Classification ofMixtures
I
Pure Substance
Mixture
~
-
I
ElementCompound
deterogeneous
homogeneous
Uniform
-
components
different
throught
phases
Emulsion tekarsmayan
·
Two immisable liquids form heterogeneous mixture, called
a
·
·
They
do
dissolve each other even if
as
Ex:Olive oil-water, olive of vinegar
emulsion.
they
not
Dispersed phase and dispensing
from
are
water, diesel of water
gasoline
shamened well-
mayonnaise
medium phase
be seen with
eyes
may
Suspension:
solid which
A
is
partially dispersed in a liquid withoutdissolving
Solid particles suspense
Ifa suspension
is
in
the
liquid
and are
usually
left undisturbed, the particles
Dispersed particles are larger than
a
suspension.
Ex:
Muddy
water, sandy water, chalky
water
several fruitjoices, agram, Turkish coffee, soup
visible.
to settle down.
likely
are
forms
10cm (1080nm)
Aerosol:
A
solid
liquid dispersed
or
An aerosol
is
a
in
a
to form
suspension offine solid
heterogenous
a
mixture called
liquid droplets
or
in
a
as
Ex:fog, cloud,
aerosol.
↳
gay.
Colloid
Particles
size
clordy and
as
very
lone
size, two
opaque,
some are
of visible
lom)
·
.
can't be seen.
light
a
colloid, itis
permeable
easy
see
bubbles, shaked egg,
soap
blood.
(450 +ezsOrn).
scattered randomly by the dispersed particles.
This
light scattering
·
efectcalled as
onstanding
I and
·
·
Dontseparate
can'tbe
light
from filter paper
·
Permeable
↳ not
on
192
standing
separated by
filtration
light (tyndall ect)
&
.
·
filter paper
permeable paper
heterogenous
larger than 10(/runm)
Particles settle daun
can
·
·
u
their sizes are similar to the
Suspensions
·
(Om (1 and
Because
Tyndall Efect.
heterogeneous
separated by filteration. Scatter
·
to
not
Ex: Cream, dyes, selly,
Colloids
don't separate
Do not scatter
1200nm)
-
are
dagimen
smaller than 10m(1 nm) <
·
11 and
aer
osal
distant phases
transparent
homogenous
can'tbe
·
or
components o
milk and
Solutions
·
another
phases of collodial mixtures
When lightpasses through
wavelength
particles
in
between 10 and 10 cm (10m and
Because oft he particle
·
Solid
belirli
componenti s dispersed
One
spray liquid across Smag, volcanic eruptions
be
separated by
May scatter light,
Not permeable
-
filtration
but absorbs it.
filter, paper
paper
How Compounds Dissolve
in
Water
Ionic
(NaCl)
Compounds
Molecular
Substance
form ions
forming
The
generalization
Nompolar
substancy
be schable
Hexone,
a
in
is
stated
simly
be
solvable
in
nompeter solvents;i cnic and paler solutes
immiscible in water.
Hexone
is
the
top layer because
A
substance (such as Nall) whose aqueous solutions contain
Concentration
small
of
cons
(icAzOs)
thatdoesn't formions
in
it
ions is
solution
is
called
called
a
an
electrolyte.
nonelectrolyte.
(parts,per million) ppby billion
186
a
the
quantify
Boiling-point Elevation
Nonvolatile solute
pointofthe
Compound
CH22O, t molecular compend
-
Mass 4
of
in solo
components mponent xO
total mass of
pain
sal
competion x lob volgofsoutexlof
total
mass
volume of solution
ofsolution
pointand raising ofthe bailing pointare physical properties of solution
solute particly called colligative properties
the
of
a
freezing
a
solution
tempt
pure
substance's temp.
ofa solution to be raised
boiling point
causes
in
comparison with the
boiling
pure solvent
Freezing. PointDepression
Addition of a solute to
↳ Because
Nacl-ionic
los
Colligative Properties lowering
on
->
Solutions
concentration to solute-dilute solution
thatdepend
likelyto
less dense than water,
is
Large concentrationsto be concentrated
ppm
one more
polar solvents.
hydrocarbon, is
substance (such as
A
methand
"like dissolves like"
as
likely to
are more
(CH, OH)
dissolves without
the
of
depression
solution temp
a
in
solvent will
<
pure
cause
substance
the
freezing
pointof the solventto be lowered
the freezing point, the seawater does notfreeze
as
readily as freshwater lakes and
rivers do.
Vapor Pressure Lowering
The vapor pressure ofa
leads to
boiling
pure
solvent
is
greater than
the vapor pressure ofa solution
containing
nonvolatile
liquid. This
point.
Osmotic Pressure
The pressure
a
solution
thatmustbe applied to the solution side to stop fluid movementwhen
from
pure water.
a
semipermeable
membrane
separates
Separation
ofMixtures
1. The difference in sizes of
components
Cheterogeneous)
1. Picking up
I solid-solid)
handpicking
stone,wheat,
-
4.
yaylma
like
Diffusionofsmall molecules
waste and
(elek)
sieve
Dialysis (diyaliz)
J.
Solid-solid
presagill
rice,
Sieving (eleme)
2.
(ayllama)
-
excess
water
(Solid-liquid)(sclid-gas)
members
from
heterogeneous
sem
&
Dialysis
vermeable
of blood
Filtration(sizmel
Mostcommon
2. The
components
of
densities
in
(ayirma hunisi)
Cliqued-liquid)
&
liquids
immiscible
2. Floatation
saidsolid putina liquid
dissolve
↓ diff densities
any
Precipitation
(Gaktrme)
Two solutions form
solid
called
is
aprecipitates
dx
3. The difference
in
solubility
solid crystalic
-
-
salty
in
dif
evaporated its
.
·
bolling
in
1. Simple distillation
Salty
-
Sugar
in
diff
heated
Nach, NoN,
in
temperatures
can
bailing points
·
boiling
alcohol
water
olution
are
gathered distillation
Precipitation only solid
can
be
separated
lower than
salt
be
water
in
Sugar
melting points
Shnemogenous
25°C.
fractionating
are
component
from are solventto
cheese
is
extracted from sugar
beet.
6. The difference
magnetic
rater
Distillation
It's apparatus has
to its
Both solid and liquid
Transferring
other.
saltfrom sea water
/Ayrimsal damitmal
point. I vapor ofitcondensed to form
don'tchange.
the liquid again. Solids
-
crystalize
which
or moremiscible liquids
has
damitmal
Solid-riquid
is
2 fractional
points
components (homogeneous
Mumi
Liquid
differentsolubility
Isolid liquid) (liquid-liquid)
same
values in
S. The difference
of
Basit
Dissolves in the
soda and water
4. The difference
3.Extraction (ru aikarme)
separated
evaporates, salt crystalizes)
sugar solution
washing
kristallenderne)
temperatures.
t Solids
dissol
agein
water (water
Crystallization
layrimsal
solventbuthave
solution cooled down
solution
2. Fractional
/Solid-solid)
increased
atthe
dissolved solid crystalizes.
-
I
↑
production (
solubilities
hot
Liquid
party
water
wine
·
a
water
Crystallization (Kristall endin
/Solid-liquid)
⑧
gold
·
dliq dY
to
sediment
purification
in maste
components (heterogeneus)
&
liquid
differentbecker from its
sinks,
dsolution
removal iron ions in water
2.
of them. One of them
Put
the
precipitate. (Gocelti)
·removal ofphosphate
of
(liquid-solid)
doesit
sand-strat
a
insoluable
an
>
(aktarmal
3. Decantation
floats
the other
4.
(yizdurme)
from
insoluble solid
an
(heterogenous)
funnel
separatory
By
1.
difference
technique
separate liquid
to
column
Solid-solid (alloys)
homogenous
One has lower
iren-tie alloy
zinc-copper alloy
or
melting
bronze
in
components
of
heterogenous
mixtures
point
property
↓
of
in
components
Magnetization/minatis/amal
heterogeneous
solid-solid
Distinction
between
magnetic
and
nonmagnetics
sagrim)
coin
.
iron
particles
attracted
in mixture
to the
fe, Co, Ni
i ron
of
and sulphur
are
magnetand separable.
ane
Perromagnetic elements.
A
cid
and
Acids
we use
Bases
sour taste,
daily life
in
Tartaric acids
Properties:yprandirmak
in
queous solutions ofitionize
grapes
in
lemons and orange
folic acid
in
strawberries
Reactwith metals to have I
gas
-bases,
phenolphthalein
formic acid
in
stinging
Lactic acid
in
milk
Acetic acid in
vinegar
ANO, Nitric
vitamin C
vinegar 5-8% acetic
we use in
daily
life
·
Lime
Bleach-beyazlaticl
(NAS)
Iye((a0Au)
(NaltCOz
Tooth Paste
Washing
Soda
Shampoo
(NazCOS
HCOOH -> Formic acid
electrolytes
Bitter taste - found food less
strong
drugs
a
solution
of 3.6%
LiOHe Lithium hydroxide
NaOH* Sodium
hydroxide
kOlt- Potassium hydroxide
BalOH)z- Barium hydroxide
Sea water
is
bases
Phenopthalein
Dark chocolate
Milk ofmagnesia (MgCOH(aa)
Strong
Acetic acid
Ca(CH),Calcium hydroxide
React
NactI
with acid
to
pink.
produce water and
with
ones react
amphoteric
acid
-
·Red litmus turns blue
Drain opener
detergent)
Blood
Bleach
HC10 Perchloric acid
turns
acid
HCN- Cyanic acid
CH,COOH
Aqueous solution ofitis
ph> 7
Stomach
-
H2SO4 sulfuric acid
ionize added to water
·
·
soda
-
H2SOt sulfurous acid
·corrosive
Cooking
Hf hydrofluoric acid
HyPO Phosphoric
acid
properties
Soap
Ammonia
Weak Acids
HzCO,-Carbonic
HCl
hydrochloric acid
HBr ->hybromic acid
Al-hydroiodic acid
*
Bases
colorless
low ph values o, 1 or 2
Citric acid in lemonade
in
red
turns
strong acids
well
lonizes completely - conductelectric
pickle suice
in
salt and water
ph 7
nettle Lisirganotul
acid in soda
Ascorbic acid
litmus turns
Blue
Malic acid in apples
Acetic acid
-electrolytes
-
Citric acid
Carbonic
corrosive
A
salt
metals
Weak bases.
NAs ammonia
AgOHeSilver hydroxide
Mg(OH)-Magnesium hydroxide
Fr ali,n
.
an Enternee