Reading Test
65 MINUTES, 52 QUESTIONS
Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.
Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a number of questions. After reading
each passage or pair, choose the best answer to each question based on what is stated or
implied in the passage or passages and in any accompanying graphics (such as a table or
graph).
Questions 1-10 are based on the following
passage.
This passage is adapted from Juan Gabriel Vasquez
Reputations.©2013 by Juan Gabriel Vasquez. Translation by
Anne Mclean. ©2016 by Anne Mclean. The novel's main
character, Javier Mallarino, is a political cartoonist who works
for a newspaper in Bogota, the capital city of Colombia.
Line
5
10
75
20
25
It took just an instant to spot three people reading
the paper, his paper, and he thought that all three
would soon pass or had already passed their eyes
over the letters of his name in print and then his
signature, that clear uppercase letter that soon
deteriorated into a chaos of curves and ended up
disintegrating into a corner. Everyone knew the
space where his cartoon had always been: in the very
centre of the first page of opinion columns, that
mythic place where Colombians go to hate their
public figures or find out why they love them. It was
the first thing anyone's eyes saw when they
reached those pages. The black square, the slender
strokes, the line of text or brief dialogue beneath the
frame: the scene that left his desk each day and was
praised, admired, commented on, misinterpreted,
repudiated in a column of the same newspaper or
another, in the irate letter of an irate reader, in a
debate on some morning radio show. Yes, it was a
terrible power. There was a time when Mallarino
desired it more than anything else in the world; he
worked hard to get it; he enjoyed it and exploited it
conscientiously. And now that he was sixty-five, the
very political class he'd so attacked and hounded and
scorned from his redoubt, mocked without
30
35
40
45
50
55
consideration or respect for the ties of family or
friendship (and he'd lost quite a few friends as a
result, and even a few relatives), that very same
political class had decided to put the gigantic
Colombian machinery of sycophancy into action to
create a public homage, which for the first time in
history, and perhaps for the last, would celebrate a
cartoonist. 'This is not going to happen again,'
Rodrigo Valencia, publisher of the newspaper for the
last three decades, said to him, when he called,
diligent messenger, to tell him about the official visit
he'd just received, the accolades he'd just heard, the
intentions the organizers had just revealed. 'It's an
offer that's not going to be repeated. It would be silly
to turn it down.'
'Who said I was going to turn it down?' asked
Mallarino.
'Nobody,' said Valencia. 'Well, I did. Because I
know you, Javier. And so do they, truth be told. If
not, why would they come here and ask me first?'
'Oh, I see. You're the negotiator. You're the one
who'll convince me.'
'More or less,' said Valencia. His voice was
guttural and deep, one of those voices that give
orders naturally, or whose demands are accepted
without a fuss. He knew it; he'd grown accustomed to
choosing the words that best suited his voice.
'They want to hold it in the Teatro Colon, Javier,
imagine that. Don't let the chance slip by, don't be an
idiot.Not for you, don't get me wrong, you don't
matter to me. For the newspaper.'
Mallarino let out a snort of annoyance. 'Well, let
me think about it,' he said.
CONTINUE
'For the newspaper,' said Valencia.
'Call me tomorrow and we'll talk,' said
Mallarino. And then: 'Would it be upstairs in the sala
Foyer?'
'No, Javier, this is what I'm trying to tell you.
They're going to have it on the main stage.'
'On the main stage?'
'That's what I'm telling you, man. This thing's
serious.'
They confirmed it later-Teatro Colon, main
stage, the thing was serious-and the place seemed
only appropriate: there, under the fresco of the six
muses, behind the curtain where Ruy Blas and
Romeo and Othello and Juliet shared the same
enchanted space, on the same stage where he'd
witnessed so many beautiful artifices since he was a
boy, from Marcel Marceau to Life is a Dream, he was
now getting ready to play an artifice of his own
creation: the favoured son, the honoured citizen, the
illustrious compatriot with lapels wide enough to
hold as many medals as necessary. That's why he'd
turned down the transport the Ministry had offered
to put at his disposal. No, this afternoon Mallarino
had come down to the city in his old car and left it in
a car park at Fifth and Nineteenth: he wanted to
arrive on foot to his own apotheosis, approach like
everybody else, appear suddenly at a corner and feel
that his mere presence might send a tremor through
the air, spark conversations, make heads turn; he
wanted to announce, with this single gesture, that he
hadn't lost a speck of his old independence.
60
65
10
75
80
85
D
Mallarino's observations about the newspaper in
lines 1-20 primarily serve to
A) suggest his belief in the wide reach of his work.
B) highlight his pride in his skill as an artist.
C) explain why his cartoons are more effective than
print columns.
D) convey his wish that readers would spend more
time analyzing his art.
Ill
The narrator's use of the phrase "mythic place"
(line 10) primarily serves to
A) imply that the newspaper's editorial staff
underestimates its popularity with its readers.
B) suggest that the newspaper's editorial section is
prominent in the national consciousness.
C) indicate that editorials in the newspaper are
generally written under assumed names.
D) emphasize that editorials in the newspaper are
less interesting than they used to be.
Ill
The passage indicates that Mallarino's political
cartoons treat their subjects in a manner that is
A) fearlessly critical.
B) gently teasing.
C) carefully objective.
D) overtly flattering.
II
Based on the passage,it can reasonably be inferred
that Mallarino regards the recognition by the
government with
A) unease, because it creates a rare disagreement
between Mallarino and his publisher.
B) bitterness, because Mallrino had hoped for
official appreciation years ago.
C) irritation, because it disrupts the anonymity in
which Mallarino prefers to work.
D) skepticism, because Mallarino believes that the
Ministry's gesture is insincere.
CONTINUE
-
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Lines 13-19 ("The Black ... show")
Lines 20-23 ("There ... conscientiously")
Lines 23-33 ("And now ... cartoonist")
Lines 33-38 ("This ... revealed")
In the passage, Valencia and Mallarino assume that
Valencia was approached first by the Ministry
because the officials
A) believed that Mallarino would prefer receiving
the news from a close acquaintance.
B) suspected that Mallarino would turn down the
offer without Valencia's intervention.
C) had some difficulty contacting Mallarino earlier
in the day.
D) were unwilling to communicate directly with
ordinary citizens such as Mallarino.
It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that in
accepting the Ministry's honor, Mallarino wants to
demonstrate that
A) his main goal is to enhance the reputation of his
newspaper.
B) he is attending the ceremony chiefly because he
is nostalgic about the venue.
C) his attitude remains unchanged despite the
Ministry's overtures.
D) he expects the Ministry to prove that it is serious
about the tribute.
Ill
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Lines 59-61 ("For the ...Mallarino")
Lines 61-62 ("And then ...Foyer")
Lines 81-83 ("No, this ...Nineteenth")
Lines 87-89 ("he wanted ...independence")
Im
As used in line 74, "witnessed" most nearly means
A)
B)
C)
D)
recognized.
observed.
remembered.
confirmed.
As used in line 87, "spark" most nearly means
A)
B)
C)
D)
aggravate.
stimulate.
illuminate.
hasten.
CONTINUE
Questions 11-20 are based on the following
passage and supplementary material.
This passage is adapted from "You're Less Persuasive Than
You Think over Email." ©2016 by Association for
Psychological Science.
Line
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
You just got assigned a new project at work and
you need to wrangle some help from the rest of your
team. While it may be tempting to send out a mass
mail asking for volunteers, new research suggests
you're much more likely to enlist help by actually
asking people face-to-face.
Across two experiments, psychological scientists
M. Mahdi Roghanizad (University of Waterloo) and
Vanessa Bohns (Cornell University) found that
people tend to overestimate the persuasiveness of
requests sent over email, while also underestimating
the effectiveness of requests made in person.
"Overall, we find people are less influential than
they think over email," Roghanizad and Bohns write.
Across several previous studies, Bohns has
found that people consistently underestimate-by a
large margin-their powers of persuasion. Across
12 experiments, Bohns and colleagues have asked
study participants to make requests of more than
14, 000 strangers: Whether it's asking to borrow a cell
phone or soliciting a charitable donatio�, peo��e
,,
misjudge the likelihood that strangers will say yes
to a request.
Why? We're so focused on our own feelings of
discomfort when asking for a favor that we don't
adequately account for the feelings of the person
being asked.
"Targets feel awkward and uncomfortable saying
'no,' both because of what it might insinuate about
the requester, and because it feels bad to let someone
down," Roghanizad and Bohns explain.
In the first experiment, 45 college students were
each assigned to ask 10 strangers to fill out a short
personality survey. Half of the requesters were
assigned to a face-to-face condition, approaching
10 unknown students on a college campus, while the
other requesters sent emails to strangers chosen out
of the university's directory. In both conditions,
requesters used the same script to make the
request. Before they got started, requesters were
asked how many people they thought they could get
to fill out the survey.
The results confirmed the researchers' hypothesis:
Those in the face-to-face condition underestimated
their persuasive powers while those in the email
condition overestimated their success rate. Both
groups of requesters thought they could get around
5 people out of 10 to take the survey. While email
requesters convinced around 10% of people to
50 comply with their request, face-to-face requests from
a total stranger resulted in around a 70% success rate.
In a second study, 60 requesters were again
randomly assigned to face- to-face or email
conditions. This time, requesters approached
55 strangers who had already agreed to complete a
questionnaire for $1. Their task was to convince the
strangers to complete an additional proofreading
task for free. Again, before making their requests,
participants were asked how many people out of 7
60 they thought would agree to taking on the second
freebie task.
Targets, who had already agreed to complete the
paid questionnaire, were asked whether they would
be willing to complete the unpaid task. The paid
65 questionnaire was made up of questions about why
targets had said yes or no to completing the second
task.
Again, requesters in both groups predicted the
same success rates, but those in the face-to-face
10 condition met with far more success. One reason that
face-to-face requests are so much more effective is
that people feel more awkward and uncomfortable
saying no in person.
Roghanizad and Bohns also found a significant
75 interaction with trust and empathy between the two
conditions; targets empathized with and trusted
requesters more in the face-to-face condition
compared to the email condition, although
requesters predicted no difference between a brief
ao face-to-face encounter and an email.
CONTINUE
Figure 1
Average Number of Targets
Complying with Requesters on
Short Personality Survey
10
<J)
�t
;�
4-,
0 ;::l
"" ""O"
""
...
(l)
s
;::l
(l)
(l)
(l)
8
7
ID
Which choice best supports the idea that people's
inability to accurately estimate the persuasiveness of
face-to-face requests holds true in a wide variety of
contexts?
A)
B)
C)
D)
6
5
Lines 13-14 ("Overall ...write")
Lines 20-23 ("Whether ...request")
Lines 24-27 ("Why ...asked")
Lines 28-31 ("Targets ...explain")
4
3
2
1
As used in line 26, "account for" most nearly means
face-to-face
requests
email
requests
0 predicted number of
targets who complied
A) consider.
B) chronicle.
C) budget.
D) balance.
■ actual number of
targets who complied
ID
Figure2
Average Number of Targets
Complying with Requesters on
Proofreading Task
7�-------------6_,_______________
5+---4
As used in lines 9 and 16, "found" most nearly means
A) obtained.
B) encountered.
C) discovered.
D) located.
3
2
1
o��-face-to-face
reouests
email
reouests
0 predicted number of
targets who complied
■ actual number of
targets who complied
Figures adapted from M. Mahdi Roghanizad and Vanessa K. Bohns,
"Ask in Person: You're Less Persuasive Than You Think over Email."
©2016 by Elsevier Inc.
CONTINUE
m
It can most reasonably be inferred from the passage
that the first experiment was designed in such a way
as to avoid the possibility that
According to the passage, at which point in the
second study did requesters attempt to convince
targets to complete an additional task for free?
A) some requesters would be more comfortable
working with strangers than other requesters
would be.
B) some requesters would be better able to assess
the approachability of the strangers they selected
than other requesters would be.
C) the requesters in one condition would be more
socially diverse than the requesters in the other
condition would be.
D) the requesters in one condition would be able to
create a more convincing request than the
requesters in the other condition would be.
A) Before targets agreed to complete a
questionnaire for a small payment
B) Before targets started the questionnaire but after
they agreed to complete it
C) After targets started the questionnaire but before
the requesters made predictions
D) After targets completed the questionnaire
m
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Lines 32-34 ("In the ...survey")
Lines 34-38 ("Half ...directory")
Lines 38-40 ("In both ...request")
Lines 40-42 ("Before ...survey")
m
Bl
Which conclusion about making a face-to-face
request of a stranger is best supported by the
passage?
A) Being sensitive to a stranger's feelings will have
little effect on whether that stranger will agree to
a request.
B) Following up a face-to-face request with an email
will likely make a stranger less willing to comply
with a request.
C) The personal nature of a face-to-face request
may help generate positive feelings on the part of
a stranger toward the requester.
D) Adding various incentives to a face-to-face
request may help to gain a stranger's trust and
empathy.
The eighth paragraph (lines 43-51) primarily serves
to
A) summarize the results ofRoghanizad and
Bohns's first experiment.
B) indicate thatRoghanizad and Bohns correctly
estimated the degree of participation by
strangers.
C) propose an explanation forRoghanizad and
Bohns's findings.
D) present a challenge to critics ofRoghanizad and
Bohns's hypothesis.
CONTINUE
m
Based on the passage, which choice offers the most
plausible explanation for the data in figure 1
representing email requests?
A) The actual number of targets who complied was
lower than predicted because the targets felt
comfortable refusing the request.
B) The actual number of targets who complied was
lower than predicted because the targets wanted
to avoid being asked to take an additional survey.
C) The actual number of targets who complied was
higher than predicted because the targets
anticipated additional compensation for
complying.
D) The actual number of targets who complied was
higher than predicted because the targets had
not seen a detailed script when they agreed to
comply.
m
Based on the passage, which choice most likely
explains the difference between the actual email
success rate in figure 1 and that in figure 2?
A) The targets in the figure 1 study were randomly
chosen from the student directory and were
unacquainted with the requesters.
B) The targets who participated in the figure 1
study were approached again to participate in
the figure 2 study.
C) The targets in the figure 2 study were initially
unaware that they would be asked to perform a
second, unpaid task.
D) The targets in the figure 2 study had already
agreed to participate in the study for a small
payment.
CONTINUE
Questions 21-31 are based on the following passage
and supplementary material.
This passage is adapted from Lee Alan Dugatkin, Principles of
Animal Behavior. ©2009 by W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Line
5
10
75
20
25
30
35
40
45
Mammals and birds tend to become better
parents as they produce more and more offspring.
Direct experience as a parent, however, is only one
way to learn how to become a successful mother or
father. Developmental factors early in life can also
potentially affect future parental behavior. For example,
in many species of birds and mammals, some
individuals remain in their natal group, even after
they themselves are capable of reproduction, and
they often help their parents raise additional broods
of offspring (that is, the younger siblings of the
helpers). Is it possible that such developmental
experience may affect subsequent parenting success
in helpers who eventually leave their natal territory?
Susan Margulis and her colleagues examined this
possibility in oldfield mice (Peromyscus polionotus).
Data on helping behavior among oldfield mice in
natural settings are extremely difficult to gather, but
a significant body of indirect evidence suggests that
some females remain at the nest and help their
mothers raise the next clutch of young. For example,
natural history data suggest that a mother can be
both pregnant and nursing a brood of mice, while an
older brood still remains at the nest, providing ample
opportunity for potential helpers to aid in rearing
their younger siblings (Foltz, 1981). Margulis tested
whether "experienced" females-that is, females that
remained at their parents' nest during the rearing of
a litter of their younger siblings-were subsequently
better mothers to their own offspring than
"inexperienced" females who did not remain at the
nest while younger broods of siblings were being
reared. Thus, they examined whether a
developmental trajectory involving helping one's
mother affected the helper's own parenting behavior.
In order to avoid cause-and-effect problems (in
interpreting the data), Margulis and her colleagues
experimentally created inexperienced and
experienced females by removing (or not removing)
females from their natal nests. They began their work
using a large colony of mice housed at the Brookfield
(Illinois) Zoo, and they used mice that were ten to
fifteen generations removed from wild-caught
individuals. Margulis and her team formed a series of
male-female pairs. Quickly thereafter, mating
occurred, and pups were born. In the "inexperienced
50
55
60
65
10
female" (IF) treatment, IF females were removed
from the nest at twenty days of age and they were
raised in all-female groups until the experiment
began. In the "experienced female" (EF) treatment,
when EF females were twenty days old they were not
removed from the nest but rather remained at the
nest with their pregnant mother until she gave birth
again and weaned a second brood. At that point, EF
females were removed from the nest and reared in an
all-female group until the experiment began.
At the start of the experiment, IF and EF females
were paired with inexperienced males, with whom
they mated and produced offspring, and the females'
parental activities and offspring survival were
recorded. Results suggest that all females-both EF
and IF-became better parents as they produced
more and more broods over time, but the key
comparison was between inexperienced and
experienced females at any given point in time.
Here, Margulis and her colleagues found that the
broods of experienced females survived with a higher
probability than those of inexperienced females, in
part due to the superior nest-building behavior
displayed by experienced females. The results
indicate that the developmental experience of being
present when ones mother raises a subsequent
clutch of offspring has long-term consequences for
parenting abilities.
CONTINUE
Figure 2
Figure 1
Brood Survival for Experienced
and Inexperienced Female Mice
Elapsed Time before Mice
Began to Build Nests
1.00
0.50
t
�-... -...
0.20
0.10
0.6
0.5
·--e--- inexperienced females
0.05
--o- experienced female
0�-1-----;------+-Brood 1
Brood 2
Brood
\_
0.02
Brood 3
0.01
1 A brood is considered to have survived
if more than half of the offspring in that
brood survived.
0
----
........ ... ...
I'---..
-----
19----
----
.............
100 200 300 400 500 600
Time ( econd )
•--•--· inexperienced f, male
-<>- experienced female
Figures adapted from Susan W. Margulis et al., "Effects of Early
Experience on Subsequent Parental Behaviour and Reproductive
Success in Oldfield Mice, Peromyscus polionotus." ©2004 by the
Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Elapsed time is measured from the point in time when
nest-building materials were provided to the mice.
m
As used in line 3, "direct" most nearly means
A) prompt.
B) exact.
C) firsthand.
D) straightforward.
CONTINUE
m
m
Which choice best supports the idea that scientists
have found partial evidence of helping behavior in
oldfield mice in the wild?
Based on the passage, which of the following
findings, if true, would most limit the scope of
Margulis's conclusions?
A)
B)
C)
D)
A) Oldfield mice raised in captivity display different
parenting behaviors than do oldfield mice raised
in nature.
B) Broods produced by a wild female oldfield
mouse are typically fathered by the same
individual.
C) Whether captive or wild, female oldfield mice
tend to live long enough to produce multiple
broods.
D) Oldfield mice young typically do not
permanently leave their natal nests until at least
twenty days after birth.
Lines 21-26 ("For example ...1981")
Lines 26-33 ("Margulis ...reared")
Lines 33-35 ("Thus ...behavior")
Lines 36-40 ("In order ...nests")
m
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A) discuss a factor that influences the parenting
success of oldfield mice.
B) resolve a controversy regarding the parenting
behavior of oldfield mice.
C) present a study of the genetics underlying the
parenting traits of oldfield mice.
D) explain an observed change in the parenting
practices of oldfield mice.
m
The primary function of the third paragraph
(lines 36-56) is to
A) discuss the difficulties thatMargulis's team
encountered when attempting to observe
parenting behavior.
B) contrast the experimental design used by
Margulis's team with those used in earlier studies
of parenting behavior.
C) describe howMargulis's team created the groups
of female mice whose parenting behavior the
team observed.
D) explain the significance ofMargulis's team's
main findings regarding parenting behavior.
m
It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that
the design ofMargulis's team's experiment helped to
exclude which possibility?
A) Survival rates improved from brood to brood as
a result of increased parental experience.
B) Variations in survival rates reflect the fact that
female offspring were more likely to survive to
maturity than were male offspring.
C) Differences in maternal nest-building behavior
contributed to differences in offspring survival
rates.
D) Brood survival was influenced by variations in
paternal parenting skill.
CONTINUE
m
ID
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
The data in figure 2 best support which of the
following statements?
A)
B)
C)
D)
A) Whether they were inexperienced or
experienced, the majority of females started
building nests within 50 seconds of being
provided with nest-building materials.
B) The typical experienced female took less time to
finish building her nest than did the typical
inexperienced female.
C) The broods of both inexperienced and
experienced females who did not start building
nests within 600 seconds of being provided with
nest-building materials tended not to survive.
D) After 400 seconds of being provided with
nest-building materials, the proportion of
inexperienced females not yet building nests was
the same as that of experienced females not yet
building nests.
Lines 54-5 6 ("At that ...began")
Lines 57-61 ("At the ...recorded")
Lines 61-65 ("Results ...time")
Lines 6 6-70 ("Here ...females")
m
As used in line 6 9, "superior" most nearly
means more
A)
B)
C)
D)
m
According to figure l, what is the approximate
probability that an experienced female's first brood
survived?
A)
B)
C)
D)
m
luxurious.
rarefied.
distinguished.
effective.
0.95
0.85
0.75
0.65
The data in figure 1 illustrate a specific instance of
the generalization made in which lines of the
passage?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Lines 1-2 ("Mammals ...offspring")
Lines 6-12 ("For example ...helpers")
Lines 15-1 6 ("Susan ...polionotus")
Lines 17-21 ("Data ...young")
CONTINUE
Questions 32-42 are based on the following
passages.
This passage is adapted from a speech delivered in 1836 by
James Forten, "An Address Delivered before the Ladies'
Anti-Slavery Society of Philadelphia." Forten, a prominent
African American abolitionist, gave this speech after the
slave state of South Carolina officially requested that
Northern free states suppress antislavery organizations and
forbid the publication of antislavery literature.
There never was a request more unreasonable,
more abominable-evincing in its tone the greatest
insult that could be offered to a free and independent
Line people.But what do the majority of the citizens in
5 the North about the matter? Why, I regret to have it
in my power to say, that, with few exceptions, they
are yielding to this daring presumption of the South;
tamely acquiescing without venturing even as much
as a word in reply.They ask of them to relinquish the
10 sacred and legitimate right to think and act as they
please.Freemen are, in one sense, threatened with
slavery; the chains are shaken in their faces, and yet
they appear unwilling to resist them as becomes
freemen.Such votaries are they at the shrine of
75 mammon 1 that they have not courage enough to join
the standard of patriotism which their fathers reared,
and with the dignity of a free and unshackled people,
repel with scorn, this unheard of infringement upon
their dearest rights-this death-blow to their own
20 liberties.My friends, do you ask why I thus speak? It
is because I love America; it is my native land;
because I feel as one should feel who sees destruction,
like a corroding cancer, eating into the very heart of
his country, and would make one struggle to save
25 her;-because I love the stars and stripes, emblems of
our National Flag-and long to see the day when not
a slave shall be found resting under its shadow; when
it shall play with the winds pure and unstained by the
blood of"captive millions."
30
The South most earnestly and respectfully solicits
the North to let the question of Slavery alone, and
leave it to their bountiful honesty and humanity to
settle.Why, honesty, I fear, has fled from the South,
long ago; sincerity has fallen asleep there; pity has
35 hidden herself; justice cannot find the way; helper is
not at home; charity lies dangerously ill; benevolence
is under arrest; faith is nearly extinguished; truth has
long since been buried, and conscience is nailed on
the wall.Now, do you think it would be better to
40 leave it to the bountiful honesty and humanity of the
South to settle? No, no.Only yield to them in this
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
one particular and they will find you vulnerable in
every other.I can tell you, my hearers, if the North
once sinks into profound silence on this momentous
subject, you may then bid farewell to peace, order
and reform; then the condition of your fellow
creatures in the southern section of our country will
never be ameliorated....
Cease not to do as you are now doing,
not withstanding the invidious frowns that may be
cast upon your efforts; regard not these-for bear in
mind that the future prosperity of the nation rests
upon the successful labours of the Abolitionists; this
is as certain as that there is a God above.Recollect
you have this distinction-you have brought down
upon your heads the anger of many foes for that
good which you seek to do your country; you are
insulted and sneered at because you feel for the
proscribed, the defenceless, the down-trodden; you
are despised because you would raise them in the
scale of beings; you are charged as coming out to the
world with the Bible in one hand and a firebrand in
the other.May you never be ashamed of that
firebrand.It is a holy fire, kindled from every page of
that sacred chronicle.
You are called fanatics.Well, what if you are?
Ought you to shrink from this name? God forbid.
There is an eloquence in such fanaticism, for it
whispers hope to the slave; there is sanctity in it, for
it contains the consecrated spirit of religion; it is the
fanaticism of a Benezet, a Rush, a Franklin, a Jay;2 the
same that animated and inspired the heart of the
writer of the Declaration of Independence.Then
flinch not from your high duty; continue to warn the
South of the awful volcano they are recklessly
sleeping over.
1 Votaries ...at the shrine of mammon: Christian terminology to
describe worshippers of wealth
2 Prominent abolitionists of the late eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries
CONTINUE
m
m
Forten's primary purpose in this passage is to
A) convince his audience that slavery is immoral
and contrary to American values.
B) outline for his audience the numerous challenges
faced in the struggle against slavery.
C) rally a sympathetic audience to continue
working against slavery.
D) explain to a skeptical audience why abolitionists
should adopt new tactics.
ID
In the passage, Porten suggests that Northerners'
reaction to South Carolina's request is partly
motivated by
A) sympathy for some of the grievances mentioned
in the request.
B) fear of the economic consequences of resisting
the request.
C) concern that granting the request will set a
dangerous precedent.
D) distrust of the political leaders urging acceptance
of the request.
A)
B)
C)
D)
m
resolve.
colonize.
prove.
compromise.
In the second paragraph (lines 30-48), Porten repeats
the words "bountiful honesty" and "humanity" most
likely to
A) acknowledge that many people in the South
recognize that slavery is morally indefensible.
B) mock the notion that the South would act
ethically regarding slavery without external
pressure.
C) highlight the qualities that have characterized
abolitionists in their struggle against
slaveholding interests in the South.
D) preemptively deflect criticism that his argument
is biased against the South.
Ill
In explaining the reasons for his speech, Porten
presents himself primarily as a
m
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A)
B)
C)
D)
In line 33, the word "settle" most nearly means
Lines 1-4 ("There ...people")
Lines 5-9 ("Why ...reply")
Lines 11-14 ("Freemen are ...freemen")
Lines 14-20 ("Such ...liberties")
A) radical who sees his nation as inherently corrupt.
B) reformer who is frustrated by the slow pace of
progress.
C) patriot who wants to protect his country from
moral ruin.
D) clergyman who rejects human law in favor of
divine law.
CONTINUE
III
Ill
Based on the passage, which choice best describes
how Porten uses criticisms that have been made of
abolitionists to advance the cause of abolition?
Which choice best describes Forten's rhetorical
technique in lines 33-39 ("Why...wall")?
A) He provides a list of criticisms to illustrate the
various ways in which South Carolina's request
has harmed the North.
B) He personifies numerous virtues in order to
emphasize their disappearance from the South.
C) He uses repetition to emphasize the
righteousness of the abolitionists and their cause.
D) He employs parallel clauses to imply that
positive moral attributes are common to slaves
and free people alike.
ID
Forten suggests that if the North were to do what
South Carolina asks, one consequence would be that
A) the North would find it difficult to resist future
demands from the South.
B) governments in the North would try to eliminate
other freedoms as well.
C) slavery itself would eventually become legal in
the North.
D) opponents of slavery in the North would form
new states where slavery is outlawed.
A) He presents those criticisms as signs of the
justness of abolitionism.
B) He exaggerates those criticisms to emphasize the
strength of abolitionists' opponents.
C) He accepts those criticisms and proposes a
revised form of abolitionism in response to
them.
D) He shows that those criticisms of abolitionists
contradict one another and thus cannot all be
true.
m
One function of the image of the volcano in the last
sentence of the passage is to
A) illustrate the emotional intensity that Porten
wants abolitionists to bring to their cause.
B) liken the growing opposition to South Carolina's
request to an unstoppable natural phenomenon.
C) suggest that the North has grown complacent
about the danger posed by a deeply divided
country.
D) convey a sense of foreboding about the eventual
consequences of slavery to the South.
m
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Lines 30-33 ("The South ...settle")
Lines 39-41 ("Now ...settle")
Lines 41-43 ("Only ...other")
Lines 43-48 ("I can ...ameliorated")
CONTINUE
Questions 43-52 are based on the following
passages.
Passage 1 is adapted from Judith Hooper, Of Moths and Men:
An Evolutionary Tale. ©2002 by Judith Hooper. Passage 2 is
adapted from Judy Diamond and Alan B. Bond, Concealing
Coloration in Animals. ©2013 by the President and Fellows
of Harvard College. Based on an experiment he conducted
in 1953, Bernard Kettlewell concluded that dark coloring
spread through peppered moth populations in industrial
areas because it made moths less conspicuous to birds
when moths were resting on tree trunks darkened by
pollution, a phenomenon called industrial melanism.
35
Passage2
Many of the concerns of scientists regarding the
conclusions were addressed in a careful
replication of his research conducted by Michael
Majerus, a professor of genetics at Cambridge
University. Majerus collected peppered moths from
woodlands to the west of Cambridge between 2001
and 2007, when the woods were recovering from coal
smoke pollution. During the six years of his study, he
found that the frequency of the dark form in these
woodlands declined from 12 percent to just over
1 percent. The dark moths were essentially
disappearing altogether. The question Majerus asked
was whether this decrease could be attributed to bird
predation. He captured local peppered moths and
raised others in the laboratory. All the moths were
released in an experimental plot near Madingley
Wood. Improving onKettlewell's technique, Majerus
released low densities of the moths, and the numbers
of light and dark forms were close to their natural
abundance. The moths were released on different
parts of trees, in roughly the proportions that they
used those locations in the wild. Although both
lab-raised and wild-caught moths were used, their
data were recorded and analyzed separately. Most
importantly, the moths were released into large cages
on the trees-one moth per cage-at sunset. The
cages were removed forty minutes before sunrise the
following morning, and each moth was watched for a
subsequent four-hour period, recording all incidents
of predation by birds.
Significantly more dark peppered moths than
light ones were eaten by birds in the Cambridge
forest. The birds' bias toward dark moths, moreover,
was a very close match to the overall decrease in dark
moths in the population. Majerus had carefully
addressed each criticism ofKettlewell's design and
had found that the change in numbers of light and
dark moths in a single forest over six years could be
fully accounted for by bird predation.Kettlewell's
results had shown that the coloration of the peppered
moth was the product of natural selection. Majerus
40 Kettlewell
Passage 1
By the early 1990s, if not before, it was known to a
small circle of scientists that what every textbook said
about industrial melanism was untrue. There were
Line some fundamental discrepancies, not least that birds
5 may not be the major predators. The question is not
whether a bird can be trained to eat a moth off a tree
trunk-birds are known to be highly educable and
those inKettlewell's aviary experiment in 1953 were
"quick to learn" from experience-but whether in
10 nature birds are major predators of peppered moths.
Equally damaging to the "authorized version" was
the fact that moths do not normally rest on tree
trunks. It is now universally acknowledged that the
scientist Cyril Clarke, who laconically observed that
75 in twenty-five years he had seen exactly two
peppered moths resting on tree trunks, was right
after all: the normal daytime resting place of
peppered moths is not on tree trunks but in shaded
areas under branches, where colour differences
20 would be muted.
Additionally, the experimental densities were too
high. In nature peppered moths are known to be very
scantily distributed, butKettlewell set out at least
four moths per tree, and then replaced them as soon
25 as all of one type were eaten. Everyone now concedes
that these densities were unnatural. Kettlewell was, in
effect, creating a feeding tray, and the "intensity of
predation" recorded in his experiments simply
reflected a learned response by the local birds.
30
Furthermore, the method of release was faulty.
Peppered moths fly at night and settle into their
daytime resting places at dawn. Kettlewell released
his moths in daylight because if he had released them
at night they would have made a beeline for the light
traps. One morning he tried releasing them just
around dawn, but this proved too laborious; they
were so cold he had to warm them up over his car
engine to get them going.
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
CONTINUE
BO
had confirmed that the primary agency ofselection
was, in fact, visual predation by insect-eating birds,
producing rapid evolution ofcolor forms in
synchrony with local environmental change.
m
According to Passage 1, in the daytime, peppered
moths tend to be found
A)
B)
C)
D)
on trees not darkened by pollution.
in areas where color distinctions are obvious.
in the shaded sections oftree trunks.
on the underside oftree branches.
The author ofPassage 1 uses the phrases "every
textbook" (line 2) and "authorized version" (line 11)
most likely to
A) indicate that Kettlewell's account ofindustrial
melanism was based on broadly held
assumptions.
B) suggest that Kettlewell's account ofindustrial
melanism has been universally rejected.
C) highlight the widespread acceptance of
Kettlewell's account ofindustrial melanism at
one time.
D) imply that Kettlewell's account ofindustrial
melanism overturned seemingly established
theories.
m
The author ofPassage 1 most strongly suggests that
the data Kettlewell collected were
A) derived from a sample that was too small to
support generalizations about typical behavior.
B) so different from data collected in previous
studies that they should have been regarded with
suspicion.
C) influenced by the experimental conditions such
that they were not indicative ofnatural patterns.
D) manipulated to fit a favored hypothesis rather
than used to evaluate that hypothesis objectively.
Bl
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Lines 1-3 ("By the ... untrue")
Lines 26-29 ("Kettlewell ...birds")
Lines 31-32 ("Peppered ...dawn")
Lines 35-38 ("One ...going")
Information in Passage 2 best supports which
statement about the relationship between pollution
in the woods west of Cambridge and the moths living
there?
A) Both light and dark moths encountered
increasing numbers ofpredators as pollution
declined.
B) Dark moths became increasingly visible to
predators as the woods recovered from
pollution.
C) Both the proportion and total number oflight
moths rose significantly as the woods became
less polluted.
D) The woods are largely still too polluted to
support substantial populations ofeither light or
dark moths.
m
As used in line 79, "product" most nearly means
A)
B)
C)
D)
substance.
combination.
commodity.
outcome.
CONTINUE
m
Based on the passages, Clarke (Passage 1) would
most likely regard the placement of the cages in
Majerus's experiment (Passage 2) with
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) admiration, because he doubted whether moths'
resting locations could be adequately controlled
by experimenters.
B) approval, because he thought Kettlewell's
experiment failed to reflect moths' natural
tendencies in selecting resting locations.
C) skepticism, because he believed that scientists
could not confidently identify moths' preferred
resting locations.
D) dissatisfaction, because he criticized Kettlewell
for not recognizing the wide variation in moths'
typical resting locations.
Which choice best describes a problem with
Kettlewell's experimental method mentioned in
Passage 1 that Majerus (Passage 2) tried to avoid?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Lines 39-43 ("Many ...University")
Lines 46-49 ("During ... 1 percent")
Lines 55-58 ("Improving ...abundance")
Lines 64-68 ("The cages ...birds")
It can reasonably be inferred from the passages that
Majerus (Passage 2) prevented the possibility
described in lines 32-35 ("Kettlewell ...traps") by
A) keeping the moths in cages until just before
dawn.
B) letting the moths fly free during most daylight
hours.
C) releasing only wild-caught moths before sunrise.
D) using the same numbers of light and dark moths.
A) Kettlewell released too many dark moths relative
to light moths.
B) Kettlewell did not realize how quickly birds can
adapt to changes in moth coloring.
C) Kettlewell overestimated the typical density of
moths beneath tree branches.
D) Kettlewell released too many moths during the
observation period.
STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.
Writing and Language Test
35 MINUTES, 44 QUESTIONS
Turn to Section 2 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.
Each passage below is accompanied by a number of questions. For some questions, you
will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas. For
other questions, you will consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in
sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompanied by
one or more graphics (such as a table or graph) that you will consider as you make revising
and editing decisions.
Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of a passage. Other questions will
direct you to a location in a passage or ask you to think about the passage as a whole.
After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that most effectively
improves the quality of writing in the passage or that makes the passage conform to the
conventions of standard written English. Many questions include a "NO CHANGE" option.
Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the
passage as it is.
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage and
supplementary material.
A Haven under the Snow
A snow-covered landscape may appear inhospitable
to most forms oflife,
D but looks can be deceiving. The
subnivium, a narrow band ofspace between the
snowpack and the soil, is home to a complex ecosystem
D
Which choice provides the best transition to the
information that follows in the paragraph?
A) NO CHANGE
B) and scientists have confirmed the truth ofthis
observation.
C) yet some plants thrive in the cold.
D) and, in fact, many animals hibernate during the
winter.
that scientists are only beginning to understand. Not only
does it shield a variety oforganisms from the harsh
conditions ofwinter, but it also prevents the roots of
shrubs from freezing, preserving an important food
source for animals.
CONTINUE
The temperature ofthe subnivium is able to remain
°
°
Ill
stable-just below 32 F (0 C)-because heat rising from
A) NOCHANGE
the ground gets trapped due to the insulating properties
B) leading to the creation ofpockets ofloosened
ofsnow. In cold climates, the subnivium is often
snow.
C) resulting in pockets ofloosened snow, a
considerably warmer than the ambient temperature (the
temperature ofair above the snowpack). That same heat
can also melt some ofthe snowpack,
fJ creating pockets
ofloosened snow. The relatively mild temperatures can
protect hibernating frogs from the dangerous cold, and
phenomenon that is caused by melting.
D) creating areas ofloosened snow that one could
call pockets.
Ill
A) NOCHANGE
the loose snowlJ enable animals such as shrews to
B) enables
move freely and even raise litters within it.
C) are enabling
D) have been enabling
CONTINUE
The subnivium's stability varies
II dependent on
D
the type of land cover. University of Wisconsin
A) NOCHANGE
researchers studied three different land covers to
B) depending
determine which was most conducive to subnivean
stability. Temperatures in the subnivia of coniferous
C) to depend
D) depend
forests were more stable than those in the subnivia of
deciduous forests, because the greater undergrowth in
coniferous forests shields the snowpack. Prairies, which
Which choice accurately represents the information
in the graph?
have little such protective vegetation, showed the greatest
A) NOCHANGE
spread in subnivean temperature. In all cases, however,
B) barely above
C) much smaller than
the temperature spread in the subnivium was
II about
the same as that in the ambient environment. On prairies,
D) roughly half of
for example, the researchers found an average daily
ambient temperature spread of aboutl\l l0°C; the
subnivean temperature spread, in contrast, was less than
one degree.
Average Daily Temperature Spread in
Ambient and Subnivean Enyironments
for Three LandCover Types
u�
15
�I I
1
�
coniferous
A) NOCHANGE
B) l.2 °C;
C) 5 °C;
D) 17°C;
Ambient
201
Which choice offers accurate information from the
graph?
I
prairie
deciduous
Subnivium
1.21
0
.8
0
�4
-i---�
coniferous
deciduous
I
I
prairie
Adapted from Sonia K. Petty, Benjamin Zuckerberg, and Jonathan N.
Pauli, "Winter Conditions and Land Cover Structure the Subnivium,
A Seasonal Refuge beneath the Snow." ©2015 by Sonia K. Petty,
Benjamin Zuckerberg, and Jonathan N. Pauli.
CONTINUE
Changes in temperature can significantly disrupt the
layer, however. The researchers demonstrated this using
a small greenhouse with a roof that automatically opens
when it
&I snows. Allowing the greenhouse to create a
subnivium while remaining several degrees warmer than
the ambient environment. The researchers found that,
llJsimilarly, subnivean temperatures inside the
-
A) NO CHANGE
B) snows, allowing
C) snows, this allowed
D) snows; and allowing
1111
A) NO CHANGE
greenhouse were actually lower than those outside. This
B) therefore,
result occurs because warmer ambient temperatures lead
C) finally,
to thinner and denser
D) counterintuitively,
l!I snowpacks. The thinner and
denser snowpacks have weaker insulating properties.
Thus, a warmer environment actually leads to a colder,
less welcoming subnivium.
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
A) snowpacks, and weaker insulating properties is
what they have.
B) snowpacks, which have weaker insulating
properties.
C) snowpacks, in which the insulating properties
that they have are weaker.
D) snowpacks; as a result, these snowpacks have
weaker insulating properties.
CONTINUE
II!J potentially vulnerable ones. Scientists are m hopeful
The subnivium is both a rich ecological treasure and
that with further research and conservation efforts, they
will be able to better understand and protect this wintry
A) NOCHANGE
B) ones that are potentially vulnerable.
C) a potentially vulnerable one.
D) potentially vulnerable.
refuge.
ID
A) NOCHANGE
B) hopeful, that:
C) hopeful, that,
D) hopeful; that
CONTINUE
Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage.
m
Breaking the Mold in Research
m
In scientific research, interdisciplinary approaches
are relatively rare-but they are
important.
Researchers who consult scholars fflwithin their own
fields are taking crucial steps toward tackling the issues at
hand. Thus, interdisciplinary cooperation should be
encouraged by universities and other organizations that
support scientific research.
A) NOCHANGE
B) important, researchers
C) important researchers
D) important; and, researchers
m
Which choice most effectively sets up the
discussion that follows in the passage?
A) NOCHANGE
B) such as biologists and computer experts are
able to harness the unique properties of an
unusual type of mold.
C) outside their own field are able to approach
problems from a fresh perspective.
D) from universities in other countries are
privileged to work in a rewarding international
environment.
CONTINUE
Collaborations between disparatellJ fields, though
ID
few have been successful. In a 2015 study, for instance, a
A) NO CHANGE
team of archaeologists interested in analyzing the vast
B) fields, though few,
road systems of the Roman Empire in the Balkan region
of outheastern Europe consulted with computer
scientists and
IEJ biologists, to make a model of the
systems. The team, composed of researchers from Greece
C) fields though few,
D) fields though, few
Bl
A) NO CHANGE
and the United Kingdom, used an unlikely method in the
B) biologists
form of a humble slime mold, Physarum polycephalum.
C) biologists:
Study coauthor Dr. Andrew Adamatzky knew that in
D) biologists-
previous studies, P. polycephalum had been used to
model transportation networks. The slime mold is adept
at finding the most efficient way to transport nutrients
from one location to another, essentially functioning as a
road does.
CONTINUE
llilTo conduct their experiment, the team placed
samples of P. polycephalum on agar plates that had oat
flakes, a food source for the mold, set in seventeen
locations corresponding to the sites of ancient cities.This
strategy encouraged the mold to find its way to these
locations in the most
Iii direct and straightforward way
ml
Which choice provides the best transition from the
previous paragraph to this one?
A)
B)
C)
D)
that was possible, as the Romans likely did. Sure enough,
the mold extended its protoplasmic tubes across the plate
to reach the food, connecting the city sites and creating a
network that nearly matched the actual one used by the
Romans. The mold's simulation was more accurate than
NOCHANGE
In their eagerness to collaborate,
Despite having only one form of mold to use,
Desiring to learn more about the construction of
roads,
m
A) NOCHANGE
B) straightforward way that the mold possibly
could,
the simulations of sophisticated computer programs,
C) direct, straightforward, and possible way,
"even tracing out paths of relatively unknown and
D) straightforward way possible,
obscure roads," according to science journalist Kelsey D.
Atherton.
lllJ He also states that "the mold was placed
initially on the oat flake for Thessaloniki, a city in the
northern Aegean region."
m
The writer is considering deleting the underlined
sentence. Should the underlined sentence be kept or
deleted?
A) Kept, because it helps to explain the sequence of
events described earlier in the paragraph.
B) Kept, because it demonstrates the
comprehensive knowledge of the research team.
C) Deleted, because it offers details that are not
relevant to the results of the experiment.
D) Deleted, because it contradicts a statement made
earlier in the passage.
CONTINUE
The success of experiments like this one
demonstrates the benefits of interdisciplinary
m
A) NOCHANGE
B) imagined
C) contemplated
D) mused
collaboration, which can be applied to many fields. The
team
IP.J speculated that archaeologists could use the
slime mold to predict the location of future excavation
sites. Studying the slime mold's behavior could also lead
to improvements in computer simulations of
m
A) NOCHANGE
B) will in turn have helped
C) is in turn helping
D) may in turn help
transportation networks, whichE!J may in turn have
m
helped engineers design such networks more efficiently.
The recent success of such projects is
remarkable. There are few funding sources to support
these projects and few guidelines for the sharing of
responsibilities, data, costs, or
EJ to credit work when
researchers from different departments collaborate.
Nevertheless, given the success of projects like the slime
mold experiment, it is clear that more funding support
should be directed toward research collaborations across
fields.
m
Which choice most effectively introduces the
information that follows in the paragraph?
A) NOCHANGE
B) Yet impediments to interdisciplinary research
remain.
C) Still, the slime mold project had its own share of
obstacles to overcome.
D) Future researchers will enjoy a great deal of
freedom in designing experiments.
m
A) NOCHANGE
B) giving credit for
C) crediting
D) credit for
CONTINUE
Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage.
Durable Beauty: A Costume Designer's Work for
the Stage
Korean American costume designer Willa Kim
BJlwas a veritable grand doyenne ofthe theatrical arts.
Having studied painting and illustration in college, she
initially pursued work as a designer in the film industry
in Hollywood before being inspired to relocate to New
York City to create costumes for the stage.
m
Some of
Kim's most famous designs featured unconventional
elements influenced by her roots in visual art. At the
same time, whether unexpected or more traditional, her
costumes uniformly reflected a deep sense ofpracticality,
tailored to the specific demands oflive performance.
mWhich choice is most consistent with the tone and
style ofthe passage as a whole?
A) NO CHANGE
B) soared aloft in her chosen field.
C) was a master ofher craft.
D) just couldn't be topped.
m
At this point, the writer is considering adding the
following sentence.
At the time ofKim's move, Hollywood,
California, was the center ofthe film and
television industries in the United States, but
New York City was also attracting its share of
filmmakers and TV producers.
Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it provides a rationale for Kim's
decision to relocate from Hollywood to
New York City.
B) Yes, because it illustrates the shifting
demographics ofthe two industries with which
the passage is primarily concerned.
C) No, because it presents information that is given
elsewhere in the passage.
D) No, because it blurs the paragraph's focus on
Kim's background and designs.
CONTINUE
Costumes for film and television can be constructed
with wide allowances for fit and comfort because actors
can adjust their costumes between periods of filming. But
Kim primarily designed for theater, where live
performers execute complex movements in the staging of
m
A) NO CHANGE
B) performers' bodies'
C) performers' bodies
D) performers bodies'
a play or musical, and for dance, where they regularly
spin, leap, and run. In both cases, the garments Kim
A) NO CHANGE
created had to work in tandem withlfD performer's
B) undue
body's without requiring adjustments or causing
C) overdue
II undo discomfort. Rather than feeling limited by the
D) overdo
reality of designing for bodies in continuous motion, Kim
found it inspiring, saying she got her "ideas from a
certain twist of the body, ... a particular movement."
A) NO CHANGE
B) from
Throughout the construction of her garments and the
C) with
multiple fittings required to ensure that each garment
D) by
m
was impeccably suited
to her
m
to its wearer, Kim stayed true
inspiration. What inspired her was to create
costumes that brought out the movement of the bodies
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
that she dressed.
A) inspiration, creating
B) inspiration and also created
C) inspiration, and the costumes she created were
D) inspiration; her inspiration was to create
CONTINUE
IBiJ Because they bring out performers' movement,
costumes for live performance must also be long
mWhich choice provides the best transition from the
previous paragraph to this one?
lasting-much more so than regular clothing and
A) NO CHANGE
generally more so than costumes created for film and
B) Successful live productions can last for years, so
television. Screen actors may wear a particular costume
C) Beyond their responsiveness to movement,
for just a few days of filming, in
D) Additionally, it is important to remember that
E!J that case the garment
needs to be cleaned only a few times and is therefore
unlikely to deteriorate. In live productions, however, it is
not uncommon for a performer tom wear the same
m
costume as often as eight times per week, for weeks or
months on end.
m
A) NO CHANGE
B) such a
C) this
D) which
Which choice best supports the contrast presented in
the paragraph?
A) NO CHANGE
B) have to change costumes hastily backstage
between scenes, sometimes in a matter of
minutes or even seconds.
C) be provided with a costume originally fitted to
another performer's body, especially in cases
when an understudy is called upon to perform in
place of the person normally scheduled to appear
in the role.
D) ask for minor adjustments to be made to his or
her costume over the course of an especially long
production run.
CONTINUE
Kim was noted for devising new strategies to
m
accomplish her vision without sacrificing the durability
of her costumes. In the mid-1960s, for example,
A) NO CHANGE
ID she
B) Kim was working
C) while working
worked on an off-Broadway play, she decided to design
D) and while working
costumes with political cartoons drawn on them. The
idea was as unusual at the time as it was untested. Kim's
early attempts saw the cartoons quickly fade after
ID
repeated cleanings. Searching for fabric that would hold
Which choice provides the best conclusion to the
paragraph and the passage?
color longer, she eventually discovered that stretch
A) NO CHANGE
m
material "takes paint beautifully" and incorporated it into
her work.
The extent of her talents is evident in the
bevy of honors she received, including two Tony Awards
for Best Costume Design and two Drama Desk Awards
for Outstanding Costume Design.
B) Were it not for her background in the visual arts,
Kim may never have experimented with painting
on her garments at all.
C) It was this unwavering focus on utility,
combined with her artistry, that cemented Kim's
reputation in the costume-design world.
D) The realities of designing costumes for the stage
can indeed be challenging, but with enough
ingenuity, these challenges can be overcome.
CONTINUE
Questions 34-44 are based on the following passage.
James Reese Europe's Pioneering Sound
m
A) NO CHANGE
B) as it would
C) that would
-1-
D) DELETE the underlined portion.
In 1904, the musician James Reese Europe moved
from Washington, DC, where he had studied under
concert violinist Joseph Douglass, to New York City. In
his new home, Europe found his musical interests
shifting from classical music to the mixture of ragtime,
m
blues, and other styles that New York musicians were
then experimenting with and
it would eventually
develop into modem jazz music. Europe would play a
crucial role in introducing this music to the broader
public.
CONTINUE
-2-
Bl
Europe developed his skills in popular musical styles
by working as a pianist and composer for Broadway
A) songs featuring
B) songs, and these songs featured
C) songs with the featuring of
D) songs; additionally, these songs featured
musicals. When opportunities for employment in
musical theater declined, he turned to composing and
conducting dance music. Europe's works were among the
first to use a modified orchestra to playl,I songs. These
songs featured the cadences and melodic structures of
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
m
folk songs and other traditional African American
A) NO CHANGE
musical forms.
B) Audiences were captivated and entranced
l!3 Audiences in attendance were
captivated by Europe's driving rhythms and novel
C) Entranced audiences were captivated
instrumentation, which featured banjos, saxophones, and
D) Audiences were captivated
other instruments
II that were unusual in orchestral
arrangements. Dance bands headed by Europe became a
major draw at dance parties, hotels, and restaurants in
the city.
Ill
The writer is considering deleting the underlined
portion, adjusting the punctuation as needed. Should
the underlined portion be kept or deleted?
A) Kept, because it expands on the sentence's claim
that the instrumentation was novel.
B) Kept, because it clarifies what is meant by the
sentence's mention of driving rhythms.
C) Deleted, because it introduces an aspect of
orchestral arrangements that goes unexplained.
D) Deleted, because it does not logically set up the
information about dance bands in the sentence
that follows in the paragraph.
CONTINUE
-3Seeking opportunities for himself and fellow jazz
musicians to perform for a wider audience,
A) NO CHANGE
II the Clef
B) 1910 saw the founding of the Clef Club with the
help of Europe.
Club was founded in 1910 with Europe's help. This
m
C) Europe's help led to the founding of the Clef
Club in 1910.
organization for African American musicians provided
rehearsal space, booked venues for
crucially formed a jazz orchestra of more than one
hundred members with Europe as
D) Europe helped found the Clef Club in 1910.
concerts; and
lliJ it's conductor.
m
With ten pianos providing harmony, and mandolins,
A) NO CHANGE
B) concert, and, crucially,
harp guitars, and other folk instruments supplementing
C) concerts and, crucially
the traditional instruments of a symphony orchestra,
D) concerts and crucially,
Europe's Clef Club Orchestra was poised to take the
popularity of jazz to a new level.
IIil
A) NO CHANGE
B) there
C) they're
D) its
CONTINUE
-4It was unlike anything the audience had heard
before: the instruments and syncopated beats of early jazz
music had been transferred from the dance hall to the
concert hall, acquiring the sound of a massive symphony
orchestra along the way. As the writer James Weldon
m
Johnson later recalled, concert goers were thrilled by this
new sound:
Ill
Which quotation from a 1912 book by James Weldon
Johnson best supports the claim made earlier in the
sentence?
A) NO CHANGE
B) "The applause became a tumult,"
C) "The instrumentation was augmented by the
voices,"
D) "It was an unorthodox combination,"
"The effect can be imagined," he wrote.
CONTINUE
Ill
-5-
Which choice provides the most effective transition
to the information that follows in the paragraph?
After the Carnegie Hall performance, Europe and
m
other Clef Club members were flooded with requests to
perform and record their music.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Despite Europe's
busy schedule, the concert brought attention and prestige
to the nascent art form of jazz. For this and Europe's
other contributions to the
NO CHANGE
Because the group had practiced extensively,
Even more importantly,
Though their other shows were inspiring as well,
ID genre. Jazz historian
Gunther Schuller declared Europe, "along with Jelly Roll
Morton, the most important figure in the prehistory of
A) NO CHANGE
B) genre, jazz
C) genre; therefore, jazz
D) genre and jazz
jazz."
Questions
W asks about the previous passage as a
whole.
Think about the previous passage as a whole as you
answer question 44.
m
The writer wants to add the following sentence to the
passage.
Europe and the Clef Club Orchestra found their
chance at a Carnegie Hall performance on
May 2, 1912.
To make the passage most logical, the sentence
should be placed
A) at the beginning of paragraph 1.
B) at the beginning of paragraph 3.
C) at the beginning of paragraph 4.
D) at the beginning of paragraph 5.
STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.