INTRO TO CORRECTIONS
STUDY QUESTIONS FOR FINAL (WITH ANSWERS)
Chapter 9 Special Offenders
9.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) For which of the following types of offenders has the BOP developed supermax prisons?
A) violent offenders
B) juvenile offenders
C) sex offenders
D) aging offenders
Answer: A
Page Ref: 282
Objective: Explain the concerns about inmate violence in prisons, and suggest reasons for and
against the use of supermax prisons.
Level: Basic
2) Which of the following is one of the three variations of the legal process of transferring
juvenile offenders to adult court?
A) civil commitment
B) containment
C) statutory exclusion
D) plea bargain
Answer: C
Page Ref: 266
Objective: Summarize the issues regarding juvenile offenders in adult criminal courts.
Level: Basic
3) Which of the following is a form of incarceration in which juveniles handled by adult courts
are placed in adult prisons with no separate housing or differentiation in programming or job
assignments?
A) straight adult incarceration
B) graduated incarceration
C) juvenile incarceration
D) segregated incarceration
Answer: A
Page Ref: 267
Objective: Summarize the issues regarding juvenile offenders in adult criminal courts.
Level: Basic
4) What dual problem do mentally ill inmates represent in jails and prisons?
A) clothing and visitation
B) control and treatment
C) programs and parole
D) housing and feeding
Answer: B
Page Ref: 273
Objective: Describe the impact of the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill on the criminal
justice system.
Level: Basic
5) What are mentally ill inmates more likely to have than other inmates?
A) infectious diseases
B) disciplinary problems
C) general health issues
D) visitors
Answer: B
Page Ref: 274
Objective: Describe the impact of the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill on the criminal
justice system.
Level: Basic
6) Compared to other offenders, what are mentally ill inmates more likely to do?
A) use illicit drugs
B) recidivate
C) rehabilitate
D) discontinue medication
Answer: B
Page Ref: 274
Objective: Describe the impact of the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill on the criminal
justice system.
Level: Basic
7) Which of the following provide for the management and secure control of inmates designated
as violent or seriously disruptive in other prisons?
A) private prisons
B) mental institutions
C) punishment cells
D) supermax prisons
Answer: D
Page Ref: 282
Objective: Explain the concerns about inmate violence in prisons, and suggest reasons for and
against the use of supermax prisons.
Level: Basic
8) The triangle of supervision used in the containment model to manage sex offenders includes
________.
A) treatment to teach sex offenders to develop internal control over deviant thoughts
B) castration of those convicted of pedophilia
C) increasing public awareness and providing the public with accurate information about sex
offenders
D) mandatory drug treatment to reduce the sex drive
Answer: A
Page Ref: 288
Objective: Describe the types of sex offenders and summarize issues regarding them.
Level: Basic
9) Which was the first supermax prison in the United States?
A) Pelican Bay
B) Leavenworth
C) Alcatraz
D) USP Marion
Answer: C
Page Ref: 282
Objective: Explain the concerns about inmate violence in prisons, and suggest reasons for and
against the use of supermax prisons.
Level: Basic
10) What is the dominant feature of the supermax prison?
A) drug and alcohol abuse programs
B) work programs
C) security
D) rehabilitative programs
Answer: C
Page Ref: 285
Objective: Explain the concerns about inmate violence in prisons, and suggest reasons for and
against the use of supermax prisons.
Level: Basic
11) Why do some states use supermax prisons for inmates who have not committed a violent act
in prison?
A) to control overcrowding in regular prisons
B) to better control mentally ill inmates
C) to protect elderly and juvenile inmates
D) to reduce gang activity
Answer: D
Page Ref: 286
Objective: Explain the concerns about inmate violence in prisons, and suggest reasons for and
against the use of supermax prisons.
Level: Basic
12) What is one of the functions that supermax prisons serve in regard to prison violence?
A) the control of very violent inmates
B) the discouraging of violence in regular society
C) the control of violence specifically among drug offenders
D) the punishment of even marginally violent inmates
Answer: A
Page Ref: 286
Objective: Explain the concerns about inmate violence in prisons, and suggest reasons for and
against the use of supermax prisons.
Level: Basic
13) Which of the following is included in the "comprehensive approach" toward sex offenders?
A) victim centeredness
B) castration
C) incarceration
D) polygraph examinations
Answer: A
Page Ref: 289
Objective: Describe the types of sex offenders and summarize issues regarding them.
Level: Basic
14) Who are the primary victims of sexual assaults?
A) the mentally ill
B) females
C) juveniles
D) the elderly
Answer: B
Page Ref: 289
Objective: Describe the types of sex offenders and summarize issues regarding them.
Level: Basic
15) In order to protect the public, state legislatures have been passing laws defining a new type
of mental disorder that allows diagnosis of sex offenders as ________.
A) serial predators
B) sexually violent predators
C) schizophrenic
D) mentally ill
Answer: B
Page Ref: 290
Objective: Describe the types of sex offenders and summarize issues regarding them.
Level: Basic
16) Which of the following is the first U.S. Supreme Court case to support the civil commitment
of sexually violent predators as long as specific requirements were followed?
A) Selling v. Young
B) Kansas v. Crane
C) Selling v. Hendricks
D) Kansas v. Hendricks
Answer: D
Page Ref: 291
Objective: Describe the types of sex offenders and summarize issues regarding them.
Level: Basic
17) For the purpose of treating a sex offender, how long can a state commit an offender to an
institution?
A) six months
B) two years
C) indefinitely
D) three months
Answer: C
Page Ref: 290
Objective: Describe the types of sex offenders and summarize issues regarding them.
Level: Basic
18) When treating a sex offender under civil commitment, which of the following is expected?
A) Other facility residents can be a mix of civil commitments and criminals.
B) Treatment need not be geared toward release of the resident.
C) Confinement is in a nonpunitive setting.
D) Comprehensive treatment programs are not essential.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 291
Objective: Describe the types of sex offenders and summarize issues regarding them.
Level: Basic
19) Which condition has declined over the past few years, from 2.3 percent of the prison
population in 1995 to 1.3 percent in 2015?
A) drug abuse
B) HIV/AIDS
C) Hepatitis C
D) tuberculosis
Answer: B
Page Ref: 294
Objective: Identify types of infectious diseases common with criminal offenders and the issues
facing them while under correctional supervision.
Level: Basic
20) The state and federal prison systems screen inmates for tuberculosis ________.
A) in the event of the inmate's showing symptoms of the disease
B) after a year into incarceration
C) at the time of the individual's admission to the prison
D) every month at regular intervals
Answer: C
Page Ref: 296
Objective: Identify types of infectious diseases common with criminal offenders and the issues
facing them while under correctional supervision.
Level: Basic
21) Which of the following diseases is most commonly spread through the bloodstream as a
result of drug users sharing needles?
A) AIDS
B) tuberculosis
C) pneumonia
D) Hepatitis C
Answer: D
Page Ref: 297
Objective: Identify types of infectious diseases common with criminal offenders and the issues
facing them while under correctional supervision.
Level: Basic
22) What is the most commonly detected drug for individuals who are booked into jail and test
positive for drugs?
A) heroin
B) methamphetamine
C) cocaine
D) marijuana
Answer: D
Page Ref: 268
Objective: Summarize the issues regarding drug offenders, and identify the types of substance
abuse programs prisons provide for inmates.
Level: Basic
23) Approximately what percent of state prisoners who met the criteria for drug dependence or
abuse received some type of drug treatment while in prison?
A) 6%
B) 18%
C) 29%
D) 77%
Answer: C
Page Ref: 270
Objective: Summarize the issues regarding drug offenders, and identify the types of substance
abuse programs prisons provide for inmates.
Level: Basic
24) What is the most critical, expensive, and difficult issue related to the aging prisoner
population?
A) increased health care needs of elderly inmates
B) building housing units for elderly inmates
C) the movement of elderly inmates around the prison
D) violence against elderly inmates
Answer: A
Page Ref: 277
Objective: Summarize the issues and needs regarding aging offenders and transgender inmates.
Level: Basic
25) ________ inmates are one of the most vulnerable populations in a correctional facility, and
are likely to be marginalized if the many issues around their management are not identified and
dealt with proactively
A) Drug abusing
B) Elderly
C) Transgender
D) Violent
Answer: C
Page Ref: 279
Objective: Summarize the issues and needs regarding aging offenders and transgender inmates.
Level: Basic
Chapter 10 The Management of Prisons
10.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) What is the central organization that oversees state and federal prisons often called?
A) the capitol
B) the headquarters
C) the home office
D) the rehabilitation center
Answer: B
Page Ref: 302
Objective: Outline the organizational structure of prisons.
Level: Basic
2) Which of the following is TRUE of the Adult Internal Management System?
A) It is the most widely used internal classification system.
B) It was developed by Sanford Bates.
C) It classifies inmates solely on likelihood of victimization in prison.
D) It ensures that inmates are assigned housing based on clinical judgments.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 319
Objective: Describe methods for controlling inmate behavior, including classification of inmates
and use of a disciplinary system.
Level: Intermediate
3) Which of the following is a type of issue dealt with by correctional agency legal offices?
A) prosecuting inmates who commit crimes while in prison
B) firing of correctional staff who violate rules
C) reviewing policy for potential effectiveness
D) responding to inmate lawsuits
Answer: D
Page Ref: 304
Objective: Outline the organizational structure of prisons.
Level: Intermediate
4) Which administrative function is a typical responsibility of the central organization of a
correctional agency?
A) operation of training academy
B) labor contract negotiation
C) budget development
D) hiring staff
Answer: C
Page Ref: 305
Objective: Outline the organizational structure of prisons.
Level: Basic
5) Administrators of state correctional agencies are responsible for which of the following?
A) providing punitive punishments to inmates
B) overseeing the operation of prisons
C) creating a community-wide supported agenda
D) publishing standards for correctional practices
Answer: B
Page Ref: 305
Objective: Outline the organizational structure of prisons.
Level: Basic
6) For states that still use indeterminate sentence and parole for release decisions, where are the
parole board and post-release supervision usually located?
A) in the department of corrections
B) in the governor's office
C) in the local sheriff's departments
D) in the division of business administration
Answer: A
Page Ref: 306
Objective: Outline the organizational structure of prisons.
Level: Basic
7) What is the chief executive officer of a prison usually called?
A) chief
B) captain
C) warden
D) director
Answer: C
Page Ref: 310
Objective: Describe the various jobs and functions of prison staff, and the functions of custody,
treatment, and services in prison.
Level: Basic
8) What is the custody and security component within a prison often called?
A) correctional services
B) treatment
C) correctional administration
D) unit management
Answer: A
Page Ref: 310
Objective: Describe the various jobs and functions of prison staff, and the functions of custody,
treatment, and services in prison.
Level: Basic
9) What are correctional services departments sometimes called?
A) uniformed staff
B) unit management
C) treatment
D) custody
Answer: A
Page Ref: 310
Objective: Describe the various jobs and functions of prison staff, and the functions of custody,
treatment, and services in prison.
Level: Basic
10) What is the title of the highest ranking uniformed officer?
A) sergeant
B) lieutenant
C) major
D) captain
Answer: C
Page Ref: 311
Objective: Describe the various jobs and functions of prison staff, and the functions of custody,
treatment, and services in prison.
Level: Basic
11) Who is responsible for an area of the prison, such as recreation or the SHU?
A) non-ranked staff
B) majors
C) captains
D) lieutenants
Answer: D
Page Ref: 311
Objective: Describe the various jobs and functions of prison staff, and the functions of custody,
treatment, and services in prison.
Level: Basic
12) What are staff that provide rehabilitative activities sometimes called?
A) sergeants
B) uniformed staff
C) psychologists
D) professional staff
Answer: D
Page Ref: 311
Objective: Describe the various jobs and functions of prison staff, and the functions of custody,
treatment, and services in prison.
Level: Basic
13) Which of the following reports to the unit manager?
A) legal aides
B) the warden
C) education advisors
D) parole officers
Answer: C
Page Ref: 315
Objective: Define unit management and describe the role it plays in the management of a prison.
Level: Basic
14) Which of the following is a condition necessary for prison policies and procedures to
effectively contribute to the overall prison mission?
A) Policies must be consistent with standards of the American Bar Association.
B) Policies must control behavior (over the long term) through threats, intimidation, and physical
dominance.
C) Policies and procedures must be clearly communicated to staff and inmates.
D) Policies implemented inconsistently across parts of the prison.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 316
Objective: Describe methods for controlling inmate behavior, including classification of inmates
and use of a disciplinary system.
Level: Intermediate
15) What is the largest professional organization for corrections in the United States?
A) Correctional Peace Officers Foundation
B) American Jail Association
C) National Correctional Industries Association
D) American Correctional Association
Answer: D
Page Ref: 316
Objective: Describe methods for controlling inmate behavior, including classification of inmates
and use of a disciplinary system.
Level: Basic
16) What is the process to promote and recognize improvement in the management of
correctional agencies through the administration of voluntary standards?
A) policy implementation audit
B) prison accreditation
C) policy audit
D) ACA accreditation
Answer: D
Page Ref: 317
Objective: Describe methods for controlling inmate behavior, including classification of inmates
and use of a disciplinary system.
Level: Basic
17) Which of the following is a part of the usual inmate disciplinary system?
A) a verbal policy documenting prohibited behavior
B) provisions for long-term separation for inmates who continuously threaten institutional
security
C) a fair and equitable set of corresponding sanctions decreasing with the severity of the rule
violation
D) a way to rehabilitate inmates accused of rule violations
Answer: B
Page Ref: 323
Objective: Describe methods for controlling inmate behavior, including classification of inmates
and use of a disciplinary system.
Level: Basic
18) Which of the following types of sanction used for inmate discipline by most correctional
systems is the least severe?
A) warning
B) restriction to quarters
C) disciplinary transfer
D) loss of privileges
Answer: A
Page Ref: 324-325
Objective: Describe methods for controlling inmate behavior, including classification of inmates
and use of a disciplinary system.
Level: Basic
19) The Bureau of Prisons policy lists four categories of prohibited acts, which of the following
is one of them?
A) supermax
B) greatest
C) minimal
D) low
Answer: B
Page Ref: 323
Objective: Describe methods for controlling inmate behavior, including classification of inmates
and use of a disciplinary system.
Level: Basic
20) What kind of application process is used to determine whether correctional job candidates
have issues that could put them in a compromising situation or make them more likely to accept
a bribe?
A) policy audit
B) integrity interview
C) general interview
D) internal classification system
Answer: B
Page Ref: 328
Objective: Suggest ways the staff of a correctional agency can help or hinder a prison
accomplishing its mission.
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 11 Prison Life for Inmates
11.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) How do most male inmates adjust to incarceration?
A) by seeking support from their families outside the prison
B) by isolating themselves and trying to do their time independently
C) by forming close relationships with other inmates
D) by joining the prison gangs and furthering their cause
Answer: B
Page Ref: 336
Objective: Describe the activities within correctional institutions that Goffman suggested make
it more difficult for prisoners to successfully return to and adapt to community living.
Level: Intermediate
2) Which of the following is a characteristic of Goffman's total institution that results in isolation
and inability to act for oneself?
A) Prison inmates learn the behaviors of being in prison, which leads to increased identification
with criminal lifestyles.
B) Staff members supervise all spheres of daily life, including eating, working, and sleeping.
C) Staff and inmates can easily develop a hostile attitude toward each other.
D) Prison inmates construct a culture with unique values, roles, and customs.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 337
Objective: Describe the activities within correctional institutions that Goffman suggested make
it more difficult for prisoners to successfully return to and adapt to community living.
Level: Intermediate
3) What do prisons do through the use of rewards and punishments to bring inmates to a lawabiding lifestyle?
A) retrain
B) punish
C) rehabilitate
D) resocialize
Answer: D
Page Ref: 337
Objective: Describe the activities within correctional institutions that Goffman suggested make
it more difficult for prisoners to successfully return to and adapt to community living.
Level: Intermediate
4) Which of the following accurately describes square johns?
A) Square johns are long-term inmates who become used to the prison society.
B) Square johns are ex-inmates who have adopted a career of crime.
C) Square johns are repeat offenders who have been arrested for soliciting prostitutes.
D) Square johns are first-time offenders in prison who have more identification with
noncriminals.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 339
Objective: Define the concept of prisonization and explain its impact on inmates both while
serving a prison sentence and as they return to the community.
Level: Basic
5) Which of the following is an element of the inmate code as identified by Sykes and Irwin and
Cressey?
A) Trust the guards.
B) Settle conflict through mediation.
C) Do your own time.
D) Respect the square johns.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 339
Objective: Define the concept of prisonization and explain its impact on inmates both while
serving a prison sentence and as they return to the community.
Level: Basic
6) Which of the following is a theory of how inmate culture becomes a part of prison life?
A) Inmates import the culture into the prison from the outside world.
B) Inmates replicate the culture introduced by prison staff.
C) Inmates establish the culture described in each prison's bylaws.
D) Inmate culture is determined by the slang used in the prison.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 339
Objective: Define the concept of prisonization and explain its impact on inmates both while
serving a prison sentence and as they return to the community.
Level: Intermediate
7) Which of the following is a reason for what many see as the recent demise of inmate code?
A) Many young, impulsive inmates only respect intimidation.
B) There is a greater reliance on probation than on prison.
C) Prisons are more geographically isolated than they were in the past.
D) There are more convicts in prison now than in the past.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 339-340
Objective: Define the concept of prisonization and explain its impact on inmates both while
serving a prison sentence and as they return to the community.
Level: Intermediate
8) Which category of violent inmate is predatory, calculating, and usually acts violently for no
good reason?
A) special-needs offenders
B) young offenders
C) antisocial offenders
D) psychopathic offenders
Answer: D
Page Ref: 342-343
Objective: Describe the different types of violent acts that occur within prisons, the forces that
increase the likelihood of violence, and methods prison staff use to identify and control gang
behavior.
Level: Basic
9) Which of the following is most TRUE of gang members in prisons?
A) They are more likely to have a substance abuse problem.
B) They participate extensively in many prison programs.
C) They have little history of crime compared to nongang members.
D) They are in no way associated with street gangs.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 344
Objective: Describe the different types of violent acts that occur within prisons, the forces that
increase the likelihood of violence, and methods prison staff use to identify and control gang
behavior.
Level: Basic
10) Which prison gang is also known as the Texas Mexican Mafia?
A) La Nuestra Familia
B) Black Guerilla Family
C) Mexikanemi
D) Mexican Mafia
Answer: C
Page Ref: 346
Objective: Describe the different types of violent acts that occur within prisons, the forces that
increase the likelihood of violence, and methods prison staff use to identify and control gang
behavior.
Level: Intermediate
11) Which of the following is a measure to control prison gangs?
A) observing inmates' routine to identify association with gang members
B) moving gang members from maximum-security prisons to medium-security prisons
C) facilitating inmates' access to money to control the prison's underground economy
D) placing the most violence-prone gang members amidst first-time offenders
Answer: A
Page Ref: 346
Objective: Describe the different types of violent acts that occur within prisons, the forces that
increase the likelihood of violence, and methods prison staff use to identify and control gang
behavior.
Level: Intermediate
12) Which of the following refers to gang members telling correctional officials everything they
know about the gang operations and membership?
A) validation process
B) inmate code
C) conjugal visiting
D) debrief
Answer: D
Page Ref: 348
Objective: Describe the different types of violent acts that occur within prisons, the forces that
increase the likelihood of violence, and methods prison staff use to identify and control gang
behavior.
Level: Basic
13) Which of the following actions is recommended by the National Major Gang Task Force to
monitor gang members?
A) report gang-related grouping activity once a year to the Task Force
B) maintain a centralized photo and data file on significant gang members
C) help gang members communicate with each other in the prison
D) isolate gang members for long periods of solitary confinement
Answer: B
Page Ref: 347-348
Objective: Describe the different types of violent acts that occur within prisons, the forces that
increase the likelihood of violence, and methods prison staff use to identify and control gang
behavior.
Level: Intermediate
14) What is the relationship that exists when two inmates become jealous and fight over another
inmate?
A) collective violence
B) prisonization
C) sexual triangle
D) conjugal visiting
Answer: C
Page Ref: 349
Objective: Summarize issues associated with inmate sexual behavior and describe the focus of
the Prison Rape Elimination Act.
Level: Basic
15) Which of the following requires the collection of the incidence and prevalence of sexual
assault within correctional facilities and development of national standards for the reduction of
sexual violence in prison?
A) Prison Rape Elimination Act
B) Prison Litigation Reform Act
C) Institutional Abuse Reduction Act
D) National Major Gang Task Force Act
Answer: A
Page Ref: 350
Objective: Summarize issues associated with inmate sexual behavior and describe the focus of
the Prison Rape Elimination Act.
Level: Intermediate
16) Which of the following is considered a good deterrent to and source of data about use of
narcotics by prison inmates?
A) sexual triangles
B) random drug testing
C) debriefing
D) pseudofamilies
Answer: B
Page Ref: 353
Objective: Identify the ways that illegal drugs come into prisons and evaluate the potential of
various methods to limit their availability within prisons.
Level: Basic
17) Who tried to convince officials in the early 1800s that female prisoners should be separated
from male prisoners and that female guards should be hired to supervise them?
A) Elizabeth Fry
B) Elizabeth Cady Stanton
C) Susan B. Anthony
D) Jane Addams
Answer: A
Page Ref: 358
Objective: Outline the history of women's prisons.
Level: Basic
18) Which of the following steps was taken by Zebulon Brockway while introducing reforms for
female prisoners?
A) getting electronic detection devices installed to reduce escape attempts
B) preparing inmates for release and ensuring their successful return to society
C) using male inmates as role models for the women
D) placing the inmates into large groups and preparing them for release
Answer: B
Page Ref: 358
Objective: Outline the history of women's prisons.
Level: Intermediate
19) Which of the following refers to organizations formed by female inmates who have roles of
parents and children?
A) pseudofamilies
B) sexual triangles
C) gang intelligence
D) guerilla family
Answer: A
Page Ref: 360
Objective: Describe the culture in women's prisons, including the function of pseudofamilies,
and compare it to the culture in men's prisons.
Level: Intermediate
20) Approximately what percentage of female inmates are mothers?
A) 22 percent
B) 90 percent
C) 48 percent
D) 65 percent
Answer: D
Page Ref: 360
Objective: Describe the culture in women's prisons, including the function of pseudofamilies,
and compare it to the culture in men's prisons.
Level: Basic
21) Which of the following is a measure used by prison staff to reduce the number of sexual
assaults in prisons?
A) advising inmates at reception about sexual assault and the option of being separated from
aggressors
B) asking inmates to work out their issues by themselves
C) ignoring signs of aggression and allowing potential targets to remain in the situation
D) permitting conjugal visiting for male inmates who are not legally married
Answer: A
Page Ref: 351
Objective: Summarize issues associated with inmate sexual behavior and describe the focus of
the Prison Rape Elimination Act.
Level: Basic
Chapter 12 The World of Prison Staff
12.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) Which of the following is TRUE of transactional leaders in a prison?
A) They emphasize the set of values and principles to be used as guidelines in responding to
issues.
B) They help staff and the organization to learn and to work through problems in an adaptive
manner.
C) They provide high levels of staff empowerment to deal with everyday issues.
D) They provide answers and give direction for any issue the agency confronts.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 372
Objective: Explain the leadership role of a prison warden, including setting and reinforcing the
prison's organizational culture.
Level: Intermediate
2) In a chain of command, to who might a correctional officer report directly?
A) chief of security
B) warden
C) associate warden for security
D) security supervisor
Answer: D
Page Ref: 369
Objective: Outline the organizational structure of prisons.
Level: Basic
3) In which case did the Supreme Court rule that a bona fide occupational qualification
prohibiting female correctional officers was allowable because of deplorable prison conditions
and the presence of predatory male sex offenders as inmates?
A) Dothard v. Rawlinson
B) Mempa v. Rhay
C) Morrissey v. Brewer
D) Gunther v. Iowa
Answer: A
Page Ref: 388
Objective: Describe the unique challenges and issues faced by female correctional officers.
Level: Basic
4) Which is one of the activities of the bureaucratic warden?
A) management of daily activities
B) coordination of the parole process
C) punishing staff and inmates who break the rules
D) formulation of accreditation standards
Answer: A
Page Ref: 371
Objective: Explain the leadership role of a prison warden, including setting and reinforcing the
prison's organizational culture.
Level: Basic
5) Which of the following prison officers manages resources, acts as a role model for staff, and
defines professional expectations?
A) warden
B) chief of security
C) prison manager
D) sheriff
Answer: A
Page Ref: 371
Objective: Explain the leadership role of a prison warden, including setting and reinforcing the
prison's organizational culture.
Level: Basic
6) Correctional officers and supervisors make up approximately what percentage of all staff in
state and federal prisons?
A) 15%
B) 33%
C) 67%
D) 85%
Answer: C
Page Ref: 373
Objective: Understand the correctional officer's role and daily activities, and consider the pros
and cons of this job for you.
Level: Basic
7) Which of the following correctional officer assignments include the patrol and supervision of
inmate movement in the compound of a prison?
A) relief officers
B) living units officers
C) industrial shop officers
D) yard officers
Answer: D
Page Ref: 374
Objective: Understand the correctional officer's role and daily activities, and consider the pros
and cons of this job for you.
Level: Intermediate
8) Which activity is a housing-unit officer most likely to do first when starting day watch?
A) allow inmates to go to the dining room for lunch
B) open the housing unit doors for inmates returning from work
C) read the logbook of the prior shift's activities
D) do a census count
Answer: C
Page Ref: 375
Objective: Understand the correctional officer's role and daily activities, and consider the pros
and cons of this job for you.
Level: Basic
9) Which phenomenon have correctional agencies experienced over the past decade?
A) high officer morale
B) low stress levels
C) high officer turnover
D) low inmate population
Answer: C
Page Ref: 381
Objective: Understand the correctional officer's role and daily activities, and consider the pros
and cons of this job for you.
Level: Basic
10) According to the 2003 ACA survey, what was the most frequently cited reason for difficulty
in recruiting correctional officers?
A) demanding work hours
B) noncompetitive compensation
C) stress and burnout
D) unsuitability to the job
Answer: B
Page Ref: 381
Objective: Understand the correctional officer's role and daily activities, and consider the pros
and cons of this job for you.
Level: Basic
11) Which of the following sets of experts suggested the "three-culture" model for prisons?
A) Stojkovic and Farkas
B) Rawlinson and Farkas
C) Stojkovic and Manning
D) Farkas and Manning
Answer: D
Page Ref: 385
Objective: Summarize prison culture for staff.
Level: Basic
12) Which of the following is the highest-ranking uniformed staff person in a prison?
A) lieutenant
B) warden
C) major
D) sergeant
Answer: C
Page Ref: 383
Objective: Describe the role of treatment and services staff within a prison.
Level: Basic
13) Which of the following is an organizational source of stress experienced by correctional
officers?
A) understaffing
B) problems with coworkers
C) threats of violence
D) inmate manipulation
Answer: A
Page Ref: 376
Objective: Understand the correctional officer's role and daily activities, and consider the pros
and cons of this job for you.
Level: Basic
14) What position is most critical to the day-to-day management of a prison?
A) psychologist
B) classification specialist
C) correctional officer
D) substance abuse counselor
Answer: C
Page Ref: 379
Objective: Understand the correctional officer's role and daily activities, and consider the pros
and cons of this job for you.
Level: Basic
15) Which officers are usually assigned to some of the most sensitive and explosive areas of the
prison?
A) sergeants
B) captains
C) majors
D) lieutenants
Answer: D
Page Ref: 383
Objective: Describe the role of treatment and services staff within a prison.
Level: Basic
16) In which department do service staff work?
A) recreation
B) health services
C) religious services
D) vocational training
Answer: B
Page Ref: 384
Objective: Describe the role of treatment and services staff within a prison.
Level: Basic
17) Which best describes the culture of Stateville Penitentiary under Warden Joseph Ragen?
A) moderate
B) autocratic
C) reasoned
D) empowered
Answer: B
Page Ref: 385
Objective: Summarize prison culture for staff.
Level: Basic
18) At what point in the staff-inmate culture continuum does staff demand compliance from
inmates through threats and intimidation?
A) reasoned
B) authoritarian
C) empowered
D) moderate
Answer: B
Page Ref: 386
Objective: Summarize prison culture for staff.
Level: Basic
19) Which of the following statements suggests prevalence of reasoned staff-inmate culture in a
prison?
A) Staff follow policy or check with supervisors before making decisions.
B) Staff make decisions with full knowledge and consistent with prison principles and values.
C) Staff use agency incentives and disincentives for gaining compliance from inmates.
D) Staff demand compliance from inmates through threats and intimidation.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 386
Objective: Summarize prison culture for staff.
Level: Basic
20) Which of the following is a work-related source of stress in prisons?
A) understaffing
B) overtime
C) shift work
D) inmate demands
Answer: D
Page Ref: 376
Objective: Understand the correctional officer's role and daily activities, and consider the pros
and cons of this job for you.
Level: Basic
21) In which Supreme Court case did the court determine that inmate privacy was not a valid
reason to refuse hiring women as correctional officers?
A) Morrissey v. Brewer
B) Mempa v. Rhay
C) Dothard v. Rawlinson
D) Gunther v. Iowa
Answer: D
Page Ref: 388
Objective: Describe the unique challenges and issues faced by female correctional officers.
Level: Basic
22) Which of the following is considered a benefit of having women as correctional officers?
A) Female officers have no personal interest in the inmates.
B) Female supervisory styles have a calming influence on the prison.
C) Female officers order inmates to do things, rather than ask.
D) Female officers' job performance is found to be better than male officers'.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 389
Objective: Describe the unique challenges and issues faced by female correctional officers.
Level: Intermediate
Chapter 13 Custody within a Prison
13.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) Which of the following is the time when inmates move to their assigned jobs or programs
assignments?
A) controlled movement
B) work call
C) inmate movement
D) inmate accountability
Answer: B
Page Ref: 403
Objective: Describe how prison officials ensure that inmates are accounted for, including the
three types of counts.
Level: Basic
2) Which of the following contributes to the security and custody functions within a prison?
A) free and unrestricted inmate movement
B) allowing contraband within the prison
C) an inmate disciplinary system
D) inconsistent implementation of policies
Answer: C
Page Ref: 396-397
Objective: Summarize the security and custody functions within a correctional facility.
Level: Basic
3) Which is a key component of inmate accountability policies and procedures?
A) There is exactly one count per day of inmates.
B) Staff provide only direct inmate supervision.
C) Most inmates are assigned to unsupervised work.
D) Inmates are assigned to work and programs on a daily basis.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 401
Objective: Describe how prison officials ensure that inmates are accounted for, including the
three types of counts.
Level: Basic
4) What is the style of supervision by staff who are NOT responsible for inmates, but can still
see their movements or activities?
A) direct
B) formal
C) casual
D) stand-up
Answer: C
Page Ref: 405
Objective: Describe how prison officials ensure that inmates are accounted for, including the
three types of counts.
Level: Basic
5) What is the scheduled counting of inmates in their housing units to ensure that they are in the
prison and have not escaped?
A) stand-up count
B) random count
C) census count
D) regular count
Answer: D
Page Ref: 405
Objective: Describe how prison officials ensure that inmates are accounted for, including the
three types of counts.
Level: Basic
6) Which of the following is a less formal count conducted at program and work assignments by
the staff responsible for supervising inmates?
A) census count
B) stand-up count
C) random count
D) regular count
Answer: A
Page Ref: 406
Objective: Describe how prison officials ensure that inmates are accounted for, including the
three types of counts.
Level: Basic
7) Which of the following is done at any time, freezing inmates at whatever location they are in?
A) census count
B) stand-up count
C) random count
D) regular count
Answer: C
Page Ref: 406
Objective: Describe how prison officials ensure that inmates are accounted for, including the
three types of counts.
Level: Basic
8) Which of the following is TRUE regarding inmate movements within a prison?
A) With the pass system, inmates are scheduled for their appointments at least a day in advance.
B) Controlled movement contributes to inmate accountability in that it limits the time in which
inmates have freedom to move or walk around the prison.
C) The most common form of controlled movement is to issue passes to inmates to go to work, a
program, or a scheduled appointment.
D) Inmates move individually in a prison, with at least one staff person walking with them from
one point to another.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 403-404
Objective: Describe how prison officials ensure that inmates are accounted for, including the
three types of counts.
Level: Basic
9) Which is a preventive action that prison administrators can take to reduce inmate unrest?
A) maintaining secrecy between inmates and staff, and among staff
B) performing security audits to discover security deficiencies
C) ignoring changes in inmate actions or the institution atmosphere
D) inconsistently enforcing rules and regulations
Answer: B
Page Ref: 413-414
Objective: Describe the factors that can combine to cause an inmate riot, the stages of a riot, and
methods to prevent and control riots.
Level: Basic
10) Which of the following teams has the principal role of opening lines of communication
between staff and hostage-takers?
A) SWAT team
B) hostage negotiation team
C) disturbance control team
D) special emergency response team
Answer: B
Page Ref: 416
Objective: Outline the functions and operations of the three types of emergency teams in a
prison.
Level: Basic
11) Which of the following emergency teams is trained in the use of lethal force when all else
fails to resolve an emergency situation?
A) hostage negotiation team
B) disturbance control team
C) special emergency response team
D) riot team
Answer: C
Page Ref: 417
Objective: Outline the functions and operations of the three types of emergency teams in a
prison.
Level: Basic
12) Which of the following is an emergency response team?
A) hostage negotiation team
B) riot control team
C) special weapons and tactics team
D) special housing team
Answer: A
Page Ref: 385
Objective: Outline the functions and operations of the three types of emergency teams in a
prison.
Level: Basic
13) Which of the following is a light-colored background with the outline of the tool painted on
it, allowing for a missing tool or knife to be quickly noticed?
A) call out
B) dark wall
C) contraband
D) shadow board
Answer: D
Page Ref: 407
Objective: Explain how contraband comes into the possession of inmates and specify procedures
to prevent this from occurring.
Level: Basic
14) Which of the following counts is the most formal count of the day and occurs at 4:00 PM
every day?
A) random
B) regular
C) stand-up
D) census
Answer: C
Page Ref: 406
Objective: Describe how prison officials ensure that inmates are accounted for, including the
three types of counts.
Level: Basic
15) Which of the following is an item that inmates are NOT allowed to possess, including items
that can assist in an escape, are dangerous, can undermine prison physical security, or are
nuisance items?
A) call out
B) trunk
C) shadow board
D) contraband
Answer: D
Page Ref: 406
Objective: Explain how contraband comes into the possession of inmates and specify procedures
to prevent this from occurring.
Level: Basic
16) Which of the following is a schedule of all the appointments and required moves for a day,
including the name and expected times of the moves?
A) call out
B) pass system
C) controlled movement
D) work call
Answer: A
Page Ref: 405
Objective: Describe how prison officials ensure that inmates are accounted for, including the
three types of counts.
Level: Basic
17) Which of the following refers to the activities within a prison that control inmate behavior
and maintain order?
A) precipitating events
B) custody
C) treatment
D) rehabilitation
Answer: B
Page Ref: 395
Objective: Summarize the security and custody functions within a correctional facility.
Level: Basic
18) Which of the following refers to a nonpunitive confinement in a special housing unit used to
house inmates whose continued presence in the general population may pose a serious threat to
the security or orderly running of the prison?
A) disturbance control
B) solitary confinement
C) disciplinary segregation
D) administrative detention
Answer: D
Page Ref: 411
Objective: Describe the two categories of inmate assignments in a special housing unit.
Level: Basic
19) Prisons use special housing units to perform which of the following activities?
A) to separate unruly inmates or inmates at risk
B) to house spouses who come for conjugal visits
C) to create special zones for members of specific prison gangs
D) to separate women and juveniles from the general prison population
Answer: A
Page Ref: 410
Objective: Describe the two categories of inmate assignments in a special housing unit.
Level: Basic
20) Which of the following refers to the staff's ability to locate and identify inmates at any point
in time within a prison?
A) inmate disciplinary system
B) inmate classification system
C) inmate movement
D) inmate accountability
Answer: D
Page Ref: 401
Objective: Describe how prison officials ensure that inmates are accounted for, including the
three types of counts.
Level: Basic
Chapter 14 Treatment and Programs within a Prison
14.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) Which of the following refers to the process of creating an environment and providing
rehabilitative programs that encourage inmates to accept responsibility and to address personal
disorders?
A) diagnosis
B) assessment
C) treatment
D) corrections
Answer: C
Page Ref: 421
Objective: Define rehabilitation and describe its evolution throughout the history of prisons in
the United States.
Level: Basic
2) Which of the following by definition means "to return to a previous form?"
A) Darwinism
B) classical model
C) treatment
D) rehabilitation
Answer: D
Page Ref: 422
Objective: Define rehabilitation and describe its evolution throughout the history of prisons in
the United States.
Level: Basic
3) Which of the following is a specific training in a trade area to prepare students to work in that
trade?
A) academic training
B) Pell grants
C) prison training
D) vocational training
Answer: D
Page Ref: 425
Objective: Describe the various types of education and vocational programs provided in prisons.
Level: Basic
4) Why did Congress in 1994 specifically eliminate inmates from being eligible to receive Pell
grants?
A) Only a small number of inmates were taking advantage of the funding.
B) Studies showed that postsecondary education had a tendency to increase recidivism rates.
C) Members of the public complained that inmates should not get a "free" college education.
D) Many inmates using the grants committed crimes on college campuses.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 426
Objective: Describe the various types of education and vocational programs provided in prisons.
Level: Basic
5) In 2017, a report indicated that what percent of prison inmates had a mental health disorder in
the past?
A) 25%
B) 37%
C) 52%
D) 67%
Answer: B
Page Ref: 431
Objective: Explain the scope of mental health needs of inmates and how prisons provide
programs that meet these needs.
Level: Basic
6) What was the approximate prevalence of any drug dependence or abuse among state and
federal prisoners in 2004?
A) 15-25 percent
B) 30-40 percent
C) 45-55 percent
D) 60-70 percent
Answer: C
Page Ref: 434
Objective: Identify the level of substance abuse among the inmate population and the level of
program opportunities provided in prisons.
Level: Basic
7) Residential treatment is a part of which of the following prison programs?
A) substance abuse programs
B) educational programs
C) holistic health care
D) recreation and leisure
Answer: A
Page Ref: 435
Objective: Identify the level of substance abuse among the inmate population and the level of
program opportunities provided in prisons.
Level: Basic
8) What prison industry system ended in the early twentieth century, after which states began to
operate their own prison industries to keep inmates busy and make a profit from the sale of
produced goods?
A) state-use system
B) profit system
C) lease system
D) bargain system
Answer: C
Page Ref: 437
Objective: Describe programs for prison work, counseling/therapy, religion, and recreation.
Level: Basic
9) Which of the following resulted in prison industries producing inmate clothing, office
furniture, and other products that can be sold only to government agencies?
A) lease system
B) selling system
C) government-use system
D) state-use system
Answer: D
Page Ref: 437
Objective: Describe programs for prison work, counseling/therapy, religion, and recreation.
Level: Basic
10) Which of the following is a necessary condition for Prison Industry Enhancement
Certification Program to allow for the sale of prison goods on the open market?
A) Inmates get no wages for the work done.
B) Funds for victim assistance programs should be collected.
C) Inmate participation need not be voluntary.
D) Inmates should not be given any benefits in the event of injury.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 439
Objective: Describe programs for prison work, counseling/therapy, religion, and recreation.
Level: Basic
11) Which of the following are assets to prison operations, provide funds to operate, and reduce
recidivism?
A) religious programs
B) recreation programs
C) prison industry programs
D) educational programs
Answer: C
Page Ref: 439
Objective: Describe programs for prison work, counseling/therapy, religion, and recreation.
Level: Basic
12) Which of the following is TRUE regarding religious programs in prison?
A) Religious programming is not considered as an important rehabilitative opportunity within
prisons.
B) Due to most criminals' amoral approach to life, inmate participation in religious programs is
usually very sparse.
C) Prisons restrict religious observation to the Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish faiths.
D) Religious services are often coordinated by one or two full-time chaplains who provide
religious guidance for prisoners.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 440
Objective: Describe programs for prison work, counseling/therapy, religion, and recreation.
Level: Basic
13) Which of the following is considered as the most controversial area of prison programming?
A) recreation programs
B) educational programs
C) PIE programs
D) health care programs
Answer: A
Page Ref: 441
Objective: Describe programs for prison work, counseling/therapy, religion, and recreation.
Level: Basic
14) Most inmates are required to work for approximately how many hours per day and days per
week?
A) 8 hours per day, 5 days per week
B) 6 hours per day, 6 days per week
C) 6 hours per day, 7 days per week
D) 6 hours per day, 5 days per week
Answer: D
Page Ref: 441
Objective: Describe programs for prison work, counseling/therapy, religion, and recreation.
Level: Basic
15) Which of the following is the most controversial recreational activity?
A) weight lifting
B) arts and crafts
C) athletics
D) outside sports
Answer: A
Page Ref: 442
Objective: Describe programs for prison work, counseling/therapy, religion, and recreation.
Level: Basic
16) What is the primary alternative provided by prison administrations that want to restrict
weight lifting?
A) boxing
B) indoor tracks
C) rope jumping
D) "dip" bars
Answer: D
Page Ref: 442
Objective: Describe programs for prison work, counseling/therapy, religion, and recreation.
Level: Basic
17) Which of the following is TRUE regarding mental health programs?
A) Correctional agencies do not provide mental health programs to the same extent as mental
health agencies.
B) Providing programs for inmates with mental illness is an easy task for correctional
institutions.
C) A relatively low percentage of inmates have mental health problems.
D) The security demands to control these inmates do not affect the program in anyway.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 430-431
Objective: Explain the scope of mental health needs of inmates and how prisons provide
programs that meet these needs.
Level: Basic
18) About what percentage of state and federal prisoners who were drug dependent or abusing in
the year before their admission to prison took part in a drug abuse program?
A) 15-20 percent
B) 40-45 percent
C) 25-30 percent
D) 60-65 percent
Answer: B
Page Ref: 434-435
Objective: Identify the level of substance abuse among the inmate population and the level of
program opportunities provided in prisons.
Level: Basic
19) Which of the following is considered as the most effective treatment for substance abuse?
A) continuum of care
B) group therapy
C) residential treatment
D) short-term crisis units
Answer: C
Page Ref: 435
Objective: Identify the level of substance abuse among the inmate population and the level of
program opportunities provided in prisons.
Level: Basic
20) Approximately ________ of the states are involved in the PIE Program, which employed
about ________ inmates in 2005.
A) one-third; 2,000
B) two-thirds; 6,500
C) one-quarter; 25,000
D) half; 10,000
Answer: B
Page Ref: 439
Objective: Describe programs for prison work, counseling/therapy, religion, and recreation.
Level: Basic
21) Which of the following is TRUE regarding inmate participation in prison industries?
A) Because so little is withheld from their wages, inmates can retire on their saved earnings upon
release from prison.
B) A large portion of prison inmates participate in prison industries.
C) Inmates who participate in prison industries have higher recidivism rates than those who do
not.
D) Industrial work assignments are a positive way to reduce idleness and serve as an incentive
for good behavior.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 438-439
Objective: Describe programs for prison work, counseling/therapy, religion, and recreation.
Level: Basic
22) In which of the following programs do private companies hire inmates to produce goods
inside the prison?
A) recreation programs
B) PIE programs
C) religious programs
D) academic programs
Answer: B
Page Ref: 439
Objective: Describe programs for prison work, counseling/therapy, religion, and recreation.
Level: Basic
Chapter 15 Legal Issues and the Death Penalty
15.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) Which 1948 Supreme Court decision supported the hands-off doctrine?
A) Ruffin v. the Commonwealth of Virginia
B) Holt v. Sarver
C) Cooper v. Pate
D) Price v. Johnston
Answer: D
Page Ref: 450
Objective: Outline the development and sources of prisoner's rights as well as the rights they
have today.
Level: Basic
2) Which of the following is a reason that the Supreme Court cited in Ruffin v. Commonwealth of
Virginia for what became known as the hands-off doctrine?
A) the Court's expertise in corrections and showing deference to the judgment of prison
administrators
B) the status of American prisons as the most fair and efficiently run such institutions in the
world
C) the need for separation of powers between the judicial and the legislative branches of
government
D) a concern that accepting prisoner rights cases would flood the courts with prisoner lawsuits
Answer: D
Page Ref: 450
Objective: Outline the development and sources of prisoner's rights as well as the rights they
have today.
Level: Basic
3) Which Supreme Court decision effectively ended the hands-off doctrine?
A) Ruffin v. the Commonwealth of Virginia
B) Bell v. Wolfish
C) Cooper v. Pate
D) Pell v. Procunier
Answer: C
Page Ref: 450
Objective: Outline the development and sources of prisoner's rights as well as the rights they
have today.
Level: Basic
4) What was the decision in the 1970 Supreme Court case of Gittlemacker v. Prasse?
A) Muslim inmates are allowed to have a special meal to end Ramadan.
B) It is impractical to provide every inmate a member of the clergy.
C) Prison officials do not have to rearrange inmate work schedules to allow a Muslim inmate to
attend Friday worship.
D) Jewish inmates must be provided kosher food as a part of the prison menu.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 456
Objective: Specify the legal cases and constitutional standards regarding cruel and unusual
punishment, inmate religious practice, delivery of medical care, inmate discipline, and limits on
inmates' litigation.
Level: Basic
5) In which 1979 case did the Supreme Court hold that there is no one-person, one-cell guarantee
within a prison?
A) Johnson v. Phelan
B) Bell v. Wolfish
C) Holt v. Sarver
D) Gregg v. Georgia
Answer: B
Page Ref: 454
Objective: Specify the legal cases and constitutional standards regarding cruel and unusual
punishment, inmate religious practice, delivery of medical care, inmate discipline, and limits on
inmates' litigation.
Level: Basic
6) What did the Supreme Court develop in the 1983 Solem v. Helm decision?
A) punitive intent standard
B) hands-off doctrine
C) test of proportionality
D) balancing test
Answer: C
Page Ref: 452
Objective: Explain how the First, Fourth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S.
Constitution create a basis for inmate lawsuits.
Level: Basic
7) What did the Supreme Court decide in Rhodes v. Chapman?
A) that uncomfortable prison conditions are a part of the penalty for criminal behavior
B) that double-celling does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment
C) that double-celling does constitute cruel and unusual punishment
D) that inmates cannot sue for "unnecessary or wanton pain"
Answer: B
Page Ref: 454
Objective: Specify the legal cases and constitutional standards regarding cruel and unusual
punishment, inmate religious practice, delivery of medical care, inmate discipline, and limits on
inmates' litigation.
Level: Basic
8) In which 1972 case did the Supreme Court hold that inmates be given a "reasonable
opportunity" to practice their religion?
A) Kahane v. Carlson
B) Hamilton v. Schriro
C) Theriault v. Silber
D) Cruz v. Beto
Answer: D
Page Ref: 456
Objective: Specify the legal cases and constitutional standards regarding cruel and unusual
punishment, inmate religious practice, delivery of medical care, inmate discipline, and limits on
inmates' litigation.
Level: Basic
9) In which 1977 case did the Supreme Court disagree to adding steak and wine on the prison
menu for inmates who practiced the new religion of the Church of the New Song (CONS)?
A) O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz
B) Hamilton v. Schriro
C) Cruz v. Beto
D) Theriault v. Silber
Answer: D
Page Ref: 456
Objective: Specify the legal cases and constitutional standards regarding cruel and unusual
punishment, inmate religious practice, delivery of medical care, inmate discipline, and limits on
inmates' litigation.
Level: Basic
10) In which 1976 case did the Supreme Court determine that prison officials have a duty to
provide medical treatment to inmates since inmates are dependent on them to provide for their
medical needs?
A) Estelle v. Gamble
B) Ramos v. Lamm
C) Holt v. Sarver
D) Fernandez v. United States
Answer: A
Page Ref: 457
Objective: Specify the legal cases and constitutional standards regarding cruel and unusual
punishment, inmate religious practice, delivery of medical care, inmate discipline, and limits on
inmates' litigation.
Level: Basic
11) Which constitutional amendment is most related to the necessity of prison officials' control
over the importation of dangerous contraband?
A) Fourteenth
B) First
C) Eighth
D) Fourth
Answer: D
Page Ref: 460
Objective: Specify the legal cases and constitutional standards regarding cruel and unusual
punishment, inmate religious practice, delivery of medical care, inmate discipline, and limits on
inmates' litigation.
Level: Basic
12) In which 1974 case did the Supreme Court set forth that inmates had some due process rights
when facing a prison disciplinary hearing?
A) Grummet v. Rushen
B) Bell v. Wolfish
C) Wolff v. McDonnell
D) Morrissey v. Brewer
Answer: C
Page Ref: 461
Objective: Specify the legal cases and constitutional standards regarding cruel and unusual
punishment, inmate religious practice, delivery of medical care, inmate discipline, and limits on
inmates' litigation.
Level: Basic
13) Which of the following is an inmate due process right in the area of prison disciplinary
hearings?
A) the right to have at least one week to prepare a defense
B) the right to have a lawyer present when the circumstances of the case are complex or if the
prisoner is illiterate
C) the right to receive advance written notice of the alleged infraction
D) the right to a jury trial
Answer: C
Page Ref: 461
Objective: Specify the legal cases and constitutional standards regarding cruel and unusual
punishment, inmate religious practice, delivery of medical care, inmate discipline, and limits on
inmates' litigation.
Level: Basic
14) Which of the following is one of the factors that have led to the recent reduction in the
number of inmate lawsuits?
A) The courts have moved back toward the earlier hands-off doctrine.
B) Congress has made it easier for inmates to file successful suits against correctional agencies.
C) Less Supreme Court decisions appear to support prison administrators.
D) Declining law school enrollments have led to fewer attorneys being available to take on
inmates' cases.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 462-463
Objective: Specify the legal cases and constitutional standards regarding cruel and unusual
punishment, inmate religious practice, delivery of medical care, inmate discipline, and limits on
inmates' litigation.
Level: Basic
15) When was the last public execution in the United States held?
A) 1936
B) 1880
C) 1968
D) 1902
Answer: A
Page Ref: 464
Objective: Outline the history of capital punishment in the United States and the legal provisions
for it.
Level: Basic
16) Which of the following is an element of a state's death penalty that must exist in order to be
constitutional, according to the Supreme Court's decision in Gregg v. Georgia?
A) During sentencing, the jury will hear only evidence regarding the crime's aggravating
circumstances.
B) The death penalty can be considered for all cases in which violence occurred.
C) The trial must have a stage to determine guilt and a stage to consider the sentence.
D) Appeal and review of a death sentence is dependent upon the crime committed.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 466
Objective: Outline the history of capital punishment in the United States and the legal provisions
for it.
Level: Basic
17) Which state has the death penalty?
A) Georgia
B) New Jersey
C) Michigan
D) West Virginia
Answer: A
Page Ref: 468
Objective: Outline the history of capital punishment in the United States and the legal provisions
for it.
Level: Basic
18) In which 2002 case did the Supreme Court determine that executions of mentally retarded
criminals were "cruel and unusual" punishment?
A) Penry v. Lynaugh
B) Atkins v. Virginia
C) Sanford v. Kentucky
D) Ford v. Wainwright
Answer: B
Page Ref: 467
Objective: Outline the history of capital punishment in the United States and the legal provisions
for it.
Level: Basic
19) What did the Supreme Court decide in Roper v. Simmons?
A) The mentally ill can be executed if they are on antipsychotic medication.
B) Offenders who are under 18 when their crimes are committed cannot be executed until they
turn 21.
C) Offenders cannot be executed for the crime of rape.
D) Offenders who are under 18 when their crimes are committed cannot be executed.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 468
Objective: Outline the history of capital punishment in the United States and the legal provisions
for it.
Level: Basic
20) What is a common serious concern regarding continuing the death penalty?
A) cost of the lethal injection drug
B) risk of a condemned inmate surviving the execution
C) the potential for error
D) increased risk of juror suicide
Answer: C
Page Ref: 477
Objective: Summarize the arguments for and against the use of the death penalty.
Level: Basic
Chapter 16 Current and Future Issues in Corrections
16.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) Which of the following is a reason for the slowdown in the growth of incarcerated offenders?
A) There has been a decrease in the use of alternatives to incarceration.
B) There has been considerable publicity about the merit of tough sentencing laws.
C) Few states have implemented sanctions between probation and incarceration.
D) There are not enough prisons to house all convicted inmates.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 487-488
Objective: Identify the forces that have caused an increase in the prison population and compare
the population growth of the state prisons to that of the federal prisons.
Level: Basic
2) Which of the following represents the percentage increase in the number of inmates between
2000 and 208 held in private prisons?
A) 30 percent
B) 22 percent
C) 48 percent
D) 105 percent
Answer: C
Page Ref: 486-487
Objective: Identify the forces that have caused an increase in the prison population and compare
the population growth of the state prisons to that of the federal prisons.
Level: Intermediate
3) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the U.S. state prison population from
1978 to 2009?
A) It increased rapidly.
B) It decreased significantly.
C) It remained the same.
D) It increased slightly
Answer: A
Page Ref: 485
Objective: Identify the forces that have caused an increase in the prison population and compare
the population growth of the state prisons to that of the federal prisons.
Level: Intermediate
4) An approach to use evidence-based policies and programs to create community alternatives to
prison to both slow the increase or reduce the prison population and save money is known as
________.
A) the Justice Reinvestment Initiative
B) restrictive housing status
C) privatization
D) mass incarceration
Answer: A
Page Ref: 493
Objective: Explain the status of state budgets, the impact of funding for corrections, and the
approaches states are taking to compensate for budget shortfalls.
Level: Intermediate
5) Which of the following is a consequence of mass incarceration?
A) decreased political support
B) increased mental and physical health issues for prisoners
C) increased employment and earnings for former inmates
D) decreased fiscal pressure on the government
Answer: B
Page Ref: 496-497
Objective: Identify the negative consequences resulting from mass incarceration, and compare
the U.S. incarceration rate with those of other countries.
Level: Basic
6) Which of the following defines mass incarceration?
A) It is reducing offenders' ability or capacity to commit further crimes.
B) It is the overuse of prisons and jails for sentencing and detaining offenders beyond what is
effective and necessary to protect society and at too great a cost.
C) It is a requirement that for certain crimes or for certain types of offenders, there must be a
sentence to prison for at least a minimum term.
D) It is an emphasis on the rational and efficient deployment of control strategies for managing
and confining high-risk criminal populations.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 495
Objective: Identify the negative consequences resulting from mass incarceration, and compare
the U.S. incarceration rate with those of other countries.
Level: Intermediate
7) Which of the following is a growing method used by correctional agencies to reduce their
costs?
A) to contract some services or the entire operation of prisons to the private sector
B) to divert low-level offenders from prison to the community
C) to reduce physical and mental health care for prisoners
D) to increase the use of special housing units
Answer: A
Page Ref: 497
Objective: Identify issues debated regarding private operation of prisons, and compare the
effectiveness of public versus private prisons.
Level: Basic
8) Which of the following is an issue that is key to any deliberation regarding the use of private
prisons?
A) their disregard for U.S. Supreme Court rulings
B) the location of private prisons
C) their tie to the ACLU
D) the cost and efficiency of private prisons
Answer: D
Page Ref: 499-500
Objective: Identify issues debated regarding private operation of prisons, and compare the
effectiveness of public versus private prisons.
Level: Intermediate
9) Which of the following is the practice of isolating inmates in cells for 22-24 hours a day, with
limited human contact, usually for several months at a time?
A) privatization
B) supermax prisons
C) solitary confinement
D) mass incarceration
Answer: C
Page Ref: 505
Objective: Compare the arguments and the evidence of physical and psychological impact of
solitary confinement.
Level: Intermediate
10) Correctional jobs are ________.
A) jobs that anyone can perform with minimal training
B) like jobs in any public agency or private-sector company
C) jobs that can be handled by only certain ethnic groups
D) difficult to perform, and not every person who expresses an interest is suited for it
Answer: D
Page Ref: 508
Objective: Consider whether or not a career in corrections may be right for you.
Level: Basic
11) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding corrections as a career opportunity?
A) There are few available jobs in the field of corrections.
B) Correctional agencies have frequent layoffs and therefore the jobs are not very stable.
C) Correctional jobs are easy to perform.
D) Correctional jobs pay better than most people believe, and the benefits are often good.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 508-509
Objective: Consider whether or not a career in corrections may be right for you.
Level: Intermediate
12) The Association of State Correctional Administrators suggests which practice be used for
managing inmates on restrictive status housing?
A) a subjective decision-making process for assigning inmates to restrictive status housing
B) progressive levels with increased privileges as incentives for positive behavior
C) mental health assessments within two weeks of placement in restrictive housing
D) no visiting or exercise while on restrictive status housing
Answer: B
Page Ref: 506
Objective: Compare the arguments and the evidence of physical and psychological impact of
solitary confinement.
Level: Basic
13) Kansas elected officials implemented a plan to reduce prison admissions by providing
counties with financial incentives to create ________.
A) electronic monitoring systems
B) community correctional systems
C) identification systems
D) global positioning systems
Answer: B
Page Ref: 491
Objective: Explain the status of state budgets, the impact of funding for corrections, and the
approaches states are taking to compensate for budget shortfalls.
Level: Basic
14) Which of the following is a step adopted by one or more states for the purpose of reducing
recidivism and helping prisoners reenter society?
A) allowing violent offenders to serve up to 180 days of their prison sentence at home
B) investing money in building more prisons so that more offenders can be incarcerated
C) adopting legislation creating or expanding community corrections options for nonviolent
offenders, including the use of drug courts
D) implementing a plan to increase prison admissions and providing more correctional programs
Answer: C
Page Ref: 492-493
Objective: Explain the status of state budgets, the impact of funding for corrections, and the
approaches states are taking to compensate for budget shortfalls.
Level: Intermediate
15) Which of the following is a reason for the high turnover rates experienced in corrections?
A) low stress levels
B) compliant clients
C) normal working hours
D) threats of violence
Answer: D
Page Ref: 509
Objective: Consider whether or not a career in corrections may be right for you.
Level: Intermediate
16) Which of the following is TRUE of correctional jobs?
A) The jobs are unstable.
B) The pay is worse than most people believe.
C) There are many available jobs.
D) The jobs are devoid of risk and much responsibility.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 509
Objective: Consider whether or not a career in corrections may be right for you.
Level: Basic
17) What is the approximate rate of increase in the number of correctional employees working at
the federal, state, and local levels in the United States between 1992 to 2010?
A) 80 percent
B) 44 percent
C) 3 percent
D) 15 percent
Answer: B
Page Ref: 509
Objective: Consider whether or not a career in corrections may be right for you.
Level: Intermediate
18) Many jurisdictions still strongly believe that the best way to manage potentially dangerous
prisoners is through ________ or by removing them from the general population and keeping
them in a very secure setting.
A) retribution
B) deterrence
C) incapacitation
D) rehabilitation
Answer: C
Page Ref: 507
Objective: Compare the arguments and the evidence of physical and psychological impact of
solitary confinement.
Level: Basic