CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Family planning has been a common problem with the developing countries in
the world, due to lack of family planning the population of the developing
countries using Nigeria as a typical example when unchecked increased
geometrically. The lack of family planning which led to an increase in Nigeria
population is as a result of lack of women education, poverty etc.
It is a common observation to everybody that what we often say is a blessing
could turn to be a curse as in the case of the increasing population of a country.
The only way this can be prevented is through the use of birth control or family
planning and this is one of the major way in which Nigeria population can be
reduced. One question that always comes to my mind is that if fertility is not
controlled and it grows beyond its carrying capacity, then there will be a huge
problem in population control, as we all know over populations a problem to a
country especially the developing countries. The above mentioned facts has led
the researcher into the topic; family planning as an agent of reduction of the
increasing population in Nigeria, a case study of Oredo Local Government
Area.
It is important to know that whatsoever happens in any society always
begin from the family. However, another question that can really come to mind
is this. What is family planning? Though many authors has defined it in various
1
way. Family planning is defined as a process whereby parents or couples have
their children by choice and not by chance by this we mean that couples can
control the number of children they want and when they want them. Though
more people use family planning than ever before. More than half of the couples
in the developing countries use family planning today compared with 10% in
the 1960s. This dramatic increase in family planning use has caused fertility to
decline much more rapidly in the developing countries and if this is achieved it
can lead to the attainment of optimal population which is the best type of
population in both developed countries and developing countries.
Family planning helps save women and children’s live and preserves their
health by preventing untimely and unwanted pregnancies reducing women’s
exposure to health risk of child birth and abortion and giving women who are
often the sole care givers more time to care for their children. As countries has
modernized and become more urban and as women have achieved higher levels
of education and have begun to marry late. Couples want fewer children. The
growing availability of modern family planning method through the use of
contraceptive such as pills, injections, intrauterine devices and sterilization etc,
has made it possible for women and couples to space the births of their children
and it as made it possible to have fewer children and this has help and will
continue to help to reduce the over-population rate of Nigeria.
2
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Over a long period of time the issue of family planning as been neglected
because so many believe that children are blessing from God and children are to
be given birth by chance and not by choice which is the opposite of family
planning and this as an effect on the Nigeria population.
Hence this research work is carried out in order to know if the people are still in
the shadow of ignorance over the facts of family planning through the data
collected and also to enlighten the populace of the importance, harmlessness of
proper family planning to the society and to oneself.
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main aims and objective of this study is;
1. To enlighten the public on the meaning of family planning.
2. To examine the family planning facilities available
3. To examine the benefit of family planning to Nigeria as a country to
oneself.
4. To identify the barriers attached to the use of family planning.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The findings of this study will be immensely important to all those
connected with family planning control most especially the health works.
Information gathered from this project will help educate the illiterate couples
3
and also the literate couples, it will also give the general public on the
importance of family planning in the society.
The researcher who will want to carry out further research into this project
topic. The information available from this project will add to the pool of data or
ideas to be used in planning and developing the general public.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION
1.
How profound is your knowledge in the issue of family planning?
2.
Is the general public still ignorant to the issue of family planning in the
modern world?
3.
What is the effect or barriers of family planning to the society and to our
self?
4.
5.
Does family planning has any barriers on women?
Has there been proper awareness on the use of family planning in
Nasarawa Eggon Local Government Area?
6.
Does the government have a role to play in the issue of family planning?
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The focus and coverage of the research work is on Nasarawa Eggon Local
Government of Nasarawa State. It examines the significance of family planning
as an impediment to population explosion in Nigeria.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Family Planning: It can be defined as a situation whereby couples decide to
have their children by choice and not by chance.
4
Agent: In this context agent means a force that causes a change.
Contraceptive: A device or drug serving to prevent pregnancy.
Population: Is the total number of people who live in a particular area, city or
country.
Control: The power to make decision about how country an area, an
organization is run.
Increasing: To make greater in amount or value.
5
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Review of Related Literature
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), family
planning is one of the 10 great public health achievements of the twentieth
century, on a par with such accomplishments as vaccination and advances in
motor vehicle safety (CDC, 2010). The ability of individuals to determine their
family size and the timing and spacing of their children has resulted in
significant improvements in health and in social and economic well-being
(IOM, 2015). Smaller families and increased child spacing have helped decrease
rates of infant and child mortality, improve the social and economic conditions
of women and their families, and improve maternal health. Contemporary
family planning efforts in the United States began in the early part of the
twentieth century. By 1960, modern contraceptive methods had been developed,
and in 1970 federal funding for family planning was enacted through the Title X
program, the focus of this report.
This chapter provides an overview of family planning in the United States. It
begins by explaining the importance of family planning services and the crucial
needs they serve. Next is a review of milestones in family planning, including
its legislative history. The third section provides data on the use of family
planning services. This is followed by a discussion of the changing context in
6
which these services are provided, including changes in the populations served
by Title X, changes in technology and costs, the growing evidence base for
reproductive health services, and social and cultural factors. The fifth section
addresses the financing of family planning. The final section presents
conclusions.
2.2 IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY PLANNING
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), family planning is
defined as “the ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their
desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their births. It is
achieved through use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of involuntary
infertility” (working definition used by the WHO Department of Reproductive
Health and Research [WHO, 2008]). The importance of family planning is clear
from its benefits to individuals, as well as to families, communities, and
societies (AGI, 2003). Family planning serves three critical needs: (1) it helps
couples avoid unintended pregnancies; (2) it reduces the spread of sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs); and (3) by addressing the problem of STDs, it
helps reduce rates of infertility.
These benefits are reflected in the federal government’s continued recognition
of the contribution of family planning and reproductive health to the well-being
of Americans. Responsible sexual behavior is one of the 10 leading health
indicators of Healthy People 2010, a set of national health objectives whose
7
goal is to increase the quality of life and years of healthy life. The Healthy
People indicators reflect major public health concerns. The United States has set
a national goal of decreasing the percentage of pregnancies that are unintended
from 50 percent in 2001 to 30 percent by 2010 (HHS, 2000). The objectives for
increasing responsible sexual behavior are to increase the proportion of
adolescents who abstain from sexual intercourse or use condoms if currently
sexually active, and to increase the proportion of all sexually active persons
who use condoms.
The 2007–2012 Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Strategic
Plan is intended to provide direction for the Department’s efforts to improve the
health and well-being of Americans. The provision of family planning services
promotes several HHS goals, including increasing the availability and
accessibility of health care services, preventing the spread of infectious diseases
(through testing for STDs/HIV), promoting and encouraging preventive health
care, and fostering the economic independence and social well-being of
individuals and families
2.3 MILESTONES IN FAMILY PLANNING
The United States saw a dramatic decline in maternal and infant mortality, as
well as the total fertility rate,3 during the twentieth century. These declines are
associated with the achievements in family planning that took place in this
country during that period.
8
At the beginning of the twentieth century in the United States, the subject of
birth control was not openly discussed. For example, anti-obscenity laws,
including the federal Comstock law (March 3, 1873, Ch. 258, § 2, 17 Stat. 599),
banned the discussion or distribution of contraceptives. These laws were not
declared unconstitutional until 1972 (Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438).
Nonetheless, public interest in and acceptance of birth control increased greatly
between 1920 and 1960. Three primary factors fueled these rapid shifts in
attitude toward family planning: (1) the changing role of women in American
society; (2) concern about population growth; and (3) the availability of new,
highly effective contraceptive methods, such as the birth control pill and
intrauterine devices (IUDs).
The women’s movement, which gained ground during the late eighteenth and
early nineteenth centuries, centered largely on women’s suffrage until the right
to vote was won in 1920. The birth control movement was founded around that
time by a public health nurse, Margaret Sanger, who argued that women had the
right to control their own bodies and fertility, and that access to birth control
was necessary to achieve gender equality. Sanger opened the first birth control
clinic in the United States in 1916 and continued to be a strong advocate for the
birth control movement throughout the next half century (Wardell, 2013; PBS,
2013).
9
In 1935, Title V was enacted by Congress as part of the Social Security Act.
With roots in the establishment of the Children’s Bureau in 1912, the Title V
legislation authorized the creation of Maternal and Child Health programs,
which were dedicated to promoting and improving the health of mothers and
children. In 1943, the Emergency Maternity and Infant Care Program was
enacted (P.L. 78-156). This program provided payment and services for
pregnant wives and infants of low-ranking men in the armed forces. Several
other developments and changes to the program occurred over the next several
decades.
The strong population growth the country experienced as a result of the postwar
baby boom in the late 1950s also had a significant effect on American attitudes
toward family planning (Barnes, 2017). Studies conducted in the decades after
World War II revealed that women were having more children than they desired
(Gold, 2010). Low-income women in particular were found to be at risk for
unintended pregnancies, largely because they lacked adequate access to
contraception, while unplanned births, as discussed above, were associated with
increased poverty and dependence on public services (Gold, 2010). The
groundwork laid by the establishment of maternal and child health programs
was important for the development of family planning programs. Helping
individuals avoid pregnancy is an important aspect of enabling them to plan for
10
pregnancy and also an important strategy in improving maternal and child
health.
2.4 THE USE OF FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES
According to CDC, nearly three-quarters of women of reproductive age
(approximately 45 million women aged 15–44) received at least one family
planning or related medical service in 2002 (Mosher et al., 2014). Among
women who have ever had intercourse, 98 percent have used at least one
method of contraception (Mosher et al., 2014).
Contraceptive use is common among women aged 15–44. In 2002, almost twothirds (62 percent) of women in this age group reported using one or more
forms of contraception; the remaining 38 percent were not currently using a
contraceptive method for such reasons as being pregnant or postpartum, trying
to get pregnant, or not being sexually active (Chandra et al., 2015). Among
those reporting using contraception in the month of interview, the most common
methods cited were the contraceptive pill (19 percent), female sterilization (17
percent), male condoms (15 percent), male sterilization (6 percent), and
withdrawal (5 percent). Other methods, including the contraceptive implant,
patch, diaphragm, periodic abstinence, rhythm, natural family planning, sponge,
cervical cap, and female condom, were reported by 4 percent; the 3-month
injectable Depo-Provera by 3 percent; and an IUD by 1 percent (Chandra et al.,
2015). Women may have reported multiple methods used concurrently.
11
The incidence of female sterilization is strongly correlated with poverty. It is the
contraceptive method reported most commonly by women living below 149
percent of the federal poverty level (41 percent), as well as those living at 150–
299 percent of that level (33 percent). By contrast, among those earning above
300 percent of the federal poverty level, 20 percent reported using female
sterilization. The pill is the most popular method cited by those with incomes at
or above 300 percent of the federal poverty level (36 percent), and the second
most popular among women at lower income levels (Chandra et al., 2015).
2.5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The impact of women's status and roles on fertility continues to be a research
priority (Rockefeller Foundation, 1991). During the 1980s, interest grew in the
effect of fertility changes and contraceptive use on women's health and the
health of their children. This was not a new issue, given the long-standing
concern in public health circles over the excess levels of maternal, infant and
child mortality in developing countries (WHO, 1970; IPPF, 1970; Omran,
1971). However, a novel emphasis evolved, namely that family planning could
improve the health and survival of mothers and children (Maine, 1981;
Population Reference Bureau, 1986; Reinhart and Kols, 1984 ). A major review
was conducted on the health effects of changes in reproductive patterns (the
timing of pregnancies, the interval between them, and the number of children
women have) on mothers and their children. The study also examined the health
12
risks and benefits of contraception on women and children. Two reports on this
issue provide a comprehensive assessment of the potential impact of changes in
reproductive patterns and contraception (Committee on Population, 1989;
Parnell, 1989). Although the effects of contraception on health have been
studied, the influences of family planning on other aspects of women's lives,
such as their social or economic status, have received little attention.
Fortunately, the few studies available on the role of family planning programs in
improving the quality of women's lives cover a wide range of issues. Articles by
Dixon-Mueller (1975, 1989) and Mason (1989) provide excellent background
about women's lives and family planning issues. Dixon-Mueller, through a
review of ethnographic literature using Oppong's seven roles of women
(Oppong, 1980), suggests a framework for analyzing the psychosocial
consequences of contraceptive use and controlled fertility. She concludes that
the impact of fertility regulation depends on whether having fewer children or
using contraception reduces or escalates the amount of stress associated with
women's multiple competing roles. The article also illustrates One study
specifically examines the effects of women's employment in family planning
programs on their status (Simmons, Mita, and Koenig, 1990). This study of
women in Bangladesh concludes that employment in the Matlab project had a
positive impact on female community workers in three areas: prestige as
women, professional standing, and influence as social leaders. A different
observation is made by Jesani (1990), who studied whether the status of women
13
would improve through employment in the rural health system of India. The
study concludes that for auxiliary-nurse midwives, who worked as outreach
workers, having a paying job alone did not necessarily lead to higher status. The
social image of these women was diminished since they were working at the
"lowest rung of the (health) hierarchy" and also because they were outsiders in
the villages. Jesani stresses the importance of social context in understanding
the potential impact of such employment. the importance of individual and
contextual effects that could be relevant in the study of other (nonpsychological)
consequences of contraceptive use. Mason reviews the impact of population
growth on the situation of women and children in relation to their gender- and
age-defined counterparts in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. She argues that
the decline of fertility is likely to benefit women's health and survival chances,
but whether the decline will necessarily benefit women socially and
economically is less clear.
2.6 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The framework illustrates the principal paths of influence of family planning
without discussing the relative weight or merit given to a particular path. In
selecting this approach, the authors considered alternative ways of formulating
the framework. These included developing two separate frameworks, since the
paths of contraceptive use and employment are different; focusing primarily on
contraceptive use, since the number of contraceptive users is so large compared
to women employed by programs; or concentrating on the employment path,
14
because it seems more novel and also might yield more useful results. In the
end, the authors developed one general framework because both paths of
influence are important research areas, and it is premature to select or
emphasize one over the other. Family planning constitutes the central
independent variable. The authors are concerned with the impact of family
planning in general and the impact of organized family planning programs in
particular. Although their influences differ conceptually, the consequences of
behavioral changes in contraception and fertility and the institutional or
contextual influences of organized programs are both important. In discussing
family planning programs, the authors recognize that there are varying
characteristics or elements of programs that affect contraceptive use and
employment opportunities. No two programs are alike and, therefore, programs
cannot be expected to achieve the same impact. The figure on the following
page presents the framework. It shows the primary factors and paths of
influence but not in classical path analysis. The path that flows through
contraceptive use results in a set of intermediate impacts which, inter alia,
influence a woman's ability to determine the number and timing of her
pregnancies. In turn, these impacts influence a woman's ability to control other
aspects of her life. The path that flows through employment also results in a set
of intermediate impacts, i.e., skill and knowledge levels, income, and nature and
extent of contacts, which influence other aspects of her life. Family planning
programs are hypothesized to affect women's lives in at least six areas. These
15
six were selected because they are most frequently cited in the literature. They
are jointly multidimensional and comprehensive. Each, to varying degrees, is
likely to be affected by family planning. The framework avoids using words
such as "status" or "empowerment," which often are hard to define. However,
both concepts are implicit in the six aspects listed.
The six aspects are:
i.
Personal autonomy/self-esteem - the right to make and stand by one's
own decisions; value or regard an individual places on herself
ii.
Health - both physical and psychological well-being
iii.
Educational attainment - the ability to obtain an education and the
level of educational attainment
iv.
Employment and economic resources - the nature of employment;
acquisition and allocation of resources
v.
Family relationships - degree of equality with spouse and role within
kinship structure
vi.
Public standing - ability to participate in public activities and esteem
accorded individual women by community.
The two paths through which family planning influences women’s lives will
be discussed separately because the processes are different. Although the
impacts on women's lives may be similar. To succeed, family planning
programs must mobilize individuals to conform to the objectives of the
16
program, be they pronatalist or antinatalist. The very necessity for the
existence of family planning programs demonstrates that people's fertility
expectations and behavior are not yet consistent with objectives of the
programs. Here I have established a theoretical framework of collective
action for the evaluation of family planning programs by adapting collective
action theory. Because of the characteristics of collective action indivisibility and externality - noncompliance (free riding) is bound to occur.
Three major ways of solving the free riding problem are discussed: applying
positive or negative selective incentives, localizing the costs and benefits by
internalizing externalities and using collective sanctions, and investing in the
social capital that helps set up the norms for the collective action. On the
supply side, a good family planning program needs to provide contraceptive
knowledge and means so people will be able to cooperate without having to
deal with technical difficulties and material shortage. Faced with the problem
of free riding, a good family planning program, on the demand side, needs
high achievement in the areas of applying selective incentives, localizing
costs and benefits, and investing in social capital. These aspects, with which
many programs have already been working, are not only the major
components for evaluating family planning programs when providing
contraceptive knowledge and means is not a problem. They are also major
factors policymakers should consider in constructing an effective family
planning program. After all, reducing (or increasing) fertility because of
17
rapid population growth (or aging and below replacement growth) requires
concerted, collective action.
18
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This section of the dissertation provides an insight into the methodology
adopted in the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data collated for the
study. It attempts to provide a detailed analysis of the research plan and tools
utilized in the actualization of this study.
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
A cross-sectional survey design, which aims at collecting information on certain
variables in the study population at one point in time, was used in this research.
A sample survey was adopted where a proportion of the population was studied
and the selection was made such that the sample was a representative of the
whole population. According to (Eboh, 2018) a sample survey is useful for
development and planning purposes. A sample survey was also adopted because
any reports from any good sample can be generalizable.
3.3
POPULATION OF THE STUDY
According to Udoyen (2019), a study population is a group of elements or
individuals as the case may be, who share similar characteristics. These similar
features can include location, gender, age, sex or specific interest. The emphasis
on study population is that it constitute of individuals or elements that are
homogeneous in description.
19
This study was carried out to examine Family Planning as an Impediment to
Population explosion In Nigeria. A study of Nasarawa Eggon Local
Government Area of Nasarawa State.
3.4 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
A total of five (5) communities and ten (10) villages were sampled from the
study population and a sample size of one hundred (100) respondents was
chosen for this study. This sample size was considered large enough for the
needed statistical 5 calculations and tabulations. It was also considered
appropriate because of the time and cost associated with this kind of academic
investigation. The sample size was made up of forty respondents from the two
urban Local Government Areas and sixty respondents from the three rural Local
Government Areas.
3.5
SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION
The survey research method was adopted and a sample size of 80 respondents
was selected from the population of study through stratified random sampling
technique. Questionnaires were administered as the instrument of data
collection and statistical tools were employed for data analysis.
3.6
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
The research instrument used in this study is the questionnaire. A 10 minutes
survey containing 5 questions were administered to the enrolled participants.
The questionnaire was divided into two sections, the first section enquired about
20
the responses demographic or personal data while the second sections were in
line with the study objectives, aimed at providing answers to the research
questions.
21
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
This chapter focused mainly on data presentation and analysis generated from
the responses of the respondents. The respondents were required to tick against
an option that best suited their opinion. A total number of 100 questionnaires
were administered to the respondents and 80 were dually received and 20 have
not been returned. The simple percentage formula is employed in analyzing the
data collected.
Answering Research Questions
1.
Table 4.1; Research question one: Is your knowledge in the use of
family planning profound?
Option
Respondents Percentage
Yes
20
(%)
25%
No
54
67.5%
Undecided
6
7.5%
Total
80
100%
Source: Field Survey, 2022
From the table 4.1 above, out of 80 respondents representing 80%, 20 of 25%
agreed that their knowledge to family planning is profound, while 54 of 67.5%
disagreed and 6 of 7.5% were left undecided on the issue. From the above
analysis, it is clear that 54 of 67.5% respondents have the majority responses
22
and this depicts that the knowledge of many towards family planning is not
profound.
2.
Table 4.2; Research Question two: Is the general public still ignorant of
family planning in the world?
Option
Respondents Percentage
Yes
45
(%)
56.2%
No
25
31.2%
Undecided
10
12.5%
Total
80
100%
Source: Field Survey, 2022
From the table 4.2 above, out of 80 respondents representing 80%, 45 of 56.2%
respondents agreed that the general public is still ignorant of family planning,
whereas 25 of 31.2% respondents were on the contrary as they disagreed and 10
of 12.5% respondents were left undecided. The 45 of 56.2% respondents that
agreed has the majority and this depicts that Nigerian youth have aging
stereotype.
3.
Table 4.3; Research Question three:
Does family planning has any effect to the society and to our lifes?
Option
Respondents Percentage
Yes
70
(%)
87.5%
No
5
6.25%
23
Undecided
5
6.25%
Total
80
100%
Source: Field Survey, 2022
From the table 4.3 above, out of 80 respondents representing 80%, 70 of 87.5%
respondents agreed that Family Planning has effect to the society ad to our lifes,
while 5 of 6.25% respondent disagreed on the issue and 5 of 6.25% were left
undecided on the issue. From the analysis above, 70 respondents representing
87.5% that agreed has the majority and this depicts that Family Planning has
effect to the society and to our lifes.
4. Table 4.4; Research Question One:
Does family planning has any barriers on women?
Option
Respondents Percentage
Yes
5
No
Undecided
70
5
Total
80
Source: Field Survey, 2022
6.25%
(%)
87.5%
6.25%
100%
From the table 4.4 above, out of 80 respondents, 5 of 6.25% respondents agreed
that family planning has any barriers on women whereas, 70 of 87.5%
respondents disagreed contrary to this and 0 or 6.25% response was left
undecided. Based on the respondents responses above, 70 or 87.5% respondents
has the majority and this depicts that family planning has no barriers on
women?
24
Table 4.5; Research Question five
Has there been proper awareness on the use of family planning in Nasarawa
Eggon Local Government?
Option
Respondents Percentage
Yes
50
No
20
62.5%
(%)
25%
Undecided
10
12.5%
Total
80
100%
Source: Field Survey
From the table 4.5 above, out of 80 respondents, 20 of 25% respondents
agreed that there has been proper awareness on the use of family planning in
Nasarawa Eggon Local Government whereas, 50 of 62.5% respondents
disagreed contrary to this and 10 of 12.5% responses were undecided on the
issue. Based on the respondents responses above, 50 of 62.5% respondents that
Disagreed on the fact that there has been proper awareness on the use of family
planning in Nasarawa Eggon Local Government has the majority and this
depicts that there has not been proper awareness on the of family planning in
Nasarawa Eggon Local Government.
4.2
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS
Table 4.1 based on research question one revealed the knowledge of
many towards family planning is not profound. Table 4.2 based on research
question two revealed that the general public are still ignorant of family
25
planning in the modern world. Table 4.3 based on research question three
revealed that; family planning has no effect to the society and to our lifes.. Table
4.4 based on research question four revealed that family planning has no barrier
on women. 4.5 based on research question five revealed that there has not been
any proper awareness on the use of family planning in Nasarawa Eggon Local
Government Area.
26
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
1.1
SUMMARY
To succeed, family planning programs must mobilize individuals to conform to
the objectives of the program, be they pronatalist or antinatalist. The very
necessity for the existence of family planning programs demonstrates that
people's fertility expectations and behavior are not yet consistent with objectives
of the programs. Here I have established a theoretical framework of collective
action for the evaluation of family planning programs by adapting collective
action theory. Because of the characteristics of collective action - indivisibility
and externality - noncompliance (free riding) is bound to occur. Three major
ways of solving the free riding problem are discussed: applying positive or
negative selective incentives, localizing the costs and benefits by internalizing
externalities and using collective sanctions, and investing in the social capital
that helps set up the norms for the collective action. On the supply side, a good
family planning program needs to provide contraceptive knowledge and means
so people will be able to cooperate without having to deal with technical
difficulties and material shortage. Faced with the problem of free riding, a good
family planning program, on the demand side, needs high achievement in the
areas of applying selective incentives, localizing costs and benefits, and
investing in social capital. These aspects, with which many programs have
27
already been working, are not only the major components for evaluating family
planning programs when providing contraceptive knowledge and means is not a
problem. They are also major factors policymakers should consider in
constructing an effective family planning program. After all, reducing (or
increasing) fertility because of rapid population growth (or aging and below
replacement growth) requires concerted, collective action.
1.2
CONCLUSION
The findings from this study as we have stated above shows that there in need
for family planning in our society so as to be able to manage the growth of our
population. Also many are still ignorant on the issue of family planning
therefore there will be need for awareness creation to the general public on the
use of family planning.
1.3
RECOMMENDATION
It is generally well known that the way in which an individual perceive the
world around him influences his behaviour. This being the case there is need to
work towards changing the negative perception of the elderly if attitudes
towards the elderly are to change. Results from the study seem to show that
many of the youths have some form of aging stereotype despite having been in
contact with the elderly.
Social workers can develop and offer counseling services to families that have
problems in their relationships with their elderly parents and relatives. Many
28
families are having difficulty in adapting to the idea of having a very dependent
elderly, especially for many women who are expected to care for their elderly,
fulfill their roles as wives and mothers and still go out to work. Such difficult
situations may at times give rise to elder abuse. This will help such families to
cope with the stress of caring for the elderly at home. Social work intervention
may also be necessary
29
BIBLOGRAPHY
Adeokun, L.A. (2014). The Elderly All Over the World, I.C.S.G. Monograph
Series.
Akukwe, F.N. (2012). Senior Citizens: A Policy Dilemma, Onitsha: Veritas
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APPENDIX I
Department of Social Development,
School of Administration and Business Studies,
Isa Mustapha Agwai Polytechnic,
Lafia.
March, 2022.
Dear Respondents,
LETTER OF INTRODUCTION
I am a student with the above named institution and department with the Registration
Number; 19/213. I am undergoing a research on “Family planning an implementation on
population exploitation: implications for natural planning a case study of
Nasarawa/eggon LGA”, for my National Diploma (ND) program.
I will be grateful if you will kindly co-operate with me by completing the questionnaire. All
information given as regards to this research will be treated in strict confidence and used for
the purpose of this research work.
Thanks for your co-operation.
Yours faithfully,
Abdulazeez Abdulbasid Haruna
19/213
33
APPENDIX II
PERCEPTION OF AGING AND KNOWLEDGE OF AGING ISSUES AMONG
NIGERIAN YOUTH, IMPLICATION FOR SOCIAL POLICY, A STUDY OF DOMA
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, NASARAWA STATE
PERSONAL DATA
Instruction: indicate the appropriate response by ticking (√) where necessary in the various
columns
Gender: Male
[
] Female [
]
Marital Status: Single [ ] Married [
]
Age: 18-25 years [ ] 27 and above [ ]
Educational Qualification: SSCE/GCE or its equivalent [ ] OND/NCE or its equivalent [ ]
B.SC/HND or its equivalent [ ] Professional Certificate
[ ]
Occupation: Lecturer [ ] Non-Academics [ ] Students [ ] Others [ ]
34
SECTION B
PERCEPTION OF AGING AND KNOWLEDGE OF AGING ISSUES AMONG
NIGERIAN YOUTH, IMPLICATION FOR SOCIAL POLICY, A STUDY OF DOMA
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, NASARAWA STATE
Tick any of the box below to signify your opinion about the understudy
questionnaire
Research Question One
How profound is your knowledge in the issue of family planning?
A.
B.
C.
Research Question Two
Is the general public still ignorant of family planning in the modern world?
A.
B.
C.
Research Question Three
Does family planning affect the society and our lifes?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Undecided
35
Research Question Four
Does family planning has any barrier on women?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Undecided
Research Question Five
Has there been any proper awareness on the use of family planning in Nasarawa
Eggon Local Government?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Undecided
36