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CAUSE AND EFFECT OF DRINKING ALCOHOL
A Term Paper
Presented to
the Faculty of Science, Technology, and Engineering Program
CAMIGUIN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Looc, Catarman, Camiguin
In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Research
Glen Mark G. Caja
June 2023
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................................... 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ 2
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 4
What are Alcohols? .................................................................................................... 4
Alcohol Drinking Culture in the Local Context ........................................................ 6
BODY OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................. 9
Characteristics of Alcohol.......................................................................................... 9
a. Physical Characteristics................................................................................... 9
b.
Chemical Characteristics ........................................................................... 10
Contribution of Alcoholic Beverages to the Philippine Economy........................... 10
Causes of Alcohol Consumption and Addiction ...................................................... 11
a. Biological Factors ......................................................................................... 11
b.
Environmental Factors ............................................................................... 11
c. Social Factors ................................................................................................ 11
d.
Psychological Factors ................................................................................ 12
e. Early Age Drinking Patterns ......................................................................... 12
f.
Family History............................................................................................... 12
g.
Stress .......................................................................................................... 13
h.
Peer Pressure.............................................................................................. 13
i.
Frequent Alcohol Consumption .................................................................... 13
Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Addiction ...................................................... 13
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a. Physical Effects ............................................................................................. 13
b.
Psychological and Social Effects ............................................................... 15
c. On Domestic Violence .................................................................................. 16
Philippine Laws on Regulating Alcohol Beverages Production, Selling, and
Consumption ............................................................................................................ 17
a. Universal Health Care Law ........................................................................... 17
b.
Presidential Decree 1619 ........................................................................... 17
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................... 19
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
What are Alcohols?
In the concept of Filipino celebrations such as birthdays, weddings, fiestas and
even graduation and passing of a person to a certain board examination, the common
things that people are seeing are the food and drinks that the celebrant usually prepares.
Aside from those food, it is also a common to the typical Filipino celebration setting is
the preparation and consumption of alcohol drinks, as a symbol of celebration.
Alcohols is significant to the daily lives of the Filipinos, as aside for being part
of the typical Filipino celebrations, it is also a tool to temporarily forget the problems
that a person is bearing; a complement in the singing of videoke, particularly during
night time; and even during the Holy Mass celebrations, wherein before the
communion, the priest drinks a wine from the chalice which has also alcoholic content.
In a scientific sense, alcohols are considered as chemical compounds with the
functional group "hydroxyl," or "OH," directly bound to carbon. Although this
nomenclature is frequently not presented in initial lectures, the carbon that is
immediately connected to OH is properly referred to as the "carbinol" carbon. However,
the carbinol carbon (carbon connected to OH) is the key to comprehending the
"primary," "secondary," and "tertiary" alcohols, which are the categories we use most
frequently.
The alcohol is primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on how many other
carbons are connected to that carbon. It is methanol if there are three hydrogens and no
carbons, which is a rare combination. "Phenols" are hydroxyl groups that are joined to
aromatic rings.
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Commonly, raw materials containing sugar (or plant raw materials including
starch) are fermented in alcohol to make ethanol. The substrate is changed into its
correct form so that fermentation of alcohol can proceed. The ethanol from the
generated mash is removed. Distillation, the last step, yields a distillate with an ethyl
alcohol level of 80–90%.
Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and glycerin are some of the most wellknown polyhydroxyl alcohols. The hydrolysis of epoxies results in the production of
ethylene and propylene glycol. The hydrolysis of lipids and polypropylene or acrolein
produces glycerin as a by-product.
The most widely utilized alcohols in industry are glycerin, isopropanol,
methanol, and ethanol. Whatever the industry, drinking is a prevalent practice. In
addition to being used by consumers, ethanol is frequently used in a variety of products,
including cleaning supplies, cosmetics, fuel, medicines, textiles, and many more. Inks
and antifreeze liquids also include them. In particular, ethanol, which is reasonably
harmless and may be used to dissolve any chemicals that are insoluble in water, is one
of the many alcohols that are frequently employed as solvents. The manufacture of
other compounds, such as methanal (formaldehyde), ethanoic acid, or methyl esters,
uses methanol, another widely used solvent.
There are initiatives to increase the range of applications for alcohol-based
goods. The use of bioalcohols as energy sources is encouraged by the steps done in
Europe to limit the usage of fossil fuels. It is believed that this fuel will be used more
frequently in the future. In contaminated locations, such as health resorts and places
where the use of solid fuels like black coal has been outlawed, the use of alcohol
distillates for energy production makes sense. However, it should be kept in mind that
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the cost of producing energy or heat from fuels based on alcohol is still higher than the
cost of producing energy from conventional fuel at the moment.
Due to the greater use of ethanol as motor fuel in the automobile industry, the
use of fossil fuels will be more profitable for investment and is anticipated to rise in the
near future. When ethanol burns, carbon and water are produced. It can be used with
gasoline or used on its alone. The ideal ethanol percentage range is between 10% and
20%. It should be highlighted that nations without a petrol industry may benefit from
using ethanol as a fuel in the automotive sector. The fermentation technique is effective
for making ethanol. It is likely that less gasoline will be imported if alcoholic goods are
used to meet the market's demand.
Alcohol Drinking Culture in the Local Context
Filipino culture is strongly influenced by alcohol consumption, which goes
beyond simply unwinding with friends in the Philippines. At fiestas, rice-harvesting
ceremonies, and other ceremonial gatherings and festivities, alcohol is drank. Its
widespread and diverse use in the Philippines has naturally led to the creation of locally
produced alcoholic drinks like laksoy, a bitter nipa palm liquor, and tapey, a moderately
sweet rice wine made in the hilly regions of Mountain Province.
At most of the areas in the Philippines, there is a dish that is mainly called as
pulutan, Pulutan, a dish that is often greasy and fatty, is a necessary part of any drinking
session among Filipinos. True to its name, pulutan is usually finger food or, at the very
least, food that can be readily eaten while drinking, and it is shared among everyone
present. Pulutan is derived from the Filipino term pulot, which means "to pick up." A
typical Filipino drinker can also eat dishes like crispy pata, tenderized pork leg rubbed
with seasoning and spices, then deep-fried; sisig, a sizzling delicacy of chopped pig's
head and liver served with a sawsawan (dip) of soy sauce, vinegar, chopped onions, and
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chili peppers; and tokwa't baboy, fried diced tofu and pig ears which are complement
to the alcoholic drinks that they drank. Aside from that, nuts and chips are also an ideal
pulutan as it is similar to the typical pulutal which are greasy or fatty.
Consequently, one of the most recognizable aspects of drinking in the
Philippines is the tanggero, and it plays a significant role. The tanggero ensures that
everyone receives their fair portion and has enough to drink. In a practice known as
tagay, the drinkers repay the courtesy by sipping from the bottom of the glass. Tagay
signifies that you have enough faith in one another to share a single glass of alcohol.
Everyone is connected in Tagay. Tagay is a word that connotes friendship and
friendliness.
In addition, Filipinos are talented singers, which is no secret. Nobody cares if
you can sing like Celine Dion or Lea Salonga or if you're utterly out of tune. Particularly
in rural areas, karaoke machines are frequently present during inuman sessions. In the
cities, particularly the Highly Urbanized Cities are also filled with mid- and high-end
KTV bars, many of which have rooms that can accommodate ten or more people.
Having "chasers" is tradition when consuming hard liquor. These are drinks, typically
sweet ones, that are consumed right away after taking a shot to dull the bitter flavor or
blunt the alcohol's sharp kick. Soda, orange juice, and iced tea are the most widely
consumed chasers. Speaking of balance, some people insist that plain, cold water is the
ideal chaser since they claim it helps them prevent having a bad hangover the next day.
For the most part due to its low cost, beer is the preferred beverage among
Filipinos. Bottles can be purchased individually for PHP40, and its price varies
depending on the volume of the liquior. San Miguel Beer is the industry leader, and its
most well-liked variants include Light and Pale Pilsen. But because of its high alcohol
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content and potent flavor, its Red Horse Beer is also a fan favorite. Filipinos like to get
their money's worth, especially when it comes to drinking.
According to the World Health Organization, alcohol consumption is rising in
many developing nations such as India, Iraq, and other nations with a less developed
industrial base, including the Philippines, while declining in the majority of developed
nations such as Japan, Canada, the United States, Australia, and other improved or
industrialized countries. Alcohol usage is more harmful than tobacco use, which is
assessed to be 2.6% harmful across all countries, at 4% of the total disability adjusted
life years lost. According to Tian and Liu (2011), alcohol usage results in 1.8 million
annual fatalities worldwide (3.2% of all deaths), with developing countries accounting
for 80% of this extra mortality. Due to the emotional and bodily pain it causes, violence
is particularly interesting. The victims, who are frequently people the executor knows
well, include partners, kids, and friends. Such violence typically involves alcohol.
Alcohol is a factor up to 75% of the time when the victim is the spouse of the criminal.
Additionally, it is frequently noted that teenage violence is correlated with alcohol use.
Even though the two behaviors are frequently seen together, nothing is known about
how they are connected (Markowitz, 2001).
Significance of the Study
Aside from the problem scenario presented, there is a significance in having the
Filipino understanding the cause and effect of alcohol consumption in the daily lives of
the Filipinos. This may lead to worst case scenarios including but not limited to
presence of kidney and heart illness, inflicting of violence to others, particularly the
women and children, being involved to sexual activities particularly to adolescents,
being involved in the dangerous and illegal drug consumption, and destruction of the
Filipino families.
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CHAPTER 2
BODY OF THE STUDY
Characteristics of Alcohol
a. Physical Characteristics
In general, alcohols have greater boiling points than other hydrocarbons with
equivalent molecular weights. Alcohol molecules' hydroxyl groups form intermolecular
hydrogen bonds, which is the cause of this. In general, when the aliphatic carbon chain
contains more carbon atoms, the boiling point of alcohols rises. On the other hand, the
Van der Waals force reduces with a decrease in surface area, and the boiling point
lowers with an increase in branching in aliphatic carbon chains. The boiling point of
primary alcohols is hence greater. The hydroxyl group in play controls how soluble
alcohol is in water. Alcohol's hydroxyl group contributes to the development of
intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Alcohol becomes soluble in water as a result of the
formation of hydrogen bonds between water and alcohol molecules. The hydroxyl
group is hydrophilic, but the alkyl group linked to it is not. As a result, as the alkyl
group's size increases, alcohol's solubility also reduces.
Alcohols generate the matching alkoxide when they come into contact with
active metals like sodium, potassium, etc. Alcohols' reactions reveal how acidic they
are. Alcohol's acidic character results from the polarity of the -OH bond. When an
electron-donating group is joined to the hydroxyl group, the electron density on the
oxygen atom rises, which reduces the acidity of alcohols. In comparison to secondary
and tertiary alcohols, primary alcohols are therefore typically more acidic. Alcohols
also function as Bronsted bases since the oxygen atom has unshared electrons.
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b. Chemical Characteristics
Aldehydes and ketones are created during the oxidation of alcohols in the
presence of an oxidizing agent, and these compounds can then be further oxidized to
yield carboxylic acids. Alcohols are hydrocarbon hydroxy derivatives in which one or
more hydrogen atoms are replaced by an equivalent number of hydroxyl groups.
Alcohol tends to lose a water molecule when reacting with protic acids, giving rise to
alkenes. Dehydrogenation or dehydration of alcohols is the term used to describe these
processes. Dehydrogenation is the process of removing hydrogen from the feedstock,
such as when paraffin is treated to create olefin. Butanol is created by reducing butanal.
By a hydrogenation reaction, this happens. The carbon-oxygen double bond in this
instance is strengthened by the addition of hydrogens, which causes the carboxyl
oxygen to change into a hydroxyl group.
Contribution of Alcoholic Beverages to the Philippine Economy
The Department of Finance (DOF) estimates that if Congress does not pass a
measure raising taxes on alcoholic beverages, alcohol usage will cost the Philippine
economy P211.2 billion by the following year. Finance Undersecretary Karl Kendrick
Chua cited a 2009 study in his statement that the economic cost of alcohol consumption
is predicted to increase by 10.69 percent to P211.2 billion by 2020 from P190.8 billion
in 2019, before rising to P232.7 billion by 2021 and P256.8 billion by 2022.
According to Chua, the societal costs associated with abuse committed by a
drunk individual as well as the opportunities lost due to alcohol-related illness, injury,
or death constitute the economic cost of alcohol usage. Chua stated that the DOF and
the Department of Health are advocating for the rise in alcohol taxes as suggested under
Package 2 Plus of the Comprehensive Tax Reform Program (CTRP) to reduce the
financial cost of alcohol.
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Causes of Alcohol Consumption and Addiction
a. Biological Factors
Alcoholism and biological aspects, notably genetics and physiology, have been
linked in research. While some people can control how much alcohol they consume,
others have a strong want to keep drinking. Some people experience pleasure when
drinking alcohol, which motivates the brain to repeat the behavior. Such a pattern of
conduct can increase your risk of becoming alcoholic.
Additionally, certain brain chemicals may increase your risk of abusing alcohol.
For instance, research suggests that up to 51 genes across different chromosome regions
may be linked to alcohol dependence. Family members are substantially more likely to
have drinking issues if these genes are passed down through generations.
b. Environmental Factors
Studies have recently looked into a potential link between the environment and
the development of alcoholism. For instance, numerous studies have looked at whether
or not a person's proximity to alcoholic beverage establishments like bars affects their
risk of developing alcoholism. People who reside near drinking places are thought to
see drinking more favorably and to be more likely to partake in the practice.
In addition, income is a different environmental component that may have an
impact on how much alcohol a person drink. Contrary to popular assumption, people
from wealthy neighborhoods are more prone to drink than people from lower
socioeconomic statuses.
c. Social Factors
A person's thoughts on drinking can be influenced by social influences. Many
of your actions, including drinking, are influenced by your culture, religion, family, and
job. The biggest factor influencing a person's risk of becoming an alcoholic is their
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family. Children who are exposed to alcohol abuse at a young age are more likely to
develop risky drinking habits.
A person may become more prone to drinking if you start college or a new
career. He wants to establish ties with peers and make new friends throughout these
times. He might engage in behaviors that you ordinarily wouldn't do out of a desire to
fit in and be accepted.
d. Psychological Factors
The likelihood of heavy drinking may be increased by a variety of psychological
factors. Every person responds to circumstances in their own special way. However,
how you handle these emotions may have an effect on your conduct. For instance, those
who experience significant levels of stress, anxiety, depression, or other mental health
issues are more likely to become alcoholics. Alcohol is frequently used in these
situations to stifle emotions and alleviate the signs of psychological illnesses.
e. Early Age Drinking Patterns
Early alcohol experimentation might cause issues later in life, particularly in
your 20s and 30s. This is particularly true when young people frequently binge drink.
Alcohol misuse can rise with early drinking, although alcoholism can strike anyone at
any age.
f. Family History
Growing up with family members and close relatives who are alcoholics raises
the likelihood of future generations abusing alcohol. A person might perceive that
alcohol consumption and addition is a normal situation that a person needs to do on a
regular basis, most particularly if a person is exposed to having a family consuming
alcoholic beverages at a young age. A person might view alcohol consumption
differently and develop harmful habits if you're surrounded by heavy drinkers.
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g. Stress
Drinking to relieve stress can soon become a problem. Doctors, nurses,
emergency rescue personnel, construction workers, and members of the military are
among the professions that are more prone to experience high levels of stress due to
long hours and demanding jobs. Students, particularly in the collegiate level can also
prone to alcohol addiction due to the demands from their respective chosen programs.
To avoid alcohol abuse, it's critical for professionals in all fields to find alternate
methods to unwind.
h. Peer Pressure
A person could be more likely to indulge in alcohol if your partner or a close
friend does. Following peer pressure might result in future drinking issues as well as
several health issues brought on by excessive alcohol use. Offer to be the designated
driver if you don't feel like drinking.
i. Frequent Alcohol Consumption
A persons’ likelihood of developing an alcohol-related disorder increases
significantly when excessive drinking becomes a pattern. A person’s body becomes
more tolerant to alcohol as you consume more alcohol. Because of tolerance, a person
will require more alcohol to have the same effects does a person formerly did with less.
Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Addiction
a. Physical Effects
One such result that can be brought on by prolonged, excessive ethanol drinking
is cirrhosis of the liver. If the liver is regularly exposed to significant amounts of
alcohol, it will stop functioning properly, causing lasting damage that results in the
formation of scar tissue. Another consequence of chronic ethanol usage is heart failure,
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which occurs when the heart stops pumping blood efficiently across the body because
it has been exposed to so much alcohol.
On the other hand, Chronic ethanol usage can have negative effects on the
kidneys as well because it impairs their ability to effectively eliminate waste from the
bloodstream. Chronic drinking can also cause the breakdown of muscle tissue and
prevent the production of the proteins needed for proper cell renewal. Alcohol can harm
the nerve tissue that tells muscles what to do, leading them to atrophiate, which over
time results in physical weakness and loss of muscle mass.
In addition, as alcohol interferes with the absorption of vitamin D, which is
essential for strong bones, alcoholics will also encounter issues with bone density. If
alcohol misuse persists for a long time, osteoporosis may result. Diabetes is another
side effect of alcoholism that develops through chronic, long-term use. Because ethanol
inhibits the body's ability to create the insulin required for regulating blood sugar levels,
chronic drinkers are more likely to acquire type one or type two diabetes. Inflammations
of the stomach lining such as gastritis and ulcers can also result from excessive alcohol
consumption. If chronic alcohol use is not stopped, it will eventually harm this
important organ, leading to serious health problems.
Consequently, alcohol abusers frequently experience skin issues like jaundice,
spider veins, and a yellowish complexion due to the harm that alcohol causes to their
liver. As toxins from this material enter the bloodstream and circulate throughout the
body, harming numerous organs, this will result in skin problems. Another consequence
of alcoholism that develops from persistent abuse is weight gain, which can be brought
on by excessive alcohol consumption. Alcoholic beverages include calories that are
stored as fat and, if consumed at dangerous levels, can result in obesity. Lastly, another
impact of chronic ethanol consumption, which happens because the body gets used to
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consuming a lot of alcohol, is a loss of balance. Alcoholics frequently appear clumsy
when they walk, primarily because chronic alcohol exposure damages the cerebellum.
If left untreated, this disease could also result in falls.
b. Psychological and Social Effects
Bipolar disorder (also known as mania or manic-depressive illness) is the
second-most common axis I disorder associated with alcohol dependence, according to
two major epidemiological surveys conducted in the past 20 years (Helzer and Przybeck
1988; Kessler et al. 1997). Among manic patients, 50-60 percent abuse or become
dependent on alcohol or other drugs (AODs) at some point in their condition. It can be
difficult to diagnose bipolar illness in alcoholic patients. Diagnostic accuracy is
decreased by a number of factors, including underreporting of symptoms (particularly
mania symptoms), the complicated effects of alcohol on mood states, and
characteristics that are common to both illnesses (e.g., excessive indulgence in
pleasurable activities with a high risk of painful consequences). In addition to abusing
alcohol, bipolar patients are also more likely to abuse stimulant medications like
cocaine or methamphetamine, further complicating the diagnosis.
On the other hand, alcoholics do not appear to experience anxiety disorders at
significantly higher rates than the overall population (Schuckit and Hesselbrock 1994).
For instance, the Epidemiologic Catchment Area survey found that 19.4% of patients
with a lifetime diagnosis of any anxiety condition also had a lifetime diagnosis of
alcohol misuse or dependence. According to Regier et al. (1990; Kranzler 1996), this
only amounts to roughly 1.5 times the prevalence of anxiety disorders in the general
population. However, certain anxiety disorders, including PTSD, social phobia, and
panic disorder, seem to develop more frequently in people who are alcoholics (Schuckit
et al. 1997b; Kranzler 1996; Brady et al. 1995). Similar to how alcohol can cause
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depression, it's critical to distinguish between anxiety brought on by alcohol and a
separate anxiety problem. Examining the onset and progression of the anxiety problem
can help with this. As a result, symptoms and indicators of alcohol-induced anxiety
disorders usually appear days to weeks after drinking has stopped, seem to be brought
on by alcohol withdrawal, and usually go away fairly rapidly with abstinence and
supportive therapies (Kranzler 1996; Brown et al. 1991). The symptoms of independent
anxiety disorders, in contrast, begin before the commencement of heavy drinking and
last for a long period of time.
Consequently, among the axis II personality disorders, drinking has long been
known to be closely linked to ASPD (and the accompanying conduct disorder, which
frequently manifests in childhood in those who would go on to develop ASPD) (Lewis
et al. 1983). According to epidemiologic investigations, alcohol-dependent men are 4–
8 times more likely to have comorbid ASPD than nonalcoholics, while alcoholic
women are 12–17 times more probable (Helzer and Przybeck 1988; Kessler et al. 1997).
In comparison to 4 percent of men and roughly 0.8 percent of women in the general
population, 15 to 20 percent of alcoholic men and 10 percent of alcoholic women have
comorbid ASPD. Patients with ASPD are more likely to experience additional
substance use disorders and to become dependent on alcohol at a younger age than their
nonantisocial counterparts (Cadoret et al., 1984; Anthenelli et al., 1994).
c. On Domestic Violence
A study from the Philippine Statistics Authority revealed that alcohol
consumption has increased for eight years from 2004-2012 in all regions of the
Philippines with Ilocos Region, Bicol, MIMAROPA, and CARAGA being the highest
and Cagayan Valley being the lowest, which also means that alcohol production in the
Philippines has also increased, significantly.
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On the other hand, the murder incidence in the Philippines in the same years has
also increased significantly, having Bicol region, Ilocos region, and National Capital
Region has the highest murder incidence, while Cagayan Valley has the lowest murder
incidence starting from 2008. It is also revealed that reported physical injuries in the
regions has also increased in MIMAROPA, Ilocos region and Eastern Visayas with the
lowest physical injury incidence in Caraga Region. These incidences include the minor
cases such as blotters from the barangay and filed cases. In relation, it shows that there
is a significant relationship between alcohol consumption and crime involvement in the
Philippines which is a clear manifestation that the more a person is influenced to
alcohol, the more he or she involves to criminal offenses.
Philippine Laws on Regulating Alcohol Beverages Production, Selling, and
Consumption
a. Universal Health Care Law
The establishment of health technology assessment (HTA) as a fair and
transparent priority setting mechanism that shall be recommendatory to the DOH and
PhilHealth for the development of policies and programs, regulation, and the
determination of a range of entitlements such as drugs, medicines, pharmaceutical
products, other devices, procedures, and services is required by Republic Act No.
11223, also known as the Universal Health Care Act.
b. Presidential Decree 1619
Section 3 of the aforementioned Presidential Decree states that “The penalty of
imprisonment ranging from four years and one day to eight years and a fine ranging
from four thousand to eight thousand pesos shall be imposed upon any person who
sells, administers, delivers, or gives away to another, on any terms whatsoever, or
distributes, dispatches in transit or transports or who acts as a broker in any of such
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transactions, any substance or mixture of substances containing one or more of the
chemical compounds mentioned in Section one (to persons below legal age) hereof for
the purpose of inhalation to induce or produce intoxication or any of the conditions
described therein.”
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