CAVITE SCIENCE INTEGRATED SCHOOL
(Regional Science High School – Region IV-A)
Garita B, Maragondon, Cavite
Hypoglycemic Potential of the Rind of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) on
Alloxan-Induced Male Sprague Dawley Rats
PROPONENTS: KEZHIA CAMILLE G. QUIACOS, ZYRIN B BEIG, JASPHER GWYNETH
A. JUDILLA
Cavite Science Integrated School (CSIS)
Maragondon, Cavite Region IV-A, Philippines
Email: judillajaspher@gmail.com
Abstract:
The Philippines faces a significant and increasing burden of diabetes, with the prevalence of the disease continuing to
escalate over time. While there are various medications and treatments available for diabetes, its high costs makes it
unaffordable for many Filipinos. This study entitled “Hypoglycemic Potential of the Rind of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum)
on Alloxan-induced Male Sprague Dawley Rats'' aims to determine if the extract from Rambutan rind is effective for lowering
the blood glucose level of diabetic rats. For this study, a total of fifteen male Sprague Dawley rats were utilized and induced
with alloxan and then categorized into five treatment groups: Positive Control, Negative Control, 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg, and
1000mg/kg of Methanolic Rambutan Rind Extract (MRRE). The rats underwent fasting, and their blood glucose levels were
measured before treatment, on days three, six, and nine of the experimentation. The findings of the study demonstrated a
statistically significant reduction in blood glucose levels of the diabetic rats treated with the MRRE. It was proven to be
statistically as effective as glibenclamide, a common diabetes medication. The results showed that the MRRE at a dose of 500
mg/kg BW had the best activity as it significantly decreased the blood glucose level of the rats, exhibiting a hypoglycemic
activity by lowering the blood glucose level by 33.70% in day 3. These indicate that the extract possesses hypoglycemic
properties, effective in normalizing blood sugar levels and could potentially serve as a key ingredient in the development of
anti-diabetic medications.
KEYWORDS:
1.1. Background of the Study
1.
INTRODUCTION
Diabetes, a prevalent and chronic endocrine
disorder, is associated with various secondary
complications. Despite the availability of numerous antidiabetic drugs, there remains a continuous need for costeffective and safe alternative interventions. The extract
derived from the peel of the rambutan fruit has garnered
attention in this regard due to its abundance of phenolic
compounds which are known for their antioxidant and
anti-inflammatory properties. However, the research on
the therapeutic potential of the rambutan rind for diabetes
management is still limited. Hence, this study aims to
investigate the hypoglycemic properties of the rambutan
rind, thereby contributing to the exploration of novel
treatment approaches in the realm of diabetes
management.
ENGAGE
Diabetes is a significant public health issue, not only
in the Philippines but also on a global scale. In Asian
populations, the onset of diabetes occurs at a younger age
compared to caucasian populations, resulting in higher
rates of deaths from the disease among young individuals.
The Philippines is one of these Asian countries being
affected by the disease and ranked fifth on the list behind
China, Indonesia, Japan, and Thailand in the number of
diabetics. A study conducted in 2019 also showed that
Filipinos have higher rates of diabetes compared with
other races and ethnicities. In the same year, the
International Diabetes Federation (IDF) reported that out
of the total Filipino adult population 3 million of 63
million individuals had diabetes, showing a 6.3%
prevalence rate among adults. The IDF's projections also
suggest that the number of Filipino adults living with
diabetes is expected to increase by 2030 with an estimated
number of 5 million individuals
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While there are various medications and treatments
available for diabetes, many of these options come with a
high cost that is not affordable for few Filipinos. The
Philippines suffers from lack of governmental support
when it comes to diabetes care. State insurance programs
do not cover medications for diabetes, and private
insurance companies offer limited coverage. As a result,
most patients rely on out-of-pocket costs. In fact, a survey
conducted in 2019 showed that 99 percent of Filipinos
claimed that they can’t afford prescription drugs which
enforces them to disregard their prescribed medicines. In
the year when the COVID-19 pandemic began, a study
found that a growing number of Filipinos were struggling
to afford their medications due to the loss of their source
of income. Due to the high cost of diabetes medications,
many individuals who lack the financial means are unable
to obtain the necessary treatment for their condition.
Consequently, some individuals turn to untested and
unverified alternatives in an effort to address their disease.
For centuries, in various Asian countries, the
traditional use of herbs and fruits as natural remedies to
enhance the immune system has been practiced. Multiple
medicinal herbs also
demonstrate comparable
effectiveness in reducing blood glucose levels when
compared to conventional diabetes medications. Through
an experimental study examining the phytochemicals
present in various plant extracts, it was discovered that the
peel of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) contains
components with potential antidiabetic properties. The
phytochemicals derived from rambutan rind, demonstrated
the ability to slow down the increase in blood glucose
levels in diabetic rats. Moreover, the extracts obtained
from rambutan peel, exhibited enhanced glycogen activity
in the liver of the rats, indicating a positive impact on their
overall diabetic condition.
The mentioned studies have highlighted the
hypoglycemic properties of rambutan rind extracts,
indicating their potential as an ingredient in alternative
diabetes remedies. These findings contribute to the
growing evidence supporting the effectiveness of plantbased alternatives in medicine. This study seeked to
investigate the potential hypoglycemic properties of
rambutan peel, a commonly discarded fruit waste material.
While rambutan is primarily recognized for its edible
flesh, this research aimed to explore whether the rind can
offer valuable contributions to the development of
diabetes treatments, thereby enhancing its accessibility to
most Filipinos.
1.1 Statement of the Problem
The aim of this study is to determine if the rind of
rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) has hypoglycemic
properties that are effective for lowering blood glucose
levels Extracts from the rambutan rind are tested to
sprague dawley rats rats in a laboratory to determine its
potential as an alternative component for anti-diabetic
medicine.
ENGAGE
Specifically, it sought to answer the following
questions:
1. What is the blood glucose level of the sprague
dawley rats as the extract dose from the rind increases?
2. What is the blood glucose level of the sprague
dawley rats before and after the treatment from the
rambutan rind extract?
3. Is there a significant difference on the blood
glucose level of the sprague dawley rats before and after
treated with the rambutan rind extract?
4. Is there no significant difference on the blood
glucose level of the sprague dawley rats treated with the
rambutan rind extract from the sprague dawley rats treated
with glibenclamide from the market?
1.2 Hypotheses
1. The blood glucose level of the sprague dawley
rats did not change after given a higher dose of extract.
2. The blood glucose level of the sprague dawley
rats did not change before and after treatment from the
rambutan rind extract.
3. There is no significant difference in the blood
glucose level of the sprague dawley rats before and after
treated with rambutan rind extract.
4. There is a significant difference in the blood
glucose level of the sprague dawley rats treated with the
rambutan rind extract and rats treated with glibenclamide.
1.3 Significance of the Study
This research will be conducted with the aim of
determining whether the rind of rambutan (Nephelium
lappaceum) has a hypoglycemic property, effective for
lowering blood glucose levels and to explore the feasibility
of utilizing rambutan rind as a potential alternative
ingredient in anti-diabetic medicine.This study will be of
benefit to the researchers, patients, drug manufacturers,
and the country. For researchers, the data obtained from
this study will provide new ideas for the production of
more affordable and accessible diabetes medication, as
well as serve as valuable information for statistical
analyses related to fruit extracts' anti-diabetic abilities.
Patients diagnosed with diabetes could benefit from a lowcost medication composed of rambutan rind extract, as it
would reduce the financial burden and increase
accessibility. Drug manufacturers may gain advantages
from developing a significantly cheaper diabetes
medication, leading to a larger customer base and lower
production costs. Additionally, in countries like the
Philippines, where the number of people with diabetes is
increasing and medication costs are high, the abundance of
rambutan and its ability to lower blood glucose levels
present an opportunity to provide accessible medication to
a larger population. Overall, this research has the potential
to contribute to the development of affordable and
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accessible anti-diabetic medication, benefiting various
stakeholders and improving healthcare outcomes.
2.4 Induction of Alloxan
Diabetes was induced in the fifteen overnight
fasting rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of
alloxan(150 mg/kg body weight; BW).
2. MATERIALS AND METHOD
The research study was conducted at the
Esteleydes Animal Laboratory and Research Facility in
Dasmariñas Cavite,under the supervision of Doctor
Leonardo Esteleydes. The consultant looked over the
process and proper protocols during the experimentation.
The time of the experimentation ranged from March to
May of 2023.
2.5 Fasting of Rats Before Blood Collection
2.1 Animal Care and Consideration
2.6 Blood Collection Before Experimentation
The forms and procedures for using sprague dawley
rats were filled out and followed. The rats taken (total of
fifteen) weighing 70–88 g were obtained from Esteleydes
Animal Laboratory and stored in a standardized cage; the
rats are grouped into five, with three rats in each case. The
rats in the cages were stored in a controlled environment
that has a temperature of 24±2 degrees Celsius and a
humidity of 50–55 g.m-3. The rats were given free access
to Integra Power 3000 mixed pellets, grains, and mineral
water.
The fasting blood glucose level of the sprague dawley
rats was measured 72 hours after alloxan administration
using a portable glucometer to see if hyperglycemia
developed. The rats with blood glucose levels ≥ 120
mg/dL were considered diabetic and ready for
experimentation.
2.2 Plant Material Collection
The rambutans were bought from Fruits Lokal, an
online shop. Three kilograms of rind were obtained by the
researchers in preparation for the rind extraction.
2.3 Methanolic Extraction of Rambutan Rind
The rambutan rind was washed with clean water
to remove dirt. It was then dried in an Excalibur Food
Dehydrator at 57 degrees Celsius for 12 hours to
effectively remove moisture. The dried rinds were
powdered using an Osterizer blender and sieved through a
stainless steel sieve mesh 80. The powdered rinds were
soaked in 80% methanol (1:10 powder to solvent ratio).
The crude extract was filtered using Whatman No. 1 filter
paper and refrigerated until the solvent evaporated.
Methanol was removed from the filtered extract using a
Heidolph rotary evaporator. The methanolic rambutan rind
extract (MRRE) yield was prepared at a concentration of
500 mg/mL using distilled water as the solvent. The
solutions were sonicated with a Digital Pro+ ultrasonicator
for 20 minutes to aid dissolution. The stock solutions were
stored in sterile 50 mL centrifuge tubes and refrigerated
until further use.
ENGAGE
Before the fasting blood sugar test, the bedding was
changed to ensure that no food was present in the rats cage.
During the fasting blood sugar test, the rats underwent
fasting, where their food was withheld for 8 to 10 hours,
which started at 12:00 AM.
2.7 In vivo testing
Before the one week of acclimation, the fifteen rats
were divided into the following five groups:
Group-1 (Positive group): Diabetic rats with a
positive treatment (Glibenclamide)
Group-2 (Negative group): Diabetic rats without
treatment (Water)
Group-3 (Rambutan rind extract 250 mg/kg BW):
The diabetic rats treated with rambutan rind extract at a
dose of 250 mg/kg BW for 9 days
Group-4 (Rambutan rind extract 500 mg/kg BW):
The diabetic rats treated with rambutan rind extract at a
dose of 500 mg/kg BW for 9 days
Group-5 (Rambutan rind extract 1000 mg/kg BW):
The diabetic rats treated with rambutan rind extract at a
dose of 1000 mg/kg BW for 9 days
2.8 Data Gathering
Blood samples will be collected from the tail vein of
all rats on days 3, 6, and 9 of the experimentation. Before
the blood collection, the rats underwent fasting in order to
get their actual blood glucose levels. The tails of the rats
were pricked with a needle in order to collect their Fasting
Blood Sugar (FBS). The FBS test was done with the use
of the Sinocare glucometer.
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2.9 Risk and Safety
The experiment encountered minimal risks. To
minimize the possible harm in conducting this experiment,
the qualified scientist who handles the extracts wears the
necessary protective gear: mask, lab coat, gloves, and a
hairnet. Materials used in the experimentation were
cleaned properly as per the protocol of the Bureau of
Animal Industry. The equipment in treating exposure or
cleaning up spills were prepared in order to prevent toxic
chemicals from causing harm to the researchers.
2.9.1 Disposal of Materials
Reusable equipment, oral gavage, and caging
used in the experiment were cleaned properly. The syringe
and strips were special waste surrendered to the
government waste collector and put in a clean big plastic
bottle to avoid contamination.The sprague dawley rats
were injected 1ml/2 kg BW Euthasol pentobarbital, and
after two to five minutes, the rats were euthanized. The rats
were buried beside a banana tree.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The following section presents the fasting blood
sugar levels of the Sprague Dawley rats observed during
the experimental period. It documents the alterations in the
recorded data of the Sprague Dawley rats before and after
the treatment. All experimental procedures were
conducted at the Esteleydes Animal Laboratory and
Research Facility located in Dasmarinas Cavite.
Memory Alloys (SMAs). This work deals with the
numerical analysis of the aerodynamic stresses operating
on the fan based on earlier thermal and form
characterization of a single morphing blade for a heavyduty automotive cooling axial fan.
Table 3.2.
Number of Trials
Functionality Rate (%)
30
100
Summary Table of the Functionality Rate of the Sensor’s
Identification of Mosquito
Out of 30 trials, the audio sensor successfully
detects and identifies the mosquito’s frequency level,
giving its graphed and plotted data on the Serial Plotter.
Hence, concluding the 100% functionality rate result on
the above table.
Supported by the study conducted by Salim,
et.al. (2017), it is stated that different mosquito types,
specifically female mosquitoes, have their own frequency
levels (e.g. Aedes aegypti). Given that the device can
successfully identify and record the insect’s frequency, it
can be used in identifying the type of mosquito it detects.
Table 3.3.
Summary Table of the Overall Success Rate of the
Machine
Table 3.1.
Average of the blood glucose level of Sprague dawley
rats (mg/dL)
The table above shows that the fan completely
activates whenever a mosquito sound is detected by the
machine, having a 100% success rate. This shows that the
fan can successfully suck the mosquitoes inside the
machine.
In relation to the study of Smart morphing
blades by Suman et.al. (2017), which can govern
themselves to decrease or eliminate the requirement for
active control system in blade technology. This study
proposes a new passive control system based on Shape
ENGAGE
With the given existing data of the success rate
of the fan and the functionality rate of the sensor’s
identification of the mosquitoes’ frequency, it concludes
that the machine works properly, with a 100% success rate.
In a study by Santos et.al. (2019), it is discussed
that an acoustic sensor’s detection for flying insects has
been proven to successfully identify the specific wingbeat
frequencies for each of the mosquitoes’ species and gender
classification which gives way to an innovation of beforeused optical sensors. With the Anti-Den being tested to
have a 100% overall success rate, its lure and trap function
has been induced with the idea of the audio sensor’s
capability to identify and record detected sound
frequencies.
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4. CONCLUSIONS
This study aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic
properties of rambutan rind extract. In order to achieve
this, in vivo testing was conducted involving 15 alloxaninduced Sprague Dawley rats. The aim was to assess the
impact of various dosages of the extract on the rats' blood
glucose levels. The results demonstrated a statistically
significant decrease in blood glucose levels, transitioning
the rats from a diabetic state to normal blood sugar levels.
This provides compelling evidence that the extract derived
from rambutan rind possesses hypoglycemic properties.
These findings suggest the potential utility of the extract
as a component in the development of anti-diabetic
medications.
Findings of the study highlighted the promising
potential of rambutan rind extract as a natural treatment
alternative for diabetes, shedding light on the importance
of further investigation to comprehend its full range of
benefits and risks. The utilization of natural compounds
for addressing diabetes and other chronic conditions is
increasingly garnering attention, and this study contributes
to the expanding body of research exploring the potential
advantages they may offer.
The in vivo testing showed a statistically
significant decrease in blood glucose levels in diabetic
sprague dawley rats treated with the extract, with the most
effective dosage of 500 mg/kg BW as it significantly
decreased the blood glucose level of the rats, exhibiting
hypoglycemic activity by lowering the blood glucose level
by 33.70% in day 3. In fact, the extract was found to be
more effective than that of glibenclamide, which is one of
the medications used in maintaining diabetes.
The findings of this study indicated that the use of
Rambutan rind extract at a dosage of 250 mg/kg body
weight showed more promising outcomes compared to
extracts from pomegranate leaves, pomegranate rind, and
melon fruit. On the third day of treatment with Rambutan
rind extract, the blood glucose level of the treated rats
exhibited a significant decrease of 20.73%. This reduction
rate was higher than the hypoglycemic effects observed
with pomegranate leaf and rind extracts, both administered
at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, which resulted in
reductions of 10.90% and 10.15% respectively after seven
days of treatment. It still had a larger decrease compared
to that of 400 mg/kg body weight of melon fruit, which
obtained 11.92% at its 7th day compared to glibenclamide,
a conventional medication used to treat diabetes.
The findings of this study suggest that the extract
derived from the rambutan rind has the potential to
contribute to the development of insulin-related
medications. However, further research is required to
comprehensively comprehend the mechanisms underlying
ENGAGE
its hypoglycemic properties, determine the optimal dosage
and mode of administration, and investigate potential side
effects and toxicity.
Based on the results obtained, we recommend
conducting additional investigations to explore the extract
of the rambutan rind as a potential natural treatment for
diabetes. Future research could also explore its effects on
other conditions such as hepatitis, elevated creatine levels,
and high uric acid, as these conditions are associated with
elevated blood glucose levels. Furthermore, studies
focusing on identifying the most effective dosage and
appropriate administration methods for the extract could
enhance its potential for clinical application.
Specifically, future studies could investigate the
extract's long-term effects on blood glucose levels, as well
as its potential side effects and toxicity at higher dosages.
Additionally, studies could examine the potential of
combining the extract with other natural compounds or
conventional medications to enhance its hypoglycemic
effects. Moreover, the efficacy of the extract of the
rambutan rind in human trials should also be explored to
determine if it can be an effective alternative or
complementary treatment for individuals with diabetes. In
particular, researchers should investigate the optimal
dosage and mode of administration for the extract, as well
as the potential risks and benefits of long-term use.
In conclusion, this study provides promising evidence for
the hypoglycemic properties of the extract of the rambutan
rind. Further research is needed to fully understand the
potential of this natural compound and to determine its
potential role in the treatment of diabetes.
5. REFERENCES
Arcellana, Anna Elvira, and Cecilia Jimeno. “Challenges
and Opportunities for Diabetes Care in the
Philippines in the Time of the COVID-19
Pandemic.” Journal of the ASEAN Federation of
Endocrine Societies 35, no. 1 (2020): 55–57.
https://doi.org/10.15605/jafes.035.01.04.
Baclig, Cristina Eloisa. “Diabetes: A Bitter Health Cris7is
for Filipinos.” INQUIRER.net, July 20, 2021.
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1461980/diabetes-abitter-health-crisis-for-filipinos.
Hernández-Hernández, C., C.N. Aguilar, R. RodríguezHerrera, A.C. Flores-Gallegos, J. Morlett-Chávez,
M. Govea-Salas, and J.A. Ascacio-Valdés.
“Rambutan(Nephelium Lappaceum l.):Nutritional
and Functional Properties.” Trends in Food
Science & Technology 85 (2019): 201–10.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.01.018.
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Higuchi, Michiyo. “Access to Diabetes Care and
Medicines in the Philippines.” Asia Pacific
Journal of Public Health 22, no. 3_suppl (2010).
https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539510373005.
Ma, Qingyu, Yan Guo, Liping Sun, and Yongliang
Zhuang. “Anti-Diabetic Effects of Phenolic
Extract from Rambutan Peels (Nephelium
Lappaceum) in High-Fat Diet and StreptozotocinInduced Diabetic rats.” Nutrients 9, no. 8 (2017):
801. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080801.
Ramachandran, Ambady, Ronald Ching Wan Ma, and
Chamukuttan Snehalatha. “Diabetes in Asia.” The
Lancet 375, no. 9712 (2010): 408–18.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60937-5.
Rambutan, a tropical plant with ethno - researchgate.
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AN_A_TROPICAL_PLANT_WITH_ETHNO_P
HARMACEUTICAL_PROPERTIES/links/5e32b
423a6fdccd96576e158/RAMBUTAN-ATROPICAL-PLANT-WITH-ETHNOPHARMACEUTICAL-PROPERTIES.pdf.
Salwe, Kartik J, Devender O Sachdev, Yogesh Bahurupi,
and Manimekalai Kumarappan. “Evaluation of
Antidiabetic, Hypolipedimic and Antioxidant
Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Leaves and
Fruit Peel of Punica Granatum in Male Wistar
sprague dawley Rats.” Journal of natural science,
biology,
and
medicine,
2015.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4
367068/.
Srivastava, Arvind Kumar, Alok Mukerjee, and Abhishek
Tripathi. “Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic
Activities of Cucumis Melo Var. Momordica Fruit
Extract on Experimental Animals - Future Journal
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094-020-00116-z.
Suhendi, Andi. “Anti-Inflammatory and Antidiabetic of
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dawley_Wistar_rats.
ENGAGE
Susilowati, Retno. “Advances in Social Science, Education
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6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers were incredibly fortunate to have had
an exceptional opportunity to conduct this project,
marking a significant achievement in their senior high
school journey. They acknowledge that this
accomplishment would not have been possible without the
invaluable assistance provided by those who supported
them throughout the entire process. Therefore, they wish
to express their profound appreciation to all those who
played a role in contributing to the successful completion
of this research study.
First and foremost, to God, whom they owe everything
to. They want to thank the almighty for giving them
knowledge and strength they needed throughout their
journey.
To the wonderful parents of the researchers, who
showed their unconditional support and unwavering
commitment to providing the researchers with the
necessary resources and assistance they needed for the
research process.
To the research adviser, Ma’am Elain Malones, who
guided them from the start to the end of the study. She was
always open for questions needed to be clarified regarding
the research.
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To Mr. Leonardo Esteleydes and Mrs. Nimfa
Esteleydes, who played an important role in guiding and
supporting the students throughout the research
experimentation, displaying utmost consideration for their
individual circumstances.
To all other individuals who helped them in
accomplishing this research study but were not mentioned
in this letter, the researchers want to express their deepest
appreciation for making this project possible, thank you
very much.
ENGAGE
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