for most of the 20th century. Broadly
they can be defined as either:
 Deep supporting fire: directed at objectives not in the
immediate vicinity of own force, for neutralizing or destroying enemy
reserves and weapons, and interfering with enemy command, supply,
communications and observation.
 Close supporting fire: placed on enemy troops, weapons or
positions which, because of their proximity present the most immediate and
serious threat to the supported unit.
 Direct supporting fire: Fire delivered in support of part of a
force, as opposed to general supporting fire which is delivered in support of
the force as a whole.
 Destruction fire: Fire delivered for the sole purpose of
destroying material objects.
 Grazing fire: Fire approximately parallel to the ground where
the center of the cone of fire does not rise above one meter from the ground.
 Registration fire: fire delivered to obtain accurate data for
subsequent effective engagement of targets.
 Fire for effect: fire which is delivered after the mean point of
impact or burst is within the desired distance of the tgt or adjusting point.
Maneuver by Fire occurs when a unit shifts fire from one
target, or group of targets, to another without changing firing positions.
This is a combined arms concept in which the artillery plays a critical role.
Maneuver by fire masses fires on the most important enemy installations or
force groupings. Its intention is to destroy them in a short period of time or
to redistribute fires to destroy several targets simultaneously. Another
purpose may be to shift the main combat effort from one axis to another.
7.3 Target damage criteria
Target damage is the effect of fires on a given military target. It
results in total, partial, or temporary loss of the target's combat
effectiveness. The categories of target damage are annihilation, demolition,
neutralization, and harassment.
 Annihilation fires make unobserved targets combat-ineffective,
needing major construction to be usable. For a point target such as an
ATGM launcher, the opposing force must expend enough rounds to ensure
a 70 to 90 percent probability of kill. For area targets such as platoon
strongpoints or nuclear artillery assets, they must fire enough rounds to
destroy from 50 to 60 percent of the targets within the group.
 Demolition refers to the destruction of buildings and engineer
works (bridges, fortifications, roads). Demolition requires enough rounds to
make such material objects unfit for further use. It is a subset of
annihilation.
 Neutralization fire inflicts enough losses on a target. Cause it to
temporarily lose its combat effectiveness; restrict or prohibit its maneuver;

Рекомендуется для письменного перевода на слух.
disrupt its C2 capability. To achieve neutralization, artillery must deliver
enough rounds to destroy 30 percent of a group of unobserved targets.
7.4 Standard tactical missions21
…
 Direct Support.
 DS is the most decentralized tactical mission. An FA unit in DS
of a maneuver unit is concerned mainly with the FS needs of only that unit.
The DS commander is the FSCOORD for the supported maneuver unit. He
plans fires to support the maneuver commander‘s intent and positions his
unit where it can best support the scheme of maneuver. To enhance
coordination and training, FA units should habitually support the same
maneuver force.
 Example: FA brigades may be placed DS to a division and/or
maneuver brigade, task force, or ACR. This could occur in the area of the
enemy‘s main effort; to strengthen a defensive sector; in support of river
crossing operations; when the division operates across an extended
frontage; or when a maneuver brigade is leading a division exploitation,
pursuit, or deep attack.
 Reinforcing.
 R tactical missions require FA units to augment the fires of
another FA unit. When a DS FA battalion requires more fires to meet
maneuver force requirements, another FA battalion or an FA brigade may
be assigned this tactical mission.
 Example: An FA brigade reinforcing another FA unit provides
responsive fires to the reinforced unit while the HQ assigning the tactical
mission retains C2.
 General Support Reinforcing. The HQ assigning GSR tactical
missions retains control over GSR units and has first call on supporting
fires. Subordinate FA units receive augmentation fires in second priority.
The GSR tactical mission gives the force commander additional flexibility
to respond to varying tactical situations.
 General Support.
21
FM 3-09.22 (FM 6-20-2) Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Corps Artillery,
Division Artillery, and Field Artillery Brigade Operations.

Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного перевода.
 GS tactical missions are the most centralized of the standard
tactical missions. An FA unit with a GS tactical mission supports the force
as a whole and remains under the control of its parent force artillery HQ. Its
fires are immediately responsive to the needs of the force commander.
 Example: An FA brigade with only missile battalions or rocket
and missile battalions may be assigned this tactical mission in support of
corps deep operations.
7.5 EXERCISES
Exercise 3. Translate the following questions by ear and answer
them in English:
1. What is a tactical classification of arty fire?
2. What are the types of arty barrages?
3. How are arty fires classified based on tactical purpose?
4. What is the purpose of harassing fire?
5. What are the categories of target damage?
6. What are the four standard tactical missions?
Exercise 4. Translate the following words and word
combination by ear:
Репер; concentrated fire; стрельба на поражение; platoon
strongpoint; разрушение; direct supporting fire; огневая поддержка на
большую глубину; preparation fire; огонь на воспрещение; covering fire;
подавление; target acquisition system; уничтожение; counterpreparation
fire; силы и средства ядерной артиллерии; artillery control line.
Exercise 5. Translate the following text in written form:
Взаимодействие артиллерийских подразделений с
мотострелковыми и танковыми подразделениями
Взаимодействие
артиллерийских
подразделений
с
общевойсковыми частями (подразделениями) заключается в
согласовании огня и маневра артиллерийских подразделений с
действиями общевойсковых частей (подразделений) по задачам,
направлениям, рубежам (baseline) и времени. Для достижения этого
взаимодействия
артиллерийские
подразделения
придаются
общевойсковым частям и подразделениям или назначаются для их
поддержки.
Приданные артиллерийские подразделения поступают в
полное подчинение командира общевойсковой части (подразделения)
и выполняют поставленные им задачи.
При необходимости они могут привлекаться к выполнению
задач по решению старшего артиллерийского командира (начальника).
Поддерживающие артиллерийские подразделения, оставаясь в
подчинении старшего артиллерийского командира (начальника)
выполняют также огневые задачи, поставленные им командиром
поддерживаемой общевойсковой части (подразделения).
Мотострелковому (танковому) батальону могут придаваться
артиллерийский
дивизион
или
батарея,
подразделение
противотанковых средств.
Мотострелковой роте могут придаваться минометная
(артиллерийская) батарея, противотанковое подразделение.
Батальон (роту) в бою, кроме того, может поддерживать
артиллерийский дивизион (батарея).
Exercise 6. Translate the following text in written form:
Вызов и перенос огня
Одним из важнейших условий успешного управления
артиллерийскими подразделениями в бою является своевременное и
точное целеуказание (target assignment).
От общевойскового командира требуется безукоризненное
знание способов и приемов целеуказаний, умения в сложной боевой
обстановке умело выбрать и применить наиболее приемлемый в
данный момент способ целеуказания, чтобы принимающий
целеуказаие смог быстро и правильно отыскать нужную цель.
Рассматриваемые ниже способы целеуказания отработаны на
практике и получили широкое применение в различных видах боя
(type of combat). Способы передачи целеуказаний командиром
общевойскового
подразделения
командиру
артиллерийского
подразделения могут быть следующие:
 от ориентиров (местных предметов);
 наведением прибора в цель;
 трассами пуль (снарядов) (tracer streak);
 по карте (прямоугольными координатами, методом
целеуказания по координатной сетке с условными линиями (gridded
thrust line method)).
В некоторых случаях могут применяться и другие способы,
напримep, полярными координатами (polar coordinate).
Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and
translate the sentences:
Based on effect sought arty fires are … as destruction fire and
neutralization fire. NATO recognizes several different types of fire … for
tactical purposes. Field artillery possesses varying capabilities largely
dependent … caliber, range, and ammunitions. Limited self-defense
capability … ground and air attack. The goal of harassing fire … to put
psychological pressure on enemy personnel. To prevent the enemy … using
the area or point.
Exercise 8. Make up 10 questions to each text.
Exercise 9. Agree or disagree with the statements. Prove your
opinion:
1. Interdiction fire: delivered before an attack to weaken the enemy
position.
2. Direct supporting fire: Fire delivered in support of part of a
force, as opposed to general supporting fire which is delivered in support of
the force as a whole.
3. FA brigades may be placed DS to a Corps.
4. An FA unit with a GS tactical mission supports the force as a
whole and operates under the control of additional artillery HQ.
5. Maneuver by Fire occurs when a unit shifts fire from one target,
or group of targets, to another with changing firing positions.
Exercise 10. Translate the following text in written form:
Field artillery22
Field artillery possesses varying capabilities largely dependent upon
caliber, range, and ammunitions.
Artillery has the following capabilities:
22
FM 17-95 CAVALRY OPERATIONS Chapter 9 COMBINED ARMS INTEGRATION
 Provide fire support under all weather conditions and types of
terrain.
 Shift and mass fires rapidly without the requirement to displace.
 Support the battle in depth with long-range fires.
 Deliver high-angle fires over terrain not covered with flat-
trajectory direct fire.
 Provide a variety of conventional shell and fuze combinations.
 Deliver chemical and nuclear fires.
 Provide continuous support by careful displacement.
 Be as mobile as the supported unit.
Artillery has the following limitations:
 Limited capability against moving vehicle targets.
 Limited self-defense capability against ground and air attack.
 Limited ability to destroy point targets (Copperhead is an
exception).
 Vulnerability to detection by enemy target acquisition systems.
 Low rate of sustained fire.
Annexes A
Abbreviations
"
AA
acft
ACR
ADA
admin
AG
ammo
APAM bomblet
APCBC
APDS
APFSDS
armd
Army TACMS
arty
atk
bn
btries
C2
cal
cbt
cbtry
COC
comdr
comm
comp
con
coord
CP
CPO
CS
CSS
CTAD
div
inch
anti-aircraft
aircraft
armored cavalry regiment
air defense artillery
administration
assistant gunner
ammunition
anti-Personnel, Anti-Materiel bomblet
armor-piercing capped, ballistic cap
armor-piercing discarding sabot
armor-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot
armored
Army Tactical Missile System
artillery
attack
battalion
batteries
command and control
caliber
combat
counterbattery
combat operations center
commander
communication
component
control
coordination
Command Post
Command Post Officer
chief of section
combat service support
corps target acquisition detachment
division
DS
DU
elm
en
equip
FA
FDC
FFE
FIST
fld
FM
FMTV
FO
FOO
FS
FSCC
FSCOORD
FSE
G
gal
GCE
GHQ Res Arty
GM
gp
GPO
GPS
GS
HE
HEAT
HEP
HESH
HHB
HMMV
how
HQ
hq
hq and svc btry
HVAP
direct support
Depleted uranium
element
enemy
equipment
field artillery
fire direction center
fire for effect
fire support team
field
Field Manual
Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles
forward observer
Forward Observer Officer
fire support
fire support coordination center
fire support coordinator
fire support element
gunner
gallon
ground combat element
General Headquarters Reserve Artillery
guided missile
group
Gun Position Officer
Global Positioning System
general support
high explosive
High explosive anti-tank
high explosive penetrating
high explosive squash head
Headquarters and Headquarters Battery
High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle
howitzer
headquarters
headquarters
headquarters and service battery
High Velocity Armor Piercing
ICBM
in
IRBM
JTF
lb
lchr
log
MAGTF
MBC
mblty
mech
MEF
MET
MFCS
mil
min
MLRS
MPH
mph
MRBM
msl
msn
mtr
mvmt
NCO
nuc
obsn
OP
org
PADS
pers
POC
proj
psn
RAP
res
resp
rkt
intercontinental ballistic missiles
inch
intermediate-range ballistic missile
joint task force
pound
launcher
logistic
Marine air-ground task force
mortar ballistic computer
mobility
mechanized
Marine expeditionary force
meteorological data
Mortar Fire Control System
milliradian
minute
Multiple Launch Rocket System
miles per hour
miles per hour
medium-range ballistic missile
missile
mission
motor
movement
noncommissioned officer
nuclear
observation
observation post
organization
position and azimuth determining system
personnel
platoon operations center
projectile
position
rocket assisted projectiles
reserve
responsible
rocket
SA
sec
SLBM
SP
spt
SRBM
stf
stgt
sys
TA
TAB
tac
TC
tgt
TLE
TMD
traj
UK
US
USMC
veh
w
WHA
wpns
small arm
section
Submarin-launched ballistic missile
self-propelled
support
short-range ballistic missile
staff
secondary target
system
target acquisition
target acquisition battery
tactical
tactical coordinator
target
target location error
theatre missile defense
trajectory
United Kingdom
United States
United States Marine Corps
vehicle
with
tungsten heavy alloy
weapons
Annexes B
The table of a parity of basic Anglo-American units of measurements
and metric measures
Меры массы (веса)
1 тонна длинная, американская (long ton) = 1016,047 кг
1 тонна короткая, американская (short ton) = 907,185 кг
1 фунт (pound, lb) = 453,593 г
1 унция (ounce,оz) = 28,349 г
Меры объема
1 куб. фут (cubic foot) = 0,028 м3
1 куб. дюйм (cubic inch) = 16,387 см3
Меры вместимости
1 пинта (US pint) = 0,473 л
1 галлон (US gallon) = 3,785 л
1бушель (US bushel)=35,236 л
Меры длины
1 миля морская (nautical mile) =1853,2 м
1 миля сухопутная (statute mile) =1609,2 м
1 ярд (yard) = 0,914 м
1 фут (foot) = 0,305 м
1 дюйм (inch) = 2,54 см
Меры площади
1 английская квадратная миля (square mile)= 2,589 км2
1 акр (acre)
= 0,405 га
1 кв.фут (square foot) = 0,093 м2
1 кв. дюйм (square inch) = 6, 452 см2
Таблица пересчета калибров
.30 in = 7,62 мм
.303 in = 7,69 мм
.45 in = 11,43 мм
.50 in = 12,7 мм
2.36 in = 60,0 мм
3.5 in = 88,9 мм
4.2 in = 106, 7 мм
8 in = 203,2 мм
Bibliography
1. Громов А.В. и др. Вооружение и техника: Справочник – М:
Воениздат, 1982.
2. Нелюбин Л.Л. и др. Учебник военного перевода.
Английский язык.– М: Воениздат, 1981.
3. Передельский Г.Е. Артиллерийский дивизион в бою. –
Москва: Воениздат, 1984
4. Спажев Ю.А., Филиппов А.А. Курс военного перевода.
Английский язык. Часть I. – М.: Военное издательство МО СССР,
1963. – 506 с.
5. Степанов С.А. и др. Практический курс военного перевода
второго иностранного языка. Английский язык: Учебник /– М: Изд-во
ВУ, 2008. – 200 с.
6. FM 17-95 Cavalry operations.
7. FM 3-09.22 (FM 6-20-2) Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures
for Corps Artillery, Division Artillery, and Field Artillery Brigade
Operations.
8. FM 6-70 ST 6-50-60 Coordinating draft Tactics, Techniques,
and Procedures for M109A6 howitzer (Paladin) operations.
9. www.fas.org - The Internet site of the Federation of American
Scientists.
10. www.inetres.com
11. www.lenta.ru
Content
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
The educational module # 1. US Field artillery.
Characteristics and classification
Lesson # 1. US Field artillery. Characteristics and
classification
Active terms and word-combinations
US Field artillery. Characteristics and classification
Exercises
The educational module # 2. US artillery materiel
Lesson # 2. US artillery materiel. Cannon
Active terms and word-combinations
US artillery materiel. Artillery Weapons System. Cannon.
Construction
The M119A1 105mm Lightweight Towed Howitzer
The M198 Towered Howitzer
The M777A2 Lightweight 155mm Howitzer (LW155)
The M109A6 SP Howitzer Paladin
The M110 SP Howitzer
The M548A3 Cargo Carrier
The M992 FAASV Field Artillery Ammunition Supply
Vehicle
The M1064A3 Mortar Carrier
Exercises
Lesson # 3. US artillery materiel. Missile
Active terms and word-combinations
US artillery materiel. Missiles
The M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System
Exercises
Lesson # 4. US artillery materiel. Artillery materiel
Active terms and word-combinations
Classification of ammunition
Shell. Construction
The MLRS M26 basic tactical rocket
The M39 Army Tactical Missile System (Army TACMS)
Exercises
3
4
4
8
13
18
20
20
25
28
29
30
31
34
35
37
38
40
45
45
48
51
53
57
57
62
67
72
73
75
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
6
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
The educational module # 3. US field artillery organization.
Tactical employment of US field organization
Lesson # 5. US field artillery. US field artillery organization.
Active terms and word-combinations
US field artillery organization
Duties of key personnel
Duties of Individuals in SP Howitzer Section
Exercises
Lesson # 6. Tactical employment of the US field artillery.
Artillery positions. Field artillery team. Conduct of fire
Artillery positions
Field artillery team
Conduct of fire
Exercises
Lesson # 7. Tactical employment of the US field artillery.
Application of fire. Target damage criteria
Active terms and word-combinations
Application of fire
Target damage criteria
Standard tactical missions
Exercises
Annexes A. Abbreviations
Annexes B. The table of a parity of basic Anglo-American
units of measurements and metric measures
Bibliography
81
82
82
86
93
95
96
99
103
105
107
109
113
113
116
118
119
120
124
128
129
Туркот Юрий Валентинович
The US artillery.
Выпуск 1.
Практический курс военного перевода. Английский язык. (Первый
иностранный язык).
Учебное пособие.
Ответственный за выпуск: Туркот Ю.В.
Подписано к печати _____________
Бумага офсетная. Печать ризография.
Формат 60х84 1/16
Усл. п. л. – 8,2 Уч.- изд. л. – 8,3
Заказ №
Тираж 50 экз.
Типография Издательско-полиграфического комплекса
Южного федерального университета
ГСП 17А, Таганрог, 28, Энгельса, 1