ELECTRoC HEMI1STRY
stoy
Elechochemi
involved
is
the study
the
POcesses
interconvsion o elechical encgy
in he
and
chemica eney"
we
on Passing elechic
know that
oleckolyte soluion
an
a
chemical
curent
Hhrough
eacion akes PlaceT
current Can Cau se a chemical
electic
an
othe wids,
condihonS. The
Jeachion to take plate unde suifable
corrent
Can genotate elechic
also true he e
is
revohse
Hence depend ng
a chemical eochon
Useg
bthe
electochemical Processes, thee
upon these tuo res
obte
cells
tuoPes
Such as
elecholyhe cell
electochemical cell
d
i)
s
Convenled
Toto
Produce he
bD
device in which elechtcal end
elechic Cnent
Crent
chenical enegy A Fassing
Process
destred chemical chonge and he
cell :
dy. Elecholyh
A
is called eleckolysi.
wao yields
ex: electroysis
og
wafe
hrough
through wate
is
Pa SSed
alecnciN
this. Poces5
n
in
og collecke d a
Ha
and
add)
dops
having
o
C
dlent
eeleckodos
)elecroche.micalcell
An
do vice
elecochemical cell is a davice
enog
which Convots chemica
gavanic ell.
i5 albo callcd
T
e
Ho cnd
ino elect cal enogI
Daniel cell
Scanned by CamScanner
EME
2edox ReachoO:
C
eleco
Ho Hue
F&ue)
Any
Subsfance tha loses dectrons
be oxidiged and the one tohich gaåns elcchons
Said b
Said to be reduced.
6
Houeven
in
chemica seachop a substance
Ca
loe elactons onl
these is Present anoth
Substante,
whích Can asn electons. This im plies ha
Oxidahon Can take place only
reduchon also oCtuTS u
a
he
Same Hmee These Jeadions in shich reduchon
Oxidalfon taka place ae Called edox eocHons.
caDd
a
Tn
this zn
hence
elechon,
Electrode
Cut
0ses two elechD Ds whee
this a is a Sedox Yeachion.
olenal
olenal
its own ions
15
gains tuc
with
A metal rod & plabe in ontact
Called electode. cohen a melal is in
on 10nS, iF Can undeif
an electrode
hendan
oxicaton 8 reducion. The
colled elechrode poenhal.
to lose 8i gain elecons is
to lose elec
poleohal: fende0y o elechrode
oith
Contac
Soluhon
the
oxidahon
ZnT& +ge
Zn
Recduchon
e
qa
dluch |
alict
to
qåa
u
elecrode
tendancy electoda
Polenhal
Cot
is
ge
Co
meas LNed
electoda olen hal meas uied
clectroda
standand elechoce
molar Concentraton
e
cndihons
stencdabnd
polen hial
en
Scanned by CamScanner
Elechochemicacell
LE
1S
Convoed o
cell &)
galuan
is
Cedevice in shich
elechical enogy L
enea
is aßo callec
as
volaic cel.
galvanic cell
möe.
immsed fn one
Elecrochanical cell 61,
wo electo des
chemical
-
uUSually
su table
Consists of
elechrolyfes.
chemfcal
one
oNaucHon DccLns in the cell resudhing into oxidahona
electrode The electroda
elechode and veduchon a he ohe
is called abhode and he electoda
whfch oxidahon ocuS
a whic Yeduchon ocuS 15 called Cchode.
hen
the elecmdes
abe
exhonallconneced,
a
a
change and
galvanic cel ancde is vepvesenled ba
Codhode is epesened b +changee
one 15. oxidahon hallcell
halells
Con
sists
I
i5 educhon
takes placé and he
oth
oxidajon
incohich
which veduchon akes place. The two hul cells
-
Ln
in
too
n
hallcell
a9e connected
b a salt-bridge
.
Con Sist5
TF Consisls
It
cell
Daniel
cell.
Daniel
Sawanic
exomple
oxidahon
nsoy soluhon, oher otdah0n
z
in
rod dipping
cooy 5° luion ohere
2inc
rod diped in
cell is
ca
cu
takasplate and
tuoo bea
bea kers ae
Soluions
T
Salt- bridge
seduchon takesplae.
wn
Lon as SaltFube
no
kno
uube
Curren
byan inVled
o
Conneched
b
ekhernally
exketnally
Connecfed
eluchrodes
cohen theye tuo
CUrrent ouos dua
elschic
starnts JlowingThe
rod
CO rod
Uto
olachons
PaSSage
om
o he
to o
Scanned by CamScanner
zn
At
ano cla
AF
Cathocle
cue
+ &e
Coxidah)
Cneckuction)
CU
znt+CU
Zn+ cot2
sa bndae
Cathocdo
Anodc
)
CU
Zn
C)
-L
E
nSou
Anoclo
IMCHsH
hal!
cothede halj
Cell
el
salt bidge
Funchons
elechical neutali
circut
complees he
Nainlains
a
T
Pravents tnfemixing
T
o oo
Soluhons
tn fuo
ha ells
cel
elecrochami
cellPokenhal CEMF e the
one
hese eluchodes
electrodes
tusd
to
hendeny
mode p
hendenyto
higkhe
Polenhal
elecode
highe
pepl
must have a
his polep
cel):
An
#he
e
lodem
o
JeSult
A5
As a sesult
othe
the
han
ose elecons)
lose
dvom the electhons
alechns lo
elkckode
dienence the
lciwdo
Poknhial to he
elechode
the
a
locwor potenhal.
cell
Potenhial
nan
as
and
highe
This
Poenhal
n
hehe
measuned.
otce
elechomohiue Jotce
denence
volts
cell.
cel.
1S
called
This Potenhal
the
is alst
Scanned by CamScanner
(
Relocement encdanc
The metls
senies aJe shg reducina agens
the metal
belou it.
of decrochani cal Cell
represenled
Pofnts
C
The
hand Sid
elecirode
e metoal
si ele
on the
a
while
t
Ssist ond then
Vsical lfne The
the meta
b
keeping
b
hal cellin ohich
on the lejt hand
ght
he
can reduce
hence hey
yin
epeseotahion
naorî c cell is
Anode
3top
te
a
in
oxfdabion
cahodes
C.e anode)
is
the elecrolye. he
elecholtt may be
thaollouing
vieco
is riten
COrTten on he2
oCcS)
by wrfhing
tuo ate sepeiated
he
uten
reesenecb
Addihonal
whole compound& by ionic Secfes.
J&tmula
also be menhioned in
may
concenrahion
reganding
inl&imaion
ehe
bvocke
e
zn/znt,
zn fzn5o
/205,
ohfch reduchon
Cat
cell
the
ol
this case
right-hand sido. In
The cahode
wrtten on he
is
Hoist and he
represenkd
is
vSrhicol line
Seporabecd bA a
e
Zn
me.lal
CIm)/
CU
sepahoa
Thus
Yepresent
the
aboue
b
consíderaions to
takes
phre
the
electrolyte
The two
CUSo
co
cabed
indscahed
brídge is ind
salt
A
tuw hal-ells.
theeel
Cn)
ae
Ci) /cu
nes,
votfcal lines,
too vettical
may
'we ma
cell, we
Daniel cell,
t as
toim)fco
/
zn/zntci)
Scanned by CamScanner
Neune
eqvahon
The electrode
rotenhial
llic
meta
Pofenhal
meta llc
depends
ions in
dapend s opon
Opon the
Poenhal
soluion.
Poknial Sith
the onc.
Soluion.
conc.
h
The
he
Concenhvaion
vouahon
vbiahion
of
by
Neung st
con Scloahons
Taen tal
The
nftbs
tbs
elechrode
metallic ion
5oluion
soluion 5iS
this can
be
obtain ed
reachcn 5och
as occuang
OCCuung
.
bB
aA
elecods
o
iven
x
in 1e
in
the coll
4HY +
ee eng
change is
An+ 303
Am
RT
0
given
Io
axa
aA.
whore
Bb.
achifes e veactants and products
ee eneg change veacion under stondadd
a-
A
bythenmodyna
o
Condih ons
An
-
Fvee
change
en@a
cek
electica
An is elaled to
An
-
FcellEroll
constant)
7
F
CFaodad
2.1
2.
bsitui
cell
equaionL
:303 RT
303FT log1o
nF
/mol
83 4 3/k
998 kk
998
=
96,SDOSDO
these
rorn the
obtaîned
vakes in aboe
- nFEcell - oFEol
Rnas
CTempotatue)
cell veacHon
An=nFEll
nF€ cell
bySubshtahng4these
e
o
LRoduchs
[veaclants
LRaducts
C
Ractans]
ouloumbs
eguafion
equahon we
aboue
tn
the
vaues
he
values tn
Scanned by CamScanner
S
ecol=
Eroll
o0543 tea, Teducts
CRmctont5]
whene
Ecellelectrda pcfenhal q
cell
eectride polenhal unden standatd Condi hions
electrons involved în he eachon.
n
No
Redichon polenhal:
Fcell
+ne
equaionn
AC to nnst
Evd =
o
red
oc
FredEred +
oxidahon olental:
ACC: Fo
nennst
Appli caions
Uscd ahee
is
giveneluchrode undet
F
Eela
542oLnCH
oxd
Eoxd0598
n
log C]
Ered
oxd
E
CH
equahon
=
Eela
loq
Cm
M-> n" +ne
oxd
Fcell
oS99 log
elachode polenhal
of Condthons
standotrd Condihons
calulaion
non-
oq l°
+005R
Fpleo3R
equiliium
talulahonequilibium
Ecell
reduchon reachion_
I {T
loq Cr
log
constant
h
oxidaian
oxidaion
81
cell
cell
reachon
veachion
veachon
=0
At
bero-mi
cell
O059a
spainga
solubiliy
nahion o
O 059 lo C
Fcell
DerOminah
on &
n
onleno
soluble salts
vatu
pt
pt vakue.
Scanned by CamScanner
es
elechodes
6
Relcnence
elechvodes:- The
elechode
Pohenhal
pohenial,
th
which we can
standad
comPae the Poenhals
electrodes, is called a
rejenence elecode. T
best loLence
electrode. qed is a
standad hydroqn
electrode , shose
elechoda Poenial a all empoaes
s
an
othe
as 3oD
Fakoh
Hdogen-
elechvode
T
Consists
a plalfnumn electrode coatecd SH
plalnum black immehsed in a It Soluhion e H ons
mntained at
ectvode
is sealed through the end oH|
aglass tube. This Fube is Surrounded b anothe glass
tube cith a Stde cotm
a sst ng HagaS into he
in-betuoeen space. The bottom g the oues tube is thed
Toto a bell,
avound the pt elechode. Hydrogen gas at
am Pressu1e entois he glass hood ord bubbles ova
s.
the PlaRnum elechode The H as a the plainumm
and
elechode pases inhd he Soluion oimina Hions
electvons
Ha
Ha
Hgas at
lah-
H+
2e
lalf num wire
n lass en velope
-IR
4T 5olu7on at
a5'
PlecinumJul coveed wh
Plah oum blade
Scanned by CamScanner
when
hen it
acts as
ars
HC)
e
E E-
cabh ode, Yeduchon
303R
nE
-oo392v
Yeachion takes
Plae.
loq CHg12
CHe
lo
Cug
-0.6599V log
CHoy
9
- o.o59RV
pH
LimttaionS
The
As,
i)
hydngen electrode is reodily affecled
compounds
b
S ond bxidisng agents lke Fets
tno, CYgo e
It
it
Cont be used in he resence Q) ions o* many mefals
Cant be used in soluhions tontaining redox sySkèms.
ion electvodes
hese elechades consiss
Mela
Hetal-
in contac
Zn
soluhon q
ihn
aveedsoluhon
a
me tal
CH)
cahon n°y.
i5
soljon
as
CC) + he
re/pesenkd
Hetal- roral inouble
by
Poe
a
od tdipping in inc sdphat
olechro da
nin
Ha,
f
slt elacindes-
m
Consists o
imm oise
(() imnoise
(1)
soluble salt
soluble
sdt
spoing'
a laye of
K)
Common apion. X)
a Commoh
containing
used) i5
Cormmany Oseds
Commony
mosl
Cthe
eloctode
potenha
calo mel
The
eloctrvda
choda
seli
chlede elo
chltude
mecutous
mecut
calomel
the
mhcutHA
ele ctrocle
ve
oith
he
ConcKe
Scanned by CamScanner
ke Conc
O
ekcrode plknial
ble
N
O-333S
(onsss
It
solable
N
Satuoaled
o 28lo
mouA
sposirgly
i conteck tkmoNcutous chlaide H,clg and a so
lui on o
chlaide ions
Such as kel
Contentration.
e
Sadt
consucHon
knoon
consists
a tube in the bottom
ushich
ch
alayon
merculY
is
ove
of
a
pase
cohi
placed
is
H t acla
The remaining P&Ron
cell is
lled uwith a soluion
kcl e diNereot Concentrahion. A
e
Platinum wire
dSppiog
oto the
the mer CuUY ayo, is Used
dpping oto
elacrcd
Jamaka
con tact. 7he sfde
tube
used J8makirg elachh ca -Confact
LE
or
Ith
a
Salt bridge
s
kc
wre
-PEHg+
-
when
is
the
kcl
called vespechvey
Haçla
ol
luion
as daciodmal
So
N
ON
and Sadurald
n&ma and sausced
Omeelechoda.
Scanned by CamScanner
eloctode
eachon taking
place
hall-cellis
Haga G)
2e
in this
-
adtemdo
+ad (cq)
The electode an
be Coupled wth
hydogen
centaining soluion
o onknouwn pH
Pt, Ha Ctam)/ Ht?
CTheemothe
let
o599
O4L92
elecodess
tnenenally
Species
speies existsn
e non- reachue
olecihons
Ht
tel,
Ecellrigh
Redoxx
Hagca
alacho
dlucho
de
da
tuwo
uSith
in
fhis
y_pi)y
He
d dlechmades
djeent oxicaion
soluion and
ade
staks,
just
&
meal
and elocne
o
CoiSuOS o
c
behaves a
ainhydvone electrode behaues
eechode
Quinhydvogen
measuun
measuin
used
8L
is
electode ond
electrode
bydogen
of
electro de
a
ndicato electrod
an ndicat&
n
pH
PA
he
te
as
Soluhons
unone
fn
-
m
hydroquinone
and
Tons
hydogen fons.
pre sence
e
reveosible
a
rec
redo
sysk
O
+9H t+ 9e
oH
Hydoqinone
Qinone
P
Scanned by CamScanner
consruchon:
construcion:
unhydvone
ading A Auphydone electrode
b
eectodQ
Pinch
mental soludion
con
l
quinhadrone
vay
vy easily
wth
ancl
easl be se
andashgh
Pocwder
SR
alght
SHrig,
rrira,
Unšl
Fo
exesst remainsunil the soluhion
elechode
soluion the expu
usually
r
is sanaed&
ondissolved.
Then sabaed
The
is inseed
7he
insorted î'n ndicar&
Polenhal e
in it.
is daveloped
dovelope
mme
is
d when
sed în this sysem
an inøt
elecroda
int elucroda
Syskm is
inst
S givn by
equahon
ivn
bright
Ploinum
ploinum
1
anc
Anc
he
E
E
and
H
C
Ha@
then, CaJ
8-303 2T
F
a
.
log
loq
takan in equinolat
equrmolajL concenhrahions
concnrahions
loCH,
Oo599 vPH
EQ
E
2.303 P2T
E
a303 2r
F
Et
CHa0
C01
CeCH
0.052
ls
Ea+.303Txla
log
fH).
e0.09T
pH
ela chrod eolenhad Q qinhydrene elucodu urder standotd
ConelShons is
E O.6994 v
O699LV
PH
isS
dotemî ning
ith ang
cOmbinedJ
Satwnaed
O« 0Sq
1
othe
v
PH
had|cell
unknown Soluton; this
usually
electrode, Usually
rejeence electrode
talomel elecfrocle
Scanned by CamScanner
The
The ccmplere cell
Can be oupre
senltd
PEH@,
a,
H*
Cunknoun)
Folenhemelcou
-
as
/kd(sot)H,chs)| Hgt
Calo mel
****
elactode
Pt elocnde
sduian
ol
onknoun-
nch }
P+a
6LúnhydneFce
E
calomel
0 &ua9
pH
aunbydrone
Co6944
v-
.6994
-
V
-
o-OSYA
iS
alkoli
0.o5992
vony Usejul in the
I
metals
Ktvaion
an
acid
isYapidy attaned
ions
the ionS
the
Resee oj
O
USed in the reseKe
can be
hydrgen elec kodo.
which uSuall ec
EquiEquit bvium
9
PH)
O-94 99 +Ecel
Acvantages:
it
V
b
an
man
Scanned by CamScanner
Paachonns
oxidaon
ReduchOn
zn ei)+ae
nC) +2e>
zn
zn
znCca)9303RT
6
log
LD
veltmeke
2n
electrdo
Sotbiden
-Z eleckode
zosoy (Ca)
1)ZnsO4
APplhcahons
0
TD
e)TD
3 TD
(4/T TD
salls
spadnga soluble slls
solubili
deermi ne
Valenty o cahons
the
calculate
transihon Point.
debmine the
CorroSSon in metals
exlent
Cakulae the
Batteies
1Batteny
Botton
cels
:
electroclemia
elactroclemica
is an
sevotad
cell & Sevotas
usec as a Souice
elecochemi cal
hat can be
aeanged in Sees vblkage
Cons tan
a
at
DC
Scanned by CamScanner
Bateies
ma
veveisible.
kRAN 1
elechicis
pes
Batnies
one the
25
in which
the ell reachon
reoclonts
is not
Produted
afe convaled
onvaled
inlo produds
ind
bathoy
and
betome deod.
beome
deod
()
Batoues
e jDry ecel
n
which the cel
con
can be Yevotbeo
revo sed
reachon 6 YMsVe
fassjog De
b
Dc
oppo si}e dorechon.
Secenda bateues
in orposie
direchon
Secondasy
may be osed
used throuh
throh
chaging and dischanging
des
Leod
Fuel
acid tels,
Battenes
4uelr
uelt
vechy
fuel
H-°9
N-td
cells
in shich du
ioto elochcf
cell, nethano
and
Th
7h
.
a
longe
lange numb
numbo
hium
tels
convetts chemica enaia
oxyçen
uel
cell
BRIMARY BATTERIES
Dry cel
Anode
cathode
decvolye
:
Laclan
che cell
Confaine
nd)
Carbon (gvaphie
whichL
to which
and
Mnog
NHC 2nda
Mto acddac o mak ft thick
Pas.
hfck fask
Stnch is
cop
inc
Meal
.C
collon o
keep
rd in
Posihon
EeJ
zinc Cootaine
and
Mix
oNtcl,zndHnOg
(anbon
nd
Scanned by CamScanner
sstitickud
5E CONDARY 3ATTER)CS
EC
Lead- Acfd stdage
Ancde:
Laod
calhode
Leod dioxido
A
no.
Pb
plaes
be
berween
one
powdot passed iob
a
qid
P)
CPase ol Pbop assed iho a
yid o)
.Haso4 C90-21 .)
electolye
(onstYuchon:
C Leod
cell
It
-
Consisl5
leod anode
plales ave conneckd in
also
connecled fn
Posalle
Peaorealle
plaes The plohes
nsulat&s ike ships ood
Pbog
he
cbve
bnd
ad
Pbog
a
calhode
no-I P
lead ploles
Jt
sarestabed
Jron cdjatenl
and enHore 5dup is
B.HaSo
fmmsed in
Anode
e)
colhode
Pb
ve)
Pbo
90.
Dis chongg
AE anode
t
Pb
ULULOLUILU
Hg SoL4
ndongoes oxidaion
4Je
P
ith
tCombines
t2
PL
PL
Pb
The
in
PL S04
m
Sou
Soy
HaSoy
Pb s04
Scanned by CamScanner
A
cathode
The
the pbo
pboa elecodo
e
released a anode
and
Causes reduchon
PL+
Pbogt
aHT
+9e
Pb
PL+504
+ Soy-4 2e1
oa A H+ 8 So4
P+Pb
Pbog tu
o Pbo
HaO
s_
Pb5oy
ytt
rbo+
Net reachon
8
lows to
P P Sou+*Sa
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