CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Family planning has been a common problem with the developing countries in the world, due to lack of family planning the population of the developing countries using Nigeria as a typical example when unchecked increased geometrically. The lack of family planning which led to an increase in Nigeria population is as a result of lack of women education, poverty etc. It is a common observation to everybody that what we often say is a blessing could turn to be a curse as in the case of the increasing population of a country. The only way this can be prevented is through the use of birth control or family planning and this is one of the major way in which Nigeria population can be reduced. One question that always comes to my mind is that if fertility is not controlled and it grows beyond its carrying capacity, then there will be a huge problem in population control, as we all know over populations a problem to a country especially the developing countries. The above mentioned facts has led the researcher into the topic; family planning as an agent of reduction of the increasing population in Nigeria, a case study of Oredo Local Government Area. It is important to know that whatsoever happens in any society always begin from the family. However, another question that can really come to mind is this. What is family planning? Though many authors has defined it in various 1 way. Family planning is defined as a process whereby parents or couples have their children by choice and not by chance by this we mean that couples can control the number of children they want and when they want them. Though more people use family planning than ever before. More than half of the couples in the developing countries use family planning today compared with 10% in the 1960s. This dramatic increase in family planning use has caused fertility to decline much more rapidly in the developing countries and if this is achieved it can lead to the attainment of optimal population which is the best type of population in both developed countries and developing countries. Family planning helps save women and children’s live and preserves their health by preventing untimely and unwanted pregnancies reducing women’s exposure to health risk of child birth and abortion and giving women who are often the sole care givers more time to care for their children. As countries has modernized and become more urban and as women have achieved higher levels of education and have begun to marry late. Couples want fewer children. The growing availability of modern family planning method through the use of contraceptive such as pills, injections, intrauterine devices and sterilization etc, has made it possible for women and couples to space the births of their children and it as made it possible to have fewer children and this has help and will continue to help to reduce the over-population rate of Nigeria. 2 1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Over a long period of time the issue of family planning as been neglected because so many believe that children are blessing from God and children are to be given birth by chance and not by choice which is the opposite of family planning and this as an effect on the Nigeria population. Hence this research work is carried out in order to know if the people are still in the shadow of ignorance over the facts of family planning through the data collected and also to enlighten the populace of the importance, harmlessness of proper family planning to the society and to oneself. 1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The main aims and objective of this study is; 1. To enlighten the public on the meaning of family planning. 2. To examine the family planning facilities available 3. To examine the benefit of family planning to Nigeria as a country to oneself. 4. To identify the barriers attached to the use of family planning. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The findings of this study will be immensely important to all those connected with family planning control most especially the health works. Information gathered from this project will help educate the illiterate couples 3 and also the literate couples, it will also give the general public on the importance of family planning in the society. The researcher who will want to carry out further research into this project topic. The information available from this project will add to the pool of data or ideas to be used in planning and developing the general public. 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION 1. How profound is your knowledge in the issue of family planning? 2. Is the general public still ignorant to the issue of family planning in the modern world? 3. What is the effect or barriers of family planning to the society and to our self? 4. 5. Does family planning has any barriers on women? Has there been proper awareness on the use of family planning in Nasarawa Eggon Local Government Area? 6. Does the government have a role to play in the issue of family planning? 1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The focus and coverage of the research work is on Nasarawa Eggon Local Government of Nasarawa State. It examines the significance of family planning as an impediment to population explosion in Nigeria. 1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS Family Planning: It can be defined as a situation whereby couples decide to have their children by choice and not by chance. 4 Agent: In this context agent means a force that causes a change. Contraceptive: A device or drug serving to prevent pregnancy. Population: Is the total number of people who live in a particular area, city or country. Control: The power to make decision about how country an area, an organization is run. Increasing: To make greater in amount or value. 5 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Review of Related Literature According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), family planning is one of the 10 great public health achievements of the twentieth century, on a par with such accomplishments as vaccination and advances in motor vehicle safety (CDC, 2010). The ability of individuals to determine their family size and the timing and spacing of their children has resulted in significant improvements in health and in social and economic well-being (IOM, 2015). Smaller families and increased child spacing have helped decrease rates of infant and child mortality, improve the social and economic conditions of women and their families, and improve maternal health. Contemporary family planning efforts in the United States began in the early part of the twentieth century. By 1960, modern contraceptive methods had been developed, and in 1970 federal funding for family planning was enacted through the Title X program, the focus of this report. This chapter provides an overview of family planning in the United States. It begins by explaining the importance of family planning services and the crucial needs they serve. Next is a review of milestones in family planning, including its legislative history. The third section provides data on the use of family planning services. This is followed by a discussion of the changing context in 6 which these services are provided, including changes in the populations served by Title X, changes in technology and costs, the growing evidence base for reproductive health services, and social and cultural factors. The fifth section addresses the financing of family planning. The final section presents conclusions. 2.2 IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY PLANNING According to the World Health Organization (WHO), family planning is defined as “the ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their births. It is achieved through use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of involuntary infertility” (working definition used by the WHO Department of Reproductive Health and Research [WHO, 2008]). The importance of family planning is clear from its benefits to individuals, as well as to families, communities, and societies (AGI, 2003). Family planning serves three critical needs: (1) it helps couples avoid unintended pregnancies; (2) it reduces the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); and (3) by addressing the problem of STDs, it helps reduce rates of infertility. These benefits are reflected in the federal government’s continued recognition of the contribution of family planning and reproductive health to the well-being of Americans. Responsible sexual behavior is one of the 10 leading health indicators of Healthy People 2010, a set of national health objectives whose 7 goal is to increase the quality of life and years of healthy life. The Healthy People indicators reflect major public health concerns. The United States has set a national goal of decreasing the percentage of pregnancies that are unintended from 50 percent in 2001 to 30 percent by 2010 (HHS, 2000). The objectives for increasing responsible sexual behavior are to increase the proportion of adolescents who abstain from sexual intercourse or use condoms if currently sexually active, and to increase the proportion of all sexually active persons who use condoms. The 2007–2012 Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Strategic Plan is intended to provide direction for the Department’s efforts to improve the health and well-being of Americans. The provision of family planning services promotes several HHS goals, including increasing the availability and accessibility of health care services, preventing the spread of infectious diseases (through testing for STDs/HIV), promoting and encouraging preventive health care, and fostering the economic independence and social well-being of individuals and families 2.3 MILESTONES IN FAMILY PLANNING The United States saw a dramatic decline in maternal and infant mortality, as well as the total fertility rate,3 during the twentieth century. These declines are associated with the achievements in family planning that took place in this country during that period. 8 At the beginning of the twentieth century in the United States, the subject of birth control was not openly discussed. For example, anti-obscenity laws, including the federal Comstock law (March 3, 1873, Ch. 258, § 2, 17 Stat. 599), banned the discussion or distribution of contraceptives. These laws were not declared unconstitutional until 1972 (Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438). Nonetheless, public interest in and acceptance of birth control increased greatly between 1920 and 1960. Three primary factors fueled these rapid shifts in attitude toward family planning: (1) the changing role of women in American society; (2) concern about population growth; and (3) the availability of new, highly effective contraceptive methods, such as the birth control pill and intrauterine devices (IUDs). The women’s movement, which gained ground during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, centered largely on women’s suffrage until the right to vote was won in 1920. The birth control movement was founded around that time by a public health nurse, Margaret Sanger, who argued that women had the right to control their own bodies and fertility, and that access to birth control was necessary to achieve gender equality. Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States in 1916 and continued to be a strong advocate for the birth control movement throughout the next half century (Wardell, 2013; PBS, 2013). 9 In 1935, Title V was enacted by Congress as part of the Social Security Act. With roots in the establishment of the Children’s Bureau in 1912, the Title V legislation authorized the creation of Maternal and Child Health programs, which were dedicated to promoting and improving the health of mothers and children. In 1943, the Emergency Maternity and Infant Care Program was enacted (P.L. 78-156). This program provided payment and services for pregnant wives and infants of low-ranking men in the armed forces. Several other developments and changes to the program occurred over the next several decades. The strong population growth the country experienced as a result of the postwar baby boom in the late 1950s also had a significant effect on American attitudes toward family planning (Barnes, 2017). Studies conducted in the decades after World War II revealed that women were having more children than they desired (Gold, 2010). Low-income women in particular were found to be at risk for unintended pregnancies, largely because they lacked adequate access to contraception, while unplanned births, as discussed above, were associated with increased poverty and dependence on public services (Gold, 2010). The groundwork laid by the establishment of maternal and child health programs was important for the development of family planning programs. Helping individuals avoid pregnancy is an important aspect of enabling them to plan for 10 pregnancy and also an important strategy in improving maternal and child health. 2.4 THE USE OF FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES According to CDC, nearly three-quarters of women of reproductive age (approximately 45 million women aged 15–44) received at least one family planning or related medical service in 2002 (Mosher et al., 2014). Among women who have ever had intercourse, 98 percent have used at least one method of contraception (Mosher et al., 2014). Contraceptive use is common among women aged 15–44. In 2002, almost twothirds (62 percent) of women in this age group reported using one or more forms of contraception; the remaining 38 percent were not currently using a contraceptive method for such reasons as being pregnant or postpartum, trying to get pregnant, or not being sexually active (Chandra et al., 2015). Among those reporting using contraception in the month of interview, the most common methods cited were the contraceptive pill (19 percent), female sterilization (17 percent), male condoms (15 percent), male sterilization (6 percent), and withdrawal (5 percent). Other methods, including the contraceptive implant, patch, diaphragm, periodic abstinence, rhythm, natural family planning, sponge, cervical cap, and female condom, were reported by 4 percent; the 3-month injectable Depo-Provera by 3 percent; and an IUD by 1 percent (Chandra et al., 2015). Women may have reported multiple methods used concurrently. 11 The incidence of female sterilization is strongly correlated with poverty. It is the contraceptive method reported most commonly by women living below 149 percent of the federal poverty level (41 percent), as well as those living at 150– 299 percent of that level (33 percent). By contrast, among those earning above 300 percent of the federal poverty level, 20 percent reported using female sterilization. The pill is the most popular method cited by those with incomes at or above 300 percent of the federal poverty level (36 percent), and the second most popular among women at lower income levels (Chandra et al., 2015). 2.5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The impact of women's status and roles on fertility continues to be a research priority (Rockefeller Foundation, 1991). During the 1980s, interest grew in the effect of fertility changes and contraceptive use on women's health and the health of their children. This was not a new issue, given the long-standing concern in public health circles over the excess levels of maternal, infant and child mortality in developing countries (WHO, 1970; IPPF, 1970; Omran, 1971). However, a novel emphasis evolved, namely that family planning could improve the health and survival of mothers and children (Maine, 1981; Population Reference Bureau, 1986; Reinhart and Kols, 1984 ). A major review was conducted on the health effects of changes in reproductive patterns (the timing of pregnancies, the interval between them, and the number of children women have) on mothers and their children. The study also examined the health 12 risks and benefits of contraception on women and children. Two reports on this issue provide a comprehensive assessment of the potential impact of changes in reproductive patterns and contraception (Committee on Population, 1989; Parnell, 1989). Although the effects of contraception on health have been studied, the influences of family planning on other aspects of women's lives, such as their social or economic status, have received little attention. Fortunately, the few studies available on the role of family planning programs in improving the quality of women's lives cover a wide range of issues. Articles by Dixon-Mueller (1975, 1989) and Mason (1989) provide excellent background about women's lives and family planning issues. Dixon-Mueller, through a review of ethnographic literature using Oppong's seven roles of women (Oppong, 1980), suggests a framework for analyzing the psychosocial consequences of contraceptive use and controlled fertility. She concludes that the impact of fertility regulation depends on whether having fewer children or using contraception reduces or escalates the amount of stress associated with women's multiple competing roles. The article also illustrates One study specifically examines the effects of women's employment in family planning programs on their status (Simmons, Mita, and Koenig, 1990). This study of women in Bangladesh concludes that employment in the Matlab project had a positive impact on female community workers in three areas: prestige as women, professional standing, and influence as social leaders. A different observation is made by Jesani (1990), who studied whether the status of women 13 would improve through employment in the rural health system of India. The study concludes that for auxiliary-nurse midwives, who worked as outreach workers, having a paying job alone did not necessarily lead to higher status. The social image of these women was diminished since they were working at the "lowest rung of the (health) hierarchy" and also because they were outsiders in the villages. Jesani stresses the importance of social context in understanding the potential impact of such employment. the importance of individual and contextual effects that could be relevant in the study of other (nonpsychological) consequences of contraceptive use. Mason reviews the impact of population growth on the situation of women and children in relation to their gender- and age-defined counterparts in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. She argues that the decline of fertility is likely to benefit women's health and survival chances, but whether the decline will necessarily benefit women socially and economically is less clear. 2.6 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The framework illustrates the principal paths of influence of family planning without discussing the relative weight or merit given to a particular path. In selecting this approach, the authors considered alternative ways of formulating the framework. These included developing two separate frameworks, since the paths of contraceptive use and employment are different; focusing primarily on contraceptive use, since the number of contraceptive users is so large compared to women employed by programs; or concentrating on the employment path, 14 because it seems more novel and also might yield more useful results. In the end, the authors developed one general framework because both paths of influence are important research areas, and it is premature to select or emphasize one over the other. Family planning constitutes the central independent variable. The authors are concerned with the impact of family planning in general and the impact of organized family planning programs in particular. Although their influences differ conceptually, the consequences of behavioral changes in contraception and fertility and the institutional or contextual influences of organized programs are both important. In discussing family planning programs, the authors recognize that there are varying characteristics or elements of programs that affect contraceptive use and employment opportunities. No two programs are alike and, therefore, programs cannot be expected to achieve the same impact. The figure on the following page presents the framework. It shows the primary factors and paths of influence but not in classical path analysis. The path that flows through contraceptive use results in a set of intermediate impacts which, inter alia, influence a woman's ability to determine the number and timing of her pregnancies. In turn, these impacts influence a woman's ability to control other aspects of her life. The path that flows through employment also results in a set of intermediate impacts, i.e., skill and knowledge levels, income, and nature and extent of contacts, which influence other aspects of her life. Family planning programs are hypothesized to affect women's lives in at least six areas. These 15 six were selected because they are most frequently cited in the literature. They are jointly multidimensional and comprehensive. Each, to varying degrees, is likely to be affected by family planning. The framework avoids using words such as "status" or "empowerment," which often are hard to define. However, both concepts are implicit in the six aspects listed. The six aspects are: i. Personal autonomy/self-esteem - the right to make and stand by one's own decisions; value or regard an individual places on herself ii. Health - both physical and psychological well-being iii. Educational attainment - the ability to obtain an education and the level of educational attainment iv. Employment and economic resources - the nature of employment; acquisition and allocation of resources v. Family relationships - degree of equality with spouse and role within kinship structure vi. Public standing - ability to participate in public activities and esteem accorded individual women by community. The two paths through which family planning influences women’s lives will be discussed separately because the processes are different. Although the impacts on women's lives may be similar. To succeed, family planning programs must mobilize individuals to conform to the objectives of the 16 program, be they pronatalist or antinatalist. The very necessity for the existence of family planning programs demonstrates that people's fertility expectations and behavior are not yet consistent with objectives of the programs. Here I have established a theoretical framework of collective action for the evaluation of family planning programs by adapting collective action theory. Because of the characteristics of collective action indivisibility and externality - noncompliance (free riding) is bound to occur. Three major ways of solving the free riding problem are discussed: applying positive or negative selective incentives, localizing the costs and benefits by internalizing externalities and using collective sanctions, and investing in the social capital that helps set up the norms for the collective action. On the supply side, a good family planning program needs to provide contraceptive knowledge and means so people will be able to cooperate without having to deal with technical difficulties and material shortage. Faced with the problem of free riding, a good family planning program, on the demand side, needs high achievement in the areas of applying selective incentives, localizing costs and benefits, and investing in social capital. These aspects, with which many programs have already been working, are not only the major components for evaluating family planning programs when providing contraceptive knowledge and means is not a problem. They are also major factors policymakers should consider in constructing an effective family planning program. After all, reducing (or increasing) fertility because of 17 rapid population growth (or aging and below replacement growth) requires concerted, collective action. 18 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTRODUCTION This section of the dissertation provides an insight into the methodology adopted in the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data collated for the study. It attempts to provide a detailed analysis of the research plan and tools utilized in the actualization of this study. 3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN A cross-sectional survey design, which aims at collecting information on certain variables in the study population at one point in time, was used in this research. A sample survey was adopted where a proportion of the population was studied and the selection was made such that the sample was a representative of the whole population. According to (Eboh, 2018) a sample survey is useful for development and planning purposes. A sample survey was also adopted because any reports from any good sample can be generalizable. 3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY According to Udoyen (2019), a study population is a group of elements or individuals as the case may be, who share similar characteristics. These similar features can include location, gender, age, sex or specific interest. The emphasis on study population is that it constitute of individuals or elements that are homogeneous in description. 19 This study was carried out to examine Family Planning as an Impediment to Population explosion In Nigeria. A study of Nasarawa Eggon Local Government Area of Nasarawa State. 3.4 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES A total of five (5) communities and ten (10) villages were sampled from the study population and a sample size of one hundred (100) respondents was chosen for this study. This sample size was considered large enough for the needed statistical 5 calculations and tabulations. It was also considered appropriate because of the time and cost associated with this kind of academic investigation. The sample size was made up of forty respondents from the two urban Local Government Areas and sixty respondents from the three rural Local Government Areas. 3.5 SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION The survey research method was adopted and a sample size of 80 respondents was selected from the population of study through stratified random sampling technique. Questionnaires were administered as the instrument of data collection and statistical tools were employed for data analysis. 3.6 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION The research instrument used in this study is the questionnaire. A 10 minutes survey containing 5 questions were administered to the enrolled participants. The questionnaire was divided into two sections, the first section enquired about 20 the responses demographic or personal data while the second sections were in line with the study objectives, aimed at providing answers to the research questions. 21 CHAPTER FOUR 4.1 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA This chapter focused mainly on data presentation and analysis generated from the responses of the respondents. The respondents were required to tick against an option that best suited their opinion. A total number of 100 questionnaires were administered to the respondents and 80 were dually received and 20 have not been returned. The simple percentage formula is employed in analyzing the data collected. Answering Research Questions 1. Table 4.1; Research question one: Is your knowledge in the use of family planning profound? Option Respondents Percentage Yes 20 (%) 25% No 54 67.5% Undecided 6 7.5% Total 80 100% Source: Field Survey, 2022 From the table 4.1 above, out of 80 respondents representing 80%, 20 of 25% agreed that their knowledge to family planning is profound, while 54 of 67.5% disagreed and 6 of 7.5% were left undecided on the issue. From the above analysis, it is clear that 54 of 67.5% respondents have the majority responses 22 and this depicts that the knowledge of many towards family planning is not profound. 2. Table 4.2; Research Question two: Is the general public still ignorant of family planning in the world? Option Respondents Percentage Yes 45 (%) 56.2% No 25 31.2% Undecided 10 12.5% Total 80 100% Source: Field Survey, 2022 From the table 4.2 above, out of 80 respondents representing 80%, 45 of 56.2% respondents agreed that the general public is still ignorant of family planning, whereas 25 of 31.2% respondents were on the contrary as they disagreed and 10 of 12.5% respondents were left undecided. The 45 of 56.2% respondents that agreed has the majority and this depicts that Nigerian youth have aging stereotype. 3. Table 4.3; Research Question three: Does family planning has any effect to the society and to our lifes? Option Respondents Percentage Yes 70 (%) 87.5% No 5 6.25% 23 Undecided 5 6.25% Total 80 100% Source: Field Survey, 2022 From the table 4.3 above, out of 80 respondents representing 80%, 70 of 87.5% respondents agreed that Family Planning has effect to the society ad to our lifes, while 5 of 6.25% respondent disagreed on the issue and 5 of 6.25% were left undecided on the issue. From the analysis above, 70 respondents representing 87.5% that agreed has the majority and this depicts that Family Planning has effect to the society and to our lifes. 4. Table 4.4; Research Question One: Does family planning has any barriers on women? Option Respondents Percentage Yes 5 No Undecided 70 5 Total 80 Source: Field Survey, 2022 6.25% (%) 87.5% 6.25% 100% From the table 4.4 above, out of 80 respondents, 5 of 6.25% respondents agreed that family planning has any barriers on women whereas, 70 of 87.5% respondents disagreed contrary to this and 0 or 6.25% response was left undecided. Based on the respondents responses above, 70 or 87.5% respondents has the majority and this depicts that family planning has no barriers on women? 24 Table 4.5; Research Question five Has there been proper awareness on the use of family planning in Nasarawa Eggon Local Government? Option Respondents Percentage Yes 50 No 20 62.5% (%) 25% Undecided 10 12.5% Total 80 100% Source: Field Survey From the table 4.5 above, out of 80 respondents, 20 of 25% respondents agreed that there has been proper awareness on the use of family planning in Nasarawa Eggon Local Government whereas, 50 of 62.5% respondents disagreed contrary to this and 10 of 12.5% responses were undecided on the issue. Based on the respondents responses above, 50 of 62.5% respondents that Disagreed on the fact that there has been proper awareness on the use of family planning in Nasarawa Eggon Local Government has the majority and this depicts that there has not been proper awareness on the of family planning in Nasarawa Eggon Local Government. 4.2 SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS Table 4.1 based on research question one revealed the knowledge of many towards family planning is not profound. Table 4.2 based on research question two revealed that the general public are still ignorant of family 25 planning in the modern world. Table 4.3 based on research question three revealed that; family planning has no effect to the society and to our lifes.. Table 4.4 based on research question four revealed that family planning has no barrier on women. 4.5 based on research question five revealed that there has not been any proper awareness on the use of family planning in Nasarawa Eggon Local Government Area. 26 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 1.1 SUMMARY To succeed, family planning programs must mobilize individuals to conform to the objectives of the program, be they pronatalist or antinatalist. The very necessity for the existence of family planning programs demonstrates that people's fertility expectations and behavior are not yet consistent with objectives of the programs. Here I have established a theoretical framework of collective action for the evaluation of family planning programs by adapting collective action theory. Because of the characteristics of collective action - indivisibility and externality - noncompliance (free riding) is bound to occur. Three major ways of solving the free riding problem are discussed: applying positive or negative selective incentives, localizing the costs and benefits by internalizing externalities and using collective sanctions, and investing in the social capital that helps set up the norms for the collective action. On the supply side, a good family planning program needs to provide contraceptive knowledge and means so people will be able to cooperate without having to deal with technical difficulties and material shortage. Faced with the problem of free riding, a good family planning program, on the demand side, needs high achievement in the areas of applying selective incentives, localizing costs and benefits, and investing in social capital. These aspects, with which many programs have 27 already been working, are not only the major components for evaluating family planning programs when providing contraceptive knowledge and means is not a problem. They are also major factors policymakers should consider in constructing an effective family planning program. After all, reducing (or increasing) fertility because of rapid population growth (or aging and below replacement growth) requires concerted, collective action. 1.2 CONCLUSION The findings from this study as we have stated above shows that there in need for family planning in our society so as to be able to manage the growth of our population. Also many are still ignorant on the issue of family planning therefore there will be need for awareness creation to the general public on the use of family planning. 1.3 RECOMMENDATION It is generally well known that the way in which an individual perceive the world around him influences his behaviour. This being the case there is need to work towards changing the negative perception of the elderly if attitudes towards the elderly are to change. Results from the study seem to show that many of the youths have some form of aging stereotype despite having been in contact with the elderly. Social workers can develop and offer counseling services to families that have problems in their relationships with their elderly parents and relatives. Many 28 families are having difficulty in adapting to the idea of having a very dependent elderly, especially for many women who are expected to care for their elderly, fulfill their roles as wives and mothers and still go out to work. Such difficult situations may at times give rise to elder abuse. This will help such families to cope with the stress of caring for the elderly at home. Social work intervention may also be necessary 29 BIBLOGRAPHY Adeokun, L.A. (2014). The Elderly All Over the World, I.C.S.G. Monograph Series. Akukwe, F.N. (2012). Senior Citizens: A Policy Dilemma, Onitsha: Veritas Printing and Publishing Co. Ltd. Anderson, L. (2019). Sweden and the futile struggle to avoid institutions. In V. M. Lechner & M.B. Neal (Eds.), Work and caring for the elderly: International perspectives (pp. 101 -1 17), Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel.Apt, N. A. (2015). Coping With Old Age in a Changing Africa. Aldershot: Avebury . Atchley, R.C. (2010). Social Forces and Aging: An introduction to social gerontology. California:Wadsworth Publishing Company. Barusch, A. (2014). Older women in poverty: Private lives and public policies. New York: Springer Publishing Company. Bengtson, V. L., Rice, C. J., & Johnson, M. L. (1999). Are theories of aging important? Models and explanations in gerontology at the turn of the century. In V. L. Bengtson, & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of theories of aging (pp.3-21). New York: Springer Publishing Company. 30 Beth, B.H. (2018). Stereotypes of the Aged. in Quadagno, J.S. (Ed.), Aging, the Individual and Society (pp. 126-133). New York: St Martin Press. Biegel, D. E., Farkas, K. J., & Wadsworth, N. (2014). Social service programs for the older adults and their families: Service use and barriers. In P. K. H. Kim (Ed.), Services to the aging and he aged: Publicpolicies andprograms (pp147173). New York: Garland Publishing Inc. Brody, E.M. & Brody, S.J. (2017). Aged: Services. In Minahan, A. (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of Social Work, 1 ,(pp. 106-1 26). Silver Spring. MD: National Association of Social Workers. Browne, C.V. (2018), Women, Feminism and Aging. New York: Springer Publishing Company Inc. Butler, R.N. (2015). The Triumph of Survivorship in the 21'' Century. Aging in the 21" Century: Challenges. New York: United Nations. Cantor, M. H. & Brennan, M. (2010). Social care of the elderly. New York: Spinger Publishing Company. 31 Cavanaugh, J.C. (2019). Adult Development and Aging. California: Wadsworth Publishin Company. C.D. Publications, (2018). 8204 Fenton St., Silver Springs, MD. Chawla, S. (2016). The Eradication of Poverty in Old Age. United Nations Bulleting on Aging. Nos. 2 & 3. Couper, D. P., Donorfio, L., & Goyer, A. (2015). Images of aging: Children's attitudes. Final report submitted to the Program Division of AARP. Cowgill, D. (2012). A theory of aging in cross-cultural perspective. In Cowgill, D.0 and Holmes, L. (Eds.), Aging and Modernization (ppl-14). New York: Appleton Century- Crofts. Cowgill, D.0 & Holmes, L. (Eds.), (2012). Aging and Modernization New York: Appleton Century- Crofts. 32 APPENDIX I Department of Social Development, School of Administration and Business Studies, Isa Mustapha Agwai Polytechnic, Lafia. March, 2022. Dear Respondents, LETTER OF INTRODUCTION I am a student with the above named institution and department with the Registration Number; 19/213. I am undergoing a research on “Family planning an implementation on population exploitation: implications for natural planning a case study of Nasarawa/eggon LGA”, for my National Diploma (ND) program. I will be grateful if you will kindly co-operate with me by completing the questionnaire. All information given as regards to this research will be treated in strict confidence and used for the purpose of this research work. Thanks for your co-operation. Yours faithfully, Abdulazeez Abdulbasid Haruna 19/213 33 APPENDIX II PERCEPTION OF AGING AND KNOWLEDGE OF AGING ISSUES AMONG NIGERIAN YOUTH, IMPLICATION FOR SOCIAL POLICY, A STUDY OF DOMA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, NASARAWA STATE PERSONAL DATA Instruction: indicate the appropriate response by ticking (√) where necessary in the various columns Gender: Male [ ] Female [ ] Marital Status: Single [ ] Married [ ] Age: 18-25 years [ ] 27 and above [ ] Educational Qualification: SSCE/GCE or its equivalent [ ] OND/NCE or its equivalent [ ] B.SC/HND or its equivalent [ ] Professional Certificate [ ] Occupation: Lecturer [ ] Non-Academics [ ] Students [ ] Others [ ] 34 SECTION B PERCEPTION OF AGING AND KNOWLEDGE OF AGING ISSUES AMONG NIGERIAN YOUTH, IMPLICATION FOR SOCIAL POLICY, A STUDY OF DOMA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, NASARAWA STATE Tick any of the box below to signify your opinion about the understudy questionnaire Research Question One How profound is your knowledge in the issue of family planning? A. B. C. Research Question Two Is the general public still ignorant of family planning in the modern world? A. B. C. Research Question Three Does family planning affect the society and our lifes? A. Yes B. No C. Undecided 35 Research Question Four Does family planning has any barrier on women? A. Yes B. No C. Undecided Research Question Five Has there been any proper awareness on the use of family planning in Nasarawa Eggon Local Government? A. Yes B. No C. Undecided 36