DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRIC
LOAD MANAGEMENT USING NODEMCU
A Project report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering.
Submitted By
Name: Rahed Al Mamun
ID: 182-33-4619
Name: Md. Rasiduzzaman Sarker
ID: 182-33-4686
Supervised by
MS. KANIJ AHMAD
Lecturer (Senior Scale)
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
January 2023
DECLARATION
This is to certify that this project and thesis entitled “DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
ELECTRIC LOAD MANAGEMENT USING NODEMCU” is done by the following student
under my direct supervision and this work has been carried out by him in the Department of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering under the Faculty of Engineering of Daffodil
International University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. The presentation of the work was held in
September 2022.
Signature of the candidates
_____________________
Name: Rahed Al Mamun
ID #: 182-33-4619
_____________________
Name: Md. Rasiduzzaman Sarker
ID #: 182-33-4686
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APPROVAL
The project entitled “DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRIC LOAD
MANAGEMENT USING NODEMCU” submitted by Name: Rahed Al Mamun, ID: 182-334619, Name: Md. Rasiduzzaman Sarker, ID: 182-33-4686, Session: Summer 2018 has been
done under my supervision and accepted as satisfactory in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering in
January 2023.
Signed
____________________
Ms. Kanij Ahmad
Lecturer (Senior Scale)
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Daffodil International University
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Dedicated
To
Our Beloved Parents
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Name
Page no
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. VII
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................... VIII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................... IX
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ XI
CHAPTER 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 DEFINING SMART GRID CONCEPT ........................................................................................................... 1
1.3 PROJECT OUTLINE ............................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 LOAD MANAGEMENT............................................................................................................................ 4
2.3 TYPES OF LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ................................................................................................... 4
2.4 LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MECHANISM .............................................................................................. 4
2.5
RELATED WORKS ............................................................................................................................ 5
2.7 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 NODEMCU LIBRARIES USED ................................................................................................................. 6
3.1.1 Software Serial ....................................................................................................................... 6
3.1.2 Functions Used ....................................................................................................................... 6
3.2 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF LOAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM .......................................................................... 6
3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AUTOMATION SYSTEM ............................................................................................. 7
3.4 FLOWCHART OF AUTOMATION SYSTEM ................................................................................................... 7
3.5 WORKING PROCEDURE ........................................................................................................................ 8
CHAPTER 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 9
4.1 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION AND QUANTITY.............................................................................................. 9
4.2 NODEMCU ....................................................................................................................................... 9
4.2.1 Different Models of the NodeMCU ....................................................................................... 10
4.2.2 Power ................................................................................................................................... 11
4.2.3 Memory ................................................................................................................................ 11
4.2.4 Inputs and Outputs............................................................................................................... 12
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4.3 LED LIGHT....................................................................................................................................... 12
4.4 LAMP HOLDER.................................................................................................................................. 13
4.5 LED ............................................................................................................................................... 14
4.6 RESISTOR......................................................................................................................................... 14
4.7 VERO BOARD .................................................................................................................................... 15
4.8 CONNECTOR .................................................................................................................................... 15
4.9 RELAYS ........................................................................................................................................... 16
4.10 BATTERY ....................................................................................................................................... 17
4.11 SOLAR POWER................................................................................................................................ 18
4.12WIND ENERGY................................................................................................................................. 18
4.13 TRANSISTOR ................................................................................................................................... 19
4.14 HOLDER ........................................................................................................................................ 19
4.15 SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER 5 ....................................................................................................................................... 21
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS ............................................................................................................... 21
5.1 LOAD PURPOSE CONTROL USING SOFTWARE .......................................................................................... 21
5.2 TOTAL EXPENDITURE, QUANTITY, AND COST .......................................................................................... 22
5.3 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER 6 ....................................................................................................................................... 24
6.1 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................. 24
6.2 ADVANTAGES AUTOMATION SYSTEM. ................................................................................................... 24
6.3 FUTURE SCOPES ................................................................................................................................ 24
REFERENCE ....................................................................................................................................... 26
APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................................... 29
THE CODE USED IN NODEMCU ................................................................................................................. 29
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No
Figure Name
Page no
Figure 1. 1 Smart Grid Concept ................................................................................................ 2
Figure 3. 1 Connection Diagram of Load Management System ................................................ 6
Figure 3. 2 Block diagram of Automation System..................................................................... 7
Figure 3. 3 Flowchart of Automation System ............................................................................ 7
Figure 4. 1 Identification NodeMCU ....................................................................................... 10
Figure 4. 2 NodeMCU ............................................................................................................ 11
Figure 4. 3 LED Light ............................................................................................................. 13
Figure 4. 4 lamp holders ......................................................................................................... 13
Figure 4. 5 LED ....................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 4. 6 Resistor .................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 4. 7 Vero Board ........................................................................................................... 15
Figure 4. 8 Connector.............................................................................................................. 16
Figure 4. 9 Relays ................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 4. 10 working principle of battery ............................................................................... 18
Figure 4. 11 Solar Power......................................................................................................... 18
Figure 4. 12 Transistor ............................................................................................................ 19
Figure 4. 13 Holder ................................................................................................................. 20
Figure 5. 1 Project image ......................................................................................................... 21
Figure 5. 2 Home appliance system ......................................................................................... 21
Figure 5. 3 software interface................................................................................................... 22
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No
Name
Page no
Table 3. 1 The Operation of this project ....................................................................... 8
Table 3. 2 Power Sources in project ............................................................................. 8
Table 4. 1 Components Name and Quantity ............................................................................. 9
Table 5. 1 Equipment Cost .......................................................................................... 22
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List of Abbreviations
IoT
Internet of Thigh
SGS
Smart Grid System
LED
Light Emitting Diodes
ISP
In System Programming
EEPROM
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
PWM
Pulse Width Modulation
USB
Universal Serial Bus
ICSP
In-Circuit Serial Programming
AC
Alternating Current
DC
Direct Current
IDE
Integrated Development Environment
SRAM
Static Random-Access Memory
UART
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
SPP
Serial Port Protocol
AFH
Adaptive Frequency Hopping Feature
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I give thanks to Allah or God. also, I would like to take this occasion to express my
appreciation and gratefulness to my project supervisor Ms. Kanij Ahmad, Lecturer (Senior
Scale) of the Department of EEE for being devoted to supporting, motivating, and guiding me
through this project. This project can’t be done without his useful advice and helps. Also thank
you veritably much for giving us the occasion to choose this project. I also want to convey my
appreciation to Dr. M. Shamsul Alam, Professor, Dean, and Head of the Department of EEE
for his help, support, and constant stimulant. Piecemeal from that, I would like to thank my
entire musketeers for participating in knowledge; information and helping us in making this
design a success. Also, thanks for advancing me with some tools and outfits. To my cherished
family, I want to give them my death love and gratefulness for being veritably probative and
also for their alleviation and stimulant during my studies at that's University
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ABSTRACT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network made up of connected objects including cars,
household appliances, digital machinery, and more. These items have switches, connectors,
sensors, and software that let them to connect to a network and gather and alter data. The system
creates the means to link physical items and equipment that aren't Internet-enabled to the
Internet so they may be connected, protected, and controlled. This paper presents the design
and implementation of a smart load management system for NodeMCU. is a microcontroller
board based on the ESP8266 chip, which is a low-cost Wi-Fi microcontroller with built-in
support for programming and connectivity. The system uses NodeMCU as the controller to
communicate with the power plants and loads, and to manage the power distribution. The
system consists of three loads, one solar power plant, one wind power plant, and a battery for
energy storage. The system uses NodeMCU as the controller to manage the power generation
and distribution to the loads. The solar and wind power plants are connected to the system to
provide renewable energy sources. The battery is used to store excess energy generated by the
power plants, which can be used during periods of low power generation. The system also
includes a load management algorithm that monitors the power consumption of the loads and
adjusts the power distribution to optimize energy usage. The system has been tested and found
to be effective in managing power distribution and reducing energy consumption. The solar
systems and wind systems that will be employed will be the ones to gather power, store it in
the battery, and then use electricity generated from that source to link all of the bias. By being
utilized as numerous sources, our power shortage will be mitigated.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The Internet of Things is abbreviated as IoT, which in Bengali means Internet connection with
various things.
Computer systems are connected to these to automate various necessary devices or items. An
example is a washing machine. A computer system is connected to this machine to
automatically wash the clothes by monitoring the amount and weight of the clothes using
different types of sensors, which we call the embedded system.
By connecting this computer system of things to the Internet, we call it Internet-connected
things or Internet of Things. In this technology, various electronic devices in our house such as
TV, fridge, lights are connected to the Internet and due to the connection of the network, various
types of work can be done with them.
1.2 Defining load management
Smart load management is a system of controlling energy consumption by using advanced
technologies, such as smart meters, internet of things (IoT) devices, and data analytics. It
enables real-time monitoring and control of energy usage, making it possible to reduce
consumption during periods of peak demand and shift demand to off-peak periods. This helps
to balance supply and demand, while minimizing costs and environmental impact.
Smart load management can be implemented at both the household and community level. For
example, in households, smart appliances and thermostats can be used to automatically adjust
energy consumption based on time of day and energy prices. At the community level, smart
grids can be used to monitor and control energy consumption across a neighborhood or entire
city.
Smart load management can also be integrated with renewable energy sources, such as solar
and wind power, to optimize their usage and maximize their potential. Additionally, it can be
used in conjunction with energy storage systems, such as battery storage, to further improve the
efficiency and reliability of the power grid.
Overall, smart load management is an important aspect of creating a more sustainable and
efficient energy system, by reducing the need for expensive and polluting peaked power plants,
and enabling better integration of renewable energy sources. Simply put, it is a computerized
electricity communication network system that integrates the activities of all users including all
producers connected to it, with a single goal: to deliver affordable, safe and sustainable
electricity to consumers' doorsteps.
A subtype of load management known as "demand response" describes procedures that
momentarily lessen load in response to utility signals such as price or other signals. It is
frequently distinguished from other load management techniques like energy efficiency
upgrades or thermal energy storage that result in long-term load reductions. Having power users
cut back on their usage during crucial times or in reaction to price changes is one example. One
of two strategies—incentive-based rates (direct load control, interruptible/curtailable rates,
demand bidding/buyback programs, etc.) or time-based rates—can be used to encourage
demand response (time-of-use rates, critical-peak pricing, and real-time pricing).
Figure 1. 1 Smart Grid Concept
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1.3 Project Outline
Chapter 2 shows a study of the affiliated work's literature review, which was used to develop
the design.
Chapter 3 describes the block illustration, working procedure, connection illustration, and
explanation.
Chapter 4 describes all the tackle bias and powerful forces to the design.
Chapter 5 reviews the results set up through the design and provides a discussion of the findings.
Chapter 6 specified the limitations of the design, provides the unborn workshop that may be
approached, and a conclusion.
1.4 Summary
Initially, we speculated about intelligent grids and home robotization. In addition, we discuss
the Benefits of Smart Cards and the Pros and Cons of the security system. Also discuss the
design's issue statement, technique, and ideal.
This chapter begins by discussing design figures in a casual manner.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEWS
2.1 Introduction
In order to investigate the three primary problems raised by this thesis, it was required to study
and assess the relevant literature material for felicity in addition to this thesis. This was a crucial
component of the investigation process. The review of the relevant literature consists of three
distinct parts, one for each of the questions that were asked.
2.2 load management
Electric load management, often known as "electric load control," refers to the systems that
balance energy supply and demand. a switch that may be operated remotely and can be used to
turn on or off electricity to a load or device. A similar gadget might be used to control how
much electricity a load is allowed to utilize. A utility or a third-party energy supplier can use
direct load control devices to lower a customer's energy consumption at specific periods. The
use of clients' use patterns or equipment adjustments is included in load-management
approaches. Load shedding and restoring, load shifting, installing energy-efficient processes
and equipment, energy storage devices, co-generation, unconventional energy sources, and
reactive power control are just a few of the load management techniques that a company or
utility might employ.
2.3 Types of load management system
Load shifting, load clipping, and load filling (sometimes known as valley filling) are the three
main kinds of load management. Here, load shifting or load shedding tactics make up the
majority of the solutions described. In other words, high-volume customers pay higher energy
rates and during peak consumption times.
2.4 load management system Mechanism
Controlled circuit switching between a primary power source and at least one secondary power
source is one of the strategies for effectively powering a number of loads. The approach also
entails grouping the numerous loads into one of a first categories of non-delayable loads,
providing power to each load in the second category of power sources, and reserving any extra
power for the first category of loads. Dynamic allocation could involve classifying each load
according to its steady-state and peak power.
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2.5 Related Works
The study's [1] findings are combined with the measured power ratings of household equipment
to create realistic, typical residential load profiles for a working family in Turkey, according to
the article. Appliance use time and duration are the primary survey questions since adding this
data to the measured power values results in total household demand. Four profiles offer useful
details like peak demand periods. This study estimates the peak demand at 7 kW, which utility
companies may use to better effectively manage their power assets. An approach to demand
side management is presented in the work [2] that focuses on prioritizing flexible load to be
shifted first and is mostly based on load shifting. It is clear from the resulting graph that the
optimized load curve performs better than the curve generated in the other circumstances when
loads are ordered in descending order. When the loads are sorted by weight, the resulting load
curve resembles the average curve. The ability to transfer the burden in a way that allows for
the implementation of the consumer's lifestyle choices is one of the key benefits of the
suggested approach. For load control on the consumer side, paper [3] introduced the load
shifting approach. The load shifting algorithm effectively levels or smooths out the load
demand throughout the day without reducing overall energy usage. Using a computational
technique, which executes more quickly, a load shifting algorithm is created. The plan put in
place to move customer loads to the proper time will be relieved, reducing peak demand and
power costs. By moving controlled loads to off-peak times of the day, the load shifting
algorithm can lower peak demand. Not only would this suggested algorithm save consumer
expenses, but it will also lower generating costs. In order to keep overall consumption below a
threshold, the study [4] suggested a demand side management system for demand response
applications that can efficiently regulate and manage operation of multiple appliances. The
suggested DSM considers both user preferences and load priority. As a result, the work offers
a very safe, user-friendly, versatile, and low-cost architecture for putting a Demand Side
Management System in place. Hardware findings show that the suggested DSM Strategy is
successful and that customers would save money on their power costs.
2.7 Summary
Originally, we bandy the smart grid system, the Medium of the security access system. We also
bandy Types of security access systems, phone apps access systems, and the history of the smart
grid. Incipiently, we bandy the history of home appliances.
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CHAPTER 3
THEORETICAL MODEL
3.1 NodeMCU Libraries Used
3.1.1 Software Serial
In order to facilitate ongoing communication on legs 0 and 1, the NodeMCU tackle has been
set up (which also goes to the computer via the USB connection). Local periodical support is
provided by a UART, a piece of hardware that is built into the chip. This approach enables the
NodeMCU chip to permit periodic communication while doing other activities, provided that
there is space in the 32-byte daily buffer.
3.1.2 Functions Used
software magazine (Rx Pin, Tx Pin) To create a case for a Software Periodical object, whose
name you must provide like in the image below, a Software Periodical is utilized. The voluntary
inverse sense argument has a false default. See the details below for further information on what
it does. One Software periodical object may be active at a time even if several may be generated.
Rx Pin the Pin for admitting periodic data Tx Pin is the pin used to send regular data.
Start (speed) establishes the baud rate (speed) for periodic communication.
Read
Return the last character that was typed into the software periodical harborage's RX Pin. Just
one Software periodical case may accept incoming data at once, so keep that in mind.
3.2 Connection Diagram of Load Management System
Figure 3. 1 Connection Diagram of Load Management System
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3.3 Block diagram of Automation System
Figure 3. 2 Block diagram of Automation System.
3.4 Flowchart of Automation System
Figure 3. 3 Flowchart of Automation System
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System Block
NodeMCU Microcontroller
Adaptor (5V)
LED
LED light
Operation
As data processing center
As the power supply
As indicator
Mechanical Working
Table 3. 1 The Operation of this project
The system required a program that the microcontroller had to implement. C is the
programming language used by the Arduino microcontroller. to execute the program and
include it into the software required by the NodeMCU microcontroller. An inbuilt EEPROM,
Flash memory, etc. are features of the microcontroller NodeMCU. To complete the program
without releasing control, this portion will analyze the input and instruct the LED. Power is
distributed across the series using a power force circuit; the total amount of power required is
5 Volts DC. Electric current may be measured using an LED circuit. LED Beacon conditions
for the LED to turn on when the current is 5V DC, hence the LED will be off while the system
current isn't being passed in the locked state.
3.5 Working Procedure
Additionally, a socket with three lights that is operated by an Android phone has been
employed. Through the internet, it may be managed from anywhere. The NodeMCU is supplied
with 5 volts DC power via an adapter. Smart Grids are often managed via cellphones and apps.
Wi-Fi was used as well. This study has proposed an intelligent Smart Grid system based on IoT
technologies, cloud computing, and a machine learning algorithm when placing the cloud
within the signal. The home automation system enables original and remote control of the house
using an Android-based mobile operation. The system manages the Smart Grid and the
surroundings of the observers. Intelligent views are automatically ON or OFF Line by the
system.
Power Sources
Solar Panel
Motor
Battery
Output Power
5V- 1W- 200mA
(3V~6VDC)- (70 mA- 250mA)
(6.75V-6.90V)- 4.5Ah
Table 3. 2 Power Sources in project
3.6 Summary
In the beginning, we displayed the link diagram. About the Block Diagram and its justification.
Additionally, the functioning technique in this layout is initially compact bandy.
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CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT
4.1 Component Description and Quantity
SL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Equipment Name
NodeMCU
LED Light
Solar panel
Motor
5V Battery
Relay
Light Holder
Diode
Transistor
Resistance
Varo board
Whiteboard
LED
Glue
Wire
Quantity
1
3
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
10
1
As necessity
3
1
As necessity
Table 4. 1 Components Name and Quantity
4.2 NodeMCU
The ESP8266 is a low-cost System-on-a-Chip (SoC), and the NodeMCU (Node
Microcontroller Unit) is an open-source project that aims to make use of it. Espresso Systems'
ESP8266 has a contemporary operating system and software development kit (SDK), in
addition to more traditional computer components such as a central processing unit (CPU),
random access memory (RAM), and wireless fidelity (WIFI). This makes it a great option for
any kind of IoT (Internet of Things) setup.
Nevertheless, the ESP8266 is a difficult chip to access and implement. Solder cables, with the
relevant analog voltage, to its legs for the simplest activities akin to switching it on or
transmitting a keystroke to the “computer” on the chip. Program it in low-position machine
instructions that can be understood by the chip tackle. When used as an embedded regulator
chip in mass-produced devices, the ESP8266's location of integration is not an issue. It places
an enormous barrier in the way of individual experimentation with the Internet of Things
systems by potters, hackers, or academics. Sure, but what about Arduino? Arduino's designers
made a software development kit (SDK) and open-source tackle design available for their
flexible IoT controller. The Arduino tackle is a microcontroller board that, like the NodeMCU,
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has a USB port, LED indicators, and analog and digital I/O pins. Standard interfaces for
communicating with detectors or other boards are also defined. As opposed to NodeMCU, an
Arduino board may use a wide number of CPU chips (often an ARM or Intel x86 processor),
memory chips, and programming environments. The ESP8266 chip also has a reference design
available for Arduino. However, due to Arduino's lack of adaptability, there is a great deal of
variety across vendors. Most Arduino boards, for instance, lack Wi-Fi support, and others use
serial ports for storing data instead of USB.
Figure 4. 1 Identification NodeMCU
4.2.1 Different Models of the NodeMCU
Different NodeMCUs come in a rainbow of attractive box designs. The ESP8266 core is the
standard issue for most designs. The conventional 30-leg structure has been preserved in
armature-based designs. An essential thing to keep in mind is that although the standard
footmark width is 0.9 inches, certain designs call for a wider footmark of 1.1 inches. Two
popular variants of the NodeMCU are the Amica (based on the conventionally narrow leg
distance) and the LoLin (with its wider leg distance and bigger board). Due to its open-source
nature, the ESP8266 forms the basis for a steady stream of NodeMCU versions being designed
in response to user requests.
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Figure 4. 2 NodeMCU
4.2.2 Power
Following are the power pins:
•
VIN When utilizing an external power source, the NodeMCU board's input voltage (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source).
•
The board's microprocessor and other components are powered by a regulated power supply
of 5V. Additionally, this may originate from the VIN through an onboard controller, or it
can be powered by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
•
Grounding Pins, GND.
4.2.3 Memory
For the purpose of storing regulations, the ESP- 8266 32-bit has either 4 MB or 64 KB of flash
memory. In addition to that, it has 64 KB of EEPROM and 2 KB of SRAM.
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4.2.4 Inputs and Outputs
0(RX) and 1 (periodic) (TX). Used for receiving and sending periodic TTL data (RX/TX).
Pins are wired to the ESP- 8266 USB- to TTL cyclical chip's appropriate legs.
Three, five, six, nine, ten, and eleven pulse width modulation. Using the analog Write () method,
you may implement an 8-bit PWM solution.
SPI 10, 11, 12, 13 (SS, MOSI, MISO) (SCK). These Pins enable Serial Peripheral Interface
(SPI) connectivity, which is supported by the underlying hardware but isn't yet included in the
Arduino programming language.
LED 13, it's a built-in light bulb wired into digital Pin 13. If the Pin's value is high, the LED
will light up; otherwise, it will turn off.
Reboot. For a hard reset of the microcontroller, set this line to LOW. often used in order to
provide a means of unblocking the board in securities.
4.3 LED Light
To now, LED lighting has been the least efficient kind of artificial illumination in terms of
power consumption. Light-emitting diode, or LED, is a semiconductor device that can convert
electrical current into visible light. At present, we have over a thousand distinct items that use
very efficient LED technology. The use of energy-efficient lighting such as LED bulbs, ceiling
suckers, dimmers, smart globes, and stir detection lights may greatly lessen one's ecological
footprint. While conventional 42-watt Halogen bulbs last almost seven times as long, an 8.5watt LED bulb consumes nearly five times less energy. You'll save time, effort, and money by
doing this, and you'll also be able to recycle more globes. Numerous LEDs use around 80 fewer
kilowatt-hours of power than halogen bulbs do throughout their typical lifespan of a thousand
hours. For your peace of mind, our LED Lux globes come with a three-year warranty. You can
avoid forgetting to switch off your LED lights by using wi-fi connected smart lighting to set a
timetable. I can't think of a more resourceful strategy to reduce carbon emissions. All of the
LED Lux and MFL by Masson Downlights may be dimmed to suit your needs.
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Figure 4. 3 LED Light
4.4 Lamp Holder
Figure 4. 4 lamp holders
Typically, lights are installed into sockets designed to hold beacons, provide power to the
beacon, and provide structural support for the beacon inside the lighting institution. Sockets
make it simple and easy to upgrade or replace bulbs as they burn out or become outdated in
terms of power, color, lighting technology, etc. These beacon bearers are subject to a plethora
of norms that have been developed both de facto and by a wide variety of standards
organizations. The standard format for a code is a letter or abbreviation followed by a number.
The line leads on certain atomic lights and screws outstations on some glass lights make them
ready to be connected to cables or other line sources directly.
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4.5 LED
In electronics, a light-emitting diode, or LED, is a semiconductor device that, when
subjected to an electric current, generates ultraviolet or visible light. Visible LEDs are
employed as index lights in many different types of electronic gadgets, as hinderwindow and boscage lights in automobiles, and as alphanumeric displays or even fullcolor bills on many types of billboards and other types of outdoor advertising.
Autofocus cameras, television remote controls, and optical fiber communications all
use infrared LEDs for illumination.
Figure 4. 5 LED
4.6 Resistor
An electronic circuit often has an element known as a resistor that controls or restricts
the passage of electrical current across the circuit. In active electronic devices, such
as transistors, resistors may also be employed to provide a specified voltage for the
device. Voltage
Figure 4. 6 Resistor
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4.7 Vero board
Vero board is a kind of stripboard, which is a pre-formed circuit board material consisting of
tiny strips on a separating board. What do we call the widely used form of electrical prototype
board that has holes at intervals of 0.1 inches (2.54 mm) and is covered on one side with broad
strips that seem like bobby cladding going in one direction? It is also often referred to by its
original product name, Vero board, which is a trademark in the United Kingdom of Vero
Technologies Ltd. and Pixel print Ltd. In order to use the board, the tracks must be broken,
usually at or near holes, so that the strips may be divided into various electrical bumps. With
some attention, you can split between holes to accommodate factors with two leg rows just one
position piecemeal, much as the binary row heads for IDCs.
Figure 4. 7 Vero Board
4.8 Connector
Connecting two or more electrical systems requires the use of a special kind of equipment called
an electrical connector. Connections for analog and digital audio and video tape signals, as well
as the electrical connectors (or optic connectors) used to transmit these signals. Fasteners and
connectors are categorized by the female. Biased power connections link electrically powered
clothing and accessories to the building's principal alternating current (AC) power source. A
radio frequency connection, or RF
connector, is a special kind of electrical connector that can handle radio frequencies in the multimegahertz range.
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Figure 4. 8 Connector
4.9 Relays
Relays are a kind of switching that may open and shut circuits electrically or mechanically.
Relays allow for the opening and closing of connections in one electrical circuit to control
another. Relay plates reveal that an open contact (NO) exists when the relay is not energized.
When a relay is not energized, a contact that would normally be Closed (NC) becomes open.
In either situation, the connections' states may be altered by providing voltage.
In a control circuit, relays typically switch smaller currents and are not employed to regulate
high-current loads like large motors or Solenoids. Even though a tiny voltage given to a relay's
coil might result in a high voltage being switched by the connections, relays are able to
"manage" greater voltages and amperes due to their amplifying effect.
The detection of electrical irregularities by protective relays, such as overcurrent, turnabout,
overloads, and rear currents, may aid in the prevention of equipment damage. Starting coils,
heating components, airman lights, and aural warnings all rely heavily on relays to turn on and
off.
Figure 4. 9 Relays
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4.10 Battery
A battery is a device made up of one or more electrochemical cells that are connected to one
another and the outside world in order to provide electrical bias to devices like flashlights,
cellphones, and electric buses. The cathode is the battery's positive output and the anode is its
negative output when delivering electricity. When an external circuit is linked to the terminal
with the negative prefix, electrons will flow, providing power to the connected device.
Connecting a battery to an external circuit allows the electrolytes to travel as ions inside the
battery, enabling the chemical reactions to be completed at the various outposts and so
delivering energy to the external circuit. When these ions travel around within the battery, it
generates an electric current that may be used to do work. Although the name "battery"
originally referred to a device made up of numerous cells, modern use has expanded to
encompass single-cell bias as well.
You may recall that electrons flowing through a conductor, such as a line, create electricity. We
refer to this route as a "circuit."
An anode (-), a cathode (), and an electrolyte make up the three compartments of a battery. A
circuit is formed between the cathode and anode.
The accumulation of electrons at the anode is the result of the chemical reactions occurring
inside the battery. It is an electrical potential difference between the anode and cathode that
provides the solution. This discrepancy may be explained as the result of electrons playing fast
and loose with their numbers. The electrons are trying to find a solution to this tension by
rearranging themselves. However, they always do it in the same manner. As a result of their
mutual repulsion, electrons tend to cluster together in regions where the density of electrons is
low.
The cathode of a battery is the correct destination. However, the electrolyte prevents the
electrons from traveling in a straight path between the battery's anode and cathode. The
electrons are in the right place to go to the cathode when the circuit is closed (a line joins the
cathode and the anode). The above illustration shows how electrons travel down the wire and
power the bulb. One possible explanation for the movement of electrons in an electrical circuit
is that of electrical implicit.
Electrochemical processes still modify the anode and cathode chemicals to render them
incapable of further electron delivery. Accordingly, a battery can only store a certain amount
of energy. Alternate energy sources, such as solar panels, may be used to reverse the flow of
electrons while recharging a battery. The anode and cathode have been returned to their
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previous states and can once again provide full power, putting the electrochemical processes in
the background.
Figure 4. 10 working principle of battery
4.11 Solar Power
Solar energy is the use of the sun's rays and heat via many ever-evolving technologies like solar
heating, photovoltaic, solar thermal energy, solar armature, molten mud power shops, and
artificial photosynthesis. It is a significant renewable energy source, and the technology used
to harness and tra;nsform solar energy into usable forms is classified as either "unhesitant solar"
or "active solar" by astronomers.
Figure 4. 11 Solar Power
4.12Wind energy
Engineers and scientists are exploiting the kinetic energy of the wind to produce power since
anything that moves has kinetic energy. A wind turbine is a device that harnesses the strength
of the wind to produce electricity, which is how wind energy, also known as wind power, is
produced.
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A rotor-mounted turbine's blades are propelled by wind. In order to produce electricity, the
generator is spun by the rotor. Wind turbines come in two different varieties: horizontal-axis
wind turbines and vertical-axis wind turbines. Wind turbines of this kind are most frequently
found. The majority of them feature two or three long, thin blades that resemble an airplane
propeller. In order to face the wind directly, the blades are positioned in this manner. Of
comparison to the beaters in an electric mixer, vertical-axis wind turbines feature shorter,
broader, curved blades.
4.13 Transistor
A semiconductor transistor may be used to switch electrical power and amplify electronic
signals. It has at least three terminals, or "outstations," that may connect to an external circuit
and is made out of semiconductor material. The current flowing through one set of the
transistor's outstations may be altered by applying a voltage or current to the opposite set. A
transistor may increase the strength of a signal because its output power can exceed its input
power. In the present day, many transistors are set up individually in integrated circuits, while
others are packed together. Modern electronic systems can't function without transistors, which
are like the alphabet of electronics.
Figure 4. 12 Transistor
4.14 Holder
A fixture used to fasten an incandescent beacon to its base; more particularly, a socket or holder
with electric outstations into which the glass globe of the beacon is inserted or from which it
hangs.
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.
Figure 4. 13 Holder
4.15 Summary
The names of the original factors employed in this configuration were bandy. Where are
compactly located bandy NodeMCU, why use a NodeMCU, and what makes it distinctive in
terms of power, inputs, labor, memory, connectivity, etc. We also briefly discuss the 5 volt
accessory, resistors, LED lights, relays, light holders, and more.
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CHAPTER 5
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 Load purpose Control Using Software
Figure 5. 1 Project image
We generate electricity from wind and solar energy, which we then store in batteries. Then, we
use the NodeMCU IOT device to regulate the load. Our phone and the IOT gadget are connected
through WiFi. We use a phone command to command the loads A, B, and C.
Figure 5. 2 Home appliance system
If we want to switch on Light B, we click light on B on our software.
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If we want to switch off light B, we click light off B on our software.
In the same way, we can control all the load in the same or differently.
Figure 5. 3 software interface
5.2 Total Expenditure, Quantity, and Cost
SL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Equipment Name
NodeMCU
Light
Solar panel
Motor
5V Battery
Relay
Light Holder
Diode
Transistor
Resistance
Varo board
White board
LED
Glue
Wire
Quantity
Price(TK)
1
1000
3
150
1
500
1
150
1
900
3
150
3
100
3
30
3
30
10
10
1
50
As necessity 500
3
50
1
30
As necessity 200
Total Project Cost
= 3,850Tk
Table 5. 1 Equipment Cost
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5.3 Summary
Initially, bandy Use the equipment in my house to manage cloud storage and mobile apps for
maximum control over your operations. Total design cost, volume, and price bandy.
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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS
6.1 Conclusions
By reflecting the new information paradigm of IoT, this study is important in outlining general
information about IoT, such as its description, request size, and status, which is currently a hot
topic in IT, and in presenting applicable IoT business models to help business realities and
exploration institutes sharing in affiliated systems make a smart megacity in accordance with
the unborn vision of original governments. The study's inability to conduct an empirical
examination of the advantages of IoT technology is limited by the fact that not enough data is
now accessible in Korea to do so. As a result, we anticipate additional research in this area. It's
a proof-of-concept that can improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and dependability of global
IoT operations. Therefore, solar and wind power systems will be employed to generate energy,
which will then be stored in batteries and used to provide power to the whole building. Multiple
power sources, when combined, will help us meet our energy needs.
6.2 Advantages Automation System.
Guests may earn money by participating in energy conservation and selling excess energy back
to the grid through advanced metering infrastructure, both of which are made possible by the
Smart Grid's real-time, bidirectional dispatching. The Smart Grid would improve the efficiency
of energy management by providing renewable energy sources and decreasing peak loads when
distributed generating generalities like residential solar panels and small wind turbines have
been widely adopted. It'll make it possible for homes and companies without their own power
plants to sell excess energy to nearby customers or even feed it back into the distribution system.
Larger commercial organizations using renewable power systems that have excess capacity
during times of high demand might benefit from the same strategy. Implementation of Smart
Grids is expected to improve distribution operations, increase asset utilization, and decrease
grid functional costs.
6.3 Future Scopes
Numerous opportunities exist for innovation in this design, such as the possibility of
substituting a GSM module for a Bluetooth one. We may extend our sphere of influence and be
alerted to potential danger by phone call or message transmission. Our home alarm system is
internet-accessible and fully under our control. As a result, we can always make sure our home
security is up to date. In addition, we may replace smart card security systems with biometric
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security systems. Our house will be protected from any unwelcome guests that may enter via
this. As the Internet of Things (IoT) expands at a dizzying rate, it offers several advantages to
businesses of all sizes. In fact, we can still use 3G or 4G services even if Wi-Fi isn't accessible.
One of the many benefits of the Internet of Things is this. Using the collected image of the guest
or the meddler, the microcontroller-connected camera in this system might assist the stoner in
deciding whether or not to imbibe the visitor. If the stoner realizes he is in the company of an
unfamiliar individual, he may take the same snap and explain his circumstance to the authorities
at the local police station. A jeer may be used to reinforce this design as well.
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Appendix
The code used in NodeMCU
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>
char auth[] = "YourAuthToken";
char ssid[] = "YourNetworkName"; char pass[] = "YourPassword";
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
Blynk.begin(auth,ssid,pass);
}
void loop() {
Blynk.run();
}
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