Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department
A FEASIBILITY STUDY OF USING CARROT (Daucus carota) TOPS
AND PEELS AND RICE (Oryza sativa L.) STRAW AS A FEEDSTOCK
FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION WITH YEAST
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
—------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Research Paper
Presented to the
Faculty of the Senior High School – Main Campus
Liceo de Cagayan University
Cagayan de Oro City
—------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Senior High School Department
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
—-----------------------------------------------------------------------------CAJIGAS, MARCO GINO G.
FAJARDO, JOVAN B.
JADMAN, JIM BRYAN V.
LADRA, YUAN ASHLLEY A.
LAO, JENNY VICTORIA Y.
LIM, LOUIZA BEATRICE
MAGHANOY, STEFFANY L.
SATO, MANZ JAKOB ORVILLE A.
SUMPINGAN, ALMIRAH J.
WAGA, HARRIS B.
June 2023
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Liceo de Cagayan University
Senior High School – Main Campus
RNP BLVD., Kauswagan Road, Cagayan de Oro City
CERTIFICATE OF RESEARCH APPROVAL
The thesis hereto, entitled “A FEASIBILITY STUDY OF USING CARROT
(Daucus carota) TOPS AND PEELS AND RICE (Oryza sativa L.) STRAW AS
A FEEDSTOCK FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION WITH YEAST
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)," prepared and submitted by FAJARDO, JOVAN;
CAJIGAS, MARCO GINO; JADMAN, JIM BRYAN; LADRA, YUAN ASHLLEY;
LAO, JENY VICTORIA; LIM, LOUIZA BEATRICE; MAGHANOY, STEFFANY;
SATO, MANZ JAKOB ORVILLE; SUMPINGAN, ALMIRAH; WAGA, HARRIS;
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the program SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
ENGINEERING and MATHEMATICS hereby recommended for approval.
RACHEL M. TACUBAO
Research Adviser
Date
This research paper is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
program SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING and MATHEMATICS.
JAS FELICISIMO A. CANE, MSciEd
STEM Research Facilitator
DENNIS P. PAIGALAN, MAEd
Research Coordinator
Date
Date
NAIHMA MAE E. CASICAS, RN, LPT
Grade 12 STEM Chairperson
JECILLE B. TADENA, LPT
Academic Chairperson
Date
Date
MELODY V. SUNOGAN, MAEd
Principal
Date
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ABSTRACT
This study explores the potential of using carrot tops and peels with rice
straw as feedstock for bioethanol production. Bioethanol is considered a cleaner and
safer alternative to fossil fuels, which have negative impacts on society. The
researchers aimed to assess the purity of the produced bioethanol by monitoring its
boiling point and evaluate its feasibility as a fuel source based on its flammability.
To produce bioethanol, the researchers developed several procedures, including
pretreatment, hydrolysis, an 8-day fermentation, and distillation. Although the
researchers were able to produce bioethanol, the presence of rice straw and other
impurities resulted in impure bioethanol. The study concludes that these feedstocks
have the potential to produce bioethanol, but proper equipment and methods are
necessary to achieve pure bioethanol.
Keywords: bioethanol, fossil fuels, carrot tops and peels, rice straw, yeast
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DEDICATION
The researchers express their heartfelt gratitude to all the dedicated mentors,
supporters, and researchers who worked tirelessly to make this research possible.
They acknowledge that their passion and commitment enabled them to explore new
frontiers of knowledge and understanding, and they could not have accomplished it
without them.
Furthermore, the researchers extend their appreciation to the families of
those involved in the research. They recognize that the love and support of their
parents and families have been instrumental in helping them achieve their goals and
pursue their passions. The researchers acknowledge their encouragement and
sacrifices, which have not gone unnoticed, and they are forever grateful.
Lastly, the researchers express their gratitude towards the people who have
given them strength and wisdom, especially the God Almighty. They believe that
God has always been by their side throughout their research journey, providing
ideas, knowledge, faith, and protection when they faced difficult times. All these
they offer to God Almighty, as they feel His presence guiding and supporting them
to succeed effectively in their research.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Before anything else, the researchers express their gratitude to God
Almighty for his protection and blessings bestowed upon them during the time and
process of their research.
To their adviser, Ms. Rachel Tacubao, they would like to express their deep,
sincere gratitude and appreciation for her guidance and patience throughout the
whole research process. She has been such a great help, and not only did she provide
guidance, but also encouragement, which lifted the researcher's spirits. They would
also like to extend this gratitude and appreciation to Mrs. Rhazel Tagaro, for
granting them permission to use the laboratory distillation equipment and also
guiding them throughout the whole distillation process.
To their parents, who always provided moral and financial support, and were
always understanding during the late nights and the meticulous research process,
they would also like to express their sincere gratitude. Furthermore, the researchers
would also like to thank their friends and classmates for the support and
encouragement during their research process. The completion of this project
wouldn't have happened without these people, and once again, the researchers
sincerely thank all of them for their continuous love and support.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET
ABSTRACT
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF APPENDICES
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
viii
ix
CHAPTER
1
2
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study
1
1.2
Statement of the Problem
1
1.3
Objectives of the Study
2
1.4
Hypothesis
2
1.5
Significance of the Study
2
1.6
Scope and Delimitations of the Study
3
1.7
Conceptual Framework
4
1.8
Definition of Terms
4
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
2.1
3
Literature Review
2.1.1
Bioethanol
6
2.1.2
Carrots for Bioethanol
9
2.1.3
Rice Straw for Bioethanol
10
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Research Design
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3.2
Research Setting
15
3.3
Research Materials and Equipment
15
3.4
3.5
3.6
Research Procedure
Data Gathering Procedure
Data Analysis
16
18
19
4
5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Determining the purity of the produced bioethanol by
monitoring the boiling point:
21
4.2 Determining the feasibility of producing bioethanol for use
as a fuel source based on its flammability:
22
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1
Summary of Findings
24
5.2
Conclusions
24
5.3
Recommendations
25
REFERENCES
26
APPENDICES
32
CURRICULUM VITAE
35
CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTIC AUTHORSHIP
45
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viii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
1.1 Schematic Conceptual Framework of the Study
PAGES
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ix
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDICE
PAGE
Documentation
32
Permission Letter
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
The use of fossil fuels as the main source of energy has negative
impacts on the environment and human health, leading to health problems,
economic losses, and social effects (Martins et al., 2019). Air pollution from fossil
fuels such as coal, oil, and gas is causing premature deaths and incurring economic
losses in the Philippines (Greenpeace Philippines, 2020). The increasing demand
for biofuels and the need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels have led to a growing
interest in finding new and sustainable feedstocks for bioethanol production. One
promising area of research is the use of agricultural waste due to its abundance,
which makes it suitable as a feedstock for bioethanol production (Galbe et al.,
2011).
Bioethanol is a liquid product resulting from the fermentation of
carbohydrates and sugars, offering benefits like renewability, environmental
friendliness, and economic viability. Bioethanol is a biofuel produced from the
fermentation of crops such as corn, sugarcane, and other grains (Galbe et al., 2011).
It can be used as a clean-burning, renewable alternative to fossil fuels in vehicles,
power plants, and other applications. Bioethanol is a low-emission fuel that reduces
dependence on non-renewable resources and can help mitigate the effects of climate
change (Khanna et al., 2011). However, with increasing demand for biofuels and
the need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, there is a growing interest in finding
new and sustainable feedstocks for bioethanol production.
Carrot tops and peels are a by-product of the carrot processing industry and
are also considered a waste stream. Rice straw, on the other hand, a by-product of
rice cultivation, is one of the most abundant agricultural wastes in many countries,
especially in Asia. These materials have the potential to be used as a feedstock for
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bioethanol production, and their suitability for this purpose has been fully evaluated.
These studies have shown that rice straw and carrot tops and peels have high levels
of cellulose, which is one of the main components of bioethanol production..
All in all, this study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using carrot tops
and peels and rice straw as feedstock for bioethanol production.
1.2. Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to determine the feasibility of using Carrot (Daucus
carota) tops and peels and rice straw (Oryza Sativa L.) as feedstock for bioethanol
production with yeast (2.5g, 3.5g and 4.5g).
At the end of the paper, the researchers aimed to address these following problems
through their research and provide answers to them:
1. What is the boiling point of the bioethanol to determine its purity during the
distillation process?
2. What is the feasibility of producing bioethanol for use as a fuel source based
on its flammability?
1.3. Objectives of the Study
This study aimed to determine the feasibility of using carrot (Daucus carota)
tops and peels and rice straw (Oryza Sativa L.) as feedstock for bioethanol
production with yeast (2.5g, 3.5g and 4.5g). It includes the following:
1. to determine the purity of the produced bioethanol by monitoring the boiling
point and;
2. to determine the feasibility of producing bioethanol for use as a fuel source
based on its flammability.
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1.4. Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis (Ho): Carrot tops and peels and Rice straw as feedstock with
yeast (2.5g, 3.5g and 4.5g) cannot be converted into bioethanol.
1.5. Significance of the Study
The goal of this study is to innovate raw materials and reduce the
consumption of fossil fuels, thereby alleviating global warming. By investigating
methods of producing bioethanol from biomass or waste, the researchers aimed to
minimize crude oil consumption and environmental degradation. The beneficiaries
of this feasibility study on using carrot tops and peels as a feedstock for bioethanol
production include:
Community: Using agricultural waste such as carrot tops and peels and rice straw
as feedstock for bioethanol production may lead to the creation of jobs and the
development of new business opportunities in the agricultural and biofuels sectors,
which can help to support local communities and rural development. Additionally,
it can help the environment by lowering greenhouse gas emissions brought on by
the burning of fossil fuels.
Business industry: Bioethanol production from rice straw and carrot tops and peels
can provide a new source of revenue for farmers and the agricultural industry. It can
also provide a cost-effective alternative to traditional bioethanol feedstocks, such
as corn, which can help reduce the cost of biofuels.
Energy security: Bioethanol production from rice straw and carrot tops and peels
can help reduce dependence on fossil fuels, and increase energy security.
Entrepreneurs: This research may provide valuable information for entrepreneurs
interested in developing new business opportunities in the biofuel industry, such as
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the production and distribution of bioethanol from rice straw and carrot tops and
peels.
Vehicle drivers: Results of this research may contribute to the development of
biofuels, which can be used as a more environmentally friendly and sustainable
alternative to traditional fossil fuels, which can benefit vehicle drivers in terms of
reduced emissions and cost.
Future researchers: This study will provide a foundation of valuable knowledge
and information for future research in the area of bioethanol production from
agricultural waste, which can help to advance the field and contribute to the
development of new technologies and processes.
1.6. Scope and Delimitation
The study focused on the feasibility of using carrot tops and peels and rice
straw as feedstock for bioethanol production. These are the following processes that
were used in the study: pretreatment, fermentation, hydrolysis, and distillation. The
research instruments used in the study were limited to pH strips, laboratory
distillation equipment, top loading balance, digital thermometer, pressure cooker,
oven, sieve, blender, flask, containers, H SO (3%) and NaOH (5%) which are
2
4
alternatives available to students. The methods of testing conducted were bioethanol
Flame Test and Boiling Point Determination. The study was limited to a small
amount of bioethanol produced to determine its viability and took weeks to
complete. The study only used laboratory distillation equipments and did not use
any advanced machines. The researchers modified the study by Aznury, M., &
Zikri, A. The focus is on the suitability of these materials as feedstocks and the
results of the study only reflects the viability of bioethanol produced.
.
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5
5
1.7. Conceptual Framework
INPUT
Rice
PROCESS
(Oryza
Amount
of
Sativa
L.)
Yeast
Straw
and
3.5g and 4.5g
(2.5g,
OUTPUT
Feasibility of
Producing
Bioethanol
Carrot
Figure 1. Schematic Conceptual Framework of the Study
1.8. Operational Definition of Terms
•
Rice straw: The dry stalks of the rice plant, Oryza sativa L., after the grains
have been harvested.
•
Feedstock: The raw materials used for bioethanol production, in this case,
rice straw and carrot tops and peels.
•
Bioethanol: A type of biofuel produced through the fermentation of sugars,
in this case, from rice straw and carrot tops and peels.
•
Yeast: Refers to the microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is
used as a catalyst in the bioethanol production process from rice straw and
carrot tops and peels. The yeast helped convert the carbohydrates in the
feedstock into ethanol through the process of fermentation.
•
Hydrolysis: A chemical process that involves the breaking down of a
compound using water. In this study, the term refers to the process of
breaking down the carrot tops and peels into simpler sugars (such as
glucose) for use in bioethanol production.
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•
Pretreatment Process: It is a chemical treatment that is applied before use
in order to make a process or stage more effective. In this study, it was
needed to ensure the success of the ethanol production by breaking down
the starch and cellulose content of the carrot tops and peels.
•
Fermentation Process: It is a chemical process in which sugars or glucose
are broken down. In this study, it was needed to ensure the production of
ethanol
•
Distillation Process: It is the act of separating the contents of a mixture.
By applying heat, the contents of a mixture are vaporized and immediately
cooled in a condenser with cold water. In this study, it was needed to
separate the ethanol from the mixture.
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This review of related literature aimed to establish and support the
researchers’ findings, find out why this research is significant, and further justify
the need to investigate this study. With this review of related literature, the research
topic is hereby supported with visible evidence.
2.1. Bioethanol
Lignocellulosic biomass is the source for biofuel production, specifically
bioethanol. The process of converting lignocellulosic biomass into bioethanol
involves
pretreatment,
saccharification,
fermentation,
and
distillation.
Lignocellulosic biomass is considered the most economical source of biofuels. The
use of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass could provide a renewable and ecofriendly alternative to non-renewable fossil fuels (Fatma et al., 2018)..
Bioethanol production from agricultural waste biomass is a renewable
bioenergy resource that has high potential as a fuel source for steam and electricity,
transportation, and medicinal manufacturing industries. The demand for biomassderived ethanol could be significant if it becomes the preferred oxygenate.
However, the efficiency of converting solar energy into automotive power is
relatively low. This study by Hossain et al., (n.d.) discussed the biomass preparation
and fermentation techniques for bioethanol production using yeast (e.g.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and reviewed results from different agricultural waste
biomass such as algae, fruit, fish, and chicken. The study found that fruit (pineapple)
biomass was higher and easier to extract than algae and fish biomass.
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According to a study by Morales and Moroca (2014), they concluded that
the production of lignocellulosic bioethanol is significantly better for the
environment in comparison to using fossil fuels and first generation bioethanol by
analyzing the updated information in regards to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
of lignocellulosic bioethanol production and its environmental benefits and impacts.
This study, along with numerous others, also shows that the production of
lignocellulosic bioethanol is energetically sustainable which helps maintain a
positive energy balance and also causes lower impacts on the environment. In fact,
it is proven that agricultural waste and residues, as well as, greenhouse gas
emissions and the depletion of the ozone layer, are significantly reduced due to the
use of lignocellulosic bioethanol compared to when other sources of fuel are used.
The potential for using organic waste as a source of lignocellulosic feedstock
for the production of ethanol has thus far shown promising results. They have
created and tested an enzyme-based process for converting biomass into ethanol
that uses organic waste products like crop residues as an alternative source of
cellulosic material feedstock. They claim that although there have been notable
improvements in lignocellulosic material extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis,
more research is still needed to create large-scale enzyme-based biomass-to-ethanol
conversion processes that are both technically and financially feasible. Based on the
study, the production of bioethanol can help establish a sustainable solid waste
management plan and lead to the creation of a cutting-edge waste management
strategy that turns agricultural waste into a renewable resource for bioethanol
production. The development of this waste management strategy would also benefit
from the use of enzyme recycling and simultaneous saccharification and
fermentation to integrate the ethanol production process (Champagne, P. 2008).
According to a study, bioethanol, or biologically derived ethanol, is considered
to be either partially or entirely a replacement for petroleum-derived fuel. There are
a lot of studies they've conducted to develop a new and efficient technology for
cellulosic biofuel, specifically ethanol, coming from renewable sources in different
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ways. The current technologies for producing ethanol from diverse carbohydrate
sources are thoroughly reviewed from an industrial perspective in the study. The
process was based on the importance of bioethanol in today's world, its long-term
prospects, and lastly, the developments in present production systems. Furthermore,
it examines the various methods that were used for the processing of a variety of
biological substrates, including examples of feedstock preparation, the release of
fermentable sugars from biomass (particularly starchy and non starchy materials),
suitable microbial species for industrial ethanol fermentation, and the modes of
operation of fermentation reactors. (S. Sharma et al., 2022)
The use of a homemade gasometer made from plastic bottles and tubing to
measure carbon dioxide production during yeast fermentation. The gasometer is an
inexpensive tool that can provide quantitative data and can be used to demonstrate
various phenomena and factors that affect yeast fermentation. The device can be
used in science laboratories at different educational levels, and advanced students
can use it to calculate kinetic parameters (Weinberg, 2018).
Aznury et al. (2022) investigated bioethanol production from empty fruit
bunches (EFB) using hydrolysis and fermentation. The EFB was hydrolyzed using
sulfuric acid as a catalyst, with different sulfuric acid concentrations (0.1%, 0.2%,
and 0.3%) and hydrolysis times (60 and 120 minutes) tested. The obtained
hydrolysate was then fermented using yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at different
fermentation times and temperatures. Gas chromatography (GC) was used to
analyze the resulting bioethanol. The study discovered that 0.2% sulfuric acid
concentration and 72 hours of fermentation time produced the highest bioethanol
yield. The bioethanol yield increased with fermentation time until a certain point,
after which it began to decrease. The ideal fermentation temperature was discovered
to be 30°C. The bioethanol produced had a purity of 98.68% according to the GC
analysis. These techniques can be applied to the development of experimental
procedures for producing bioethanol from other feedstocks. Hydrolysis is a vital
process in the production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials because it
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10
converts complex carbohydrates in the feedstock into simple sugars that yeast can
ferment to produce ethanol. The use of sulfuric acid as a catalyst is a common
method for hydrolysis, but the optimal conditions depend on the feedstock.
Similarly, fermentation time and temperature can have an impact on bioethanol
yield, so these parameters should be optimized for each feedstock. Researchers may
enhance their outcomes by adapting the procedures used by Aznury et al. (2022).
2.2. Carrots for Bioethanol
According to Li et al. (2007), carrot peelings contain 39.49% of cellulose,
thus it is considered as high for bioethanol production. Ekin Demiray (2016)
examines the potential of using carrot pomace as a feedstock for bioethanol
production. The study suggests that the lignocellulosic substances found in
agricultural wastes, such as carrot pomace, are a promising source of bioethanol
because they are cost-effective, renewable, abundant, and do not have primary value
for food and feed. The study optimized several important parameters for bioethanol
production such as pretreatment procedures (CaO and activated charcoal
treatments), nitrogen sources ((NH ) SO , soy wheat, cheese whey), and pomace
4 2
4
loading amount (15-120 g/L) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis
fermentation. The study found that the highest bioethanol production was achieved
when saccharification and fermentation conditions were optimized to increase
monosaccharide yield and fermentation of both six-carbon and five-carbon
monosaccharides. The study found that the bioethanol production was 1.9 -fold
higher for S. cerevisiae and 4.6 -fold higher for P. stipitis when (NH ) SO was added
4 2
4
in addition to the trace nitrogen substances, vitamins, and minerals present in carrot
pomace. The highest bioethanol production values were obtained at 6.91 and 2.66
g/L in the presence of 120 g/L pomace loading, 1 g/L (NH ) SO at the end of 72
4 2
4
hours incubation time at pH 6 by S. cerevisiae and P. stipitis, respectively.
Large quantities of vegetable waste from the food industry and agriculture
sectors make a significant contribution to society. Additionally, it may cause
environmental contamination, which has urged individuals to seek for green effects.
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Primary and secondary metabolites, including carbohydrates, protein, flavonoids,
and carotenoids, make up the byproducts of vegetable waste. Vegetable byproducts
that have been valued through various procedures can be used to produce
nutraceuticals, food ingredients, functional foods, food additives, cosmetic items,
and can also help to reduce environmental contamination (Annegowda et al., 2021).
Mushimiyimana et al. (2021) examine the potential of using agro-wastes
such as carrot peel, onion peel, potato peel, and sugar beet peel as feedstock for
bioethanol production in Rwanda. The study used cellulase produced from various
filamentous fungi, including Cladosporium cladosporioides for hydrolysis, and the
fermentation of the hydrolyzed samples was done using Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The fermented product was purified by a primary distillation process at 79°C and
the fraction was collected. The ethanol was then determined by a specific
dichromate method and gas chromatography. The study found that the
instantaneous saccharification and fermentation process yielded the maximum
ethanol in the substrate of carrot peel at 16.9% on the 21st day, which was further
confirmed by gas chromatography, and the yield of ethanol obtained was 15.8%.
According to Khoshkho et al. (2022), they examine the potential of using
dried carrot pulp as a feedstock for bioethanol production using the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and beet molasses. The study was conducted by
inoculating the dried carrot pulp at 28 °C for 72 hours. The study found that the
highest amount of alcohol (10.3 ml (40.63 g/l)) was obtained in a sample containing
50 ml of inoculum, 150 ml of water, and 10 g of dried waste. The study concludes
that this research has proved the potential of dried carrot pulp to be converted into
a value-added product such as ethanol.
2.3. Rice Straw for Bioethanol
Gou et al., (2018) discuss the use of rice straw as a source of renewable
energy and materials. Rice straw is composed of approximately 35% cellulose, 18%
hemicellulose, and 15% lignin and is one of the most consumed cereals in the world.
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The article highlights the potential for using rice straw as a raw material for
conversion to high-value-added products through chemical, biochemical, and
physical processes.
Rice straw is a byproduct of rice production and is typically burned or
discarded, leading to environmental issues such as air pollution and waste
management problems. However, rice straw has the potential to be a valuable
resource. It is rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, which can be converted into
biofuels and other bioproducts through the process of bioconversion (Gou et al.,
2018).
According to the study by Kunimitsu and Ueda (2013), the feasibility of
using rice straw as a feedstock for bioethanol production in Vietnam is evaluated
by conducting economic and environmental evaluations. The study found that
bioethanol production can reduce annual gasoline consumption by more than 20%,
and plant construction costs account for 8-22% of total investment in Vietnam.
However, the study found that under the current technology, both economic and
environmental net benefits are negative. But with innovative technology, both
benefits become positive. The study suggests that further technological
development is necessary to make rice straw bioethanol production economically
viable.
According to the study by Kumari & Singh (2022), the research aims to
develop a green pretreatment method that utilizes the highly alkaline by-product,
petha wastewater (PWW) to pretreat the lignocellulosic waste rice straw (RS) for
economically viable bioethanol production. The study found that the PWW
pretreatment yielded five times more reducing sugar than native RS with 10.12%
increment in cellulose content. SEM and EDX studies further revealed that the
process enhanced surface roughness and carbon content along with a reduction in
silica content. XRD and FTIR analyses indicate a decrease in the crystallinity index
(CI) and alteration in the lignocellulosic structure of the RS. The study concludes
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that PWW is a better substitute of an alkali for the pretreatment of rice straw with
negligible environmental impacts. Binod et al. (2010) discusses the potential of
using rice straw as a feedstock for bioethanol production due to its abundance and
high cellulose and hemicellulose content. However, the study notes that there are
several challenges and limitations to the process, including the high ash and silica
content in rice straw, which makes it an inferior feedstock. The study highlights that
the choice of an appropriate pretreatment technique plays an important role in
increasing the efficiency of enzymatic saccharification and making the process
economically viable. The article provides an overview of the available technologies
for bioethanol production using rice straw and suggests that further research is
needed to overcome the challenges and limitations to make this process more
efficient and cost-effective.
The concept of producing bioethanol from rice straw (Oryza sativa L.) has
created a significant potential as a raw material for its production. The procedures
used included popping pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. Prior
to subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, the popping pretreatment of
rice straw enhanced the effectiveness of cellulose conversion to glucose. They
discovered that using rice straw pretreatment and the optimal enzyme condition can
produce a much higher and better sugar recovery than if the straw had not been
pretreated. The researchers' findings imply that popping pretreatments resulted in
beneficial modifications to the substrate, and they can therefore come to the
conclusion that they can successfully enhance downstream fermentation and
saccharification, which are crucial for the production of bioethanol (Wi et al., 2013).
Binod et al. (2010) discuss the potential of using rice straw as a feedstock
for bioethanol production due to its abundance and high cellulose and hemicellulose
content. However, the study notes that there are several challenges and limitations
to the process, including the high ash and silica content in rice straw, which makes
it an inferior feedstock. The study highlights that the choice of an appropriate
pretreatment technique plays an important role in increasing the efficiency of
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enzymatic saccharification and making the process economically viable. The article
provides an overview of the available technologies for bioethanol production using
rice straw and suggests that further research is needed to overcome the challenges
and limitations to make this process more efficient and cost-effective.
Based on the review of related literature, it has been found that both rice
straw and carrot tops and peels have potential as feedstocks for bioethanol
production. The use of organic waste as a source of lignocellulosic feedstock for
bioethanol production has been found to be promising, with enzyme-based
processes for converting biomass into ethanol using these waste products. The study
on carrot tops and peels found that they contain lignocellulosic substances that are
important in bioethanol production and have been shown to be cost-effective,
renewable, and abundant.
Overall, the review of related literature supports the idea that rice straw and
carrot tops and peels have the potential to be used as feedstocks for bioethanol
production.
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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the research design, research setting, research
materials and equipment, the research procedure, and the data gathering procedure.
3.1. Research Design
In this study, the researchers used experimental research. It aimed to
determine the feasibility of using carrot (Daucus carota) tops and peels and rice
straw (Oryza Sativa L.) as feedstock for bioethanol production with yeast (2.5g,
3.5g and 4.5g).
3.2 Research Setting
The rice straw (Oryza sativa L.) was collected from a rice farm located in
Villanueva, Misamis Oriental. The carrot (Daucus carota) tops and peels were
sourced from the public market by the researchers. The feedstocks underwent
physical treatment, including cutting, at the researcher's home and were transported
to Lim's residence, which is the main site for the bioethanol fermentation process.
The bioethanol was then distilled in the laboratory at Liceo de Cagayan University,
situated on Rodolfo N. Pelaez Blvd. in Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro. The
researchers then executed the methods of testing, which were the flame test and
boiling point determination, right after distilling the samples in the laboratory.
3.3 Research Materials and Equipment
Pre-Treatment Process:
Feedstock: Carrots tops and peels and rice straw
Blender
Scissors
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Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department
Oven
NaOH (5%)
pH Strips
Container
Top loading balance
Hydrolysis:
H2SO4 (5%)
Pressure Cooker
pH Strips
Digital ThermometerContainer
Fermentation Process:
Plastic Tube
Plastic Bottle
Yeast
Distillation Process:
Distillation Equipment
Hot Plate
Plasti Bottles
Distillation Equipment
Beaker
Watch glass
3.4 Research Procedure
The researchers collected the essential materials of the study, such as carrot
(Daucus carota) tops and peels and rice straw (Oryza sativa L.) to study their
feasibility as feedstock for bioethanol production with yeast (2.5g, 3.5g, 4.5g). The
researchers have five samples in total, with the first sample, which only used carrot
tops and peels, the second sample, which combined both feedstocks, and the 3
samples, consisting of both feedstocks with varying amounts of yeast. Overall, the
study determined the feasibility of using these agricultural wastes with the help of
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Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department
yeast. The procedure was carried out according to the method of Aznury, M., &
Zikri, A., 2022, with slight modifications.
3.4.1. Pretreatment Process
The pretreatment required rice straw (Oryza sativa L.) and carrot (Daucus
carota) tops and peels, which are the feedstock needed for the study. Pretreatment
is a crucial step in the biofuel production process as it breaks down the
lignocellulosic feedstocks into simple sugars that can be fermented into bioethanol
(Chen & Davaritouchaee, 2023). This study used two types of pretreatment
processes which were physical and chemical pretreatment.
3.4.1.1 Physical Pretreatment
Cutting
Step 1. The carrot tops and peels and rice straw were cleaned to remove any dirt or
impurities that might interfere with the bioethanol production process. Step 2.
The carrot (Daucus carota) tops and peels and rice straw (Oryza sativa L.) were
cut into smaller pieces and blended until they became ground powder using a
blender. This increased the surface area for hydrolysis.
Drying
Step 1. The feedstocks were put on the ground in the sun until it dried. Step 2.
After that, the pretreated feedstocks were put in the oven to remove the moisture
and reduce the water content.
3.4.1.2 Chemical Pretreatment
Step 1. The samples were put in different 500 ml flasks and added 150 ml of 5%
NaOH. Step 2. The samples were placed inside a pressure cooker and heated at
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100°C for 10 min. The digital thermometer was used to measure the temperature of
the feedstock. Step 3. The samples were cooled at room temperature.
3.4.2 Hydrolysis Process
Step 1. 5 solutions with a volume of 120 ml 5% of H SO were made and placed in
2
4
the container. Step 2. The pretreatment results were placed in different flasks, and
then mixed with the previously prepared sulfuric acid solution. Step 3. The
mixtures were heated to 80 °C for 5 minutes using a hot plate. Once the cellulose
substrate was hydrolyzed, it was cooled. Step 4. A filter paper was used to separate
the hydrolysate from the solid residual.
3.4.3. Fermentation Process
Step 1. The temperature and pH of the hydrolysis solution was adjusted to 30 °C
and a pH range of 4 to 5. Step 2. 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 grams of yeast were added to the
hydrolysis solutions in the plastic bottles with a plastic tube to initiate fermentation.
Step 3. Fermented the samples in 8 days.
3.4.4 Distillation Process
Step 1. Fermented products are distilled at their boiling point.
3.5. Data Gathering Procedure
In this section, the researchers discuss the procedures for gathering the data
for the study.
3.5.1 Method of Testing
This served as a specification that answers the objectives of the study.
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Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department
3.5.1.1 Boiling Point Determination
This test is used to measure the temperature at which the fermented
feedstock turns into vapor. The process typically involves heating the liquid in a
container until it reaches its boiling point and then measuring the temperature at
which the liquid changes into a vapor. The result of this test can provide information
about the properties of the liquid, such as its purity.
3.5.1.2 Flame Test
A flame test is a simple test that is used to detect the presence of impurities,
such as methanol or other potentially harmful compounds, in bioethanol. It involves
igniting a small sample of the bioethanol and observing the color of the flame. To
conduct the test, a small amount of the bioethanol from the samples is poured into
a watch glass. A lighter is then used to ignite the sample, and the color of the flame
is observed.
3.6 Data Analysis
For Boiling Point Determination, bioethanol, which is a type of alcohol, has
a boiling point of 78.4 °C at standard pressure (1 atmosphere or 101.3 kPa) as stated
in the research by Ademiluyi and Mepba (2013). This means that when heated to
78.4 degrees Celsius, bioethanol will start to evaporate and turn into a gas.
However, the boiling point of bioethanol may vary slightly depending on factors
such as the purity of the bioethanol and the presence of impurities or other
substances. In this study, the researchers determined if the boiling point of
bioethanol produced from the chosen feedstocks (carrot tops and peels, and rice
straw) is the same as the boiling point of pure bioethanol. By determining the
boiling point of the bioethanol produced from the chosen feedstocks, the researchers
were able to assess the purity of the bioethanol and evaluate the efficiency of the
bioethanol production process.
The color of the flame in a bioethanol flame test can give an indication of
the purity of the bioethanol sample. According to the reports of Log & Moi, (2018),
Blue: indicates a clean, pure bioethanol sample. Orange or yellow: indicates the
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presence of impurities, such as water or other alcohols. Red: indicates the presence
of methanol, which is highly toxic and can be dangerous. In general, a blue flame
is the standard for determining whether bioethanol is pure enough to use as a fuel
source.
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Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department
21
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter focuses on the methods and procedures used to test the
bioethanol produced from carrot tops and peels, as well as rice straw, using different
concentrations of yeast. Two main methods were utilized to determine the quality
and characteristics of the bioethanol: flame test and boiling point determination.
These methods are commonly used to assess the purity of bioethanol and ensure
that it meets the necessary standards for use as a fuel source. This chapter presents
the documentation and interpretation of the results obtained from the flame test and
boiling point determination methods.
4.1. Determining the purity of the produced bioethanol by monitoring the
boiling point:
Sample #
Boiling Point
1. Carrot tops and peels
81 °C
2. Carrot tops and peels and Rice straw
78 °C
3. Carrot tops and peels and Rice straw with 2.5 g of Yeast
84 °C
4. Carrot tops and peels and Rice straw with 3.5 g of Yeast
78 °C
5. Carrot tops and peels and Rice straw with 4.5 g of Yeast
78 °C
Based on the data gathered from boiling point determination, it was found
that only sample 2 (Carrot tops and Peels and rice straw), sample 4 (Carrot tops and
Peels and rice straw with 3.5 yeast) and sample 5 (Carrot tops and Peels and
ricestraw with 4.5 yeast) have a boiling point of 78°C, which is the standard boiling
point of ethanol. However, sample 1 (Carrot tops and Peels) had a boiling point of
Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department
22
82°C, while sample 3 (Carrot tops and Peels and rice straw with 2.5 yeast) had a
boiling point of 85°C.
One possible explanation for these varying results could be the inconsistent
amount of bioethanol produced before the distillation process. This may have been
caused by the researchers' lack of equipment during the chemical pretreatment and
hydrolysis process, which requires the samples to be heated at specific temperatures
and times. Due to the lack of proper equipment, the researchers were unable to
consistently heat the samples, which may have affected the amount of bioethanol
produced.
Another possible explanation for the varying boiling points could be the yeast
present in each sample. According to Mohd Azhar et al., (2017), yeast is a crucial
component in the fermentation process of converting sugars into alcohol and carbon
dioxide. In the case of producing bioethanol, the absence of yeast in the sample
1 could potentially impact the boiling point of the end product. As per the standard,
the boiling point of ethanol should be 78°C, however, if yeast is absent during the
fermentation process, the boiling point could be higher, such as the observed boiling
point of 81°C in 1st sample. This suggests that the sample may have a lower purity
level.
4.2 Determining the feasibility of producing bioethanol for use as a fuel source
based on its flammability:
Sample #
Flammability
1. Carrot tops and peels
None
2. Carrot tops and peels and Rice straw
None
3. Carrot tops and peels and Rice straw with 2.5 g of Yeast
None
4. Carrot tops and peels and Rice straw with 3.5 g of Yeast
None
5. Carrot tops and peels and Rice straw with 4.5 g of Yeast
None
Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department
Based on the information provided, it seems that only sample 1 (carrot tops
and peels without yeast) has potential to ignite during the flame test while samples
2, 3, 4, and 5 (carrot tops and peels with rice straw and different amounts of yeast)
did not ignite. This could suggest that the composition of the samples plays a role
in their flammability.
Sample 1 has potential to ignite because it is trying to catch fire, but because
of the small amount of bioethanol distilled, specifically 1 drop, it is not enough to
determine if it is pure bioethanol. The reason for the small amount of bioethanol
produced is due to shortage of time as the distillation process of our samples takes
a really long time. For samples 2,3,4 and 5, it is possible that the presence of rice
straw as a feedstock, as stated in the study by Binod et al. (2010), makes it an
inferior feedstock for ethanol production, which means that there may be difficulties
in producing bioethanol from rice straw and that it needs an appropriate method of
pretreatment of rice straw, and/or the amount of yeast added to the samples affected
their ability to ignite. Additionally, the use of a hotplate instead of more precise
equipment could have contributed to the inconsistency in results, as it may have
been difficult to maintain the samples at their boiling points.
23
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CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of the Findings
This study aimed to reduce the use of fossil fuels as the main source of
energy, leading to health problems, economic losses, and social effects. The
researchers aimed to investigate the feasibility of using carrot (Daucus carota) tops
and peels and rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw with yeast (2.5, 3.5, 4.5) as feedstocks
for bioethanol production as an alternative of fossil fuel to reduce dependence on it.
To carry out the study, the researchers have done various processes, such as
pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation. The results showed that the
researchers were able to produce bioethanol from these materials with varying
amounts of yeast, but due to the presence of rice straw in the sample, the researchers
concluded that it needed an appropriate method of pretreatment in order to
completely break down the cellulose of rice straw. Additionally, due to the shortage
of time and lack of equipment, the researchers failed to produce pure bioethanol due
to impurities present in the bioethanol. Therefore, these materials have potential to
be used as a feedstock for bioethanol production but to ensure its success, it needs
proper methods and more time of production.
5.2 Conclusions
After analyzing the data, the null hypothesis (H ) was rejected, indicating
0
that carrot tops and peels and rice straw as feedstock with yeast (2.5g, 3.5g and
4.5g) can be converted into bioethanol. The researchers concluded that both
materials are appropriate for bioethanol production due to the boiling points of the
samples being found to be 78 degrees Celsius, indicating that they are bioethanol.
However, the flame test results were negative due to the presence of impurities in
the samples. In other words, the study demonstrated that the materials are suitable
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Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department
25
for bioethanol production based on their boiling points, but impurities prevented
them from passing the flame test.
The researchers also concluded that the 2.5 g, 3.5 g, and 4.5 g of yeast were
appropriate measurements of yeast in order to start the fermentation of the
feedstocks.
5.3 Recommendations
The
researchers
consider
the
following
recommendations
for
the improvement and further development of the research:
1. It is recommended to acquire appropriate equipment to conduct the prototype,
specifically during the distillation process. The use of suitable equipment can help
produce bioethanol that is free from impurities and contaminants.
2. It is recommended to investigate the possibility that the ratio of materials used in
the study may have contributed to the results not meeting expectations. It is
suggested that a thorough review of the relevant literature be conducted to identify
the optimal ratios of materials for the particular experimental conditions employed
in the study. If there are no related studies of the appropriate ratio of materials, it
may be necessary to conduct your own experiment to determine the optimal ratio.
By doing so, you can obtain the best measurement for your specific needs.
3. The limited time available during the distillation process can affect the bioethanol
yield. Researchers propose starting the distillation process as soon as possible to
increase the production of bioethanol drops and achieve a higher yield.
4. To produce pure and effective bioethanol, accurate measurement of the chemicals
during the pretreatment process is essential. Researchers recommend using a proper
and precise weighing scale to avoid difficulties in weighing the required chemicals.
5. To provide a good result during the pretreatment of rice straw, the researchers
recommend having an appropriate pretreatment method to completely break down
the cellulose of the rice straw.
Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department
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APPENDICES
Documentation
Documentation during Physical and Chemical Pretreatment -
Documentation during Hydrolysis -
32
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Documentation during Fermentation -
Documentation during Distillation -
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Letter of Permission for Laboratory
34
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CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Marco Gino E. Cajigas
Address: Granvia Suites Condominium, Commerce St. Carmen CDOC
Email address : Mgcajigas71625@liceo.edu.ph
Name of Father: Edgar B. Cajigas
Name of Mother: Gina E. Cajigas
School Graduated:
Elementary: Malaybalay City Central School
High School: Bukidnon National High School
35
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Name: Jovan Fajardo
Address: Purok-1 Looc, Villanueva, Misamis Oriental
Email address : jfajardo22395@liceo.edu.ph
Name of Father: Richard S. Fajardo
Name of Mother: Hilda B. Fajardo
School Graduated:
Elementary: Vicente N. Chavez Memorial Central School
High School: Villanueva National High School
36
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Name: Jim Bryan V. Jadman
Address: 041, Baconga St. Lapasan CDOC
Email address: jbjadman08180@liceo.edu.ph
Name of Father: Teofilo L. Jadman
Name of Mother: Shilley Ann V. Jadman
School Graduated:
Elementary: East City Central School
High School: Misamis Oriental General Comprehensive High School
37
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Name: Yuan Ashlley A. Ladra
Address: #264 Phase 1 Area 1 Zone 9 Macanhan, Carmen CDO
Email Address: yaladra43265@liceo.edu.ph
Name of Father: Allan A. Ladra
Name of Mother: Shiryl Ann A. Ladra
School Graduated:
Elementary: West City Central School
High School: Misamis Oriental General Comprehensive High School
38
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Name: Jenny Victoria Y. Lao
Address: #230, Zone-4 Cugman, Cagayan De Oro City, Misamis Oriental
Email Address: jvlao19296@liceo.edu.ph
Name of Father: Victor A. Lao
Name of Mother: Gecel Y. Lao
School Graduated:
Elementary: Agusan Elementary School
High School: Agusan National High School
39
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Name: Louiza Beatrice L. Lim
Address: Zone 6, Bulua, CDO
Email Address:lblim20956@liceo.edu.ph
Name of Father: Juan P. Lim
Name of Mother: Louielyn A. Lim
School Graduated:
Elementary: Bulua Central School
Highschool: Bulua National High School
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Name: Steffany L. Maghanoy
Address: Zone 7 GSIS Subd. Canitoan, CDO
Email Address:smaghanoy48636@liceo.edu.ph
Name of Father: Neil Bryan D. Maghanoy
Name of Mother: Ethel Joy L. Maghanoy
School Graduated:
Elementary: West City Central School
Highschool: Misamis Oriental General Comprehensive High School
41
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Name:Manz Jakob Orville A. Sato
Address: Zone 11 Poblacion Laguindingan Misamis Oriental
Email adress: mjosato12119@liceo.edu.ph
ORCID no.
Name of Father: Mansueto C. Sato jr.
Name of Mother: Villebette A. Sato
School Graduated:
Elementary: Living Hope Christian Academy of Alubijid
High School: Alubijid National Comprehensive High School
42
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Name: Almirah J. Sumpingan
Address: Poblacion, Catarman, Camiguin
Email Address: asumpingan31645@liceo.edu.ph
ORCID no.
Name of Father: Limbona R. Sumpingan
Name of Mother: Jairus J. Sumpingan
School Graduated:
Elementary: Catarman Central School
High School: Camiguin National High School
43
Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department
Name: Harris B. Waga
Address: Zone 1 Bugo Upper Bantiles CDO
Email Address: hwaga52274@liceo.edu.ph
ORCID no.
Name of Father: Allan S. Waga
Name of Mother: Marita B. Waga
School Graduated:
Elementary: Bugo Central School
Highschool: Bugo National High School
44
Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department
CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTIC AUTHORSHIP
WE, MARCO GINO J. CAJIGAS, JOVAN B. FAJARDO, JIM BRYAN V.
JADMAN, YUAN ASHLLEY A. LADRA, JENNY VICTORIA Y. LAO,
LOUIZA BEATRICE L. LIM, STEFFANY L. MAGHANOY, MANZ JAKOB
ORVILLE A. SATO, ALMIRAH J. SUMPINGAN, HARRIS B. WAGA, hereby
declare that this submission of my research paper entitled, “A FEASIBILITY
STUDY OF USING CARROT (Daucus carota) TOPS AND PEELS AND RICE
(Oryza sativa L.) STRAW AS A FEEDSTOCK FOR BIOETHANOL
PRODUCTION WITH 2.5, 3.5 AND 4.5 YEAST (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)”, is
our own work and, to the best of our knowledge, it contains no materials previously
published nor written by another person. This work does not also contain material
which, to a substantial extent, has been accepted for an award of any other degree
or diploma, except where due acknowledgement is made in the manuscript. Any
contribution made to the research by others, with whom we have worked at Liceo
de Cagayan University – Senior High School Main Campus or elsewhere , is
explicitly acknowledged in the manuscript.
We also declare that the intellectual content of this manuscript is the product
of my own work, except the assistance that I received in the project’s design,
conception and style, presentation and linguistic expression which we also
acknowledged.
Cajigas, Marco Gino G.
Lao, Jenny Victoria Y.
Sumpingan, Almirah J.
Fajardo, Jovan B.
Lim, Louiza Beatrice L.
Jadman, Jim Bryan V.
Maghanoy, Steffany L.
Ladra, Yuan Ashlley A.
Sato, Manz Jakob Orville A.
Waga, Harris B.
45