Study Guide
Student Edition
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Table of Contents
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
1
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4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Work and Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Thermal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Magnetism and Its Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Electromagnetic Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Mirrors and Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Classification of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Solids, Liquids, and Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Elements and Their Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Acids, Bases, and Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
New Materials Through Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
iii
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StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Class
The Methods of Science
Chapter
1
Directions: Use the word bank to fill in the blanks in the summary paragraphs.
explanations
investigation
observation
scientia
knowledge
modified
overlap
technology
Science comes from a latin word, (1)
, which means
(2)
. Scientists gather knowledge using (3)
(4)
. Though science is divided into categories, the things scientists study
often (5)
and
.
Scientific (6)
are developed and modified over time. Sometimes,
new (7)
or observations bring new ideas to light and theories are
(8)
.
Directions: List the three main categories of science and what topics each deals with.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Category
Topics
9.
10.
11.
Directions: Unscramble the words to fill in the blanks.
12.
(stinotigevains) a way that scientists learn new information about
the natural world
13.
(fictiensic dothem) an organized set of investigation procedures
14.
(tennddeep) a type of variable that changes according to changes in
other variables
15.
(cottanns) something that does not change when other variables in
an experiment change
16.
(siba) what happens when a scientist expects certain results and
views their experimental data with those expectations, hoping to get a certain result
The Methods of Science
1
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Guide
Study
2
Class
Standards of Measurement
Chapter
1
Directions: Complete the table below by supplying the missing information.
Measurement
Base unit
meter
1.
3.
mass
5.
6.
2.
second
7.
8.
4.
temperature
Symbol
Directions: In each of the following, circle the units that would most likely be used to express each kind of
measurement. You may circle more than one answer for each term.
10. volume of a liquid:
mL
11. density of a material:
12. temperature:
°K
kg
K
cm3
14. time:
kg
K
s
K
km
g
K
13. mass:
15. length:
m3
mL
°C
cm3
mg
L
cm3
g/cm3
L
kg/m3
L
Kg
mg
mm
m
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. volume of a solid:
cm
Directions: For each pair of equations, write the letter of the equation that expresses an equal value.
16.
a. 1 L = 1 dm3
b. 1 L = 1 cm3
17.
a. 1 mL = 1 cm3
b. 1 cm3 = 1 L
18.
a. 0°C = –273 K
b. 0 K = −273°C
19.
a. 1 kg = 100 g
b. 1,000 g = 1 kg
20.
a. 400 cm = 4.0 m
b. 400 cm = 0.40 m
21.
a. 1 dm = 10 m
b. 1 dm = 0.10 m
22.
a. 100°C = 373 K
b. 373 K = 10°C
1 cm
23.
2 cm
Directions: Calculate the volume of the box in the diagram.
3 cm
2 Standards of Measurement
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Guide
Study
Class
Communicating with Graphs
Chapter
1
Directions: Use the graphs below to answer the following questions.
Graph A
Graph C
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Graph B
1. What type of graph is shown in A?
2. What does graph A show?
3. What is the independent variable in graph A?
4. On what axis is the independent variable plotted?
5. On what axis is the dependent variable plotted?
6. What type of graph is graph B?
7. What information is shown in graph B?
8. What element makes up the largest part of living things?
9. What type of graph is graph C?
10. What information is shown on graph C?
11. What is the most common height for students in Sarah’s class?
Communicating with Graphs
3
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Guide
Study
Class
Describing Motion
Chapter
2
Directions: Fill in the chart with information from the chapter.
Definition
1.
distance
2.
displacement
3.
average speed
4.
instantaneous speed
5.
velocity
6.
reference point for
relative motion
Does it Depend Formula to Calculate
on Direction?
(if there is one)
Directions: List three ways that the velocity of a car can change.
7.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8.
9.
Directions: Explain how the velocity of an object could change while its speed stayed the same.
10.
Directions: Explain the meaning of a changing slope on a distance-time graph.
11.
Directions: List three different units for speed. For each unit, give an example of a moving object for
which the unit would be convenient and list the units on the x-axis and y-axis of a distance-time graph.
Speed with Units
Moving Object
x-axis Unit
y-axis Unit
12.
13.
14.
Describing Motion
5
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Guide
Study
Class
Acceleration
Chapter
2
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What is acceleration?
2. When is an object accelerating?
3. What is the difference between positive and negative acceleration?
4. State in words how acceleration is calculated.
5. Give two ways the unit for acceleration can be written.
7. An inline skater traveling in a straight line goes from 3 m/s to 9 m/s in 3 s. What is the
acceleration?
8.
9.
10.
6 Acceleration
Velocity
Velocity
Velocity
Directions: On the lines provided, indicate what kind of acceleration is shown in the following graphs.
Time
Time
Time
8.
9.
10.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. What does the slope of a velocity-time graph indicate?
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3
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StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Class
Motion and Forces
Chapter
2
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. Define force.
2. List three forces being exerted as you complete this Reinforcement exercise.
3. You push on the side of a toy truck rolling along the floor. What will happen to the motion of
the truck?
4. What term refers to the sum of all of the forces acting on an object?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. If the net force on an object is zero, what do you know about all of the forces acting on the object?
6. When several people are pushing on a large rock and it starts to roll, what do you know about
the forces acting on the rock?
7. What is inertia?
8. What causes a change in velocity?
9. What determines the amount of inertia an object has?
10. State Newton’s first law of motion.
Motion and Forces
7
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Guide
Study
Class
Newton’s Second Law
Chapter
3
Directions: Write the formula to find acceleration when force and mass are known.
1.
Directions: Write the formula to find force when mass and acceleration are known.
2.
Directions: List the two factors that affect the amount of friction between two surfaces.
3.
Directions: Compare static friction, sliding friction, rolling friction, and air resistance in the chart.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Type of Friction
4.
static
5.
sliding
6.
rolling
7.
air resistance
Definition
What it Does
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct phrases below.
air resistance
microwelds
parachute
net force
rolling
sliding
acceleration
8.
the combination of all forces acting on an object
9.
sticking points between two surfaces that cause friction
10.
type of friction that enables a car to move
11.
a factor that determines terminal velocity
12.
something determined by the net force on an object and its mass
13.
type of friction between brake pads and a rotating bicycle wheel
14.
a device to reduce terminal velocity
Newton’s Second Law
9
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Guide
Study
Class
Gravity
Chapter
3
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What is gravity?
2. What are two things that the amount of gravitational force between two objects depends on?
3. Why does Earth exert a stronger gravitational force than the Moon?
4. If an object weighs 40 N on Earth, would it weigh more than 40 N on the Moon? Explain.
Directions: Use the diagrams below to complete the following questions.
A
B
Icy road
5. What is the centripetal force that allows a car to move around a sharp curve in a roadway?
6. Draw an arrow on the bottom diagram to show the movement of the car if the centripetal force
of the road and car is not enough to overcome the car’s inertia when it reaches point B.
7. Explain how you know the car is accelerating when it reaches point A in the first diagram.
10 Gravity
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Dry road
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Guide
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Class
The Third Law of Motion
Chapter
3
Directions: Use the illustrations to answer the following questions.
1. Draw an arrow on Figure A to show the direction the cannon will move when the cannonball
is fired.
2. Draw arrows on Figure B to show the direction the oars must move to propel the boat forward.
3. Does the arrow you drew on Figure A represent an action force or a reaction force?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Do the arrows you drew on Figure B represent an action force or a reaction force?
5. If the force that propels the cannonball forward is 500 N, how much force will move the cannon
backward? Explain.
Directions: Solve the following problems.
6. What is the momentum of a 2-kg toy truck that moves at 10 m/s?
7. What is the momentum of a 2000-kg truck that moves at 10 m/s?
8. Which truck has more momentum? Why?
The Third Law of Motion
11
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Guide
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Class
The Nature of Energy
Chapter
4
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct
phrases below.
chemical
gravitational
kinetic
potential
energy
height
mass
speed
elastic
joule
natural gas
1.
the ability to cause change, or something that can change form as it
is transferred
2.
the kind of energy an object has due to position
3.
the kind of energy an object has because of its motion
4.
the kind of potential energy an object above Earth’s surface has
5.
a factor that affects kinetic energy but not gravitational
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
potential energy
6.
the kind of energy that is stored in chemical bonds
7.
a factor that affects gravitational potential energy
8.
a second factor that affects gravitational potential energy
9.
the SI unit of energy
10.
something that burns to produce carbon dioxide and water
11.
the kind of potential energy that is stored in something that
can stretch
Directions: Write the formula to calculate kinetic energy and name each variable.
12.
Directions: Write the formula to calculate gravitational potential energy and name each variable.
13.
The Nature of Energy
13
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Class
Conservation of Energy
Chapter
4
Directions: In each of the following situations, energy is changed from one form to another. Study each
situation and identify the energy transformations in the space provided.
1. An electric blanket warms a bed on a chilly night.
2. A rock in Death Valley, California, becomes hot during a summer afternoon.
3. A deputy sheriff rides a horse while directing traffic.
4. A chandelier brightens a ballroom after a waiter moves a switch.
5. A swallow sitting on a fence sings a song for anyone who will listen.
6. A jet plane rapidly accelerates on the runway.
8. A placekicker sends a football through the uprights of a goalpost.
9. A base runner slides safely into third base.
10. A nuclear powered submarine transports its crew from New Orleans to Mobile.
14 Conservation of Energy
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7. A walnut falls to the ground from a lofty branch on a walnut tree.
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Guide
Study
Class
Work
Chapter
5
5
1. Directions: Explain what two conditions have to be satisfied for work to be done on an object
and give an example of work being done and an example of work not being done.
Directions: Write formulas to fill in the following chart.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Write a Formula
to Calculate:
When Data are Given for:
Formula
2.
Work
applied force and distance over which force
is applied
3.
Power
work done and time required to do work
4.
Power
energy used and time required to transfer
energy
Directions: Decide what each situation describes and write the term in the blank. You may use
terms from the bank more than once or not at all. One phrase is described by two terms.
distance
energy
force
power
work
5.
a horse runs 180 m
6.
a 1600 W generator ran the motorhome
7.
a coffee maker used 850 J of energy for 8 minutes
8.
a dog pushed his food bowl across the room with his nose
9.
measured in newtons
10.
measured in joules
11.
measured in watts
12.
a baseball is lifted 0.7 m
13.
the rate at which work is done
Work
15
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Reinforcement
Study
Guide
Using Machines
Class
Chapter
Directions: In the space provided, define and express the term or equation for each of the following.
5
5
1. effort force
2. resistance force
3. mechanical advantage
4. efficiency
Directions: Use the information above to solve the following problem.
Directions: Answer the following questions with complete sentences.
6. What are two ways that machines make work easier?
7. How does a crowbar used to remove the top of a box change the direction of the force?
8. What is ideal mechanical advantage?
16 Using Machines
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. A carpenter uses a crowbar to remove the top of a box. The top has a resistance of 500 N. The
carpenter applies an effort force of 250 N. What is the mechanical advantage of the crowbar?
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3
Reinforcement
Study
Guide
Class
Chapter
Simple Machines
5
Directions: Match each simple machine in Column II to its description in Column I. Write the letter of the5
simple
machine in the blank at the left.
Column I
Column II
1. bar that is free to pivot about a fixed point
a. wheel and axle
2. an inclined plane with one or two sloping slides
b. inclined plane
3. grooved wheel with a rope running along the groove
c. gear
4. two wheels of different sizes that rotate together
5. sloping surface used to raise objects
d. lever
e. wedge
6. two wheels of different sizes with interlocking teeth along
their circumferences
f. pulley
7. inclined plane wrapped in a spiral around a cylindrical post
g. screw
Directions: Classify each type of simple machine as either a lever or an inclined plane by writing its name in the
proper column of the table.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. Levers
9. Inclined planes
Directions: Calculate the ideal mechanical advantage for each of the following.
10. A mover uses a ramp to push a stereo into the moving van. The ramp is 3 meters long and
1.5 meters high. What is the ideal mechanical advantage of this ramp?
11. A painter uses a fixed pulley to raise a 1-kg can of paint a distance of 10 m.
12. A screwdriver with a 1-cm shaft and a 4-cm handle is used to tighten a screw.
Simple Machines
17
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Guide
Study
Class
Temperature and Heat
Chapter
6
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to complete the summary statements.
collisions
heat
temperature
cooler
kinetic energy
thermal energy
faster
potential energy
warmer
As the (1)
(2)
of an object increases, the particles in the object move
. As a result the average (3)
increases. The sum of the kinetic energy and the (4)
an object is the (5)
of the particles
of the particles in
of the object. When a substance at a higher tempera-
ture comes in contact with a substance at a lower temperature, (6)
between the particles in the two substances cause thermal energy to move from the
(7)
object to the (8)
energy that flows due to a difference in temperature is (9)
object. Thermal
.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Explain steps and measurements to be made when using a calorimeter to measure the
specific heat of a material.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Temperature and Heat
19
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Class
Transferring Thermal Energy
Chapter
6
Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true,
write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term that makes the statement true.
1. Materials that are poor conductors are poor insulators.
2. The transfer of energy through matter by direct contact of its particles
is convection.
3. The transfer of energy in the form of invisible waves is conduction.
4. Solids usually conduct heat better than liquids and gases.
5. The R-value of insulation indicates its resistance to heat flow.
6. Air is a poor heat conductor.
7. Wind and ocean currents are examples of conduction currents.
8. Energy is usually transferred in fluids by radiation.
9. As water is heated, it expands, becomes less dense, and rises.
10. Dark-colored materials absorb less radiant energy than light-colored
materials.
12. The higher the R-value of insulation the less resistant it is to heat flow.
Directions: Circle the object in each pair that will take in more heat. In the blank, explain why that object will
take in more heat.
13. a silver spoon
a wooden log
14. a white shirt
a red shirt
15. foil in the sunlight
a sidewalk in the sunlight
16. single-pane window
double-pane window
17. R-5 insulation
R-35 insulation
20 Transferring Thermal Energy
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
11. Only radiant energy that is reflected is changed to thermal energy.
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Class
Using Heat
Chapter
6
Directions: Answer the following questions about the heating system represented in the flowchart.
A. Furnace heats water to a boil.
B. Steam provided by boiling water travels through pipes to a radiator.
C. Steam cools inside radiator and condenses to water.
D. Thermal energy of heated radiator heats air in room.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Is the system in the flowchart a hot-water system or a steam-heating system?
2. How does the furnace get the energy needed to heat the water?
3. Is the furnace an internal or external combustion engine?
4. How is the thermal energy produced by the furnace transferred to the water?
5. Why do the pipes carrying the steam to the radiator need to be insulated?
6. How is the thermal energy from the steam transferred to the radiator?
7. How is the thermal energy of the radiator transferred to the surrounding air?
8. What happens to the steam as it gives up thermal energy inside the radiator?
9. How is heat from the air surrounding the radiator transferred to the air in the rest of the room?
Using Heat
21
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Guide
Study
Class
Electric Charge
Chapter
7
Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the blanks in the summary paragraphs.
When an atom gains electrons, it becomes (1)
(yvenagltie) charged.
When an atom loses electrons, it becomes (2)
(lsoipyviet) charged. The
law of conservation of charge states that charge can not be (3)
or (4)
(dracete)
(reddeosty), only transferred from object to object. Objects with
equal amounts of positive and negative charge are said to be electrically
(5)
(traulen). Some objects hold (6)
(neetlorcs) more tightly than others, so when two different objects, such as carpet and
shoes, are rubbed together, the electrons are (7)
(serfarntred)
from one to the other. An accumulation of excess charge on an object is called
(8)
(tastci leecrtcyii).
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Match the terms from the box with the correct phrases below.
amount of charge
distance
grounding
charging by induction
electric field
insulator
conductor
electric force
lightning
9.
a factor that the force between charges depends on
10.
another factor that the force between charges depends on
11.
something that surrounds every electric charge
12.
a material in which electrons cannot move easily
13.
a material in which electrons can move easily
14.
something charged objects exert on each other
15.
using Earth as a conductor to avoid lightning damage
16.
rearrangement of electrons on a neutral object by a nearby charged
object
17.
a massive static discharge between a storm cloud and the ground
Electric Charge
23
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Class
Electric Current
Chapter
7
Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that makes each statement true.
1. A negatively charged object has (more, fewer) electrons than an object that is neutral.
2. Electrons flow from areas of (higher, lower) voltage to areas of (higher, lower) voltage.
3. Voltage difference is measured in (amperes, volts).
4. Electrons passing through a lamp (gain, lose) some voltage as they light the lamp.
5. Voltage (varies, is the same) in all parts of a series circuit.
6. The current in a circuit is measured in (volts, amperes).
7. Current is almost always the flow of (electrons, protons)
8. When a dry cell is connected in a series, the flow of electrons moves from the
(positive, negative) terminal to the (positive, negative) terminal.
9. In a dry cell, the carbon rod releases electrons and becomes the (positive, negative) terminal.
10. The voltage difference between the two holes in a wall socket is (12 volts, 120 volts).
12. Resistance is measured in (ohms, volts).
13. Copper has a (higher, lower) resistance to electron flow than tungsten.
14. According to Ohm’s law, (I = V/R, V = I/R)
15. The symbol for ohm is (Ω, °).
16. In the equation I = V/R, I is expressed in (ohms, amperes).
17. In the equation I = V/R, V is expressed in (volts, ohms).
18. The (+, –) terminal of a dry cell identifies the location of the carbon rod.
19. A wire with a resistance of 3Ω has a (greater, lesser) resistance to electron flow than a wire
with a resistance of 5Ω.
20. If two copper wires are the same length, but different thicknesses, the (thinner, thicker) wire
has greater resistance.
24 Electric Current
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
11. A car battery is an example of a (dry, wet) cell.
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Study Guide
Electrical Energy
Class
Chapter
7
Directions: Use the terms and statements below to complete the table.
rate at which electrical energy is converted to another form of energy
The current has only one loop to flow through.
kilowatt
parallel circuit
series circuit
watt
insulation to melt
a fire
The current has more than one branch.
kW
fuses
circuit breakers
W
Power = current × voltage difference
P=I×V
Important Facts About Electric Circuits
1. There are two types of electric circuits.
a.
Two types of circuits:
b.
c.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Definitions of these circuits:
d.
2. A household circuit can contain many appliances.
a.
Too many appliances can cause:
For protection, household circuits
contain:
b.
c.
d.
3. The electrical power of a circuit can be measured.
Definition of electrical power:
a.
Unit of electrical power:
b.
c.
d.
e.
Determining the electrical
power of a circuit:
f. Expression:
g. Formula:
Name:
Abbreviation:
Term for 1,000 units:
Abbreviation for 1,000 units:
Electrical Energy
25
Name
Date
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
1
Class
Magnetism
Chapter
8
Directions: You have two bar magnets. Describe or draw different arrangements of the two magnets
to make the magnets behave as described.
What the Magnets Will Do
1.
repel, end on
2.
repel, end on
3.
attract, end on
4.
attract, end on
Diagram or Description
Directions: Describe the magnetic field of Earth by filling in the blanks.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. where the magnetic north pole can be found:
6. how have switches in the location of the Earth’s magnetic poles been determined:
7. what produces Earth’s magnetic field:
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the blanks in the summary paragraph below.
away
north
south
strong
Magnetic field lines begin at a magnet’s (8)
(9)
pole. Field lines that curve (10)
toward
pole and end at the
each other
show attraction. Field lines that curve (11)
from each other show
repulsion. Where the magnetic field is (12)
, the lines will be closer together.
Magnetism
27
Name
2
Date
Study Guide
Class
Electricity and Magnetism
Chapter
8
Directions: Circle the term or phrase in parentheses that correctly completes the sentence.
1. When a current is passed through a coil of wire with a piece of iron inside, (an electromagnet,
a commutator) is formed.
2. An electromagnet is a (permanent, temporary) magnet.
3. Adding more turns to the wire coil (increases, decreases) the strength of an electromagnet.
4. Increasing the amount of current that flows through a wire (increases, decreases) the strength
of an electromagnet.
5. Electromagnets change electrical energy into (chemical, mechanical) energy.
6. An instrument that is used to detect current is (an electromagnet, a galvanometer).
7. An electric motor changes (chemical, electrical) energy into mechanical energy.
8. Like a galvanometer, an electric motor contains (a switch, an electromagnet) that is free to
rotate between the poles of a permanent, fixed magnet.
9. A coil’s magnetic field can be flipped by (reversing the direction of current, increasing the
10. In a motor, a reversing switch that rotates with an electromagnet is called a (voltmeter,
commutator).
11. In a motor, the stronger the magnetic field in the coil, the (weaker, stronger) the force
between the permanent magnet and the electromagnet.
12. The speed of an electric motor can be controlled by varying the amount of (electric current,
mechanical energy) to the motor.
13. Name three devices you see or use everyday that make use of the relationship between
electricity and magnetism to operate.
28 Electricity and Magnetism
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
number of loops) in the coil.
Name
3
Date
Study Guide
Class
Producing Electric Current
Chapter
8
Directions: Study the following diagram. Then label the parts using the correct terms from the list.
electromagnet
source of mechanical energy
permanent magnet
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Is this a diagram of a generator or a motor?
Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that makes each statement true.
5. When the wire loop of a (motor, generator) turns, an electric current is produced.
6. The current produced by a generator is (direct, alternating) current.
7. A motor (uses, creates) an electric current as it turns.
8. A device that increases or decreases voltage of electric current passing through a power line is
a (transformer, motor).
9. If the secondary coil of a transformer has more turns than the primary coil, the transformer
is a (step-up, step-down) transformer.
Directions: In the space below, draw a sketch of a step-down transformer that has half as many coils in the
secondary coil as in its primary coil. Label the two coils.
10.
Producing Electric Current
29
Name
1
Date
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Class
Fossil Fuels
Chapter
9
Directions: Arrange the sources of energy in the United States in order from least to greatest, and list
the percentage of energy that each source supplies.
Least
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Greatest
6.
Directions: Explain why the cost of fossil fuels might become more expensive in the future.
7.
Directions: List two advantages of burning natural gas to provide energy, compared to burning coal
or oil.
8.
9.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: List two disadvantages of burning coal, oil, or natural gas to provide energy.
10.
11.
Directions: Find words or phrases in the chapter to match these descriptions.
12. the law of conservation of energy
13. an example of a form of energy that is not useful
14. what it means to use energy
15. a source of energy that contains more energy per kilogram than coal or petroleum and provides about 25% of the energy consumed in the U. S. A.
Fossil Fuels
31
Name
2
Date
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Nuclear Energy
Class
Chapter
9
1. Place the following events describing the production of electrical energy from a nuclear fission reactor in the correct order. Write the numbers 1 (first) through 7 (last) in the spaces
provided.
______ a. Steam produced by boiling water causes the blades of a turbine to rotate.
______ b. A neutron bombards a uranium-235 isotope.
______ c. Thermal energy released by the reaction is added to water.
______ d. Electricity from the generator is carried to the community through wires.
______ e. A uranium-235 atom splits, producing two atoms with smaller nuclei, three neutrons, and thermal energy.
______ f. The mechanical energy of the rotating turbine blades is transferred to an electric
generator.
______ g. Superheated water passes through a heat exchanger, where the thermal energy
released boils a separate system of water to produce steam.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
3. How is using nuclear energy less harmful to the environment than using fossil fuels?
4. How does the half-life of a radioactive waste affect the type of container in which the waste
will be stored?
5. Why is nuclear fusion not currently used as an energy source on Earth?
6. How do the products of a fusion reaction differ from the products of a fission reaction?
32 Nuclear Energy
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. How does using nuclear energy harm the environment?
Name
3
Date
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Class
Renewable Energy Sources
Chapter
9
Directions: Provide the information requested for each alternative energy source listed.
1. Solar energy
a. What is solar energy?
b. What is a photovoltaic cell?
2. Hydroelectricity
a. What is hydroelectricity?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
b. What is one economic advantage to hydroelectricity?
3. Tidal energy
a. What is tidal energy?
b. Why is tidal energy a limited source of energy?
4. Wind energy
a. What device is used to harness the energy in wind and convert it into electricity?
b. Why is the wind an energy source with limited uses?
Renewable Energy Sources
33
Name
Date
1
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Class
The Nature of Waves
Chapter
10
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct phrases below.
air
energy
medium
vibrates
compressional
light
sound
water wave
earthquake
mechanical
transverse
wave
1.
a type of wave that travels only in matter
2.
the medium in which sound waves that you hear travel
3.
all waves are produced by something that does this
4.
all waves carry this
5.
repeating disturbance or movement that transfers energy through
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
matter or space
6.
a type of compressional wave made by a violin
7.
a material in which a wave travels
8.
a type of transverse wave
9.
a type of wave where the matter in the medium moves at right
angles to the direction that the wave travels
10.
a type of mechanical disturbance that combines transverse and
compressional waves
11.
12.
a type of wave where the matter in the medium moves back and
forth along the same direction that the wave travels
a type of electromagnetic wave
Directions: Explain how a water wave moves in water.
13.
Directions: Explain how ripples are formed, turn into whitecaps, and become swells on the ocean.
14.
The Nature of Waves
35
Name
Date
2
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Class
Chapter
Wave Properties
10
Directions: Study Figure 1, then identify each part by filling in the blanks below.
Figure 1
4.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
5. List three characteristics of a wave that you can measure.
7. If the frequency of a given wave increases, what happens to the wavelength?
Directions: Fill out the following table by describing how to measure each of the quantities for the two types
of waves.
Wave
Wavelength
Amplitude
8. transverse
9. compressional
10. What is the velocity of a wave with a frequency of 6 Hz and a wavelength of 2 m?
36 Wave Properties
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. What is meant by the frequency of a wave? What is the unit?
Name
3
Date
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
The Behavior of Waves
Class
Chapter
10
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. How is an echo produced?
2. When light is reflected, how are the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection related?
3. Compare and contrast refraction and diffraction.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. What happens to the direction of a light wave when it passes from a less dense medium such
as air into a more dense medium such as glass?
5. Why does a tree in the path of sunlight create a shadow instead of the light spreading around
the tree?
6. What happens when two waves approach and pass each other?
7. When is a standing wave produced?
The Behavior of Waves
37
Name
Date
1
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Class
The Nature of Sound
Chapter
11
1. Directions: Explain how a speaker creates compressional sound waves.
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the summary sentence blanks.
atmosphere
compressions
molecules
more slowly
solids
at the same speed
faster
Moon
rarefactions
temperature
Sound waves cannot travel on the (2)
(3)
because there is no
and sound needs a material in which to move. Sound is a
compressional wave that contains (4)
is most dense, and (5)
, where matter is the least dense. Sound
travels (6)
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
(7)
, where matter in the medium
in liquids than in gases, and even faster in
. This is because the (8)
are closer together
in liquids and solids than gases, so they transmit energy more quickly.
Loud sounds travel (9)
as soft sounds. However, sound waves in
cold weather travel (10)
than they do in hot weather. This is because the
molecules of air move faster at a higher (11)
.
Directions: Unscramble the terms to match the phrases.
12.
13.
(het route era) the part of your ear where sound waves are gathered, made up of the visible part of your ear, the ear canal, and the eardrum
(amurder) a membrane that vibrates when struck by sound waves
14.
(dedlim rea) the part of the ear that receives vibrations from the
eardrum and multiplies the force and pressure of the sound wave; it contains the stirrup, the
anvil, and the hammer.
15.
(locache) a spiral-shaped structure that is filled with liquid and
contains tiny hair cells that turn vibrations into nerve impulses; this is the part that is usually damaged when someone has hearing problems.
The Nature of Sound
39
Name
2
Date
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Properties of Sound
Class
Chapter
11
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What indicates the amplitude of a compressional wave?
2. Compare and contrast loudness and intensity.
3. How are loudness and intensity related to the amplitude and energy of a sound wave? What
is the unit of intensity?
5. What happens to the sound of a train whistle as the train approaches and then passes you?
Why?
6. What does a hertz measure?
7. What is the abbreviation for hertz?
8. What do decibels measure?
9. What is the abbreviation for decibels?
10. What is the frequency of a wave?
40 Properties of Sound
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Describe how ultrasound and infrasound differ from normal sound, and give an example of
each.
Name
Date
3
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Class
Chapter
Music
11
Directions: Combine the word parts below to form the answers to the clues below. Work carefully. A space has
been left between each word part to help you. Place one letter on each blank, and be sure the number of letters in
each word part matches the number of blanks. Cross out each word part as you use it. The first definition has
been started for you to use as an example.
and
beat
bra
brass
cus
cy
da
fre
fun
li
men
mu
na
nance
noise
quen
res
res
sic
sion
o
o
o
per
qua
1. effect produced when
a musical instrument vibrates
strings
tal
tion
tones
tor
r ___
e ___
s
___
o
___
ty
ver
vi
winds
wood
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
2. rely on vibration of air to make music (3 words)
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
3. rise and fall in sound intensity
___ ___ ___ ___
4. causes music and noise
___ ___
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___
5. sound that has random patterns and pitches ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
6. describes the difference between two
sounds having the same pitch and loudness
___ ___ ___
7. violins, guitars, and harps
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___
___ ___
8. main tone produced when an entire string vibrates up and down (2 words)
___ ___ ___
___ ___
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___
___ ___
9. sounds that deliberately
follow a regular pattern
___ ___
___ ___ ___
10. drums and xylophone
___ ___ ___
11. produced by vibrations that are
multiples of the fundamental frequency
___
12. hollow chamber that amplifies
sound when the air in it vibrates
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___
___
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___
___ ___ ___
Music
41
Name
4
Date
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Class
Using Sound
Chapter
11
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What is acoustics?
2. Why would reverberation be a problem when using a gym for a concert?
3. What would an acoustical engineer consider when designing a concert hall? How could
reverberation be reduced?
5. What is sonar?
6. Explain how ultrasound is used to produce images of internal structures in the body.
7. When is it better to use ultrasound and when is it better to use X rays for detecting medical
problems?
8. Why might ultrasound be a treatment of choice over surgery for kidney stones?
42 Using Sound
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Describe echolocation and tell how bats use it to locate food.
Name
Date
1
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Class
What are electromagnetic
waves?
Chapter
12
Directions: List three ways when you could use electromagnetic waves at home.
1.
2.
3.
Directions: List four similarities between sound and water waves.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the summary sentence blanks.
Electromagnetic waves are different from sound and water waves because they can travel
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
in (8)
(eacsp) as well as (9)
(tramet).
Electromagnetic waves are made of vibrating (10)
(tricleec) and
(11)
(ginetamc) fields. Both of these fields surround an electric
(12)
(grache) that is (13)
(ngivmo). The vibrat-
ing electric field around a vibrating charge produces a vibrating magnetic field and the vibrating
magnetic field produces a vibrating electric field. As a result, these fields continually
(14)
(eeactr) each other. These fields are always
(15)
(reepraplicdun) to each other and travel
(16)
(wotdaur) from the vibrating charge. Because they vibrate at right
angles to the (17)
waves are (18)
(19)
(notidreci) that the wave travels, electromagnetic
(seervrtnsa) waves. An electromagnetic wave carries
(trainda) energy. All objects emit electromagnetic waves because
they contain electric charges that are always in (20)
Electromagnetic waves sometimes behave as (21)
(22)
(ntmioo).
(sleipcrat) called
(toonsph).
What are electromagnetic waves?
43
Name
2
Date
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Class
The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Chapter
12
1. Arrange the following types of waves from lowest to highest frequency with 1 being the lowest
and 7 being the highest.
a. microwaves
b. visible light
c. gamma rays
d. radio waves
e. infrared waves
f. X rays
g. ultraviolet waves
Directions: For each of the following, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the sentence.
3. Radio waves make ______ vibrate.
a. electrons
b. molecules
c. light particles
d. photons
4. ______ are used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging to map body tissues..
a. X rays
c. infrared waves
b. radio waves
d. ultraviolet waves
5. ______ are absorbed by the ozone layer.
a. infrared waves
c. radio waves
b. gamma rays
d. ultraviolet waves
6. Radio waves with wavelengths of less than 1 m are called ______.
a. gamma rays
c. infrared light
b. X rays
d. microwaves
7. Warmth that you feel from a fire is transmitted to you by ______.
a. infrared waves
c. MRI
b. ultraviolet rays
d. radio waves
8. The range of electromagnetic waves that you can detect with your eyes is ______.
a. infrared waves
c. microwaves
b. visible light
d. X rays
44 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. The range of frequencies in which electromagnetic waves occur is called the ______.
a. radar
c. UVB rays
b. electromagnetic spectrum
d. visible light
Name
3
Date
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Class
Radio Communication
Chapter
12
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. Trace a radio broadcast from the radio station transmitter to your ear.
2. What is a carrier wave and how does it affect what you hear on the radio?
3. Compare and contrast AM and FM radio transmission.
A
C
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B
4. In the figure above, name the parts of a cathode-ray tube indicated and give the use of each part.
A.
B.
C.
5. Cell phones and cordless phones are transceivers. What does this mean?
6. Describe G.P.S. and give two uses for it.
7. Why is satellite telephone service best for one-way communication?
Radio Communication
45
Name
Date
1
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Class
The Behavior of Light
Chapter
13
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Fill in the blanks in front of the phrases below with the correct term from the term bank.
incidence
prism
translucent
normal
reflection
transparent
opaque
refraction
violet
1.
the angle between the normal to a surface and an incoming light ray
2.
an object that transmits almost all of the light that strikes it
3.
a device that separates white light into different wavelengths
4.
an object that transmits some light but blurs images
5.
the angle between the normal to a surface and a reflected light ray
6.
an object that absorbs and reflects, but does not transmit, light
7.
the color of light waves with the shortest wavelengths
8.
a line perpendicular to a reflecting surface
9.
what occurs when light changes speed as it passes from one
medium to another.
Directions: Unscramble these four terms to fill in the blanks to explain how a mirage is formed.
gemia
A mirage is an (10)
(11)
traferacino
iseedints
ecolor
of a distant object produced by the
of light through layers of air of different (12)
.
This occurs when the air at ground level is much warmer or cooler than the air above it. Light waves
travel slower in (13)
, denser air, so they refract as they pass through air lay-
ers of different temperatures.
Directions: Use the law of reflection to explain why rough surfaces produce diffuse image
reflections.
14.
The Behavior of Light
47
Name
Date
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Guide
Study
2
Class
Light and Color
Chapter
13
Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Across
3. Soak up, for example, light rays
5. Colored material that absorbs some colors but reflects others
7. Color that results from mixing red and yellow pigments
9. Primary light colors are this type
11. Primary pigments are this type
Down
1. Light produced by mixing all colors of the visible spectrum
2. Colors that can be mixed to produce any other colors
4. Color of an object that absorbs all light
6. Nerve cells you use to distinguish colors
8. Type of nerve cells on retina that allow you to see dim light
10. The color you see if you are looking at light that has no red or blue
48 Light and Color
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
11
Name
3
Date
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Class
Producing Light
Chapter
13
Directions: Write a paragraph about lighting. Use the words listed below in your paragraph.
light bulb
tungsten
coating
incandescent light
heat
filament
light
fluorescent light
phosphorus
efficiency
1.
Directions: Observe incandescent and fluorescent lights in your home, in your school, and in a store or office.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Where is each type of light more likely to be used?
3. Compare and contrast the color and general appearance of fluorescent and incandescent lights.
4. Why do you think the types of lights were chosen for use in the places that you observed?
Producing Light
49
Name
4
Date
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Guide
Study
Using Light
Class
Chapter
13
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. Why are polarized sunglasses popular among people who like to fish?
2. When at the grocery store, you should never look into the beams of light in the scanner at the
checkout lane. Why not?
4. Which pair of lenses would be best suited for automobile drivers? (The direction of polarization
is shown by the straight lines.) Explain.
50 Using Light
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Why are optical fibers often called light pipes?
Name
Date
1
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Class
Mirrors
Chapter
14
Directions: Use the terms from the term bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct phrases below.
concave
enlarged
light ray
plane mirror
shaving mirror
convex
focal length
light source
real image
virtual image
diverge
focal point
optical axis
1.
a narrow beam of light that travels in a straight line
2.
an imaginary straight line drawn perpendicular to a concave mirror
at its center
3.
something that emits light rays
4.
a mirror whose surface curves inward
5.
a flat reflecting surface
6.
every light ray traveling parallel to the optical axis will be reflected
through this point
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7.
image formed by a concave mirror for an object closer than one
focal length
8.
what light rays reflected from a convex mirror do
9.
a type of mirror that always makes an upright virtual image that is
smaller than the object
10.
an image formed by the convergence of light rays
11.
distance from the center of the mirror to the focal point
12.
an image that no light rays pass through
Directions: Make a diagram to show how light rays parallel to the optical axis reflect from a concave
mirror through the focal point.
13.
Directions: List three devices that use concave mirrors.
14.
Mirrors
51
Name
2
Date
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Guide
Study
Class
Lenses
Chapter
14
Directions: On the line at the left, write the term that correctly completes each statement.
1. A type of lens used to correct nearsighted vision is a ______ lens.
2. All lenses have a special property. This property is the ability to
______ light.
3. A magnifying glass is an example of a ______ lens.
4. With normal vision, the image of an object should focus on the
part of the eye called the ______.
5. When images form ______ the retina, convex lenses are needed
to converge incoming rays before they enter the eye.
6. Nearsighted vision is the result of the images of objects being focused in front of the retina.
Light from
distant object
Retina
Cornea
Draw the type of lens in front of the eye below that would be used to correct nearsighted
vision. Draw a ray diagram to show how this type of lens corrects nearsighted vision.
52 Lenses
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Iris
Name
Date
3
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Class
Optical Instruments
Chapter
14
1. You are going to assemble a refracting telescope, a reflecting telescope, and a microscope.
Which lenses or mirrors will you put in each instrument? Write your answer in the table, using
the lenses or mirrors from the list below. Each can be used more than once if needed.
concave mirror
convex lens
plane mirror
a. Refracting telescope
b. Reflecting telescope
c. Microscope
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Label the parts of this camera using the following terms: aperture, film, lens, and shutter.
3. Write a paragraph describing the Hubble Space Telescope. Use these terms in your paragraph.
solar panels
NASA
orbit
telescope
images
mirrors
ultraviolet
atmosphere
Optical Instruments
53
Name
Date
1
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Class
Composition of Matter
Chapter
15
Directions: Match the terms in the term bank to the phrases below.
atom
element
lead
solution
chlorine
fog
mixture
substance
colloid
heterogeneous
sodium
titanium
compound
homogeneous
soft drink
tungsten
1.
a material made up of two or more substances that can be easily
separated by physical methods
2.
a substance in which the atoms of two or more elements are combined in a fixed proportion
3.
an element used to reduce radiation exposure while taking X rays
4.
a type of matter with fixed composition, such as an element or
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
compound
5.
a mixture where the particles are so small they cannot be seen with
a microscope, and will not settle to the bottom of the mixture
6.
a mixture that is homogeneous when the can that holds it is closed,
and a heterogeneous mixture of gas and a solution when the can is opened
7.
a type of mixture that contains particles blended evenly throughout, so you cannot see more than one part
8.
a very strong, lightweight metal, used in body implants
9.
a greenish-yellow poisonous gas that can react to produce table salt
10.
a silvery metal that can react to produce table salt
11.
granite, concrete, and soup mixes are examples of this type of mixture where you can clearly see different materials
12.
the element with the highest melting point; soft enough to draw into
a light bulb filament, or be combined with steel to be extremely durable
Directions: Explain how the Tyndall effect can help you tell the difference between a solutionand a
colloid.
13.
Composition of Matter
55
Name
2
Date
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Guide
Study
Class
Properties of Matter
Chapter
15
Directions: Below are two sets of words. Complete the second set by choosing a word from those listed below
the blank. The two words must be related in the same way as the first set of words.
EXAMPLE
letter:envelope::pillow: ____________case_________
case, sheet, soft, bed
1. steam:water::water: ________________________
heat, molecules, ice, matter
2. physical:chemical::size: ________________________
burning, taste, solubility, acid
3. chemical:rust::physical: ________________________
compound, condensation, solid, change
4. physical:density::chemical: ________________________
size, melting, combustible, ice
5. solid:steel::gaseous: ________________________
coal, air, water, gasoline
7. smell:rotten eggs::heat and light: ________________________
burning logs, mountains, river deltas, ice water
8. gold:gold leaf::copper: ________________________
ice, wire, mass, rust
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
9. What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical change?
10. Name some physical properties.
11. Explain how a pile of ashes has the same mass as the original log before it was burned. What
is the law that defines this (assuming a completely dry log and no combustable products
escaped in the air) called?
12. Have you ever created a physical change? A chemical? Explain.
56 Properties of Matter
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. burning:candle::rust: ________________________
vaporization, physical property, iron, mixture
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Date
1
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Guide
Study
Class
Kinetic Theory
Chapter
16
Directions: List the three assumptions of kinetic theory.
1.
2.
3.
Directions: Define each phenomenon from the chapter, and describe what the particles do to cause
that phenomenon. You may sketch what the particles are doing, if you wish.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Phenomenon
4.
Thermal Energy
4a.
Kinetic Energy
4b.
Potential Energy
5.
Average Kinetic
Energy
6.
Solid State
7.
Melting Point
7a.
Heat of Fusion
8.
Liquids Flow
9.
Gas State
9a.
Evaporation
10.
Boiling Point
10a.
Heat of
Vaporization
11.
Diffusion
12.
Plasma State
13.
Thermal Expansion
14.
Water’s Strange
Expansion
15.
Melting Amorphous
Solids
Definition
Descriptions and Diagrams
of what the Molecules are
Doing, Additional Notes
Kinetic Theory
57
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2
Date
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Guide
Study
Properties of Fluids
Class
Chapter
16
Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true,
write true in the blank. If the statement is incorrect, write in the blank the term that makes the statement true.
1. A fluid is a liquid or a solid.
2. Buoyancy is the ability of a fluid to exert a downward force on
an object immersed in it.
3. If the buoyant force on an object is greater than the weight of
the object, the object will sink.
4. The buoyant force on an object in a fluid is equal to the weight
of the fluid displaced by the object.
5. Archimedes’ principle states that pressure applied to a fluid is
transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid.
6. As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the
fluid increases.
7. Temperature and viscosity are inversely related; that is, higher
temperature means lower viscosity.
8. A hydraulic machine can be used to lift extremely heavy objects. Why is the fluid in the
hydraulic machine a liquid rather than a gas?
9. A block of wood is floating in water. The weight of the part of the block above water is onethird of the total weight of the block. What is the weight of the water displaced by the block
of wood? Explain your answer in terms of Archimedes’ principle.
10. A passenger jet in the air increases its speed. Does the downward force of air on the top of
the wings increase or decrease? Does the net lifting force of the air on the wings increase or
decrease? Explain your answer.
58 Properties of Fluids
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
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3
Date
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Guide
Study
Behavior of Gases
Class
Chapter
16
Directions: Write the definitions for the following terms in the spaces provided.
1. Boyle’s law
2. Charles’s law
3. pressure
4. absolute zero
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Explain what will happen in each of the following cases.
5. If the temperature remains constant, what will happen to the pressure of a gas if you decrease
the volume of the container that holds it?
6. If the volume of a container of gas remains constant, what will happen to the pressure of a gas
if you increase temperature?
Directions: Answer the following questions regarding temperature.
7. On the Kelvin scale, what is the freezing point of water?_______________________________
8. On the Kelvin scale, what is the boiling point of water? _______________________________
9. On the Celsius scale, what are the freezing and boiling points of water?
Behavior of Gases
59
Name
Date
1
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Guide
Study
Class
Structure of the Atom
Chapter
17
Directions: Use the word bank to fill in the blanks to match the phrases below.
Dalton
particle accelerator
atom
Democritus
quark
bubble chamber
electron cloud
Rutherford
Chadwick
orbits
Thomson
1.
a device to help scientists study tracks left by subatomic particles
2.
a device used to cause high-speed collisions (without seatbelts!)
3.
Greek philosopher who had the right idea about atoms
4.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Aristotle
Greek philosopher whose idea about matter was not quite so right
but everyone believed him for a couple thousand years
5.
the area where modern scientists think electrons are likely to be found
6.
scientist who discovered that atoms contained electric charge
7.
the place where Bohr thought electrons would be found
8.
scientist who proposed one of the first models of the atom
9.
the smallest piece of matter that keeps the properties of the element
to which it belongs
10.
scientist who proposed the idea of a nucleus
11.
one of six very small particles that make up protons and neutrons
12.
a student of Niels Bohr who discovered neutrons in the nucleus
Directions: List four past atomic models in chronological order and the correction or addition that
was made to each one.
Name of Model
Correction or Addition that was
Made to the Model
13.
14.
15.
16.
Structure of the Atom
61
Name
2
Date
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Guide
Study
Masses of Atoms
Class
Chapter
17
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What are isotopes?
2. How do Boron-10 and Boron-11 differ?
4. Compare and contrast the atomic structure of the chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 isotopes.
5. Suppose that a newly discovered element called centium has three isotopes that occur in
nature. These are centium-200, centium-203, and centium-209. Assume that these isotopes
occur in equal amounts in nature. What will be the average atomic mass of this element?
62 Masses of Atoms
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. What is the average atomic mass of an element?
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3
Date
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Guide
Study
Class
The Periodic Table
Chapter
17
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: You will need a scientist’s patience to find the names of the 70 elements hidden in the grid. The
lanthanides and the actinides have been excluded. The same letters may appear in more than one element name.
Draw a line through the letters that correctly spell the name of an element.
Directions: Complete the following paragraphs about the periodic table by filling each blank with the correct term.
In the modern periodic table, elements are listed by increasing 1. ________________. Each box
represents an 2. ________________. A box contains the name, atomic number,
3. ________________, and 4. ________________ for the element.
Vertical columns in the table are called 5. ________________. Most elements in a column have
the same number of 6. ________________ in the outer energy level and tend to have similar
7._________________.
Horizontal rows in the table are called 8. ________________. The elements on the left side of the
table are 9. ________________. Groups 3–12 contain metals known as 10. ________________.
Elements on the right side are 11. ________________.
The Periodic Table
63
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Date
1
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Guide
Study
Class
Radioactivity
Chapter
18
Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the summary sentence blanks.
In nuclei with large numbers of protons, the (1)
force on a proton is (2)
(presluvie) electric
(rreateg) than in nuclei with a small number
of protons. This is because the electric force has a (3)
(4)
(nglo) range. The
(gronts) force on a proton has a (5)
(rtsho)
range. This force is exerted only by a proton’s nearest (6)
All nuclei that contain more than 83 (7)
(8)
(roopstn) are
(driacotviea). Some nuclei with fewer protons are radioactive
as well. (9)
(10)
(bronsghei).
(tinsyecth) elements, with nuclei that have more than
(woeinttny) protons, are (11)
(sunbleat)
and decay quickly after they are created.
Directions: Compare and contrast isotopes. List three things that make them the same and two
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
things that make them different.
same:
12.
13.
14.
different:
15.
16.
Directions: Name three important scientists in the discovery of radioactivity.
17.
18.
19.
Radioactivity
65
Name
2
Date
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Guide
Study
Class
Nuclear Decay
Chapter
18
Directions: Element Z has a half-life of one week. Use the graph grid and the directions below to trace the decay
of a 256-gram sample of element Z over a 10-week period. Each box on the grid represents one gram of element Z.
After you complete each step, answer the question.
1. Use a pencil to draw a large X through
all of the boxes on the left half of the
grid. How many grams of element Z
decayed?
2. Use a different color pencil to draw a
large X through 1/2 of the remaining
boxes. How many grams of element Z
remain after two weeks?
4. Repeat step 3 using the colored pencil. How many grams of element Z remain?
5. Use a pencil to draw an X in 1/2 of the remaining boxes. How many grams of element Z remain?
6. Repeat step 5 using the colored pencil. How many grams of element Z remain?
7. Use your pencil to draw a circle in 1/2 of the remaining boxes. How many grams of element Z
remain?
8. Repeat step 7 using the colored pencil. How many grams of element Z remain?
9. Shade in 1/2 of the remaining box with a pencil. How much of element Z remains?
10. Repeat step 9 using the colored pencil. How much of element Z remains?
Directions: On a separate sheet of graph paper, make a line graph or a bar graph that shows the decay of
element Z over a 10-week period. Use your answers to questions 1–10 as your data.
66 Nuclear Decay
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Use a pencil to shade 1/2 of the
remaining boxes. How much of
element Z is left?
Name
Date
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Guide
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3
Detecting Radioactivity
Class
Chapter
18
Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true,
write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term that makes the statement true.
1. Radiation forms ions by removing protons from matter as it
passes through.
2. In a cloud chamber, alpha particles leave long, thin trails.
3. In a bubble chamber, a moving radioactive particle leaves ions
behind, causing the liquid to boil along the trail.
4. The common method of measuring radioactivity at job sites is
to use an electroscope.
5. In a cloud chamber, beta particles leave short, thick trails.
6. Small and portable Geiger counters are often used to test for
radioactivity.
7. A radioactive particle moving through the air near an electroscope will cause the leaves of the electroscope to move together.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Match each type of radiation detector in Column II with its description in Column I. Write the letter
of the correct term in the space provided.
Column I
Column II
8. ionizing rays pass through a superheated liquid
a. Geiger counter
9. ionizing rays pass through water vapor or ethanol
b. electroscope
10. loses charge in the presence of radiation
c. bubble chamber
11. radiation causes a current to flow from a wire to produce
clicking sound or flashing light
d. cloud chamber
Detecting Radioactivity
67
Name
Date
4
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Class
Nuclear Reactions
Chapter
18
Directions: Use the diagrams below to complete the following activities.
1p
1n
+
1p
1n
2p
2n
gy
Ener
+
Energy
56p
85n
n
n
92p
143n
n
n
Ene
rgy
1. The diagrams show two types of nuclear reactions: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Label the
type of reaction shown in each diagram in the space provided.
2. Circle the letter of the equation that correctly explains the nuclear reaction shown in the top
diagram.
a. H-2 + H-2 → H-4
c. H-1 + H-1 → H-2
b. H-2 + H-2 → He-4
d. H-1 + H-1 → He-2
3. Circle the letter of the equation that correctly explains the nuclear reaction shown in the
bottom diagram.
a. 1 neutron + U-235 → Ba-141 + Kr-92 + 3 neutrons + energy
b. 1 neutron + U-238 → Ba-141 + Kr-92 + 4 neutrons
c. Ba-141 + Kr-92 → U-235 + 3 neutrons
d. Ba-141 + Kr-92 → U-238
4. What two elements are involved in the nuclear fusion reaction?
5. Label each atom in the fusion reaction with its correct symbol and isotope notation.
6. What three elements are involved in the fission reaction shown?
7. Label each atom in the nuclear fission reaction with its chemical symbol and its correct isotope
notation.
68 Nuclear Reactions
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
36p
56n
Name
Date
1
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Guide
Study
Class
Metals
Chapter
19
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct phrases below.
actinides
fireworks
radioactive
calcium
magnesium
silver
coins
mercury
transition
1.
a metal found both in your bones and in famous statues and churches
2.
the poisonous liquid metal
3.
a type of element with a nucleus that breaks apart and gives off energy
4.
the photography metal
5.
all of this group is radioactive and unstable
6.
metals and their compounds explode to give spectacular colors
7.
a common use for copper, silver, and gold
8.
the main metal atom in the green molecule of plants
9.
metals that occur sometimes in pure form in nature, and also make
many colored compounds
Directions: List five properties of metals and a use for metals based on that property.
Property
Use
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Metals
69
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Date
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Guide
Study
2
Nonmetals
Class
Chapter
19
Directions: Complete the following table that compares the properties of metals and nonmetals by supplying
the information requested.
Characteristic
Metal
Nonmetal
1. Appearance of solid
2. Is it malleable?
3. Is it ductile?
4. Does it conduct heat well?
5. Does it conduct electricity well?
6. Most common state at room
temperature.
Directions: In the spaces provided, list two properties for each nonmetal listed.
8. hydrogen
9. flourine
10. chlorine
11. bromine
12. iodine
13. helium
14. neon
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
15. How does bromine differ from the other nonmetals?
16. How does the location of hydrogen on the periodic table differ from the locations of the other
nonmetals?
70 Nonmetals
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. Does it conduct electricity well?
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3
Date
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Guide
Study
Mixed Groups
Class
Chapter
19
Directions: The elements that make up groups 13 through 16 of the periodic table are listed below. Classify
each element as a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal by writing its name under the correct heading in the table. Refer
to the periodic table of the elements in your textbook for information on each element.
Boron Group
boron
aluminum
gallium
indium
thallium
Nitrogen Group
nitrogen
phosphorus
arsenic
antimony
bismuth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Metals
Carbon Group
carbon
silicon
germanium
tin
lead
2. Metalloids
Oxygen Group
oxygen
sulfur
selenium
tellurium
polonium
3. Nonmetals
Directions: Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
4. Why is it useful to create neptunium by bombarding uranium with protons, even though
neptunium disintegrates in about two days?
5. What are allotropes?
6. Describe the appearance of two allotropes of silicon.
7. Name three allotropes of carbon.
Mixed Groups
71
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Date
1
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Guide
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Class
Stability in Bonding
Chapter
20
Directions: For each atom listed, indicate how many electrons need to be gained or lost for the atom
to achieve a stable electron configuration.
1. sodium
2. aluminum
3. sulfur
4. phosphorus
5. neon
6. carbon
7. nitrogen
8. magnesium
9. fluorine
Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the blanks.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
When elements bond to form (10)
(11)
(scunpoodm), both their
(troppsiree) and their (12)
change. Elements (13)
(loorc) may
(nagi) or (14)
(selo)
electrons when they bond, and this gives them a more (15)
(bleats)
electron configuration. All stable electron configurations are the same as the
(16)
(steaner) noble gas.
A chemical (17)
(roulamf) tells how many of each type of atom are
in the compound. A chemical bond is the (18)
together. Only (19)
(rofec) that holds atoms
(route) electrons are involved in bonding.
Stability in Bonding
73
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2
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Guide
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Class
Types of Bonds
Chapter
20
Directions: Study the diagram below. Write your answers to the questions in the spaces provided.
A.
B.
12P
12N
8P
8N
1. If atom A loses electrons to atom B,
a. how many electrons will atom A lose?
b. how many electrons will atom B gain?
c. what will be the oxidation number of atom A?
d. what will be the oxidation number of atom B?
f. what type of bond will form?
2. Explain why an element’s oxidation number is related to the group on the periodic table to
which it belongs.
Directions: Complete the table comparing ionic compounds and covalent compounds.
Characteristic
3. How the compound is formed
4. Smallest particle
5. Usual state at room temperature
74 Types of Bonds
Ionic compounds
Covalent compounds
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
e. what will be the total charge of the compound formed?
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3
Date
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Guide
Study
Class
Writing Formulas and Naming
Compounds
Chapter
20
Directions: Answer the following questions in the spaces provided. Refer to the periodic table for help.
1. Define an oxidation number.
2. What is the usual oxidation number of oxygen? Of hydrogen?
3. What is the sum of all the oxidation numbers in any compound?
4. Explain the difference between CoCl2 • 6H2O and anhydrous cobalt chloride.
Directions: Use the periodic table in your textbook to identify the oxidation numbers of the elements in each group.
Group
Oxidation number
1
2
5.
6.
16
7.
17
8.
18
9.
Directions: Write the formulas for the following compounds. Use the periodic table in your textbook for help.
10. copper(II) sulfate
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
11. calcium chloride
12. iron(II) oxide
13. copper(I) oxide
14. sodium sulfide
15. magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
Directions: Complete the following table by providing the name of the compound and the total number of
atoms in each formula given.
Formula
Name
Number of Atoms
16. NH4OH
17. NH4C1
18. Ag2O
19. K2SO4
20. Ca (NO3)2
21. Na2S
Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
75
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Date
1
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Guide
Study
Class
Materials With A Past
Chapter
21
Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the blanks in the summary statements.
(1)
(michaelc) reactions occur all around and inside you, convert-
ing (2)
(startenca) into new substances, or products. Examples of this
include (3)
(ginkba) a cake, (4)
(thinebrag),
making (5)
(spreecods) foods and (6)
(liandsturi) processes.
Chemistry turned from (7)
(maleych) into a true science in the
1770s. Antoine Lavoisier experimented and convinced other scientists that the total mass of
the (8)
(9)
(starcanet) always equals the total mass of the
(dropscut). This is known as the law of (10)
(vonscertainot) of matter and another way to say it is that matter is not
(11)
(dracete) or (12)
(13)
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
He experimented on (14)
(oydderts).
(rosevailio) is considered the father of modern chemistry.
(shelfim) and on animals, and came up
with plenty of experimental data and ideas about (15)
(16)
(praisenorti), and (17)
that were helpful in the (18)
(boomsctui),
(bammetolis)
(molepedevnt) of the biochemistry,
medicine, and sports science of today. He also developed a system for naming, or
(19)
(tramconluten), and got together with other scientists to write a
book about it and get everybody to use the system. The (20)
(PUCIA)
system is in use today for naming chemicals on the system Lavoisier started.
Chemical reactions are written down using chemical (21)
(quaintoes) with (22)
(lombyss) for elements and compounds. Written
in this form, it is (23)
(reasie) to tell what is happening.
Directions: List three metals that react with air and water in the atmosphere.
24.
25.
26.
Materials With A Past
77
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2
Date
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Guide
Study
Chemical Equations
Class
Chapter
21
Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.
1. Describe, in words, a balanced chemical equation. Give an example.
2. Use the law of conservation of mass to explain why a chemical equation must be balanced.
Directions: Balance the following equations. If you need help, review the steps for balancing equations in your
textbook. Use the space below for your work.
3. H2(g) + Cl2(g)→HCl(aq)
4. N2(g) + H2(g)→NH3(g)
6. Al(s) + HCl(aq)→AlCl3(aq) + H2(g)
7. Li(s) + N2(g)→Li3N(s)
78 Chemical Equations
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. Li(s) + FeBr2(aq)→LiBr(aq) + Fe(s)
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Guide
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3
Class
Classifying Chemical
Reactions
Chapter
21
Directions: Match the types of chemical reactions in Column II with the description in Column I. Write the letter
of the correct reaction in the blank at the left.
Column I
Column II
1. A precipitate, water, or a gas forms when two
ionic compounds in solution are combined.
a. synthesis reaction
b. decomposition reaction
2. Two or more substances combine to form
another substance.
c. combustion
3. One element replaces another in a compound.
d. single-displacement reaction
4. One substance breaks down into two or more
substances.
e. double-displacement reaction
5. A type of synthesis reaction that produces heat
and light.
Directions: Write the name of the type of chemical reaction in the space provided.
6. 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)→2Fe2O3(s)
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. Zn2(s) + 2HCl(aq)→ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
8. MgCO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq)→MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l ) + CO2 (g)
9. NiCl2(s) →Ni(s) + Cl2(g)
10. 4C(s) + 6H2(g) + O2(g)→2C2H6O(s)
11. C12H22O11(s)→12C(s) + 11H2O(g)
12. 2LiI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)→2LiNO3 (aq) + PbI2(s)
13. CdCO3(s)→CdO(s) + CO2(g)
14. Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq)→2KCl(aq) + Br2(g)
15. BaCl2(aq) + 2KIO3(aq)→Ba(IO3)2(s) + 2KCl(aq)
16. 2Mg(s) + O2(g)→2MgO(s)
17. AgNO3(aq) + KI(aq)→AgI(s) + KNO3(aq)
18. 2Li(s) + H2O(l)→2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)
19. C(s) + O2(g)→CO2(g)
Classifying Chemical Reactions
79
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Chemical Reactions
and Energy
Class
Chapter
21
Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.
1. What is a catalyst?
2. What is an exothermic reaction?
3. What is an inhibitor?
4. What is an endothermic reaction?
Directions: Decide if each reaction below involves a catalyst, an inhibitor, or neither. Write C for catalyst, I for
inhibitor, or N for neither in the blank at the left.
5. Brushing the cut edges of fruits with lemon juice can prevent the darkening effect
that contact with air can cause.
7. Aluminum oxide, which forms on exposed aluminum, protects the aluminum from
further reaction with the air.
8. Food preservatives called BHT and BHA slow down the spoilage of certain foods.
9. Nickel is used to increase the rate of methane formation from the addition of hydrogen
and carbon monoxide. Nickel does not permanently change.
Directions: Decide if each reaction below is endergonic or exergonic. In the blank at the left, write EN for
endergonic or EX for exergonic.
10. When a lit match is placed in alcohol, the alcohol ignites producing heat and light.
11. Energy in the form of electricity can be added to water to break apart the water
molecules into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.
12. A piece of coal placed in a furnace gives off heat and light before turning to ash.
13. When ammonium chloride mixes with water, the solution formed feels cold.
80 Chemical Reactions and Energy
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. In the human body, proteins called enzymes help to speed up chemical processes. The
proteins are not changed during these chemical processes.
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1
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Class
How Solutions Form
Chapter
22
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct phrases below.
alloy
polar
solvent
crushing
solute
stirring
heating
solution
water
1.
a mixture that has the same composition throughout
2.
a word for a molecule that has a positive region and a negative region
3.
a substance that dissolves other substances, such as water
4.
a way to make particles move faster to increase the dissolving rate
5.
a way to increase the rate of dissolving by increasing the surface
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
area of the solute
6.
a substance that dissolves in water, such as sugar or carbon dioxide
7.
the most common solvent in the world
8.
a solution of solids, such as brass or sterling silver
9.
a way that speeds the rate of dissolving by bringing more fresh
solute into contact with more fresh solvent
Directions: Fill in the chart for five solutions.
Solvent
Solute
Special Name, if any
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Directions: List the three steps involved in the process of sugar being dissolved in water.
15.
16.
17.
How Solutions Form
81
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2
Class
Solubility and Concentration
Chapter
22
Directions: Use the information in the table to graph the solubility curves for barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2 ;
copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4 ; potassium chloride, KCl ; and sodium nitrate, NaNO3 . Use a different colored pencil for
each compound.
Solubility in g /100 g Water
Temperature
Compound
0˚C
Ba(OH)
20˚C
1.67
2
3.89
60˚C
100˚C
20.94
101.40
CuSO
23.10
32.0
61.8
114.0
KCl
28.0
34.2
45.8
56.3
73.0
87.6
122.0
180.0
4
NaNO
3
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Temperature ˚C
Directions: Use the information in the table and your graph to answer the following questions.
1. At about what temperature will 100 g of water dissolve equal amounts of potassium chloride
and barium hydroxide?
2. At about what temperature will 37 g of both copper(II) sulfate and potassium chloride dissolve
in 100 g of water?
3. If 100 g of sodium nitrate are dissolved in 100 g of water at 60°C, is the solution formed
saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated?
4. If 32 g of copper (II) sulfate are dissolved in 100 g of water at 20°C, is the solution produced
saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated?
82 Solubility and Concentration
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Solubility (g/100 g of water)
180
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3
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Class
Particles in Solution
Chapter
22
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Study the diagram. Then answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What is the name of the process taking place in the diagram? Describe the process.
2. What is an ion?
3. What is the solute in the diagram? Is the solute an electrolyte or a nonelectrolyte?
4. Will the solution conduct electricity? Explain.
Particles in Solution
83
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Class
Dissolving Without Water
Chapter
22
Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.
1. Water is sometimes referred to as the universal solvent because it is a large molecule and can
fit easily among the molecules of many solutes.
2. Nonpolar materials have positive and negative areas.
3. Carbon and hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbon molecules share electrons unequally.
4. Nonpolar molecules such as oil, iodine, and nail polish dissolve easily in water.
5. Ethanol can dissolve iodine as well as water because it has two nonpolar ends.
7. When working with nonpolar solvents, good ventilation is important because nonpolar
solvents tend to evaporate more slowly than water, producing high concentrations of vapor.
8. Water-soluble vitamins, such as Vitamin A, can accumulate in our tissues and can be toxic in
high concentrations.
9. Fat-soluble vitamins, such as Vitamin C, can be flushed out of the body before they can be
used and therefore must be replaced constantly.
10. Water molecules are attracted by, and cling to, molecules of nonpolar solutes, making them
sticky and slowing evaporation.
84 Dissolving Without Water
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. A general statement describing what dissolves what is the phrase “Polar dissolves nonpolar.”
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Study
1
Class
Acids and Bases
Chapter
23
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the blanks in front of the correct phrases below.
acids
digestion
hydronium ion
ammonia
dissociate
hydroxide ion
base
drain cleaner
indicator
1.
used to make soap
2.
one of our bodies’ uses of an acid
3.
what acids and bases do in water
4.
what is produced when a base dissociates
5.
a base with no hydroxide ion
6.
what is produced when an acid dissociates
7.
a home use of a base
8.
used to make food taste sour
9.
a compound that changes color in acid and base
Directions: Fill in the chart with information from the chapter.
10.
two acids in soft drinks
11.
four acids in industry
12.
three acids and a base used
in fertilizers
13.
five properties of bases
14.
five properties of acids
15.
five acids you may have eaten
or drunk recently
Acids and Bases
85
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Study
2
Class
Strength of Acids and Bases
Chapter
23
Directions: The pH values of several common substances are listed below. Place each item from the list on the
pH scale in its proper location. The first one has been done for you.
pH
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
pure water
pure water 7.0
ocean water 8.5
tomatoes 4.0
lye 13.8
stomach acid 1.0
lemons 2.5
shampoo 5.8
bananas 5.2
blood 7.2
milk of magnesia 10.5
ammonia 11.5
eggs 7.8
soap 10.0
vinegar 3.0
1. Strong acids
2. Weak acids
3. Weak bases
4. Strong bases
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
5. Is pure water an acidic, basic, or neutral substance?
6. Is the pH of a strong acid higher or lower than the pH of a weak acid of the same concentration?
7. Is the pH of a strong base higher or lower than the pH of a weak base of the same concentration?
8. On the pH scale, what are the values of acids and what are the values of bases?
86 Strength of Acids and Bases
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Complete the table below by writing the name of each of the substances above under the proper
heading. Place substances with a pH lower than 3.0 in the strong acids column. Place substances with a pH
higher than 10.0 in the strong bases column.
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3
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Study
Class
Salts
Chapter
23
Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.
1. An important difference between detergents and soaps is that soaps can be used in hard water.
2. Salts are made from bases, and esters come from alcohols that are also bases but have a
hydroxyl group.
3. Polyesters are synthetic fibers that are made from an organic base that has two –COOH groups
and an acid that has two –OH groups.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Titration is a process in which a solution of an unknown concentration is used to determine
the concentration of another solution.
5. The endpoint of titration occurs when a drop of base turns the acid solution pink but the color
changes back again.
6. Soap has a nonpolar end that mixes easily with oily dirt.
7. During a neutralization reaction, hydronium ions from a base combine with hydroxide ions
from an acid to produce water and a salt.
8. A salt is a compound formed when the positive ions from an acid combine with the negative
ions from a base.
9. In titration, the solution of known concentration is called the acid/base indicator.
Salts
87
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Study
1
Class
Simple Organic Compounds
Chapter
24
Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the blanks.
Carbon forms (1)
(2)
(smniloli) of compounds with
(drogheyn), (3)
(gexony), and other
elements. Carbon can form small compounds of just a (4)
(ewf) atoms,
or large compounds containing (5)
(hasdonuts) of atoms. These include
(6)
(slefu), (7)
(nicedimes),
(8)
(syed), (9)
(sliptacs), and
(10)
(ixtleste). The amazing range and variability of carbon's
(11)
(gbdino) ability is due to the following factors.
• Carbon can form four (12)
(noveltac) bonds.
• Carbon can form (13)
(leings), (14)
(blodue), and (15)
(prietl) bonds.
• Carbon can bond in arrangements of (16)
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
(17)
(schnia),
(chandbre hicans), and (18)
Carbon can form (19)
(grins).
(dasturtae) compounds with the maximum
number of hydrogens, and unsaturated compounds with (20)
bonds. Carbon compounds may also form (21)
(plietlum)
(moirses), which are
compounds with the same number of atoms, in a different arrangment.
Directions: Match the number from the box with each phrase below
0
2
8
100.7
0.603
4
10
1830
22.
the maximum number of bonds carbon can form, or, the number
of hydrogen atoms in methane
23.
the number of hydrogen atoms in butane
24.
the number of double bonds in a saturated compound
25.
the year scientists began to make organic compounds in laboratories
26.
the melting point of the most branched octane
Simple Organic Compounds
89
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Study
2
Class
Other Organic Compounds
Chapter
24
Directions: Determine which of the following compounds are aromatic compounds. If a compound is aromatic,
place a plus (+) in the space provided. If a compound is not aromatic, place a minus (–) in the space provided.
H
C
H
H
C
C
H
H
C
C
H
H
C
OH
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
O
C
C
OH
H
Figure B
Figure C
H
Figure A
H
H
C
O
C
OH OH
H
C
C
OH
H
C
C
H
H
OH
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
Figure F
Figure D
H
1. Figure A
2. Figure B
3. Figure C
4. Figure D
5. Figure E
6. Figure F
Directions: Use the diagrams above to answer the following questions.
7. Which of the compounds are organic acids?
8. How are the structures of the organic acids similar?
9. Which of the substituted hydrocarbons are alcohols?
10. What do the alcohols have in common?
11. Which of the compounds is benzene?
12. What is the formula for the compound in Figure B?
13. Which compounds are substituted hydrocarbons?
14. Which compound has the formula C2H4(OH)2?
15. What symbol is used to show benzene?
16. What is the formula for benzene?
90 Other Organic Compounds
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Figure E
Name
3
Date
StudyGuide
Guide
Study
Class
Petroleum—A Source of
Carbon Compounds
Chapter
24
Directions: For each of the following write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. Fossil fuels include all of the following EXCEPT ______.
a. coal
b. oxygen
c. natural gas
d. petroleum
2. Petroleum compounds can be separated because their ______ differ.
a. fossils
c. boiling points
b. benzene rings
d. densities
3 A structure used to separate petroleum compounds is called a(n) ______.
a. double helix
c. centrifuge
b. oil derrick
d. fractionating tower
4. Petroleum fractions with the ______ may never condense and are collected as gases.
a. lowest boiling points
c. longest polymer chains
b. highest boiling points
d. largest benzene rings
5. Petroleum fractions with 5 to 10 carbons are used to make ______.
a. lubrication grease
c. gasoline
b. kerosene
d. asphalt
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. A gas that comes from petroleum is ______.
a. octane
b. diesel fuel
c. ethanol
d. propane
7. A large molecule that consists of two or more monomers is called a ______.
a. fraction
b. polymer
c. fossil
d. dye
8. Polyethylene is used to make ______.
a. shopping bags
b. jet fuel
c. saccharin
d. printers ink
9 Two or more different monomers will link to form a(n) ______.
a. epoxy glue
b. aspirin
c. copolymer
d. natural gas
10. A synthetic dye discovered accidentally in coal tar is ______.
a. indigo
b. propane
c. butane
d. mauve
Petroleum—A Source of Carbon Compounds
91
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4
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Guide
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Class
Biological Compounds
Chapter
24
Directions: Complete the table below by placing a check mark (✓) in the column of each kind of organic
compound that has each characteristic.
Characteristic
Protein
Nucleic acid
Carbohydrate
Lipid
1. hemoglobin is an example
2. includes fats and oils
3. polymers formed from amino acids
4. is a polymer
5. always contains carbon and hydrogen
6. is made up of nucleotides
7. includes RNA and DNA
8. RNA controls the production of these
9. includes sugar
10. its monomers contain –NH2 and
–COOH groups
12. ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1
13. is held together with peptide bonds
14. glucose is an example
15. includes starches
16. includes cholesterol
17. accounts for 15% of your weight
18. made up of monomers
19. molecule is ladder-shaped and twisted
20. is an organic compound
92 Biological Compounds
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
11. controls cell reproduction and activities
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1
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Study
Class
Metals
Chapter
25
Directions: List four properties of metals and alloys and a use that each property is good for.
Property
Use
1.
2.
3.
4.
Directions: Fill in the blanks by unscrambling the terms for each blank.
Historians believe that the first people to use metals and their alloys lived in the
(5)
(grisit-tesepahur) Valley about (6)
(C53B00). They were called the (7)
(riamusen) people and they
accidentally discovered (8)
(zoebrn). The (9)
(ripostrepe) of this alloy, which is made of (10)
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
(11)
(procep) and
(nit), allowed humans to make better tools, weapons, armor,
cooking utensils, and jewelry. These items changed the course of history.
In modern times, (12)
(sloyal) are still a factor in the shaping
of human history. (13)
(14)
(nitnatmiu) alloys are used to make
(paces hisps) and (15)
broken or damaged human bodies. (16)
storage, and people (17)
(tlese) is used to fix
(dofos) are packaged for long
(lyf) through the air to get from place to place
quickly. The science fiction of the past has become what we call a 'normal' life!
Directions: What are space-age alloys? Give an example.
18.
Metals
93
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Class
Versatile Materials
Chapter
25
Directions: Complete the following table by listing, for each type of equipment, how ceramics are used and one
advantage that the new equipment has as a result of the use of ceramics.
Use of Ceramics
Equipment
Advantage
Household knives
and scissors
1.
5.
Space shuttle
2.
6.
Aircraft windshields
3.
7.
Sports equipment
4.
8.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
10. Why is it advantageous to pack circuit components into a tiny integrated circuit?
11. What gives ceramics their strength?
12. How do dentists use ceramics?
13. Under what conditions will ceramics break?
14. How does a p-type semiconductor differ from an n-type?
94 Versatile Materials
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. What is a ceramic?
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Study
Class
Polymers and Composites
Chapter
25
Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true,
write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term that makes the statement true.
1. Proteins are examples of natural polymers.
2. Polyethylene is an example of a synthetic monomer.
3. Plastics are examples of natural polymers.
4. A large molecule made from many smaller repeating molecules is
called a monomer.
5. A material that is man-made is called a synthetic material.
6. A synthetic fiber is a strand of a synthetic polymer.
7. Polymers are large, chain-like molecules constructed of many
smaller, repeating molecules called synthetics.
8. Synthetic polymers are commonly referred to as composites.
9. Most of the raw materials used to make plastics come from proteins.
10. Fiberglass is a composite made up of plastic and concrete.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
11. Diamond, quartz, and feldspar are considered polymers.
12. Reinforced concrete is an example of a plastic.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
13. What does the term composite mean?
14. How does the use of synthetic products such as plastic increase the use of fossil fuels?
15. Give two examples of materials or equipment that have been improved or made possible
through the use of composites. What advantages do they have?
Polymers and Composites
95