 Law of Definite Composition
- elements combined to form compound
always contains exactly the same proportion
of elements by mass.
C & O2
12gC
32gO
=
12
12
1g c= 2.6 g O
 Law of Multiple Proportion
- The ratios of the masses of the second
element combining with a fixed mass of the
elements will be in ration of small whole
numbers.
C and O2
12
32
:
12
12
1:2.6/ 1:2
Chemical Reaction
> a process where in a set of
substances(reactants) are converted to a new
set of substance(products)
B A S I S?
 Collision Theory> since molecules are in
constant motion, they collide with one
another, thus, causing a chem. reaction.
2 types:
* Ineffective Collision- Does not cause any
reaction & does not lead to the formation of
the product.
* Effective Coll.- Causes chemical reaction
& forms a product.
TYPES

Combination/ Synthesis Reactionbeing combined
A+B AB
1st rule: metal+nonmetal binary
compound
2nd: nonmetal+oxygen
nonmetaloxide
3rd: metaloxide+water
metaloxide(base)
4th: nonmetaloxide+water
oxyacid(acid)

Single Replacement Reaction
A+BX AX+B
 Double Replacement Reaction
AX+BY AY+BX
 Decomposition Reaction
AB A+B
st
1 : Hydrates Anhydrous salt + water
2nd: Chlorates Chlorides + oxygen
3rd: metal oxide Free metal + oxygen
4th: carbonates metallic oxide + carbon
dioxide
Food Preservation
> Prolong the life of food while maintaining the
taste, nutritional & aesthetic values.
TRADITIONAL FOOD
PRESERVATION METHODS:

Burial in the ground- preserved in dark
places, where there is no oxygen. Cool
temperatures, low pH levels, and the
power of desiccants.
 Canning- Cooking under high pressure
and temp. Will kill the remaining bacteria
and canning under sterile condition.
 Curing/Salting- Adding salt or sugar to
prevent the growth of clostridium
botulinum. Sometimes, salt with nitrates or
nitrites are used.
 Drying- water is reduced to prevent the
growth of bacteria.(sun,oven,wind drying)
 Fermentation- Uses some specific
microorganism. Uses starter
microorganisms and salts at controlled
temp. with oxygen to create desirable
conditions. Combination of sugar and
yeast.
 Freezing- Some ingredients(potato)
require only cooling to preserve them. But
when the food is
prepared/processed(mashed potato), it
requires freezing
 Picking- uses anti-microbial liquid.
*Chemical pickl.- uses edible
liquid(brine,vnegar,alcohol).:cucumbers,corne
d beef,eggs.
*Fermentation Pickl.- used when the
food to be preserved produces alcohol and
carbon dioxide(Kimchi)
 Refrigeration- slows down the growth &
reproduction of microorganism & the
action of enzymes that may cause the
food to rot.
 Smoking- exposing the food to smoke to
kill the bacteria.
 Sugaring- fruits are boiled with sugar until
they are caramelized.
SEVEN PETITIONS?
1st Petition:“Holy be your name”
- we pray that God will glorify his name by
showing his greatness in all creation.
-(St.Peter Chrysologus) “if we live well as
Christians, we manifest the blessed name of
God, but if we live badly, then we blaspheme
His name.
2nd: “Your kingdom come”
-”kingdom” here refers to God’s reign which
has been clearly manifested to us through the
life,teaching,example,passion,death,and
resurrection of J.C.
- (Matthew’s Gospel), (Jesus) the essential
qualities of the kingdom: has priceless value,
has creative and growing power, it includes
the good and the bad(wheat and weeds
growing in the field)
3rd: “Your will be done on earth as in
heaven”
- Jesus shows us what truly is God’s
will.Everything that Jesus did, his whole life
and mission was in obedience to his Father’s
will.
- Jesus also wanted us to live his
commandment of love.
4th:”Give us this day our daily bread”
- We pray to God to provide for our needs.
- The “daily bread” here means: The material
food that we need everyday in order to live,
and the Bread of life which is the Word of God
and the Body of Christ in the Eucharist which
prepares us to the eternal banquet in heaven.
5th: “And forgive us our sins as we forgive
those who sin against us”
-We acknowledge our sinfulness, therefore,
we ask for the Father’s forgiveness.
-(Jesus) God’s mercy and compassion can
penetrate our hearts only if we have learned to
forgive all those who wrong us.
- (Parable of the unforgiving servant),
(Jesus)3 important truths: 1We are able to
forgive others because God has forgiven us
first, the Father’s forgiveness precedes our
forgiveness. 2Our capacity to forgive is
grounded in God’s love and mercy. 3God’s
forgiveness becomes a reality in us if we
accept it and make it as part of our life.
6th:”Lead us not into temptation”
- we pray to God not to allow us to enter into,
to give in to, and to submit to temptation; and
not to allow us to take the path that leads to
sin.
- (Jesus) to call on the H.S for discernment
and strength, and for vigilance and
perseverance against trials and temptation.
7th: “But deliver us from evil”
-We ask God to protect us from Satan and
from final damnation.
Christian Doctrine
We believe that…
- God is our Father
- the H.S help us persevere in prayer. It is
the H.S who helps us in our desire to pray to
God. He helps us to overcome our
weaknesses and intercedes for us before the
Father.
INDUSTRIAL/MODERN
TECHNIQUES USED IN F.P
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Pasteurization- preservation of liquid
food(milk). Liquid is heated to kill bacteria
and then it is cooled quickly.
Vacuum-packing- stores food in a
vacuum environment through an airtight
bag or bottle. A vacuum is the absence of
air especially oxygen.
Antimicrobial- addition of artificial food
called additives. Inhibit the growth of
bacteria thus, inhibiting food oxidation.
Food irradiation- exposing it to ionizing
radiation emitted from radioactive
sources(cobalt-60/cesium-137)
Modifying atmosphere- Packing and
sealing the food with reduced oxygen but
increased carbon dioxide(CO2)or nitrite(N2)
in it.
Pascalization/ high pressure food
preservation- uses high pressures of
about 480 MPa to slow down the spoilage
of food.
Hurdle technology- uses low temp.,
freezing, and heating is employed to
ensure the microbial safety and stability
as well as the nutritional quality of food
products.

Nutrition> finding ways to balance
individuals’ food and nutrition and their
impact on patients’ health. Dietetics-field
of study that is concerned w/ the
relationship between health and nutrition.
 Dietitians
 Nutritionists
 Emergency Medical Service(Parademic
Service)> specialize in out-of-hospital
medical care.
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 Dental Health> deals w. various oral
condition.
 Dentist
Medical Specialists
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Anesthesiologist> Administration of
anesthesia like in surgery.
Cardiologist>Coronary artery
disease;heart disease
Epidemiologist>Investigates the cause
and source of disease outbreaks.
Family Practice Physician>General care
physician.
Gastroenterologist>Stomach, intestines,
digestive system
Geriatrician>a doctor who specializes in
care of the elderly and the diseases that
affect them.
Gynecologist>Female reproductive
system
Immunologist>Diseases of the immune
system
Internist>Treatment of diseases in adult
Neonatologist>Nervous system
Nephrologist>Kidney disease
Neurologist>nervous system
Neurosurgeon>Surgery of the brain and
nervous system
Obstetrician> trained to handle any
complication;pregnancy,labor,childbirth
Oncologist>Cancer,tumors
Psychologist> focus on psychotherapy
and treating emotional and mental
suffering in patients w/ behavioral
intervention.
Sanitarian>official responsible for public
health;safety of an environment
Nutritionist>advises others on matters of
food and nutrition and their impacts on
health.
Detox Specialist> removal of toxic
Nurse>concerned w/ the
attainment,maintenance, and recovery of
the optimal health and quality of life of
patients and communities.
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Social worker> Support families in need;
protect vulnerable children; help people in
needs.
Counselor> gives advice , guidance
Midwife> trained to deal w/ women who
are having normal,uncomplicated and
healthy labors/ pregnancies.
Psychiatrist> prescribe medication;
mental illness.
Dietitian>diet and
nutrition(dietetics);nutrition therapies
Ophthalmologist>Eye disease &
treatment
Orthopedist>Skeletal system
Otolaryngologist>Head,neck,ears,nose,t
hroat
Pathologist>Study of tissues and
essential nature of disease
Pediatrician>Childhood diseases and
condition
Plastic Surgeon>Use of material to build
tissues
Primary-care physician>General health
and medical care
Radiologist>Use of X-rays
Rheumatologist>Diseases of connective
tissues,joints,muscles,tendons
Surgeon>Treats diseases by surgery