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Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
2
PREFACE
This book offers ideas for the various essays seen in English language tests that
the students have to take for studying and working in English-speaking
countries. The idea for this ideas book came from my mother, Dr. Kiranpreet
Kaur Makkar who has over 15 years of IELTS coaching experience. She noticed
that most of the students lack ideas while writing essays and even though they
have a fairly good hold over English, sometimes they fail to get the required
score because of a lack of ideas. In the past, I have contributed to writing some
content for her books on reading, writing, and speaking. I took on the task of
writing an ideas book to help students think fast and not blank out while taking
the exam. After almost a year of compiling ideas for the different essay topics, I
am ready to share them with you all. I hope my hard work pays off and this book
helps you write better essays.
Deepa Makkar
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
3
Job
Essays
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
4
Interviews form the basic selection criteria for most large companies.
However, some people think that an interview is not a reliable method of
choosing whom to employ and there are other better methods. To what extent
do you agree or disagree?
Most people take interviews to select a person for a job. What are the other
ways? What do you think is the best way to recruit new employees?
Interview as a selection criteria
1. The recruiters can get an idea about the personality and social skills of the
potential employees. In interviews, there is face-to-face interaction and
the candidates have to answer impromptu questions, from which
personality traits can be judged.
2. By asking some case study type questions, employees can judge traits like
the ability to handle pressure, confidence, and ability to think outside the
box.
Other methods
• Written test – It is good to judge theoretical knowledge
• Group discussion – It is good to judge the convincing power of an
individual
• Combination – Written test followed by group discussion and finally
interview
Why interview is better than the written method
The written method cannot give a good idea about the personality of the
candidate. By contrast, through interviews, employers can judge both the
knowledge and temperament of the potential employee. Moreover, the written
test is fallible to cheating as sometimes candidates can take outside help.
Why interview is better than group discussion
Group discussion is good where a major job requirement is conversational and
persuasion skills for instance sales jobs. It is not fitting for technical jobs because
these are not customer oriented. On the other hand, interviews hold good for
any type of job as the interviewer can frame questions to test the particular skills
they require.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
5
Most employers nowadays put increasing emphasis on social skills. Some
people believe that social skills are important in addition to good qualifications
for job success. To what extent, do you agree or disagree?
Some employers think that formal academic qualifications are more important
than life experiences and personal qualities when they look for an employee.
Why is it the case? Is it a positive or negative development?
Importance of social skills for job success
1. Most tasks at the workplace require teamwork and employees with social
skills are better able to interact, exchange information, or even trade
tasks at the workplace.
2. Social skills are gaining more relevance because non-social skill jobs are
gradually getting automated. Even jobs based on mathematical and
analytical reasoning are getting automated, but computers and machines
still cannot simulate human interaction.
3. In most cases, to be successful at one’s job one needs to be able to lead
others effectively, delegate tasks, and resolve any interpersonal conflicts
that arise. This is only possible if the person possesses social skills like
good communication, empathy, and the ability to listen to others.
Jobs that do not require social skills
While social skills are important for most jobs, some jobs do not need these
skills. There are many jobs today that require little person to person contact,
teamwork, or collaboration. For example, software development, data entry
jobs, etc.
Why academic qualifications are considered more important than life
experiences and personal traits
1. Due to the increasing competition, getting into a good university or
college in itself is very challenging. Academic qualifications also prove to
the employer that the individual has worked hard and mastered specialist
skills.
2. There is no way for employers to reliably check if the qualities and life
experiences on the curriculum vitae are real or fake. By contrast, formal
academic qualifications can be easily verified with a college degree.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
6
Why focusing only on the degree and ignoring a person’s experiences and skills
is a negative development.
1. It deprives the company of talented, experienced candidates who might
not have an academic degree but are competent in completing or getting
work done.
2. Experienced candidates can be productive from the very beginning, while
recent graduates take time adjusting to a formal working atmosphere and
this may impact the productivity of the company.
3. It results in hiring employees who have the intellect to succeed but lack
the social skills required to work effectively. This results in interpersonal
conflicts and in effect, a stressful workplace environment.
4. It is easier for companies to provide technical training if the candidate
lacks such knowledge, but it is very difficult, if not impossible, to develop
personality traits like adaptability, integrity, and reliability at this stage of
life.
The most important single ingredient in the
formula of success is the knack for getting along
with people.
Theodore Roosevelt
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
7
Some businesses find that their new employees lack in basic interpersonal
skills such as the lack of ability to work with colleagues as a team. What are
the causes and suggest possible solutions? Also, provide relevant examples
from your experience.
Why Employees lack social skills
1. When it comes to recruiting strategies, hiring decisions often focus largely
on candidates’ technical skills and expertise, with relatively little attention
to soft skills.
2. Education today lays emphasis on technical and theoretical knowledge
rather than soft skills. So group activities, team projects, and extracurricular activities that develop social skills are not given much
importance in schools.
3. Most companies also do not spare the time and effort to develop these
soft skills in their employees.
Solutions
1. Employers should give importance to these social traits while hiring.
Interviews should be followed by group discussions and luncheons to
assess candidates' interpersonal skills. Social skills can also be assessed
using standardized questionnaires, such as personality tests.
2. Companies can develop these skills in their employees after hiring. One
way is to organise meetings to practice public speaking and discuss their
problems, in an environment where they can feel safe.
3. Companies can also organise team retreats, where new and old
employees can have a fun time together and build a better rapport with
each other.
4. The education system needs to incorporate more group activities and
projects.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
8
It is suggested that all young adults should undertake a period of unpaid work,
helping people in the community. Does it bring more benefits or drawbacks to
young people?
Adult youths are often called up for working for the development of
communities. Some people say they should work voluntarily, whereas others
say that they should get paid. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Benefits of voluntary work for the young people
1. By helping the elderly, the sick, and the disabled directly, or participating
in charitable activities like raising funds or offering free consultation,
young people will certainly gain and accumulate some valuable first-hand
experience.
2. It would make them feel more connected to society. There would be a
sense of ownership for the society among the youth as they work for its
betterment.
3. Volunteering provides a natural sense of accomplishment. Youth’s role as
a volunteer can also give them a sense of pride and identity.
Drawbacks of voluntary work for the young people
1. It may conflict with their normal study or work if not arranged well.
2. Youth might feel burdened and forcing them might create a feeling of
resentment among the youth.
Community service should be paid because
1. It would increase their willingness to work. When the youth are paid, they
would work with more passion and enthusiasm.
2. A little remuneration would also cover the expenses they incur like
commuting costs.
3. It would reduce their need to find a part-time job and they would be able
to focus on their university studies in the remaining time.
Community service should not be paid because
1. If they are paid, they would not develop social responsibility and would
consider it as a part-time job rather than as their duty.
2. Volunteering provides substantial non-monetary benefits. For instance,
young people can also develop business contacts during such
opportunities, and this can enable them to secure a good job in the future.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
9
Nowadays, older people who need employment have to compete with
younger people. What problems does this cause, and what are the solutions?
Problems caused when older people who need employment have to compete
with younger people
1. The young graduates may feel unmotivated and frustrated. Senior job
candidates have rich experience, and therefore they tend to outshine
young adults.
2. Young employees are relatively restricted in terms of work experience
and communication skills, because of which some employers prefer to
recruit older people with higher working efficiency rather than those who
have just graduated from the university.
3. Without a decent job and salary, it is extremely difficult for young people
to make a living, as a consequence of which, some of them might resort
to crime to fulfil their desires.
4. Older workers might find it daunting to keep up with the latest
advancements in technology. For example, in the manufacturing industry,
the use of advanced machines is quite common. But, how to operate the
equipment could be a tough challenge for older workers.
5. If senior employees constitute the largest proportion of the company’s
staff, then, it could lead to a decline in productivity and efficiency of the
enterprise.
Solutions
1. The government should encourage self-employment for fresh graduates
so that older employees are not laid off.
2. Governments should encourage businesses to create more jobs for less
experienced young employees who will then have the opportunity to
accumulate experience.
3. The governments should allocate more money to the pension system,
which can guarantee the basic needs of most elders so that they do not
have to look for jobs.
4. At the individual level, the elderly should plan ahead for their retirement
and enjoy their retired life, instead of competing for the limited job
vacancies. This would be a win-win option both for the aged and the
young.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
10
Nowadays, more and more young people hold important positions in the
government. Some people think that it is a good thing, while others argue that
it is not suitable. Discuss both these views and give your opinion.
Some people believe that young people bring more profits to a company.
Others say that older people actually bring more profits. Discuss both views
and give your opinion.
The leaders or directors of organizations are often older people. But some
people say that young people can also be a leader. Do you agree or disagree?
In some cultures, old age is more valued, while in some cultures youth is more
valued. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Some people believe that it is better to get advice from old people compared
to young people. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Give your
opinion and include relevant examples.
Advantages of young people in companies/politics
1. Young people have a fresh perspective, which gives them a unique ability
to come up with creative solutions.
2. Young people have just finished their education and so are used to
learning. They can absorb training more readily so companies can easily
train them to meet their needs and culture.
3. Young people can better relate to problems facing the youth and thus
they can represent them in government. In other words, government
decisions can better address youth problems, if there are young people in
politics.
Advantages of older people holding important positions in government
1. The young are impatient and lack experience. Governments need to take
a lot of crucial decisions with large implications and young politicians
might take rash decisions which may have severe consequences for the
country.
2. Politics is very complicated and young people are too immature to
understand its nitty-gritty.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
11
Advantages of older workers for companies
1. Older workers play a critical role in training the next generation of
workers. Seasoned employees teach the new employees thus saving the
company the resources they need to spend on training.
2. They tend to have better work ethics than the youth, for example, coming
to work on time, remaining focused throughout the day, etc.
Leadership has nothing to do with age and in some regard, youth are even better
than the old at leading businesses.
Qualities that make young people more apt for leadership
1. They have the entrepreneurial spirit and risk-taking attitude, which is
necessary for companies to grow.
2. Young leaders are more open to embracing change than older managers.
3. Young leaders are more in sync with the mindset of the current
generation and are thus able to attract and retain young talent better.
4. They bring enthusiasm and optimism to their work.
5. Due to digital transformation and increasing automation, leaders today
need to be comfortable with technology and there is no doubt that young
leaders have an edge over the previous generation in this regard.
Technology not only helps in being innovative but also is a major part of
public relations today.
6. Young leaders learn fast and are more open to receiving feedback
compared to older workers.
7. A leader is about qualities like communication skills, ability to listen to
others, ability to motivate others, and ability to handle stress. None of
these qualities are dependent upon age.
Technology giants like Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg,
and Bill Gates are great examples of leaders who
achieved extraordinary success at a young age.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
12
Why is old age valued in some cultures?
Old age is often associated with wisdom. With age comes experience, and in
many societies, younger family members consult older ones for advice on
relationships or problems.
In some societies, not just older living family members but ancestors are revered
and consulted. For instance, in the Far East, people respect grandparents, older
leaders, and bosses.
Why is the youth more valued in some cultures?
A young, vibrant workforce in a country is usually regarded as an asset. Most
governments give priority to youth in terms of education so that they can
move the society forward. By doing this, young people can be well educated
and equipped with proper knowledge and useful skills.
Own view
I believe that age in itself is not a qualification for anything. If we look at western
countries, we also find politicians in their sixties or seventies, and company
executives in their sixties, despite strong business competition. In addition, as
life expectancy increases, older people are becoming more important as
consumers and voters. On the other hand, even in countries where elders
previously were respected and obeyed blindly, people are realizing that old age
does not always mean wisdom. The old way of running families, companies, or
countries may not work today.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
13
Today, the life expectancy of people is much higher than before. Some people
think that older people should continue to be involved in the workforce. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
Some people believe that no one should be allowed to continue working after
the age of 65. However, others say there should not be any limitation on
retirement age and people should be allowed to work regardless of their age.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Yes, the retirement age should be extended because
1. Looking at it from a country’s economic point of view, increasing the
retirement age would help decrease the government’s burden of ensuring
benefits such as senior citizen discounts, healthcare benefits, and pension
for the elderly. Not only this, it would also increase the tax revenues for
the government.
2. Working longer would ensure that the elderly will not have to struggle
after retirement and would be able to live more comfortably as they
would have more funds saved up.
3. They will be busy and involved in work, which will help to tackle the
problems of loneliness and depression among them.
No, the retirement age should not be extended because
1. Problem of youth unemployment would arise. It may make it challenging
for the youth to secure jobs as they lack the valuable experience that the
senior citizens possess.
2. Old people would not get time to spend on their hobbies or spend time
with their families, their grandchildren, etc. They could be utilizing this
time in travelling and pursuing their interests and hobbies, which they
couldn’t because of their hectic work life.
3. The elderly can still work in the private sector.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
14
There is an increased use of technology in the workplace. Some people find
that it is good for young people’s prospects of gaining a job and harder for old
people. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
In some countries, it is illegal for companies to reject job applicants for their
age. Is this a positive or negative development?
Agree: technology increases young people’s prospects of gaining a job
1. The youth of today have been using technology since their childhood.
Older people have to spend time and make efforts to learn it and even
after spending the time it is very hard to reach the same level of affinity
that youth have with technology.
2. There is also a perception among employers that the old-aged candidates
are not adept with technology and thus hiring them would either mean
lower productivity or extra expenditure to train them.
3. Technology is not constant. The technology keeps changing and thus
there is a need to relearn and adjust continuously. The ability to adapt
and to change decreases with age.
A law against rejecting job applicants based on age is a positive development
1. Ageism creates a feeling of incompetence among the old and young. It
creates a sort of inferiority complex amongst them. After repeatedly
being rejected on the basis of age, the older and younger people start
feeling dependent, non-contributing members of society.
2. Older people who are not able to secure a job due to age discrimination
might be forced into early retirement. This would mean not only a loss of
productivity from an economic point of view but also a greater social
security burden on the state in the form of pensions for a longer time.
3. Older workers possess a depth of knowledge and experience that is not
easily replaced and can be tapped in many different ways.
4. Age discrimination would ultimately prevent potentially talented
candidates from applying for jobs and thus companies lose by having a
smaller pool of candidates to choose from.
Vocabulary check
Ageism: Prejudice or discrimination on the grounds
of a person’s age.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
15
In some countries, a few people earn extremely high salaries. Some people
think that this is good for a country, while others believe that the government
should control salaries and limit the amount people can earn. Discuss both
sides and express your opinion.
It is a good thing if senior management workers in a company get a much
higher salary than other workers in the same company. Do you agree or
disagree?
Why it is good to give extremely high salaries
1. High salaries incentivize people to work harder. In other words, if the
people at the top are earning considerably more money, the other
employees would work harder to get promoted to get the same salary.
2. The higher-level executive officers have to deal with a lot of pressure, and
they are responsible for not only their actions but also for those under
them. So, high salaries are justified.
Why government should cap the salaries
1. From the company’s point of view, the main reason is that substantial pay
disparity without any justification generates feelings of unfairness,
leading lower-paid employees to shrug off their responsibilities.
2. From the society’s point of view, it would reduce wealth inequality in the
society and prevent the rich from gaining unfair control over resources.
Agree: paying significantly higher compensation to senior executives is not
only justified but also beneficial for the company.
1. I believe that as pay differences between job levels increase, the value of
receiving a promotion also rises. In other words, if the person above is
making a lot more money, the other employees would work harder to get
promoted to get the same salary. This in turn would increase the
company’s overall productivity.
2. Higher salaries are justified because today’s senior management's role is
much broader than simply running the company. The mental stress and
challenges that senior-level executives face today in itself is reason
enough for the high salaries they are paid.
3. Higher-level executive officers have to take accountability for not only
their actions but also for all employees under them.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
16
In many countries, women are allowed to take maternity leave during the first
month after the birth of the newborn. Do you think the advantages of
maternity leave outweigh the disadvantages?
Mothers generally stay home to take care of their children after pregnancy. Do
you support the opinion that these mothers should be compensated for by the
government?
Parents, usually mothers, give up work, choose to stay at home and look after
families. Some people think the government should give them salary. Do you
agree or disagree? Give reasons from your own knowledge and experience.
Advantages of maternity leave
1. Maternity leave is very advantageous for the newborn. Mothers are the
front-line childcare providers and therefore, if they are given maternity
leave, they can do their job better.
2. If women are allowed maternity leave, they can look after their health.
3. The job is secure.
Disadvantages of maternity leave
1. A long maternity leave may be an obstacle to career progression.
2. In cases of unpaid maternity leave, there may be a financial strain on the
households.
Advantages of state funding for stay-at-home moms
1. Giving salary to the stay-at-home mother would encourage many young
couples to have children. Many women are delaying motherhood or are
choosing not to have children as it may impact them professionally and
financially. The government must ensure that this relative shortage of
children, who are the future workforce, does not occur.
2. The child’s upbringing is best done by the parent. So, if the government pays
the parents who give up their careers to care for them, it should be
considered an investment for the future success of society.
Concession - After a child starts going to school, the mother should go back to
work, as their contribution to the workforce is also very important. Women have
the education and talent to work. If they don’t go back to work, the nation loses
the services of half of its workforce.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
17
In some countries, it is common for women to participate in the workforce
when their children are young. What are the advantages and disadvantages of
this trend?
Why do women work when their children are young
1. In many families today, mothers continue to work because they have
careers that they have spent years developing.
2. They have professional aspirations and if these women stop working for
a few months, they risk losing certain career opportunities.
3. Some women return to work soon after giving birth because they know
that most employers in this country are not sympathetic to working
mothers who wish to take time off to be with their young children.
4. Some women work because they have to support their families
financially. They need to work to make sure their families live
comfortably.
Advantages
1. Women work and add to the financial status of the family.
2. Working moms become positive role models. This instils in children the
idea that a woman’s role can include a thriving career apart from domestic
tasks.
3. They raise more independent children. It has been seen that the children
of working mothers do better academically, have better behaviour, and
adjust themselves better socially.
Disadvantages
1. Children need the loving and affectionate care of mothers in the early
years of their lives and if mothers go to work then they are deprived of
this to some extent.
2. Women also need some rest after childbirth as it is a physically and
emotionally challenging time for them.
3. Working mothers have less time for self-care. They are expected to have
a career and also take care of their family. They are hustling all day to
achieve a work-life balance.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
18
Some people believe that women should play an equal role as men in a
country’s police force or military force, such as the army, while others think
women are not suitable for these kinds of jobs. Discuss both views and give
your opinion.
In many countries, women are able to join the armed forces just as men. Some
people say that only men should be members of the army, navy, or air force.
Do you agree or disagree?
Why Women should join the armed forces
1. People are heading towards an egalitarian society and therefore, women
should have the same right as men to choose their profession.
2. Restriction on women entry also deprives the army of the capabilities of
talented women soldiers and officers.
3. Armed forces and police forces across the world are troubled by falling
retention and recruitment rates and women entry can address this
problem.
4. Women officers often possess better communication skills than their
male counterparts and are better at obtaining the cooperation and trust
required in their job.
Why Women should not join the armed forces
1. Such jobs require masculine traits like aggressiveness and strength, and
as women lack such physical characteristics, they are not suited for such
jobs.
2. Such jobs entail prolonged periods of deployment and uncertain working
hours, which women would not be able to justify as they also have the
onus of looking after the home and children.
3. In some positions in the military, there is added concern for the safety of
women and a greater risk of sexual crimes against women
Vocabulary check
Egalitarian: relating to or believing in the principle
that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and
opportunities.
Prolonged: continuing for a long time
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
19
Although there are more and more women police officers, in reality, are they
suitable for this job?
In many places, women are taking jobs that are traditionally done by men.
What do you think make these changes happen? What’s your opinion about
it?
Are women suited for police jobs – yes, they are and are even better at places.
1. In many of the areas of police activity, women are especially adaptable
and can even perform better than men. For example, policewomen are
especially suitable for dealing with trafficking of women within the larger
cities.
2. They are also better at dealing with domestic violence and juvenile affairs.
3. Policewomen are generally more acceptable to women and children who
have been the victims of the misdeeds of men.
4. Women officers are more likely to rely on their communication skills and
less likely to use excessive force. Therefore they are better at dealing with
violent confrontations with citizens.
5. Women officers have better listening skills that help them get to the root
of issues and problems.
In India, many women IAS and IPS officers have won
accolades and awards and have battled stereotypes in
these male-dominated professions for example Kiran
Bedi, Sanjukta Prashar, etc.
Why are women taking up jobs traditionally done by men?
1. We are slowly heading towards an egalitarian society and male vs female
culture has become a thing of the past.
2. Today’s woman is also going for higher education and because of this,
even the highest positions in science, politics, or law, for example, can be
held successfully by women.
3. Job competencies develop by experience and not gender, and women are
doing as well in male-dominated jobs as men are doing in femaledominated ones. For example, many women are successful CEOs and
lawyers, and many men are successful nurses and chefs.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
20
Nowadays, some workplaces tend to employ equal numbers of men and
women workers. Do you think it is a positive or negative development?
Points against having an equal number of both genders (points against quota
for women)
1. Having a fixed quota would mar the chances of both deserving men or
women. People should be chosen for jobs based on their skills,
qualification, and character and gender should not come in the way of the
selection process.
2. Those who tend to discriminate against women would find some other
ways to discriminate, such as by underpaying the women at the same
posts as men.
Points for having an equal mix of both genders
1. A more equal mix of men and women in the workforce not only boosts
national economies but also increases job satisfaction and performance
in workplaces.
2. Those working in gender-balanced groups have less absenteeism and so
more turnover, compared to those in settings dominated by females or
males.
3. Gender diversity at the management level spurs innovation and creativity
as men and women bring different perspectives on solving problems.
4. The different perspectives of men and women enable the companies to
serve customers from both genders more effectively.
5. More employment opportunities for women would lead to financial
independence for women and this, in turn, would lead to women's
empowerment.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
21
Men are placed in most high-level jobs. Some people say that the government
should encourage a certain percentage of these jobs to be reserved for
women. Do you agree or disagree?
Benefits of hiring women at top-level positions
1. Having female senior leaders creates less gender discrimination in
recruitment, earnings, and promotions. So, companies have a better
chance of hiring and keeping the most qualified people.
2. Gender diversity at the management level spurs innovation and creativity
as men and women think about and solve problems differently.
Why reservation for women should not be there
1. Forcing companies to hire, promote and appoint women could negatively
affect businesses. Management is about making important decisions and
an undeserving candidate may seriously hamper a company’s growth and
progress.
2. Reserving a few seats for women may also result in negative
discrimination against deserving men that are more qualified for a job.
The solution (instead of reservation)
Instead, a change in the traditional mindset should be there. The change
should come from an early age by teaching children equality and that would
go way farther in empowering women than forced reservation.
Vocabulary check
Spurs: give an incentive or encouragement to
Hamper: hinder the progress of
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
22
Some people say that no one should do the same job forever, while others
believe that doing the same job is beneficial for the individual, company, and
society. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Many people prefer to stay in the same type of work all their life, whereas
others prefer to change the type of work. Discuss both sides and state your
own opinion.
An increasing number of people change their career and place of residence
several times during their lifetime. Is this a positive or negative development?
An increasing number of people change their careers during their work life.
What are the reasons for this? Is this a positive or negative development for
society?
The benefits of staying in the same job for life
1. It increases job security in today’s time when job uncertainty is at an alltime high. Employers are not only more likely to retain workers who have
been working longer but they are also hesitant to hire people, who have
a history of changing jobs frequently.
2. Better work-life balance. In other words, with time people become more
comfortable with their work responsibilities and thus they can devote
more time to their personal life.
The benefits of changing jobs often
1. Changing jobs can help a person to develop new skills and get different
types of experience. For example, when people change jobs, they are
pushed out of their comfort zone and are forced to learn new routines.
2. It keeps things interesting and prevents work from becoming boring and
monotonous.
3. It is also an opportunity to figure out which type of employer and
company culture suit people the best.
Reasons why people change jobs
1. Money: The cost of living has increased dramatically in the last few
decades and there are many careers, which are not as lucrative as in the
past.
2. Sometimes, changing job profile is also done to increase one’s skill set and
to open the doors for new job opportunities.
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3. People are very impatient today and they easily get bored doing the same
thing every day. Changing careers is a means to break the monotony of
life.
Negative effects on society
1. The main drawback is for the businesses in the society. A large amount of
money is spent on training and educating employees, but all this money
gets wasted when individuals change jobs. It not only impacts companies’
profits but also the development of society as it affects the taxes the
companies can pay to the government.
2. Less community spirit and social bonding. People who change careers
seldom form close bonds with their colleagues.
3. A career change is often associated with a change in residence, which
means it negatively affects the social bonds with the neighbours. Hence,
it is not surprising that societies are becoming more and more selfish and
self-centred today.
Vocabulary check
Lucrative: producing wealth or profit
Monotony: lack of variety and interest, tedious
repetition, and routine
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The world of work is changing rapidly. Working conditions today are not the
same as before and people no longer rely on taking one job for life. Discuss the
possible causes for these changes and give your suggestions on how people
should prepare for work in the future.
(People no longer rely on one job means that they lack job security)
Reasons for the lack of job security
1. Increasing automation at the workplace. In other words, more and more
jobs are being done by machines and thus a lot of people are losing their
jobs to these robots and machines.
2. Technology is changing rapidly and thus people’s skills and knowledge are
becoming outdated very quickly. Employers tend to hire new employees
with the required knowledge rather than spend on training the older
employees.
3. Due to globalisation, companies are no longer bound by geographical
boundaries in hiring decisions. For example, today many Indians are
working for American IT companies.
4. Companies are also shifting their manufacturing operations overseas to
countries like China and Vietnam to cut costs and this further reduces job
security. As a result, many people in the developed world are facing
unemployment.
Steps that can be taken to prepare for the work conditions in the future
1. People should be flexible, and they should be willing to relocate to foreign
countries if their companies are relocating to cut costs.
2. People should work on updating their skills and knowledge regularly so
that their skills are never obsolete.
3. People should try to have multiple sources of income or develop their
hobbies as a source of livelihood so that they are financially stable even if
they lose their primary job.
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Many employees may work at home with modern technology. Some people
claim that it can benefit only the workers, not the employers. Do you agree or
disagree?
More and more companies are allowing employees to work from home. Do
you think this is a positive or negative development?
More and more people are working from home rather than at the workplace.
Some people say this will bring benefits to the workers and their families, but
others think it will bring stress to the home. Discuss both views and give your
own opinion.
Nowadays, a lot of people are able to do their work from home. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of this development.
Advantages of working from home to employees
1. Saves time - no time is wasted going to and coming back from the office.
2. Fewer expenses - no spending on private or public transport and gas,
lunch, etc.
3. More flexibility - can look after minor family commitments like dropping
kids to school
4. Can do some other business side by side because of the time saved.
5. Can spend more time with family because of time saved in commuting.
6. Can work for any company anywhere in the world.
7. People who work from home generally have higher job satisfaction.
Advantages of employees working from home to employers
1. Reduced operational costs - Less office space is needed and less money
has to be spent on maintenance of the office. Real estate prices are
exorbitant.
2. Less sick leaves and other leaves are taken by employees, as they don't
need a whole day off for a very small work at home.
3. The employer can hire the best employee, from any corner of the world.
4. Work from home improves retention and thus saves companies on hiring
and training costs.
Advantages of telecommuting to the environment
1. There is less pollution because there are fewer vehicles on road.
2. Digitized documents lead to less paper usage and thus save trees.
3. There would be less waste generation.
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Disadvantages of working from home to employees
1. Employees need to motivate and organize themselves.
2. No teamwork or creative work can be done working alone from home
3. The employees don’t feel a sense of loyalty to the company
4. Employees need proper office space in their homes and also the right
office equipment. Lack of a proper desk and chair can lead to ergonomic
issues
5. Difficult to concentrate at home because of disturbance caused by
children or other household noises like washing machines, lawnmowers,
TV, dishwashers, etc.
6. Work from home employees can feel very isolated, lonely, and bored.
7. Less career advancement opportunities for employees working from
home.
Disadvantages of working from home to employers
1. Supervising teleworkers is hard and monitoring their performance can get
challenging
2. If the network fails, then the whole work comes to a standstill.
Vocabulary check
Telecommuting: Working from home with the help of
the internet, email, and telephone.
Covid-19 has accelerated the trend towards
telecommuting. Telework has become a necessary
response to a terrible crisis and considering its many
advantages, it may become a popular practice in the
post-pandemic world.
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There are some motives for people to work. Some people think money is the
most important. Do you agree or disagree?
A big salary is much more important than job satisfaction. Do you agree or
disagree?
If some people get a chance to choose between life without work and spending
most of the time working, then they would choose not to work. Agree or
disagree?
Importance of money
1. Money is vital means to achieve a basic standard of living. Everyone today
wants to live comfortably, and money makes this possible.
2. Money is also important because today social status in life is majorly
dependent upon money. Almost everyone would refuse to work if they
were offered no money.
Other factors that motivate people to work
1. A sense of meaning and purpose. People today want to feel that they are
contributing to society and making a difference in the world.
2. Feeling of appreciation for hard work. It is basic human nature to want
others to acknowledge and appreciate our efforts and hard work.
3. The opportunity to learn and grow. This is perhaps the reason why many
employees leave their jobs for even lower-paid jobs because they feel
they have nothing new to learn at their old jobs.
4. A well-defined career progression. Most people have an ambition beyond
earning a high salary and if they see no hope of fulfilling their ambitions,
sooner or later they lose their passion to work.
Disagree that people will choose not to work and prefer life without work:
1. Work provides people with inner creative joy and saves them from the
dullness and boredom of life.
2. Work gives people a sense of meaning and purpose. In other words,
people today want to feel that they are contributing to society and making
a difference in the world.
3. For some people work is about respect in society. This is the reason even
heirs to rich billionaires work despite having enough money to live their
whole life in luxury.
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The best way to learn about other cultures is to work in multinational
organisations. Do you agree or disagree?
Why it is a good way
No doubt working in a large MNC presents some opportunities to learn about
other cultures as employees deal with colleagues, businesses, and clients from
different parts of the globe. For example,
1. In some cultures, it is normal to address clients and bosses by their first
name whereas in others it is considered disrespectful.
2. Similarly, countries like Japan and Germany are sticklers for punctuality,
and people are expected to arrive on time for meetings but in other
cultures being a few minutes late is acceptable.
Why it is not the best way and what other ways are better
1. One way to experience and understand other cultures is to actually travel
to those countries and live their lifestyle.
• Travelling lets one experience all aspects of a culture like food,
language, customs, festivals, etc.
• In an MNC, employees are restricted to just corporate aspects of a
culture.
2. Fun and effective ways like watching a foreign language movie, trying a
new ethnic food recipe from another country, and learning a foreign
dance form online.
• These methods are stress-free and entertaining, whereas corporate
culture is so stressful that people don’t get time to learn about other
people’s cultures.
Vocabulary check
Sticklers: People who insist on a certain quality or
type of behaviour.
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Many people say that companies should give importance to their employees,
whereas others say that they should give importance to customers. Discuss
both and opine.
Advantages of putting employees first
1. Employees work harder when they are happier. A company’s productivity
is directly proportional to its employee happiness.
2. Customer satisfaction ultimately depends upon employees. Companies
have realized that happy employees, equals happy customers, and
because of this, they have started focusing their attention on the benefit
of their workforce.
Advantages of putting customers first
1. The success of any organisation depends largely on its customer base.
More customers mean more revenue, which ultimately means more
profits. This is why organisations today are spending crores of rupees on
customer acquisition and retention.
2. Happy and satisfied customers create a positive brand image for the
company and a good brand image is paramount to success in today’s
competitive era.
Own view
Both employee and customer happiness have to be in balance with each other.
Vocabulary check
Acquisition: an asset or object bought or obtained.
Paramount: more important than anything else.
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Research has shown that spending much less time in the office can reduce the
use of energy (for example, electricity, gas). Thus, some companies close for
some days a week. Do the advantages of this development outweigh the
disadvantages?
Drawbacks of closing office some days a week
1. It may affect the work output and reduce the earnings of employees,
especially those who work on daily wages.
2. Considering the competition faced by the companies and the targets they
have to achieve within the given deadlines, this policy could have
detrimental effects on the companies’ performances.
Benefits of closing office some days a week for employers
1. Substantial reduction of office expenses in terms of electricity
consumption, water usage, and fuel costs.
2. A reduced workweek improves the productivity of employees and thereby
compensates for the hours lost. This makes them go back to work the next
day with added zeal and enthusiasm.
3. Companies offering such working conditions are more attractive to
potential employees.
Benefits of closing office some days a week for employees
1. An extra day off could give them much-needed time for themselves and
their families.
2. Workers can also join some physical activity on these days, and this can
help address problems like obesity and backache caused by a sedentary
work environment.
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Some countries have introduced a law to limit working hours for
employees. Why is this law introduced? Do you think it is a positive or
negative development?
Although countries with long average working hours are economically
successful, this often has some negative social consequences. To what extent
do you agree or disagree?
This law was mainly introduced to protect the economic rights of the workers,
and to prevent exploitation.
Limiting work hours is a positive development because
1. Results in improvement in the physical and mental health of the
employees, and better family relationships automatically follow.
2. Exhausted employees are more likely to make mistakes and this can result
in injuries.
3. Having a limit on working hours also helps solve the problem of
unemployment.
4. Increases the output and productivity of employees. This could be a winwin situation for both, the employers and employees.
No, there should be no limit on working hours
It is an infringement of rights. Proponents of this view say that if a person has
the ability to work more, he should be allowed to work.
Negative effects of long working hours
1. Working long hours takes a toll on employees’ health. This is because
when employees work long hours, they do not get time to exercise and
relax.
2. Employees do not get enough time for socializing and family life.
3. Companies that require longer work hours will employ fewer people in
total. More number of people working lesser hours is surely better than
fewer people working more hours.
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Some people think job satisfaction is more important than job security, while
others think that people cannot be expected to enjoy a job and having a
permanent job is more important. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Nowadays people think that the most important thing in life is job satisfaction.
Without excellent career life is meaningless. To what extent do you agree or
disagree.
Some people think young people should be free to choose their job, but other
people think they should be realistic and think more about their future.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Why job satisfaction is important?
1. People spend a great deal of their time in the workplace. If people are not
happy with their jobs, they would be stressed and unhappy in their
personal lives too.
2. Job satisfaction means that people work more efficiently and productively
and this ensures that companies value them more and reward them with
bonuses from time to time.
Why job security is important?
1. A lack of job security can cause discomfort and anxiety for employees.
2. Job security ensures financial stability. This means that employees have a
comfortable family life, free from stress and worries of debts and loans.
3. Secure employees are able to think creatively and outside the box.
Why job security is more important than job satisfaction?
1. People’s expectations from their work will keep growing, and hence job
satisfaction can only be temporary, and they may be disappointed when
their further desires fail to fulfil.
2. It can also happen that once people get job satisfaction, they may become
less ambitious, which may be detrimental for themselves and their work.
In comparison, job security can ensure that the employees dedicate their
energy into work with little worry of being fired due to their mistakes.
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As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job satisfaction
is an important element of individual wellbeing. What are the factors that
contribute to job satisfaction? How realistic is the expectation of job
satisfaction for all workers?
Factors for job satisfaction
1. Good salary and benefits contribute to an individual’s job satisfaction
level. Competitive pay that matches a job’s demand and skill set makes
employees feel valued.
2. Individuals also feel satisfied when their career path is filled with
opportunities to learn, grow and earn promotions.
3. A good relationship with supervisors and colleagues. For example, having
a boss who praises their good performance and listens to their opinions
makes employees feel important.
4. A healthy and comfortable work environment contributes to an
employee’s job satisfaction. Employees like working in places that are free
from stress, harassment, and discriminatory practices.
5. Physical features of the workplace like proximity to home, cleanliness,
good lighting, and comfortable seating also make employees satisfied.
6. The feeling that the work done by them is meaningful and has a positive
impact on society brings satisfaction to individuals.
How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers
Admittedly, it is difficult for all employees to become satisfied with their job
completely.
1. Many factors lead to job satisfaction and it is not practical to expect
everything in one job. For example, job satisfaction is dependent on
rapport with bosses and colleagues and their behaviour is not in the hands
of the employee.
2. The expectations of individuals change throughout their career span.
What satisfies an individual at the beginning of their career may not give
them the satisfaction a few years down the lane. Sometimes they are
unable to find new jobs and so get stuck in jobs that make them unhappy.
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In many countries, good schools and medical facilities are available only in
cities. Some people think new teachers and doctors should work in rural areas
for a few years, but others think everyone should be free to choose where they
work. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Why new teachers and doctors should work in rural areas
1. Rural areas lack trained professionals, and this could be a solution to
provide quality healthcare and education in such areas.
2. It would enable the teachers and doctors to get a wider range of training
and experience. For example, rural physicians come across a broader
scope of illnesses, as people in rural areas lack access to specialty
healthcare facilities.
Why new teachers and doctors should not be forced to work in rural areas
1. We belong to a democratic country and everyone has a right to work
where one pleases. Such enforcement may result in resentment in the
fresh graduates and there will be no motivation. This would affect their
performance and the rural residents may not get appropriate treatment
and service.
2. Fewer and fewer students would choose such majors and careers because
of this enforcement, and so in the long run there would be a shortage of
such professionals.
Governments should try to attract new graduates to
rural postings through incentives like loan waivers
and higher salaries as it is the only solution to the
dearth of professionals in such areas.
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Some people tend to take temporary jobs (they only work for a few months of
the year), for they have time to do other things. Do the advantages outweigh
the disadvantages?
Advantages of temporary jobs
1. Temporary work is relatively easy to get.
2. Doing temporary work will give a candidate the much-needed work
experience.
3. If a temporary worker excels in his current job, chances are that he might
be asked to stay on with the company on a full-time basis.
4. By going from company to company, a temporary worker gets a lot of
exposure. By learning to work with different kinds of people, a temporary
worker can sharpen his people skills.
5. Temporary work offers more flexibility and more time to spend with
family or on hobbies. If a temporary worker needs some time off, he can
just make himself unavailable for a while, until he is ready to take on the
next assignment.
Disadvantages of temporary jobs
1. A temporary job does not have job security and you may be fired at any
time.
2. Temporary workers also do not get the perks and benefits that regular
full-time employees get like medical insurance, bonuses, etc.
3. Temporary workers get fewer chances for advancement in their careers
because of the gaps in their employment.
4. Temporary workers may feel isolated and not well respected by other
employees.
Temporary employees are hired to assist employers to
meet business demands yet allow the employer to
avoid the cost of hiring a regular employee.
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Some people say that professional workers such as doctors, nurses, and
teachers, who make a greater contribution to society should be paid more
than those people in the field of sports and entertainment. To what extent do
you agree or disagree?
Nowadays, some celebrities such as film stars, sportsmen and pop musicians
are paid too much money. Do you agree or disagree? Which jobs should be
highly paid?
The high earnings of celebs (actors and sportsmen) are justified because
1. They make a huge contribution to society. They provide us entertainment
and inspiration, and they also bring name and fame to our country. They
are role models for society and people follow them and listen to them.
2. They have a very short career span so the comparisons in pay are not
justified. Most people in the sports and entertainment field start their
career at the age of 19-20 and retire by 33-35 years.
3. These celebs sacrifice their personal life and freedom completely. They
cannot enjoy the common things of life as the common man does and so
they do deserve these high salaries.
4. They face a lot of competition and have to work really hard to be
successful in their careers.
5. Injuries in the case of athletes and a series of unsuccessful movies or
shows for actors can end their careers.
Doctors, teachers, nurses, police officers and firefighters should be paid more:
1. Doctors and nurses put their lives at stake and have much more on the
line than actors.
2. Firefighters risk their lives to save others and that’s worth more than
money
3. Teachers put in a lot of hard work and are so important for the success of
children, the future generation.
4. Police officers keep the citizens safe and deserve better salaries for all
their efforts.
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Nowadays some professionals such as doctors, lawyers, and engineers are paid
much higher salaries than ordinary workers. What do you think of this trend?
Are there any jobs, which you think should offer higher salaries?
Reasons why the high salary of doctors, lawyers, and engineers is justified
1. Professions, such as medical, engineering, and law, require far more years
of study than the other professions.
2. It requires a lot of financial input to attain these degrees.
3. Some of these higher-paid professions are round-the-clock professions
and very challenging physically as well as mentally.
Other jobs which deserve high salaries
1. Nurses and other healthcare workers: they risk their lives to take care of
the sick.
2. Teachers: they give children purpose and inspire them to do well and
succeed in life
3. People working in high-risk professions such as firefighters and security
guards.
4. People in administrative posts such as IAS and IPS officers.
5. People working in defence services such as the army, navy, and air force.
Many healthcare workers lost their lives to save others
during the covid-19 pandemic. The sacrifice they
made for the safety and welfare of humanity is
priceless and deserves lifelong gratitude.
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In some countries, it is compulsory for all young people to join the armed
forces for some time. What are the benefits of requiring young people to serve
in the army? Does participation in community work qualify as an alternative?
Advantages of conscription
1. Young people can raise their physical fitness and enjoy better health.
2. They also develop a sense of team spirit and improve their abilities to get
along well with others. They learn to cope with problems independently,
and gain self-confidence.
3. They expand their social circle, as people from different corners of the
country are together in the army camps. This can prove an invaluable
asset when they return to civilian life.
4. It is irrefutable that army officers are very efficient, disciplined, and
excellent time managers. They are highly respected by the civilians.
5. Some of them may join the army permanently if they like that life. It is
also considered a positive point when they look for other jobs.
6. It also instils a sense of patriotism among the youth.
Advantages of community service as an alternative
Many young people cannot cope with the high level of stress in the army. That's
why community service is suggested as an alternative in most countries.
1. Community service requires young people to contribute part of their time,
energy, and skills only.
2. Increases self-confidence, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. Doing good
for others and the community provides a natural sense of
accomplishment.
3. By volunteering, young adults gain real-world experience and practice
important habits like leadership, problem-solving, and time management.
4. Volunteering helps youth see that not everyone’s life is like theirs. Helping
people who have different life circumstances can help them become more
empathetic to everyone in their lives.
Vocabulary check
Conscription: compulsory enlistment
service, typically into the armed forces.
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state
39
Rich countries should not employ skilled labour from poor countries, as poor
countries need the workers more. Do you agree or disagree?
Rich countries should employ skilled labour from poor countries (disagree)
1. The migrant workers bring their entrepreneurial and cost-effective
methods with them to rich countries, benefitting their economies
immensely.
2. Many developed countries are facing a skilled labour shortage and hiring
employees from developing countries is the only way to save their
economies from stagnation or recession.
3. When rich countries require skilled labour from developing countries, a
demand is created in these poor countries, which leads to the
development of their internal infrastructure such as good educational
institutes. For example, when many IT professionals were hired by the
United States in the late 20th Century, there was a big growth in the
Indian tech-related education sector.
4. These workers bring back the cosmopolitan culture of developed
countries and this leads to a change in traditional thinking in poor
countries.
5. This benefits the skilled workers and their families as well.
• In their home countries, their skills are wasted due to a lack of job
opportunities. On the contrary, in developed countries, they are not
only able to find suitable jobs but also earn enough to send some of
their earnings back to their families.
• These workers also learn new work-related skills and can use them to
find better jobs when they return to their own countries.
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People aim to achieve a balance between their work and lives, but few people
achieve it. What are the causes of this problem? How to overcome it?
Why do people fail to achieve a work-life balance
1. Mobile technology (cell phones) has made people available all the time
for work even when they are at home.
2. Consumerism and materialism have led to this workaholism.
3. People cannot achieve a work-life balance because the definition of a
work-life balance is different for different people. What works for one
person may not work for another.
Importance of work-life balance
1. It is important to achieve a balance between work time and leisure or
family time. “Workaholics” may neglect their families and friends
2. Too much work can result in stress and poor health. People need to take
regular holidays.
3. A good work/ life balance can raise job satisfaction. Happy, healthy
workers are more productive
Solutions
1. People must try to introspect and see what makes them happy and then
set priorities in life. When they come home from work, they must learn to
switch the office button off.
2. People should adopt ‘downshifting’, which means reducing one’s
standard of life for an improved quality of life, and that would result in
more spare time and reduced workloads.
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Some employers want to be able to contact their staff at all times, even on
holidays. Does this development have more advantages than disadvantages?
Advantages of employers being able to always contact staff
1. A person can work any time and from anywhere. This means that he
doesn’t need to be in the office during the regular 9-to-5 work hours. This
is especially helpful for on-the-go business owners.
2. This leads to better relations between employer and employee.
3. This helps the employee be more creative and productive.
4. In some emergency situations, requiring immediate attention, critical
decisions can be taken without any delays.
Disadvantages of employers being able to always contact staff
1. It is one of the leading causes of work-life imbalance.
2. The employee may always be stressed about the fact that the employer
can call them anytime, and so they are not able to enjoy anything fully.
3. This may also create a rift in the employee-employer relationship.
4. The employee may not be able to cope with the stress, which not only
affects the productivity and efficiency at work but also leads to many
health-related problems, like hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and
so on.
5. Such employers are more likely to be resented by others at the workplace
and again this will add to the pressures and anxieties they are already
dealing with.
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These days many people leave their country to work abroad and take their
families with them. Do you think the benefits of this outweigh the
disadvantages in terms of family development?
Nowadays, many families move overseas for job opportunities and take their
children along with them. Some people think that this is beneficial for the
children of these families, while others think children will find it difficult.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Advantages to the children
1. Children have more bonding with family. Children left behind by migrant
parents lack emotional support and can have phycological issues.
2. They get international exposure as they are exposed to various cultures
as people from various countries immigrate to those developed countries.
3. They also get a better education and can get better placed in life later on.
Disadvantages to the children
1. These children find it challenging to adapt to the sudden change in culture
and language. They are exposed to a foreign culture on one hand and
forced by parents to stick to their traditions on the other hand. This can
be very confusing for them.
2. They also feel insecure and isolated if they are not fluent in English.
Disadvantages of going abroad without family
1. Less bonding with spouse and kids. Some couples finally end up in divorce,
as one or both of them cannot endure the long-term separation.
2. Some feel homesick and lonely and return home thereby missing the
golden opportunity of working abroad.
Disadvantages of going abroad with family
Living with family members abroad means more expenses. A single
person can share a room with someone in the initial stages, but a family
needs a proper house.
Emigrate means to leave (depart) one's country to live
in another. Immigrate is to come to another country to
live permanently. Migrate is to move (temporary or
permanent) from one place to another.
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In many countries more and more young people are leaving school but are
unable to find jobs. What problems do you think youth unemployment causes
for individuals and the society? What measures should be taken to reduce the
level of unemployment among youngsters?
Effects of unemployment on young people
1. Psychological consequences like loss of identity and self-esteem.
2. Those without any source of earnings may find themselves homeless.
3. Increased stress because of family and social pressure.
4. People with a history of unemployment face fewer career development
opportunities and lower wages.
5. Jobless people may become involved in illegal activities as a means to get
money.
Effects of unemployment on society
1. Increased poverty: Poverty, which is the result of unemployment, also
leads to many problems like diminished health standards.
2. Increased Crime: Young people are energetic and if their energy is not
channelled in the right direction then violence and crime increase.
Solutions
1. Education system reform – many people are without jobs and many jobs
are without suitable people
2. Government should provide subsidies to those firms that take on
unemployed people
3. Government can encourage self-employment by giving loans to young
people who want to be entrepreneurs.
4. Control of birth rate – fewer children to care for and feed.
5. Government can create jobs by setting up agriculture and cottage
industries such as carpets, mats, and soaps.
Of all aspects of social misery nothing is so
heartbreaking as unemployment.
Jane Adams
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45
Employers should give the staff at least four weeks of holidays a year to make
employees do better at their jobs. To what extent do you agree or disagree
with this statement?
Agree: as it would not only benefit the employees but also the employers.
Advantages of at least four weeks of holidays a year to employees
1. Better mental health and lower stress. Due to long working hours and lack
of holidays, many employees are under a lot of stress. Four weeks of
holidays would enable people to recharge their batteries and refresh
themselves.
2. Promotes work-life balance. It would give people time to spend with
families and go on vacations and pursue their hobbies. Many companies
are facing attrition because employees are unable to balance their
personal life and their professional life and thus such a step would go a
long way in reversing this trend.
Advantages at least four weeks of holidays a year to the companies
1. Companies which offer holidays would be more attractive to job seekers.
In other words, such initiatives would help companies recruit better
talent.
2. Increased work efficiency and productivity. Regular yearly breaks would
reduce stress and thus, help employees to concentrate better on their
work.
3. If employees feel cared about and important, it would also improve
customer satisfaction as customer satisfaction depends largely upon
employee moods and their working conditions.
4. Employees taking vacations means other employees get a chance to
handle their responsibilities. This promotes knowledge transfer between
staff and decreases the risk that vital information is lost when a key
employee leaves the company unexpectedly.
Vocabulary check
Attrition: Staff attrition refers to the loss of employees
through a natural process, such as retirement,
resignation, personal health, or other similar reasons.
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Nowadays, many people have to work longer hours, and they feel more
stressed out than before. What are the reasons for stress at the workplace?
What can employers do to make their employees’ life easier?
Causes of stress in the workplace
1. Excessively high workload with unrealistic deadlines.
2. Insufficient workload leads employees to think that employers are
undervaluing their potential.
3. Bad rapport with colleagues
4. Being given a job for which the employee has no experience or training.
5. Lack of job security
6. Pay may be less than the magnitude of work
7. Bullying or harassment by management
8. Poor physical working environment such as excessive heat, cold or noise,
inadequate lighting, uncomfortable seating, and so on.
Steps, which can be taken by employers to reduce workplace stress
1. Employers should reduce employees’ workload. They should ensure that
their employees' targets are challenging but realistic.
2. Employers should make sure that employees take their full holiday
entitlement.
3. They should check that individuals are well matched to the jobs they've
got and provide them any training they may need.
4. Employers should vary the work of employees to break the monotony.
5. They should ensure that the workplace is comfortable
Steps, which can be taken by employees to reduce workplace stress
1. They should take frequent breaks and relax. They should realize that the
opposite of stress is relaxation and should avoid working during coffee
and lunch breaks.
2. A little exercise every day is a good stress buster.
3. Getting a full night’s sleep and a healthy diet.
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Some companies and organizations require their employees to wear a
uniform. What are the advantages and disadvantages of wearing a uniform?
Advantages of dress code at the workplace
1. A dress code makes the company look professional in the eyes of its
clients. The way customers perceive a company is important for the type
and amount of business it does.
2. When all employees are in a similar dress, they feel united, because of
which they tend to work with more dedication.
3. A dress code also helps to differentiate ranks and positions within the
workforce. For example, in a hospital, the dress code helps to tell apart
doctors and nurses.
4. A dress code is also very important for keeping employees safe from
injury. For example, protective clothing, lab coats, gloves, and headgear
ensures employees’ safety when working with chemicals or other
machines.
5. A dress code is also very beneficial for other places of service, such as food
factories or grocery stores as it portrays a feeling of cleanliness and also
ensures the safety of consumers.
6. Having a uniform also reduces employee confusion: a clear dress code
means they don't have to wonder what to wear or whether something
would be appropriate to wear to work.
Disadvantages of dress code at the workplace
1. It can become very boring to wear the same clothes daily.
2. The uniform may not be very comfortable to wear.
3. It mars the creativity of employees
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Some people prefer to be self-employed, whereas others like working for
companies or institutions. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both
approaches. Which do you think is a better approach?
Advantages of self-employment
1. Self-employment offers greater flexibility than working for a company.
2. Self-employed people decide their own pay check.
3. Nowadays, it is easy to set up a company. Young entrepreneurs are being
encouraged by loans from the government, and the Internet provides a
global marketplace
4. If the self-employed person does well, he gets all the credit, but if he
works for someone, the employer gets the credit.
Disadvantages of self-employment
1. Self-employed people may face financial difficulties. Many businesses fail
to make a profit.
2. There is less stability in self-employment.
3. There are no benefits like pensions, sick pay, and holiday pay.
4. Self-employment involves hard work, long hours, and total responsibility
Advantages of working for a company
1. Employees don’t have to make any investments and so have nothing to
lose.
2. They also get hands-on training in companies.
3. If the company does well, the employees get bonuses and perks from time
to time.
4. Employees get their regular pay-check even if the company is going into a
loss.
5. Working for a reputed company is a status symbol.
Disadvantages of working for a company
1. No freedom. The employees always have to work under someone.
2. There is always a limit on the salary.
3. Companies may let employees go without any notice.
Entrepreneurs are job creators and not job seekers
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Promotions to higher levels should be from within a company and not to a new
person from outside. Do you agree or disagree?
Benefits of hiring from within
1. It is quicker and the transition is seamless. Internal employees are already
familiar with the company and aware of its operations and business
methods.
2. It results in higher productivity as employees feel that they will be
rewarded for their extra effort and work hard.
3. It is great for the morale of the employees when they see that there are
opportunities for growth within the company.
4. It is cheaper as there is no need for advertisements, training, and
interviews.
5. Older employees are more loyal to the company whereas a new hire may
not stick around.
6. There is less risk when companies promote internally as they are already
familiar with the work style and ethics of the employee. A new hire may
not fit the role and may have to be laid off or fired after a few months.
Drawbacks of hiring from within
1. Sometimes, the established policy of hiring from within makes some
employees feel that they are entitled to promotion just because they have
spent time with the company.
2. This can hurt the feelings of other employees who are not promoted. They
may feel that they deserved the position better.
3. Companies may miss out on the new and creative ideas an outside
candidate may bring.
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Many students take part-time jobs while studying at universities. Do you think
it is a positive or negative development?
Advantages of students taking part-time jobs while studying at universities
1. Extra cash from part-time work lets the student cover the cost of living
more comfortably and also partly fund their education.
2. Students who earn their own money learn to budget and spend it wisely
as it is their hard-earned money.
3. This also instils some discipline in their lives because they have to manage
time effectively so that their studies don’t suffer.
4. When students work in their after-college hours, they do not indulge in
any violence, crime, and drugs.
5. These jobs can provide valuable on-the-job training that will make the
students much more competitive once they graduate from college.
6. They also develop a network of friends doing different courses and from
diverse backgrounds. This network may help them later on in their work
lives.
Disadvantages of students taking part-time jobs while studying at universities
1. It leads to stress as students cannot strike a balance between work and
study. Employment may affect the student’s sleep time, which may result
in absenteeism from classes.
2. The student may not get time for socializing and other activities.
3. Part-time work may distract the student from their studies.
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In many countries, teenagers are encouraged to do part-time jobs. What’s the
situation like in your country? What do you think are the advantages and
disadvantages of doing part-time jobs?
Advantages of part-time jobs for teenagers
1. Teaches them skills such as communication skills and teamwork that will
prepare them for careers in adulthood.
2. They acquire confidence, develop a sense of responsibility, and feel more
independent.
3. Earning money enables them to learn about budgeting and money
management.
4. Students who work a moderate amount—no more than 10 to 15 hours a
week during the school years—tend to earn higher grades than those who
don't work at all.
5. They can save for college and don’t have to take big loans or financial help
from their parents.
6. It is a constructive use of their free time and they are less likely to get in
trouble.
Disadvantages of part-time jobs for teenagers
1. Working more than 13 to 20 hours a week is associated with lower grades.
2. Teens who work too many hours find it difficult to keep up with
extracurricular activities and social relationships.
3. Some studies have found that teens who work long hours are more likely
to engage in such risky activities as using illegal drugs or alcohol - in part
because they are exposed to older co-workers who lead them astray.
4. Early entry into a negative or harsh work environment may encourage
negative views of work.
5. They miss out on the fun of being young. They have a whole lifetime in
which they have to earn a living
Vocabulary check
Constructive: serving a useful purpose
Astray: away from the correct path or direction
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Some people think that managers alone should make decisions in the
company, while others think that employees should be involved in the
decision-making process too. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
In favor of managers taking decisions
1. Managers have years of experience and are well aware of the company’s
goals and policies.
2. Confidential matters should be shared only among the top personnel of
the organisation as only the top managers know the loopholes and trade
secrets of a company and can handle the challenges of the organization
better.
In favor of involving employees in decision making
1. Actively engaging workers in the decision-making process increases their
overall morale and they work with a positive attitude.
2. Participation in the decision-making process improves the relationship
between managers and employees and also encourages a strong sense of
teamwork among workers.
Own Opinion
Decisions pertaining to various policy matters of the organization should
be taken by the top management and have a long-term impact on the
functioning of the concern. However, operating decisions relating to the
day-to-day functioning or operations of the business and can be left to the
employees.
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Nowadays doctors can become very rich. Maybe they should not focus on
profitable activities such as plastic surgery or looking after rich patients and
concentrate more on patients’ health, no matter how rich they are. Do you
agree or disagree?
According to a survey, people involved in certain occupations and professions
are seen to be honest. Why is it so? What is the situation in your country?
Should doctors not focus on profitable activities, such as plastic surgeries or
looking after rich patients, and concentrate more on people’s health. I disagree
because
1. It takes years to become a doctor and medical education is also very
expensive nowadays.
2. Cosmetic surgeries are also part of people’s health. They are part of
mental health.
3. There are children born with cleft lip or palate, who also need plastic
surgery.
4. It is a well-known fact that as in any other profession, it is not all who earn
very high.
Why people involved in certain occupations and professions are seen to be
honest
1. In some professions being honest is the best way to maximize profits in
the long run. For example, any business will have repeat customers if it
uses ethical means.
2. In some professions, there is no room for dishonesty. For instance, in the
medical profession, you have to tell the correct diagnosis to the patients.
It is difficult to generalize professions based on honesty. For instance, in the
medical profession, some doctors may be prescribing unnecessary tests just for
their benefit and some insurance agents may be telling all the positive and
negative points of their insurance plans to their clients.
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Education
Essays
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Students in school should learn academic subjects and pass exams. Other skills
such as cookery, dressmaking, and woodwork can be learnt well from family
and friends. Do you agree or disagree?
Many people believe that cooking is an essential life skill and should be taught
to boys and girls in schools. Others disagree and believe it is a waste of school
time. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Some people think students in primary school / secondary school should be
taught how to manage money because it is an important life skill. Do you agree
or disagree?
Now a lot of people in college are doing academic studies. We should
encourage them to learn vocational skills (for example, to become plumbers
and electricians). Do you agree or disagree?
Some people think that secondary school students should study academic
subjects (such as history and physics), while others believe they should study
practical subjects (such as car machinery and cookery). Discuss both views and
give your own opinion.
Students in schools should learn practical skills like car maintenance and
managing a bank account in addition to academic subjects. Do you agree or
disagree?
Schools are spending more time on traditional subjects like history etc. They
should rather spend more time teaching skills that can help them find a job.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
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Importance of teaching - cooking, sewing, and woodworking in schools.
1. Craft education improves the intelligence level of students. Recent
researches claim that there is a direct correlation between hand-eye
coordination and the development of the brain.
2. Students can learn math through real-life applications in craft projects.
They need math when they are measuring, designing, and planning their
projects.
3. It also teaches students to concentrate and focus. This helps students who
have problems with sitting still and listening in class.
4. It takes away gender stereotypes. Both boys and girls learn how to knit,
sew and cook. Both boys and girls learn how to woodwork and hammer
and use power tools.
5. It gives additional career choices.
Importance of academic subjects
1. Basic knowledge of academic subjects such as math, life sciences, social
sciences, and languages makes children well-informed citizens of
tomorrow.
2. The competition today is very stiff, and students have to excel in
academics to secure a seat in a good university or college.
3. The job market requires professional skills which are obtained through
the study of academic subjects. There is a huge demand for professionals
in all fields in comparison to the saturated market of blue-collar jobs and
workers.
4. Scientists and technologists are paid far better than the people doing
lower level jobs.
Why cooking classes should be taught at schools
1. Today children belong to nuclear families and in most cases, both parents
are working. If children know cooking, they can cook for themselves in
times of need.
2. Today many students go abroad for their higher education. There they will
not face any food problems if they have culinary skills.
3. Children would also know the value of healthy ingredients in food. They
would refrain from eating too much fast food.
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Why cooking classes should not be taught at schools (same points for sewing,
and woodworking)
1. Children are already burdened with many academic subjects.
2. Cooking is something which children can learn as and when the need
arises from parents or the internet.
3. Cooking is not a theoretical subject; it has more of a practical component.
It would, therefore, be a big burden on the infrastructure of the schools.
Why should money management be taught in schools?
1. The main advantage of incorporating financial planning at the school level
is that students grow up to be economically successful adults.
2. If financial education is taught in schools, it would ensure all children have
an equal opportunity to learn about finances regardless of the family’s
financial background or experience.
3. Early financial education can also be of benefit in their school days itself,
as children are encountering money earlier and earlier in life.
Importance of vocational education/ practical subjects
1. Young people can start earning money soon and can become financially
independent. They will be able to afford their own house or start a family
soon.
2. This can ease off the financial stress of their parents, and they can also go
for tertiary education with their own saved money.
3. Young people have the chance to gain hands-on learning experience and
learn practical skills related to their chosen profession.
4. By studying practical subjects students can become ready to acquire a job
just after completion of their primary or secondary education.
5. Practical knowledge and application skills are essential to survive in this
competitive world of today. It is important to understand how things work
in the real world.
Why students don’t need to learn skills like bank account management, car
maintenance in schools
1. Bank account management is a 'life skill' that anyone can learn by simply
opening a bank account.
2. Other skills like car maintenance are not really necessary. Most people
take their cars to a qualified mechanic.
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Some people say subjects like arts, music, drama, and creative writing are
more beneficial to children, and therefore they need more of these subjects to
be included in their timetable. Do you agree or disagree?
Some say that secondary schools should spend less time on traditional subjects
such as history and should spend more time on teaching communication skills
and business courses. To what extent do you agree or disagree with it?
Some people think students should learn more practical courses like
computer, but others think they should learn more about theoretical courses
like geography and mathematics. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
We have three important parts of education: reading, writing, and math. Some
people think every child will benefit from a fourth skill added to the list:
computer skills. Do you agree or disagree?
Some people think that schools should concentrate on academic classes,
because they are helpful for future careers, and they think music and sports
classes are not useful. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Physical activities should be introduced to school children on a regular basis.
Do you agree or disagree? What kind of sports are the most useful?
In the modern society, many people think that primary schools should teach
science and technology rather than history and geography, which are useless
and boring. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Some people think the subject of music is not necessary in primary school, and
other practical subjects like science should replace it. Do you agree or
disagree?
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Importance of teaching arts, drama, and creative writing in schools
1. Art education improves vocabulary, communication, and memory.
Research has found a link between arts education and success in other
subjects.
2. Arts exercise the right side of the brain, whereas academic subjects
exercise the left side. According to experts, it is necessary to exercise both
sides of the brain to maintain balanced emotions.
3. The arts unite life and learning and are essential in the development of
the whole person.
4. It brings out the creativity of children and when such hidden abilities are
exposed during school time then those with exceptional talent can be
encouraged to adopt it as a profession later on in life.
5. Such subjects are stressbusters. In the highly competitive era of today, the
pressure of academic subjects is too high. Arts like music, drama, and
creative writing break the monotony of tough academic studies.
Importance of teaching communication skills and business courses
1. Good communication skills (oral and written) are essential for academic
success.
2. Good communication skills will help them in interviews and jobs. They are
essential when working with others, managing people, and overseeing
projects.
3. The study of business courses is also invaluable today. Eventually, all
students will encounter the world of business, whether they work in
urban or rural areas. They must be prepared to engage in business activity
with confidence and competence.
Advantages of theoretical knowledge
1. The job market requires professional skills which are obtained through
the study of academic subjects. There is a huge demand for professionals
in all fields in comparison to the saturated market of blue collar jobs and
workers.
2. Scientists and technologists are paid far better than the people doing
lower level jobs. In other words, this means that well educated people live
more comfortable lives than those who lack it.
3. Theoretical knowledge is the base of doing anything practically.
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Why teaching computer skills is not necessary in schools
1. Most school children today are under heavy academic pressure and so,
adding computer skills to their curriculum surely means an extra burden
to them.
2. Today's computer technologies are ever-changing. Software is frequently
updated. This means that the computer skills students learn today will
probably become obsolete in a few months.
3. The development of technologies has made most of today's computers
user-friendly. Therefore, even a person who is totally computer illiterate
can learn the minimum basics in a few hours and the rest is all practice.
Importance of non-academic subjects
1. Non-academic subjects break the monotony of tough academic studies.
2. Participating in sports keeps children physically fit. We all know that a
healthy mind resides in a healthy body.
3. Subjects such as music also have proved to be helpful in improving the IQ
of children.
Importance of physical activities for school children
1. Regular physical exercise is needed for a healthy body and a healthy mind.
It helps with proper growth and builds strong bones and muscles.
2. Including sports or any other exercises in a child’s daily schedule, helps
set a good habit very early and this helps them remain fit and active
throughout their lives.
3. Research has proved that exercising during early childhood years helps
prevent many diseases later in life, like obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular
diseases, and so on.
4. Sports and any other form of physical exercise also help reduce stress and
anxiety. This in turn makes the children do well academically, as they are
able to concentrate better, do their tasks on time, and achieve better
grades.
5. Students learn very important life skills, like teamwork, co-operation,
discipline, sportsmanship spirit, punctuality, etc.
6. Children also learn about different cultures when they play sports, as they
come across other participants from different regions and backgrounds.
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Why history and geography should be removed from primary schools
1. To lessen some burden on the children.
2. If teachers have to teach fewer subjects, they can add more physical
activities for children in the primary classes.
3. Science and technology are more interesting than history and geography.
So, in the early years children will develop an interest in studying which
will continue into later years.
Importance of music in the primary classes
1. Music and cognitive abilities go hand in hand. Therefore, it improves
students’ grades in other subjects also. It was seen in a research that
second graders who were given music lessons scored 27% higher in math
than children who received no music lessons
2. Exposing children to music in the early and primary years increases
listening and concentration skills also.
3. Music is an art form. We are emotional beings and every child requires an
artistic outlet.
4. Music helps the child to open up and improve his communication skills. It
helps him to express his ideas and thoughts in a better manner.
5. Involvement in a music group, chorus, or band gives the young child a
sense of importance and belonging.
6. Music education can open doors for children who can later adopt it as a
hobby or even profession in later years.
Music gives a soul to the universe, wings to the
mind, flight to the imagination, and life to
everything.
Plato
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Full time university students spend most of their time studying. They should
be doing other activities too. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Advantages of Extracurricular activities
1. Participating in extracurricular activities helps students learn characterbuilding lessons, which they can apply to their study habits and their lives.
2. Personality is made up of several abilities and therefore nonacademic
activities are also essential for the holistic development of personality.
3. Such activities also help students to interact with students of other
institutions by way of inter-school and inter-college meets and
competitions.
4. Extracurricular activities teach lessons not learned in a classroom.
5. Through extracurricular activities, students learn life skills such as time
management that benefit them a lot. These activities take time out of the
student’s schedules, therefore, the students must plan their time wisely
and efficiently to complete the assigned tasks.
6. In addition to organizational skills, extracurricular activities in the arts
teach students analytical skills and creative problem-solving skills, since
they have to think creatively to successfully perform music, act in a play,
or produce a work of art.
7. Even recruiters look for these skills in addition to academic qualifications
while looking for employees.
Extracurricular Activities for College Students
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Debate Team
Sports
School Newspaper
Orchestra
Book Club
Coding and Web skills
Volunteer
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Some people think history has nothing or little to tell us, but others think that
studying history can help us better understand the present. Discuss the two
views and give your own opinion.
Importance of the study of history
1. History helps to develop a better understanding of the world.
Understanding historical events and trends over the past years enables
one to develop an appreciation for current events today.
2. It also teaches us how to approach the future. Knowing history is
important to avoid previous mistakes and prevent them from happening
again.
3. By studying history one can pursue a career in a wide array of fields such
as politics, journalism, and law.
4. Studying history helps students to be better citizens. History will tell about
the suffering and sacrifice which went behind the freedom and they will
learn to appreciate the freedom they are enjoying today even more.
5. Students learn to understand other people. They learn about other
cultures and how they affect their own.
6. We also get inspiration from the great men of the past through history.
Why some people say that history is not important
1. The past was very different from the present, and we cannot apply that
knowledge to the present. For example, they say that the French
Revolution and the Freedom Struggle of India do not need to be learnt
because those situations will never arise again.
2. Opponents of the study of history also claim that history has nothing to
do with professionals, such as architects and accountants.
Those who cannot remember the past are condemned
to repeat it.
George Santayana
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It is more important for school children to learn local history than world
history. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Importance of the study of local history
1. Local history is relevant to the student’s own surroundings.
2. Local history helps students understand their ancestors better. What
events shaped their ancestors’ lives?
3. The study of local history provides the student with increased interest in
the larger subject of history.
4. The knowledge of local history may encourage preservation. As people
move away, all the roots, which bind them to their local area, are
forgotten. If they study local history, they might wish to preserve the local
areas.
5. Local history fills the young minds with a sense of patriotism.
Importance of the study of world history
1. World history helps prepare young people for college studies,
international experience, and active participation in civic life.
2. Through global history people understand how other cultures affect their
own. It also encourages them to develop a greater appreciation for
multicultural influences within their own communities as well.
3. It helps them become global citizens, who know and care about world
issues and problems.
4. World history helps them understand the world today. All major
civilizations of the world have common roots, which point to the basic
unity of mankind. The cultures of different countries have contributed in
one way or the other to the total heritage of mankind.
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Some children find some subjects such as mathematics and philosophy too
difficult to learn, so some people argue that those subjects should be optional
rather than compulsory. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Mathematics should be a mandatory part of school curricula because
1. Math is the basis of all other subjects. Every discipline from archaeology
to zoology benefits from the study of math.
2. The knowledge of math makes children smarter as it teaches them to
think critically.
3. It’s very important to have a strong grasp of basic concepts in math and
have a strong foundation otherwise students find it difficult to do
advanced math and develop a phobia of math.
4. If math is studied in school, then it opens doors to many interesting
subjects and careers. Many high-paid jobs require analytical thinking
which only those children who have a good mathematics base.
5. No single day can be spent without encountering some form of
mathematics. From page numbers to prices to today’s date, math puts
things in order and enables us to compare quantitatively.
6. To survive financially one must use math to allocate one’s resources. For
example, investing in business or stock.
7. There are esoteric reasons – some people are just fascinated by the
amazing coincidences found in numbers. For e.g., in the table of 9, the
sum of all multiples is nine
Why philosophy should not be compulsory in schools
1. Philosophy can be made optional because school children are too
immature to learn about the complexities of human relationships.
2. They can learn such social skills from parents and teachers in an informal
way by just observing them.
3. Philosophy, as a subject, would be too boring and would only add to the
burden on the students.
Vocabulary check
Esoteric – likely to be understood or enjoyed by few
with specialist knowledge
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Some people believe that studying literature is important for individual
character building while others think it is a waste of time. Discuss both points
of view and provide your own opinion.
Literature refers to works of creative imagination, including works of poetry,
drama, fiction, and nonfiction.
Why it is important to study literature
1. It improves reading skills and also helps students develop good writing
skills.
2. It expands our horizons. When we read a piece of literature, we get to
read about people, places and events through the eyes of someone other
than ourselves.
3. Reading literature helps us build good critical thinking skills.
4. Literature expands our vocabulary. The larger our vocabulary is, the easier
it would be to understand other subjects.
5. It enhances our ability to communicate with others by making us aware
of the worlds other people live in.
6. Literature can relieve stress and anxiety. A good book does wonders for a
stressed mind.
7. Literature has cultural value and teaches readers about history. Cultures
are built on stories, which may be historical, mythical, or religious.
Why some people oppose the study of literature
1. Studying practical skills such as business and technical education is
needed more in today’s era.
2. We belong to a time when there is cutthroat competition, and so students
should not waste time on the study of literature.
Literature is one of the most interesting and
significant expressions of humanity.
P.T. Barnum
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68
Some people think secondary school students should study international news
as one of their subjects. Other people say this is a waste of valuable school
time. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Advantages of studying international news as a subject
1. This would enrich their experience and broaden their horizon. From the
news of any part of the world, students would become aware of the social,
political, and environmental problems faced by other countries.
2. The significance of opening international news subject is that students can
have a general view of the world, which could help them decide their
careers.
Disadvantages of studying international news as a subject
1. As secondary school students face stiff competition nowadays, it would
be unfair to add the burden of another subject.
2. International news would have an ever-changing syllabus and so would
be practically impossible to introduce as a subject.
3. In the pluralistic society of today, some news may hurt the sentiments of
any particular sect of people and could give rise to conflicts.
Own view
International news should not be introduced as a subject. However, steps should
be taken by secondary schools to keep students abreast of what is happening in
the world by having a short (5 minute) session in the morning assembly in which
every day a student could speak the news headlines. This would keep students
up to date without having the tension of memorizing things.
Vocabulary check
Pluralistic: a system in which people of different
social classes, religions, races, etc., are together in a
society but continue to have their different traditions
and interests.
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69
People find it very difficult to speak in public or to give a presentation before
an audience. Do you think public speaking skill is really important? Give
reasons. Some people say public speaking should be taught at school. Do you
agree or disagree?
Why public speaking is important
Speaking in front of others is inevitable. Whether a person is a student, a chef in
a kitchen, a coach, or a CEO, there will always be situations where he has to
speak publicly.
Public speaking be taught in schools
1. Practicing public speaking will make a person an overall better
communicator. This is because he improves all aspects of oral
communication, such as clarity, coherence, and confidence.
2. Public speaking helps in building self-esteem. When a person successfully
delivers a good speech, it gives a sense of self-worthiness.
3. The art of public speaking improves relationships. A person who
overcomes his fear of public speaking improves his interpersonal skills,
which in turn, will help him maintain a healthy relationship with his
friends and family.
4. Public speaking also improves children’s critical thinking skills and helps
them perform better in other subjects as well.
5. Teaching these skills in school also helps them later on in their jobs. Strong
presentation skills are one of the most desired strengths in a professional.
Vocabulary check
Coherence – the quality of being logical and
consistent.
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70
Some people think that children should receive formal training at school on
how to be good parents in the future. Do you agree or disagree with this
statement?
Childcare classes should be there in schools because
1. These classes will make them better parents in the future. Children get
insight into adult responsibilities. Childcare is a complex science that
involves the physical and emotional well-being of children.
2. When students attend such classes, they realise that parenting is no joke
and will refrain from irresponsible sex. This will also prevent teen
pregnancies.
3. Parenting classes improve parent child relationship.
Childcare classes should not be there in schools because
1. Adding childcare as a subject in schools would add to the burden on
children as well as schools.
2. Teaching childcare would not register in their minds at that tender age
when they are themselves children. I believe that would be taking away
some of their childhood.
3. Youngsters are very career conscious and are marrying late and having
children late in life. They plan to have children when they are prepared
for the added responsibility. At that time, they are mature enough to face
the challenges of parenthood.
4. What may be a good parenting strategy today, may not seem right by the
time they become parents. Times are changing very fast, as we all know.
Vocabulary check
Insight – a deep understanding of a person or thing.
Tender – young
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71
Schools offer a wide range of courses such as physical education, music,
economics, philosophy, math, English, geography, physics, and history. Among
all these subjects, which one do you think is the most important and which
one is the least important?
Why physical education is the most important course
1. These classes improve students' health, now and in the future. They burn
calories, and this helps them to maintain a healthy weight. The classes'
regular exercise develops good habits for the present and the future. This
reduces the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and other serious illnesses.
2. Physical education also improves students' mental health. It can be
difficult to sit in class all day. Students can exercise and then relax after
their physical activity. This helps them to feel happier and more
comfortable at school. When they have good mental health, they can do
well in other subjects also.
3. Physical education classes may give the opportunity to communicate with
their classmates. The students also learn how to work in teams.
Teamwork is an important skill that they will use when playing sports or
even at their jobs in the future.
Why philosophy is the least important course
1. School children are too immature to learn about the complexities of
human relationships. They can learn such social skills from parents and
teachers in an informal way by just observing them.
2. Philosophy, as a subject, would be too boring and would only add to the
burden of the students. This is a subject that can be there at the higher
level for those who want to study it. That is why, perhaps, in our Indian
school curricula philosophy has no place.
Physical Education Makes Every Child Stronger
and Every Life Longer.
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72
Some people say that the study of science should be mandatory in schools,
whereas others argue that it is unnecessary. Discuss both views and give your
opinion.
Some people think that the government should invest more money in teaching
science than other subjects to make progress. Do you agree or disagree?
Why science should be taught in schools
1. Science develops critical thinking as it helps students understand how
things work. Science can explain the mechanics behind complex systems
like the human body.
2. It also makes children think logically, solve problems, and makes them
understand other subjects better.
3. Science teaches them about technology. It helps students develop ideas
of their own and possibly invent new technology.
4. Science explains how our planet functions and creates awareness about
environmental protection, conserving natural resources, endangered
wildlife, etc.
Why some people are opposed to the teaching of science in schools
They think that science is difficult and there is a lot of material to cover.
Children shouldn’t be burdened with difficult concepts like the big-bang
theory, sub-atomic particles, neurotransmission, and so on.
Importance of investing in other subjects like arts, humanities, social science
1. Studying the arts and humanities can help students become better
scientists. For example, recent studies of cognitive development show
that studying music at an early age can strengthen a child's later grasp of
science.
2. We all need some spark and beauty in our lives that only the study of arts
can bring.
3. The study of arts is needed to preserve our culture and tradition.
4. Similarly, the study of social science helps the students to know the
importance of democracy, freedom, rights, and how to live in society. It
develops moral and social values. It also develops the all-round
personality of the students and makes them responsible and wellinformed citizens of society.
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73
Some people believe teenagers should concentrate on all school subjects, even
the ones they do not enjoy. Others, however, believe that teenagers should
only focus on the subjects they are best at or find the most interesting. Discuss
both views and give your own opinion.
In some countries, secondary schools aim to provide a general education
across a range of subjects. In others, children focus on a narrow range of
subjects related to a particular career. Discuss both views. For today’s world,
which system is appropriate?
University students often focus on one subject. However, some people think
that universities should encourage students to learn a range of other subjects.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Some people think that the government should decide which subjects,
students should study at the university, while others think that students
should be allowed to apply for the subject they prefer. Discuss the two views
and give your opinion.
Teenagers should concentrate on all school subjects
1. All subjects are important for the holistic development of the students at
the school level.
2. Nowadays, the job market is very demanding, and recruiters select
students who are skilled in various fields.
3. Most subjects are related to each other in some way or the other. For
example, a basic knowledge of mathematics is needed to excel in
computer languages.
4. I believe that it is up to the teachers to develop the interest of the
students in any subject.
Why students should be given the choice to study only those subjects they are
interested in
1. Students will probably be more enthusiastic about their studies.
2. If students are forced to study all subjects, they can easily lose interest in
education.
3. If all subjects are compulsory for studying, students will not have enough
time to learn all of them properly, therefore, they will be constantly under
a lot of pressure.
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Advantages of studying a range of subjects in universities
1. If they don’t get a job in their field, they will be able to get any job related
to their other subjects.
2. A well-rounded education is very important in today’s time.
• For example, excellent communication skills are very important
while looking for a job.
• A doctor, specializing in MRI scans, needs to have a good
knowledge of physics – magnetism etcetera.
3. Learning a range of subjects can add spice to the student’s studies.
Advantages of studying only one subject
1. Studying only one subject at university would make you a master in that
field and you stand a chance of getting a high-paid job in that field.
2. As it is, students have studied a diverse range of subjects at school, so at
university, they only need to study only one subject in depth.
Advantages of the government choosing the subjects students study at the
university
1. There would be lesser unemployment, as the government knows which
sector has job vacancies, and would suggest only those subjects.
2. It would help those students who find it difficult to decide what career to
pursue.
Advantages of students choosing the subjects they prefer
1. They would excel in their field and when they enter the job market they
would do well in their field.
2. There are lesser dropouts in universities, which is common if students are
forced to study what they don’t like.
3. This also instils a sense of responsibility in the students when they make
a decision about their subject because they know that their whole future
rests on that decision.
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75
In some countries, schools arrange work for students without any payment, so
that students get experience. Do the advantages of this trend outweigh the
disadvantages to the company or institution?
Advantages of unpaid internships to students
1. Students gain valuable hands-on work experience, which can help them
in deciding the career of their choice.
2. An internship can also give them the possibility of securing a job upon
graduation or shortly thereafter.
3. Internships allow students to build professional networks.
4. Students also learn soft skills like communication and time management
during these internships.
Advantages of unpaid internships to employers
1. They get services at no cost.
2. Employers can convert interns to full-time employees seamlessly, which
reduces or eliminates any training-related costs.
Advantages of student internships to educational institutes
Their student interns tend to bring their real-world experience back to the
classroom, which helps keep courses relevant and the curriculum up to date
with the current trends. This results in a richer learning experience for everyone.
Disadvantages of unpaid internships
1. Those who do unpaid internships can be exploited and made to work
longer hours, which may affect the current employees. They may find
these younger counterparts a threat.
2. Many students can’t afford to take an internship if it doesn’t pay anything,
which can contribute to social inequality.
3. Some companies offer unpaid internships just for PR reasons and do not
need interns. They make unpaid interns do small irrelevant jobs like
copying documents, making deliveries, or fetching coffee which is a waste
of their time.
4. Unpaid interns decrease employment opportunities as some employers
prefer to have unpaid interns permanently than hire full-time staff to cut
their operational costs.
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76
Fewer and fewer people today write by hand using a pen, pencil, or brush.
What are the reasons? Is this a positive or negative development?
Some people say that in our modern age it is unnecessary to teach children
about the skills of handwriting. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Importance of the skill of handwriting
1. It is a key part of learning to communicate.
2. Children are required to use it daily in school from kindergarten on.
Children who struggle with the mechanics of handwriting may have
trouble taking notes or tests or completing their schoolwork.
3. Good handwriting can mean better grades. Studies show that the same
mediocre paper is graded much higher if the handwriting is neat and much
lower if the writing is not.
4. There’s a direct link between writing skills and academic success. Studies
show that elementary school children with good handwriting skills scored
higher years later in reading and math than those with poor handwriting.
5. Handwriting aids memory. For example, if a person writes a list or a note
and then loses it, he is much more likely to remember what he wrote than
if he just tried to memorize it.
6. Handwriting forces our brain to engage with the information and thus
helps one develop a stronger conceptual understanding of the written
notes than typing.
Reasons for the decline of handwriting skills
1. The decline in handwriting is mainly because business matters require
speed and clarity for reaching a wide audience. Therefore, a technologybased solution is always better.
2. Tablets, smartphones, and laptops have become increasingly popular.
Typing on the keyboard has become the go-to method of writing for
everything from work emails to to-do lists.
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77
With the increase in the use of mobile phones and computers, fewer people
are writing letters. Some people think that the traditional skill of writing
letters will disappear completely. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
How important do you think is letter-writing?
Some people think that increasing communication usage of computers and
mobile phones by young people has had a negative effect on their reading and
writing skills. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Why the traditional skill of letter writing will not disappear completely
1. Letters are generally more formal and carefully composed than email.
2. Letters have sentimental value and are more suitable for occasions when
they are likely to be kept and re-read, perhaps several times, by the
recipient
3. Letters provide a written record, so they are better in the case of official
complaints or legal matters.
4. Moreover, that time is still very far when everyone will have a computer
and internet connection. Till that time letter writing can never disappear.
Importance of letter writing
1) A handwritten message can be cherished for years.
2) Writing letters is much more deliberate and makes one write things that
matter. Texts and emails are mostly reactionary.
3) Shows the recipient that you care and creates a more lasting impression
on them than any other form of communication.
4) Nowadays mails are mostly bills or junk. A handwritten letter is a
wonderful surprise.
Reasons why traditional letter writing is less frequent nowadays
1. This is because of modern technology. E-mails are much faster and
cheaper than traditional letters.
2. Business communications have become more informal than in the past.
As a result, a less formal style of writing is more acceptable.
3. Other forms of communication such as text messaging have reduced our
need to write letters even more.
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Negative effects of communication technology on reading and writing skills
1. It encourages cyber slang, which means shortcuts, alternative words, or
even symbols used to convey thoughts in an electronic document. The
problem arises when this slang finds its way into formal writing. For
example, using abbreviations, such as ‘lol’, ‘C U L8R’, and ‘bcoz’ instead of
regular words.
2. The autocorrect feature fixes their mistakes, so they don’t even realize
that they wrote something wrong.
3. Due to technological development, reading habits are fast vanishing into
thin air. Students now spend more hours browsing the net, playing games,
checking social media, and texting their friends
4. Students are rarely interested in reading for pleasure and enjoyment, and
instead, they read only to pass the examination.
5. The lack of reading culture among our youth nowadays has greatly
affected the quality of graduates being produced.
Let us never underestimate the power of a wellwritten letter.
Jane Austen
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
79
Some people think it is better for children to begin to learn a foreign language
at primary school than at secondary school. Do you think the advantages of
this trend outweigh the disadvantages?
In many countries, teaching a foreign language to primary school students is
essential. Do you think the advantages of teaching a foreign language to young
learners outweigh the disadvantages?
Some people think young people are suitable for learning foreign languages.
Other people think adults are more suitable. Discuss both and give your
opinion.
Why is it better for children to begin to learn a foreign language at primary
school than at secondary school?
1. Young minds are more receptive and they easily remember and retain
knowledge during these years. In other words, just like students pick up
their mother tongue with ease, they can also learn a foreign language
easily if they start learning it at an early age.
2. Primary school goers are not afraid of making mistakes, whereas senior
students often have a fear of making mistakes when they are speaking a
new language. This fear is one of the biggest barriers for a person in their
efforts to speak freely.
3. The early years are considered the best time to learn a foreign language
because there is less burden of other subjects. Children can spend more
time learning the language as they are learning fewer new things
alongside.
Disadvantages of teaching foreign language at primary schools
1. It may waste precious time that students can spend on understanding and
building foundational knowledge about subjects like maths and science.
2. Learning the mother tongue and the foreign language may make it
confusing for the students and may also hamper the development of the
first language.
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Why teaching a foreign language to primary school students is essential?
1. Bilingualism and cognitive development go hand in hand. Children who
are bilingual or multilingual have a better IQ than those who are
monolingual.
2. Children who learn another language also become aware of another
culture and their outlook of life broadens.
3. Learning a foreign language can be a career asset.
4. Children who have developed the ability to think in different languages
and move from one to the other become much better multi-taskers.
Why adults are more suitable for learning a foreign language
1. The adult learner has his or her first language to compare with the new
language. In this way, new terms or concepts are very quickly understood
by comparing them with concepts or ideas that are already known.
2. Adults often have a strong motive to learn a new language. When learning
a language is connected to an employment opportunity, the learner is
typically very focused and motivated.
3. Most adult learners are educated, and they are usually aware of what has
worked best in their learning experience and therefore can approach the
new language with more mature and realistic expectations.
4. Adults have more patience and longer attention spans while learning a
foreign language.
A different language is a different vision of life.
Federico Fellini
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People believe that not all school children have the natural ability to learn a
new language. This means it is not right to force all school children to study a
foreign language. Do you agree or disagree?
In some countries, students are required to learn a foreign language, but in
other countries, it is not necessary to do so. Discuss both approaches and give
your own opinion.
Why children should be forced to learn a foreign language in schools
1. There is a lot of competition and companies prefer multilingual
candidates. So, learning a foreign language at a young age may be difficult,
but it would be very beneficial in the long run.
2. It would also open education opportunities for these children in other
countries and getting an education overseas can be beneficial for children
in many ways.
3. Multilingual children perform better than monolingual children in
academics. So, teaching a foreign language might improve the
performance of these children in other subjects.
4. Forcing might also create some interest and these students will then put
more effort into learning the language and overcome their mental
limitations.
Why children should not be forced to learn a foreign language in schools
1. If they are forced, they would become stressed. This would affect their
other studies as well.
2. They would not concentrate, so it would be waste of time and money.
They would also slow down the learning speed of other children.
The five of the most leading foreign language for
studies in India are Mandarin Chinese, French,
German, Spanish, and Japanese. These languages are
regarded as the most sought-after for career prospects,
employment opportunities, and immigration.
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Because computers can translate all kinds of languages quickly and accurately,
so learning foreign languages is a waste of time? Do you agree or disagree?
Nowadays it is possible to use computers and mobile phones for automatic
language translation, and there is no need for human translators and
interpreters. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
How human translations have an edge over machine translations
1. A human translator can gauge the underlying tone or emotion of the text,
change the structure depending on the language and take care of the
subtleties of the language. For instance, the meaning of one word can be
changed in terms of the context it is used in. With machine translation, all
this is not possible.
2. There are idioms and proverbs in every language which cannot be
translated by machines.
3. Machine translation is mostly word-to-word literal translation and
doesn’t take into account grammatical differences, leading to errors in
syntax.
How machine translations have an edge over human translations
1. Machine translators are quick and mostly available for free. We can easily
look for information about any topic and if it is available in a different
language, it can be quickly translated and understood. The ‘Google
translate’ tool is a very good example of this use.
2. Even though there might be some sentence structure errors, we can
mostly use such translators for personal use or internal use in offices.
3. Machine translation can be done for almost any language which has been
fed into the system. A human translator can only master two to three
languages.
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83
To learn a language well, we should also learn about the country as well as the
cultures and lifestyles of the people who speak this language. To what extent
do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
Yes, to learn a language, one needs to know the culture and lifestyle of that
country
1. Language is much more than just a means of communication. It is an art,
a science, a culture, an identity, and a vision. It is a lifestyle and is like
seeing the world through different eyes.
2. There are dialects, nuances, and idioms of a language, which can only be
learnt if we learn about the culture and lifestyle of the people. Then there
are the nuances in a language, which means subtle shades of meaning,
which can also not be learnt without knowing the lifestyle of people.
3. It is more enjoyable to learn a language if we learn about the culture and
lifestyle. We are more motivated to learn another language.
No, to learn a language there is no need to learn the culture and lifestyle of
the native speakers.
1. A language can be learnt by just learning its words, grammar, and
sentence construction.
2. It would be expensive and very time-consuming to learn the culture and
lifestyle. It would require travelling to that country.
Vocabulary check
Dialects: a particular form of a language which is
peculiar to a specific region or social group.
Nuances: subtle differences
Subtle: not obvious, hard to notice
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An increasing number of people decide to learn a foreign language. What is
the most difficult part when learning a foreign language? How can the learner
overcome these difficulties?
It is difficult to generalize as to which is the most difficult part. What may be
easy for one may be difficult for the other.
Challenges faced while learning a new language
1. One of the challenges in learning a foreign language is the phonological
difference. This leads to several problems of pronunciation.
2. Vocabulary, grammar, and the sentence structure of the new language
must be learnt which may be a daunting task for many.
3. While learning a foreign language one needs a partner with whom to
practice.
What methods could help to learn a new language
1. One can join a language course if available in the propinquity of one’s
residence or join an online course.
2. Practice is the key to success. Learning a new language is an ongoing
process and one should be willing to give it time every single day.
3. Reading newspapers in that language would also be useful. Adding a few
new words to one’s vocabulary would help
4. One should listen to the native speakers as often as possible. This can be
done by watching movies in that language.
Vocabulary check
Propinquity: nearness in place or time, proximity
Daunting: difficult to deal with in anticipation
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85
The advantages brought by the spread of English as a “global language” will
outweigh the disadvantages. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this
view?
Advantages of English as a global language
1. It would be accepted by so many people who already know this language.
More non-natives than natives already speak English and thus, it would
be an easily accepted transition.
2. English is easier to learn than any other language. Unlike other languages,
for example, English has only 26 alphabets, which are combined to make
words and sentences.
3. Its spread would bring about many economic benefits as it would lead to
increased trade and commerce across the world. A major hindrance to the
spreading of business and trade is the language barrier and the
universalization of English would be a major impetus to the world
economy.
4. Its transition to a global language would also be the least expensive. For
example, most websites are in English, and governments across the world
would save huge amounts needed to translate them. Even the automatic
translators available online work best for English.
Disadvantages of English as a global language
1. Many people see the spread of English as nothing but the increasing
domination of the western world.
2. It could be opposed by those who want another language to be the
global language. Esperanto is a language whose supporters want it to
be an international language. They say that it is an invented language
and not based on any culture.
3. If governments promote the use of English as a global language, it
might speed up the death of many cultures. Language and culture are
interrelated and thus the death of a language is ultimately the end of
the culture.
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86
Some people think that we should invent a new language for international
communication. Do the benefits of this outweigh the problems?
No, a new language for international communication should not be invented
because
1. Adopting a new common language could lead to the loss of cultural
diversity. Language and culture are interrelated so using one international
language could lead to the death of other languages and ultimately the
end of cultures.
2. If one language is spoken in the whole world, it would be a dreary and
dismal place to live in.
3. The new language may be divided into dialects, and so the whole purpose
of having one language would be lost. So it would be unrealistic to expect
one language without different dialects in the whole world.
4. Many people might not accept a new language because it would be
artificial and not based on any culture.
5. People would have to spend time learning the grammar and the words of
the new language. Therefore, promoting a new language would be
difficult and require a lot of time and effort.
Yes, a new language for international communication should be invented
because
1. Trade and travel would be better because the language barrier would not
be there. People would understand each other better and all the
misunderstandings because of communication would go.
2. This would also result in more peaceful and tolerant societies.
3. There would be no grudges in the minds of anyone as it would be an
artificial language and not related to any culture.
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87
Some people think governments should spend money on measures to save
languages with few speakers from dying out completely. Others think this is a
waste of financial resources. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Yes, governments should spend money to save languages with few speakers
1. Language is directly related to culture and traditions. If languages die,
people’s ability to understand the culture and traditions of the people
that spoke them also dies.
2. Languages are an accumulation of knowledge. For example, with the
death of a language, information about the medicinal value of plants and
the habits of local animals becomes lost as well.
3. Languages being shared with only a few other people is a sense of
community and identity.
4. If the languages are preserved, there would be an option to revive them
later if some group is interested, but if they are not preserved today, they
would be gone forever.
No, it shouldn't be because
1. The link between culture and language is overstated. For example, being
Punjabi does not mean speaking Punjabi. Certainly, a culture can prosper
and thrive without its language.
2. There are many other important problems in the world and the money
spent on saving these languages could be better spent on addressing
other problems like unemployment, poverty, and so on. In other words,
the death of a language does not impact human lives in the same way as
other issues.
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Some languages are increasingly spoken in different countries, while the usage
of others is rapidly declining. Is this a positive or negative development?
Some languages spoken by very few people are losing their importance and
may become extinct completely. What are the reasons for this? Is it a positive
or negative development?
Reasons for some languages becoming extinct
1. Speakers of a minority language may decide that it is better for their
children’s future to teach them a language that is tied to economic
success. As a result, successive generations of speakers become bilingual
and then begin to lose proficiency in their traditional languages.
2. After migrating to English-speaking countries speakers seek to learn
English in order to gain social and economic advantages or to avoid
discrimination.
3. Some languages may die when small communities or speakers are wiped
out by disasters or war.
Why is this positive
1. The increasing use of a few languages is easing communication among
people. Because of this people do not face difficulty when they travel from
one country to the other.
2. If they speak the same language, then they also find it easy to do business
with each other.
3. Job opportunities are also more. Many multinational companies have
opened in different parts of the world. The rich nations who own these
MNCs provide jobs to millions of people worldwide. Naturally, a person
who knows their language is better placed in these companies.
Why is this negative
1. It is a well-known fact that language and culture are interrelated. If
languages die out, then culture also dies out.
2. We all enjoy life on this planet because of its diversity. If diversity
decreases, then boredom sets in and earth becomes a dull and boring
place to live in.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
89
In some countries, fast food restaurants and supermarkets give money to
schools to promote their products. Do you think this is a positive or negative
development?
Marketers giving money to schools to promote their products is good because
1. The money such companies give for promoting their products inside the
campus helps financially struggling schools to buy library books or
improve sports facilities.
2. Children benefit from the additional resources and facilities that schools
can afford due to such funding.
Marketers giving money to schools to promote their products is not good
because
1. Adverts for fast foods and their availability within school premises would
help to develop children’s taste for such foods. This can increase
problems like obesity.
2. Such commercial intrusions within the academic environment can
promote consumerism. Children would think that they have the approval
of teachers and school authorities. Consequently, these vulnerable
children pester their parents to buy those products, which can upset the
family budget.
Vocabulary check
Consumerism: the promotion of the consumer's
interests, a person's wellbeing, and happiness
depends on obtaining consumer goods and material
possessions
Vulnerable: susceptible to physical or emotional
attack or harm.
Pester: trouble or annoy someone with frequent
interruptions
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
90
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
91
Some students take one year off between finishing school and going to
university, in order to travel or to work. Do you think the advantages outweigh
the disadvantages?
After completing high school and before going to college or university, some
students take a year off either to work or travel. Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of both approaches. What do you think is better – travelling or
working?
Advantages of gap year
1. During gap year students can explore their interests before deciding on a
major.
2. They can work during the gap year and save money to finance their
college education. It is also a great time to learn the importance of
budgeting and saving.
3. A gap year is a great time to travel and explore the world. Students get to
meet different people and experience different cultures.
4. A gap year is a great opportunity to expand learning through volunteer
activities and practical work experience. These skills are very attractive to
college admission committees and future employers.
Disadvantages of gap year
1. The student may find it difficult to get back to studying.
2. If he starts earning enough, education may seem unimportant.
3. Students may face a lack of motivation and progress later on.
4. If the student doesn’t plan it properly, it may end up as a wasted year.
A gap year is a year after high school when a student
(18 years old) takes time to explore his or her interests,
which usually entails some type of travelling or some
job. After the gap year is over, the student begins his
or her career.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
92
Teachers think that international student exchange would be beneficial for all
teenage school students. Do you think its advantages outweigh its
disadvantages?
Similar essay: As part of education, students should spend time studying and
living in a different country to learn the language and culture. To what extent
do you agree or disagree?
Advantages of international student exchange
1. Students accept and understand different cultures and their perspectives.
2. Students get a chance to practice the foreign language with its native
speakers.
3. In the long run, students who go for such exchange programs can get
better employment opportunities. Employers are always on the lookout
for employees with a foreign country exposure
4. The awareness and adoption of different approaches to learning. This can
help students not only in academics but also in their personal life.
5. At the personal level, the most noticeable change in returned exchange
students is their enhanced self-confidence and self-esteem. They become
mature, as they get to confront challenges outside a familiar comfort
zone.
6. Students develop life-long friendships.
7. Students appreciate their home and family even more than before.
Disadvantages of International student exchange
1. Students go through cultural shock. If the student is not acquainted with
the language of the foreign country, it would be difficult to stay there.
2. Students must adjust or compromise with the habits of the homestay
family.
3. The time zone difference is a big problem during the initial days in the
guest country.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
93
Memorization of information by frequent repetition, namely rote learning,
plays a role in many education systems. To what extent do the advantages
outweigh the disadvantages?
Advantages of rote learning
1. It helps students to quickly recall facts. This helps the students in exams,
where time is limited and depending upon concepts and understanding
may make it difficult for the student to complete the exam.
2. Rote learning is the only way to learn certain facts. For example, there is
no logic to irregular verbs in English and the only way to remember them
is frequent repetition.
Disadvantages of rote learning
1. The knowledge acquired by rote learning is not retained for long. If a
person does not repeat information learnt by rote for a few days, then the
whole thing can be forgotten.
2. Information learned by rote cannot be applied to a wide variety of new
problems or concepts whereas in meaningful learning the transferability
of knowledge is high.
3. It does not lead to the development of social skills. Students who learn
through understanding concepts are confident to discuss ideas and
exchange information with others.
4. It may result in the wrong impression or misunderstanding of a concept.
Rote learning vs Meaningful learning
Rote learning is the memorization of information
based on repetition. Meaningful learning
involves understanding how all the pieces of an
entire concept fit together. It is active,
constructive, and long-lasting.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
94
Nowadays education quality is very low. Some people think we should
encourage our students to evaluate and criticize their teachers. Others believe
that it will result in a loss of respect and discipline in the classroom. Discuss
both sides and give your opinion.
Advantages of students evaluating their teachers
1. This kind of feedback makes education and teaching more student centric.
In other words, students’ constructive suggestions give teachers a better
idea of what students’ needs are, and they can then adjust their teaching
to meet them.
2. The process of writing evaluations helps the students think
independently. Students should be encouraged to learn by even
challenging their teachers’ thinking.
3. Students who feel their opinion matters are far more likely to take more
interest in the educational process.
4. Teachers are also less likely to become complacent in their work if they
are evaluated regularly.
5. Receiving positive feedback can make the job more rewarding for the
teachers.
Disadvantages of students evaluating their teachers
1. Students are very young and, compared with their teachers, are less
knowledgeable both in theory and practice on a subject. Therefore, they
are unable to evaluate their teachers’ performance in a sound way.
2. Student assessment would lead to poor discipline in the classroom. If each
of the students is allowed to comment on the teacher’s performance,
then there would be chaos in the classroom.
Vocabulary check
Constructive – serving a useful purpose.
Complacent – showing smug or uncritical satisfaction
with oneself or one's achievements.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
95
Some people believe that teaching children at home is best for a child’s
development, while others think that it is important for children to go to
school. Discuss the advantages of both methods and give your own opinion.
Some people think it is important for children to take lessons outside the
classroom, for example, by visiting places such as local companies or public
buildings. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Advantages of Homeschooling
1. The child has the undivided attention of the teacher.
2. Lesson plans can be tailored according to the ability of the child. Parents
can incorporate subjects that might not be included in the local school's
curriculum, such as a foreign language.
3. There is a guarantee of the child's safety. Bullying, fights, and other school
violence become a non-issue when the child is educated from home.
4. Homeschooled children can accomplish in a few hours what takes a
typical classroom a week or more to cover, they get more time for their
much-needed sleep.
Disadvantages of homeschooling
1. Keeping the child out of a traditional school environment greatly inhibits
his/her access to other children. Learning to make friends and exist within
a group are important life lessons that children could miss out on through
home schooling.
2. School life is filled with plenty of exciting opportunities for children. These
extracurricular activities can help children better adjust in society.
3. Home schooled children are generally not provided with competitive
opportunities. Traditional schooling events such as team sports and
spelling bees encourage children to do their very best.
Advantages of field-based learning outside the classroom
1. A well-rounded education and better scores. Such outings make learning
creative and students get a break from the monotonous classroom
learning.
2. Provide hands-on real-world experience. Students can access tools and
environments that are not available in school.
3. Better bond between students and teachers. Field trip offers students and
teachers an opportunity to get to know each other more.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
96
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
97
Some people think that to be successful, you need to get a university
education, whereas others say it is not true. Discuss both ideas and give your
own opinion.
Some people believe that studying in a college or university is the best way for
students to prepare for their future careers. But others think they should leave
school as soon as possible to develop their career through work experience.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
Some people think that universities should provide graduates with the
knowledge and skills needed in the workplace in the future. Others think the
true function of a university is to provide access to knowledge for its own sake.
What do you think are the main functions of a university?
Importance of tertiary education
1. Academic qualifications are required in many professions. For example, it
is impossible to become a doctor, teacher, or lawyer without having a
relevant degree.
2. Graduating from a university gives a person more choices when it comes
to choosing a job.
3. University graduates also tend to earn higher salaries than those with
fewer qualifications.
4. The job market is becoming increasingly competitive and those who don’t
have university or college degrees will not be able to compete.
5. Those who work in construction work or as car mechanics will always have
to work under those who have civil and mechanical engineering degrees.
Main functions of a University
1. Universities provide specialised education in fields such as medical,
engineering, commerce, etc.
2. They create job opportunities for the students by arranging career fairs,
campus interviews, and campus placements.
3. Universities also perform other functions, which help the students in their
personal life. They organize co-curricular activities such as cultural
programs, sports, debates, etc. Students gain many qualities such as selfconfidence and a positive attitude, which help them in their future life.
4. Some people just go to university for gaining knowledge just out of
interest in the subject.
5. A university is a place to know more about the world because there are
students from across the globe in a university.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
98
In many countries, more and more people are competing for a place to study
in universities. Why does this happen? Do you think this is a positive or
negative development?
Why more and more people are competing for a place to study in universities
1. Students with university education tend to get better jobs and have a
lower probability of unemployment.
2. More students are graduating from high school compared to before and
thus more are applying for university education.
3. University education is increasingly seen as key to economic success in
our society, because of which more students are seeking to attend fouryear colleges, including students from underrepresented minority groups
whose college participation rate used to be low.
4. Marketing efforts made by the universities. Colleges want to attract
talented, and diverse groups of applicants from which to select their
freshman class, and they often go to great lengths to do it.
Why is it a positive development
1. Students plan well in advance and focus on doing well in school to get
good grades.
2. The universities also make efforts to better their standard to lure the top
cream of students.
Why is it a negative development
1. This competition leads to stress among students and some can even
resort to suicide.
2. It is also true that it is hard for students to get into colleges because they
only want to get into colleges that are hard to get into. As word spreads
about the competition for college admission, students respond by
applying to even more colleges to increase their chances of acceptance.
In doing so, they end up contributing to the very problem they are trying
to solve for themselves.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
99
It is generally believed that education is of vital importance to the
development of individuals and the wellbeing of societies. What should
education consist of to fulfil both these functions?
Some people think the main purpose of schools is to turn the children into
good citizens and workers, rather than to benefit them as individuals. To what
extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
Education for the development of individuals
1. Education should impart professional knowledge, thereby enabling them
to become self-sufficient in adulthood and ensure a comfortable life for
themselves and their families.
2. Education should make individuals wise and informed. In other words, a
well-educated person should not just be a wage-earning robot, who is
only concerned about his work, but also a person who is concerned about
and deeply thinks about what is happening around him or her.
3. It must lead to the holistic development of the individual. In effect,
besides imparting academic knowledge it should help in the physical,
social, and cognitive development of the individual.
Education for the development of societies (good citizens and workers)
1. Education should teach moral values. There is less violence and less crime
in society if people have a strong sense of what is right and wrong. For
example, countries like Japan with a strong focus on morals and ethics
have less corruption.
2. Good ethics and moral values make people adaptive to society. Because
of such values, citizens become more open-minded and live in harmony
with each other.
3. Environmental education is the need of the hour. All schools should have
mandatory lessons on saving the environment. Only if people are
educated and aware of the importance of protecting the environment,
they would take steps to protect it.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
100
In some countries, students must pay their own college or university fees while
in others government pays. Do the advantages of using government money for
college and university fees outweigh the disadvantages?
Some people believe that everyone has the right to university education.
Therefore, the government should make university education free for
everyone, no matter what their financial background is. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?
Students should pay their full university fees themselves as they benefit from
having university studies and not the society as a whole. To what extent do
you agree or disagree?
The government should pay the university fee for all those who want to study
at the university. Do you agree or disagree?
Higher education can be funded in several ways including the following three:
1. All costs are paid by the government. 2. All costs are paid by the student. 3.
All costs are paid by the student using loans from the government that must
be repaid after graduation. Discuss the benefits of each option. Which is the
best one?
It is neither possible nor useful for a country to provide university education
to a high proportion of young people. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
101
Advantages of the government paying the fees of the university
1. It creates equal opportunity for everyone and reduces the disparity
between the poor and the rich. The career opportunities that come with
a university education can get them out of the endless cycle of poverty.
2. The country benefits as a whole from a university educated populace.
Higher education leads to a more educated and productive workforce.
Why governments and countries should not pay for university education
1. Universities would not be able to handle the increased enrolments and
the quality of education would certainly suffer. When more people go to
college, the campuses get overcrowded, making the classes larger and
reducing teacher attention to students.
2. The value of education comes down. Universities become full of nonserious students, just whiling away their time and the number of dropouts
also increases. If students know that their parent's hard-earned money is
going into their higher education or if they have monstrous student debts,
they would not relax and study seriously.
3. Completely funding higher education would take away funds from other
critical areas like healthcare and infrastructure.
4. The importance of university education is highly overrated and this is
clearly visible from the fact that many youth are working in professions,
not aligned with their college education.
5. It would further increase the mismatch between the jobs people want and
the jobs available. For example, after completing tertiary education,
people would consider themselves overqualified for jobs like truck
driving, plumbing, carpentry etcetera. By contrast, it would add to the
competition for white collar jobs and further decrease the already low
prospects of acquiring such jobs.
6. Students who gain a degree, end up with a relatively higher salary.
Therefore, if they financially gain from studying at university, it is perhaps
fair they pay the cost.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
102
The best way to remove poverty in developing countries is to provide 6 years
of free education to all children so that they can read, write and use numbers.
Do you agree or disagree?
Unemployment is getting increasingly serious in many countries. Some people
think students only need to get primary education, while others think
secondary education is necessary. Discuss both views and opine.
Benefits of 6 years of free education
The basic skills of reading and writing throw open many doors. Building a skilled
workforce can lift many households out of poverty. The direct cost of sending a
child to school, as well as the indirect cost of losing a source of labour, deters
the poor from sending their children to school.
Why only 6 years of free education is not enough to alleviate poverty and why
secondary education is a must
1. Secondary education enhances the chances for work. The more education
one receives, the more opportunities for jobs he will have.
2. If students step into the job market immediately after primary education,
they will remain at the same level of earning for years and years, even if
they start earning early. In contrast, those who step into the job market
on the basis of their academic qualifications may be late in starting their
jobs, but once they do so, they are better placed than those with only
primary qualifications.
3. Receiving more education will widen one's horizons. Some of them may
set up their own business, creating a new approach to unemployment.
What the proponents of only primary education say
1. Education has little influence on finding a job. Competition for jobs is
increasingly tough and therefore, the earlier one goes to find a position,
the better for the person.
2. People can acquire the technique through work instead of school. In other
words, higher education does not provide the practical knowledge
needed for most jobs.
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103
Students from poor backgrounds such as rural areas often find it difficult to
access university education, so people think universities should make it
especially easy for them to study. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Why universities should help the disadvantaged sections of society
1. It would bridge the gap between the rich and the poor.
2. Higher education raises the level of people both socially and
economically.
3. The students of rural backgrounds may not be able to compete with their
urban counterparts for entrance to universities.
How universities can do so
1. Can give fee waivers to poor students.
2. Can have a rural quota, and ensure some seats for them.
3. Can provide interest-free loans to poor students.
4. Can provide online and distance education at a very nominal fee to such
students.
Education is the most powerful weapon which you
can use to change the world.
Nelson Mandela
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
104
The government spends a lot of money on education. More money should be
spent on free-time activities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
In many countries, sports and exercise classes are replaced with academic
subjects. Why is it so? What are the effects on the children in their lives?
Importance of spending on education
1. The basic knowledge of academic subjects such as maths, life sciences,
social sciences, and languages makes children well-informed citizens of
tomorrow.
2. The competition today is very stiff, and students have to excel in
academics to secure a seat in a good university or college.
3. Academic subjects taught at school enable students to be competent in
the future workplace.
Importance of spending on free time activities
1. Such activities benefit students academically. They learn characterbuilding lessons that they can apply to their study habits and their lives.
Activities such as athletics, music, theatre, and organizations teach
students how to discipline themselves through drills, practices, or
rehearsals.
2. Extracurricular activities in the arts teach students analytical skills and
creative problem solving skills since they have to think creatively to
successfully perform music, act in a play, or produce a work of art.
3. Life is stressful and free time activities act as stress-busters. They break
the monotony of hectic day-to-day life.
4. They also build community spirit among people as during free time people
meet each other and socialize.
Effects of neglect of sports and physical education
1. Children who do not engage in physical activity are physically unfit and
are more prone to diseases like obesity and diabetes later in life
2. Due to excessive academic pressure and lack of participation in sports,
children are stressed and their academic performance also suffers.
3. Sports also teach skills like teamwork, co-operation, discipline, sportsman
spirit, punctuality, etc.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
105
Money offered for postgraduate research is limited; therefore, some people
argue that financial support from the government should only be provided for
scientific research rather than research for less useful subjects. Do you agree
or disagree?
While it is important for the government to provide adequate financial support
to science research, I believe other subjects should not be ignored.
Importance of spending on scientific research
1. Scientific innovations have the power to change our lives for good. Take,
for instance, the invention of the vaccine for Covid19. This wonder vaccine
is helping to save the lives of millions of people.
2. The computer is also the result of scientific research. This invention has
changed the way people work and store information. Today, it is
impossible to imagine a world without computers.
3. Other inventions like electricity, motor vehicles, and home appliances
have also revolutionized our lives.
4. There are some other areas of science, like atomic energy which need a
lot of research because these areas are pivotal to a country’s security.
Importance of spending on other subjects
1. Arts, also deserve the attention and support of the public and the
government. Philosophy and literature prompt students to reflect on the
significance of life and develop a positive attitude towards the world.
2. History and geography help to broaden the horizon of students and make
them wise and open-minded. Historical research also teaches people
about mistakes they must not repeat.
Vocabulary check
Pivotal: of crucial importance in relation to the
development or success of something else
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
106
Some people believe that courses in performing arts (e.g., dance, music,
drama, etc.), should be funded by the government. Others believe that these
should be funded through other ways (e.g., businesses or students’ families).
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Why government should fund performing arts
1. These courses do not have any surety of a stable career. So, the private
companies and even the student’s family do not wish to fund these
courses.
2. Performing arts enables students to express themselves creatively and
encourages them to use their imagination. This creativity spills into
academic performance and they excel in other subjects too.
3. Performing arts by nature are all collaborative. Students learn to work in
groups and resolve disagreements constructively.
4. These subjects are excellent stressbusters. Performing arts break the
monotony of tough academic studies.
5. It increases their confidence as many are pushed to go outside their
comfort zones and perform in front of an audience.
6. Such performing arts help to keep our history, culture, and tradition alive.
Points given by those who oppose government funding for performing arts.
1. Since it is mostly students themselves who benefit from art education,
they should seek aid from other sources such as corporate funding and
their own parents.
2. Since enormous amounts of money is required to fund art education, it
would become an unnecessary liability for the government, as it has more
important priorities to deal with.
Vocabulary check
Collaborative – done by a number of people as a
group.
Liability – being responsible for something, especially
by law
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
107
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
108
Pressure on school and university students is increasing and students are
pushed to work hard when they are young. Why is it so? Do you think it is a
positive or negative development?
Reasons for increasing pressure on students
1. Today we belong to a highly competitive era. Students need to get good
scores to get into a good college.
2. Higher education is very costly and students need to do part-time work to
fund their education.
3. Sometimes parents push children to adopt those subjects in which the
child has no aptitude. This also creates tension in the mind of the
students.
Why it is a positive development
1. The habit of working hard right from early years makes them realise the
dignity of labour and they are better placed in life later on.
2. They do not indulge in any violence, crime and drugs. This is because they
do not have time for such activities.
3. If they work hard in their early years they will have a good career and will
have a happy and contented later life.
Why it is a negative development
1. They don’t get time for sports/physical activities which is essential for
their health and wellbeing.
2. A high level of stress can hurt their mental health. It may leave them
feeling worried, drained, and overwhelmed. They may have trouble
sleeping and that hurts their academic progress
3. When students face failures or cannot cope with the pressures, they can
have suicidal tendencies.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
109
Universities should accept equal numbers of male and female students in
every subject. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Why universities should not accept equal numbers of male and female
students
1. It would be unrealistic to have the same number of men and women in all
courses. Many courses are more popular with one gender than the other,
and it would not be practical to aim for equal proportions. This would lead
to many seats remaining vacant and many deserving candidates would
not get the course of their choice.
2. Universities should select the best candidates for each course according
to their qualifications. Such a step would not solve discrimination against
women and may add to discrimination against men.
3. Such a step could lead to unwilling students in a few courses. What sort
of graduates would the society have of students who have studied halfheartedly just because of the fact that they could not get into the subject
of their choice.
4. The number of drop-outs would also increase and many would not
complete their higher education.
Some people say that schools should reward students who show the best
academic results, while others believe that it is more important to reward
students who show improvements. Discuss both views and give your own
opinion.
Why students with the best academic results should be rewarded
1. Rewarding them will motivate all other students to study hard and
achieve the best results.
2. Exams are like a competition, and the winners deserve to be recognized.
Why students who show the maximum improvement should be rewarded
1. The policy of rewarding them would encourage a wide range of students
who persevere and make improvements in their results.
2. All students are not so gifted. The mediocre students, despite spending
lots of time and effort, are still incapable of competing with those having
higher IQs. Therefore, it is imperative to acknowledge their effort also.
Own view
It is necessary to reward all achievers – the toppers, as well as the ones showing
good progress in their studies.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
110
Many people who leave school hold a negative attitude towards learning. Why
does this happen? How to solve the problem?
Reasons why people who leave school hold a negative attitude towards
learning
1. Students see examples of their seniors around them, who are still
struggling to find jobs, and even those who have found jobs are being
underpaid and exploited. So, they presume that even after graduating
from school they may not get a suitable job.
2. Their course of study was forced upon them by their parents, and their
aptitude was not taken into consideration. For example, if a student, who
wants to make his career in the field of music, is forced to study
commerce, how can he feel positive about his studies?
3. Teacher-student relation is very strained these days. Teachers
deliberately do not teach well in school, so that students join them for
private tuition after school hours.
Solutions
1. While selecting courses, the students’ aptitude should be taken into
consideration. Parents also need counseling in this matter.
2. Education should be more job relevant and the curriculum should
incorporate practical training that gives students real world experience.
3. The infrastructure of the educational institutes should be improved,
which includes the faculty also. The pay scale of the teachers should be so
lucrative, that the best people want to enter this profession.
4. There should be more stress in teaching a wide range of subjects rather
than a narrow range so that when the student enters the job market there
are a variety of choices for him to work in.
Vocabulary check
Exploited: taken advantage of, benefit unfairly from
the work of someone.
Aptitude: a natural ability to do something.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
111
It has been observed that in many countries not enough students are choosing
to study science subjects at university. What do you think are the causes of the
problem? What are the effects on the society?
Reasons why students are not studying science subjects
1. In most schools, the science curriculum is outdated and irrelevant, with
little emphasis on practical education. As a result, children find science
boring and do not pursue it further after leaving school.
2. Learning science requires hard work and considerable time and youth are
not interested in devoting so much of their time and effort to it.
3. Despite putting in more hours and effort, science graduates earn
substantially less than graduates in other fields like IT, business
management, economics etcetera.
4. It is not fashionable to pick up science as students who choose to study
science are perceived as boring and nerdy. Students fear that if they
choose science, they will have no social life in college and they would be
social pariahs.
5. Science as a subject is dependent upon basics and foundational
knowledge. However, due to the lack of well qualified primary and high
school teachers, students fail to develop these rudimentary concepts and
as such are not confident to pursue science as a career.
Detrimental effects of this trend
1. It impacts society as employers are unable to find people with the skill
they need to innovate and grow. As a result, many companies are also
forced to hire people from other countries, and this negatively impacts
the economy of the country.
2. Societies are dominated by ideas and products from science and
technology, but if there is a shortage of science graduates, it may impact
the development and progress of society.
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In schools and universities, girls tend to choose arts subjects, while boys
choose science subjects. What is the reason? Should the trend be changed?
Reasons why girls tend to choose art subjects and not science
1. Right from early childhood, it is ingrained into girls that they are meant to
become good housewives and mothers. So, they do not need to study
difficult science subjects. They are encouraged to study arts subjects such
as home science and social studies, which would later help them in
running the home.
2. Teachers at schools do not dispel this stereotypical thinking and motivate
girls to pursue arts instead.
3. Science jobs require a lot of hard work, especially at the early stage of the
career. Women are not able to spend long hours at work due to family
issues or small children at home.
4. Women are not as aggressive or competitive as men and careers in
science are more challenging. For example, at the academic level, science
professors are under constant pressure of publishing papers to have a
successful career.
Why should the trend be changed?
1. Having women in technology spurs innovation and creativity as women
can bring in a different perspective and solve problems differently than
men. So, countries will do better if they are more women in the industries
that drive science and technology.
2. This would change traditional thinking, improve the social status of
women and thus lead to women empowerment.
Vocabulary check
Dispel: eliminate, dismiss
Stereotypical: conforming to a widely held fixed idea
of a particular type of person or thing.
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The subjects and lesson contents are decided by the authorities such as the
government. Some people argue that teachers should make the choice. Do you
agree or disagree?
Advantages of having a curriculum decided by the government
1. Having a national curriculum standardizes what is taught across the
country. Later on, while applying to different universities and colleges it
would give equal opportunity to all. It would also give the opportunity to
the authorities to compare and rate the schools. This would also make it
easier for the authorities to provide quality education in the whole
country.
2. A national curriculum is decided after a lot of research. The government
knows better what subjects and skills are needed in the society. Its goal is
to ensure vocational and economic success for the individual and the
nation. It is also less expensive to implement across the country. The
teacher’s job is only to deliver good teaching.
3. Leaving the whole choice of subjects and lesson contents to the teachers
would bring a lot of confusion and inconsistency. Students would be
taught different things in different schools, and therefore many students
would not receive a well-rounded education.
Why teachers should have some say in deciding the curriculum
1. If teachers have no say in developing the curriculum, they have to make
an effort to know and understand it.
2. Sometimes the authorities do not realise how much can be taught in a
year and only the teachers can do that well.
3. Only the teachers know students’ aptitudes and interests and can make
the curriculum relevant to real-life, and multi-dimensional education.
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Some people say that it’s better to teach language students in small classes,
whereas others think the number of people does not matter. Discuss both
sides and give your own opinion.
Advantages of small class size
1. Teachers can pay more attention to fewer students. They can employ
numerous innovative classroom strategies that a smaller class makes
possible, and at the same time have more discipline in the classroom. This
gives more time for teachers to focus on instruction than classroom
management.
2. Smaller groups can enjoy better peer interaction. This is because
everybody knows everybody. Everybody knows if someone is absent or
off-track, and the smaller groups help the low-performing students
achieve better.
3. In a small classroom, it is easy to ensure speaking practice, which is an
essential part of language learning.
Advantages of bigger class size
1. If class size is made smaller, many new and inexperienced teachers are
put into the job, which reduces the efficiency of teaching. Therefore,
with fewer, but more experienced teachers, there is more effective
teaching in bigger classrooms.
2. Students learn independence and self-motivation because teachers do
not have time for one-on-one interaction with students.
3. Students learn to work in groups because group work becomes a
necessity in large classrooms.
4. A bigger classroom means more competition for students.
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Some people think that schools should teach students according to their
academic abilities, while others believe that it is better to have students with
different abilities study together. Discuss both views and give your own
opinion.
Advantages of grouping children according to their academic ability
1. Intelligent students can be taught at their pace and the sessions can be
made more interesting for them, and the same thing applies to weak
students. Thus, both categories of students would enjoy learning.
2. Different teaching tactics can be adopted in each group to give students
the maximum benefits. When students are separated, teachers can
handle weak students tactfully and bring them back their lost confidence.
3. It has been seen that sometimes the more intelligent students show
disruptive behavior. They can grasp things very soon and then can be
disturbing elements in the class.
Disadvantages of grouping children according to ability
1. Weak students would automatically develop an inferiority complex if they
were made to realise that they are weak at studies, by separating them.
2. The other group might not treat them well, which can have a direct effect
on their psyche. Segregating into groups could damage students’ selfesteem. They may also lose motivation to study.
3. When the students’ study in a mixed group, a sense of competition
develops, and weak students are motivated to study.
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Some teachers say students should be organized into groups to study. Others
argue that students should be made to study alone. Tell the benefits of each
study method. Which one do you think is more effective?
Advantages of group study
1. It provides learners the opportunity to share their ideas among group
members so that they can broaden their knowledge in much lesser time
than they would be able to do while studying alone.
2. Having other students around to help review concepts can help with a
deeper understanding of the class material.
3. When students study in groups, they develop social skills, like making a
contribution, agreeing or disagreeing with someone, and asking a person
to give examples of their point.
4. Studying in a group also make students accountable to the group and
keeps them motivated to study and not lose focus.
5. Studying in groups in class prepares students for future jobs and work
situations where they have to work in a team.
Advantages of solo study
1. When students study alone then they have no distractions and they can
concentrate better. This is especially helpful in subjects like mathematics
and physics.
2. Studying alone also increases their self-esteem. Their ability to learn
things and solve problems on their own makes them more confident.
3. Students can learn at their own pace and don’t have to keep up with the
group.
Own view
I feel that teachers should mix and match both these methods depending on the
subject and the situation. For boring subjects like history and philosophy,
students should be organized into groups, but for subjects that need
concentration, individual study should be encouraged.
Both methods have their own importance and should complement each other
rather than being treated as rivals.
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Everyone should stay in school until they reach the age of 18. To what extent
do you agree or disagree?
Advantages of raising the compulsory schooling age to 18
1. The age of 14-18 is the most impressionable age of a child’s life. During
this period of adolescence, the children undergo physical and hormonal
changes, because of which they are under a lot of pressure. Therefore,
lengthening compulsory schooling helps protect childhood.
2. More education provides the opportunity to acquire more skills and
therefore more employment options.
3. Raising the school-leaving age is a crucial investment in society's future.
Doing so increases the economic potential of the future workforce, and
so will bring increased tax revenues in the long term.
Disadvantages of raising the compulsory schooling age to 18
1. Extending the period of compulsory education requires a huge
investment in teachers, books, and new school buildings, which would be
very expensive.
2. Many families need their children to make an economic contribution to
the family income and working early can help these families to survive.
3. Just being in school does not guarantee that a student is learning.
Unwilling students become disruptive and damage the education of
others in their class.
In many countries, school attendance is mandatory for
all children up to a specific age. In India, this is 14
years of age. In the UK and many other countries, it is
16, although the UK government now has plans to
raise the school leaving age to 18.
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Nowadays sending children to boarding school (either in other countries or in
one’s own country) is becoming increasingly popular. Why is it? Is it a positive
or a negative development?
Reasons why sending children to boarding school is becoming increasingly
popular
1. Some parents, who work overseas or travel frequently, choose to put
their children in boarding school, because they know how inconsistent
they will be in parenting or in providing for the needs of their children.
2. Other parents choose a boarding school for their children as a way for
them to experience more of the world, and to learn how to interact with
diverse people from a young age.
3. Still, other parents put their children and teens in boarding school if they
are having trouble disciplining their kids or keeping them out of trouble.
4. In this age of dual-income nuclear families, a child's life and development
often takes place in rather unsuitable circumstances, and so boarding
schools can be a great place for children to be in.
Advantages of sending children to boarding school (the reasons are also the
advantages)
1. These schools are not just about studies - they also give a child time and
exposure to a lot of other things like sports and arts.
2. Children in such schools are more likely to have stronger bonds with their
friends since they spend a lot of time together.
Disadvantages of sending children to boarding school
1. Homesickness
2. Children in residential schools have fewer day-to-day interactions with
their families and significantly less time to spend with their parents during
their formative years. As a result, many parents, who place their kids in
boarding schools, fail to develop a close bond with their children.
Popular Boarding schools in India
The Doon School Dehradun
Woodstock School Mussoorie
Mayo College Ajmer
The Bishop Cotton School Shimla
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Some people think that students benefit from going to private secondary
schools. Others, however, feel that private secondary schools can have a
negative effect on society as a whole. Discuss both these views and give your
own opinion.
Advantages of going to private secondary schools
1. Most private schools offer smaller classroom sizes so the child can receive
more individual attention from teachers.
2. Private secondary schools offer better academic and extracurricular
programs. As a result, there are lower dropout rates.
3. There is less on-campus violence in private schools as compared to
government schools.
Disadvantages of going to private secondary schools
1. There is less diversity in private schools as compared to public or
government schools. As a result, children will meet fewer peers from
diverse backgrounds.
2. Private secondary schools don’t conform strictly to educational
regulations. So, parents have to do a lot of effort to select the right school
for their children.
3. Private schools are very expensive. These schools increase the gap
between the rich and the poor. Children from affluent backgrounds can
afford these schools. So, these create an imbalance in society.
Vocabulary check
Affluent: wealthy, rich
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In some countries, university students live away from home and in another
city while studying. Do you think the disadvantages outweigh the advantages
of living in another city?
In some countries, more and more adults are living with their parents after
graduating from college, university, or even after finding a job. Do the
advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?
In many countries around the world young people decide to leave their
parents’ home once they finish school. They start living on their own or sharing
a home with friends. Some people think it is a positive thing. Do you agree or
disagree?
The advantages of students staying near the university.
1. Increased personal space and fewer restrictions. While living with
parents, students have to take permission for decisions.
2. It enables students to learn how to cope with things independently. They
have to manage all the tasks like cooking, laundry, and cleaning on their
own.
3. In most situations, students have to share an apartment or a dorm with
other students for economic reasons. This develops useful social skills as
they learn how to adjust and cooperate with others, how to calmly handle
disagreements, and how to share responsibilities.
The disadvantages of students staying away from home.
1. Expensive because of the added financial costs of housing rent and food.
So, students are forced to pick up a part-time job while working and this
may leave them very little time for social activities or study after classes.
2. Another issue is safety, as, unlike their hometown, children might not
know many people in the new city. They might make friends or
acquaintances with people with questionable intentions.
Vocabulary check
Questionable: not clearly honest, honorable, or wise.
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Advantages of living with parents after graduating college
1. They contribute towards the household income and share the expenses.
This reduces the burden on the earning members of the family.
2. It helps them reduce their own expenses and helps them save money.
They can invest money or save money for a future home.
3. There is a better bonding and stronger family ties in a family that stays
together.
4. It helps them deal better with stressful situations in life and at work as
they can share problems with their parents.
5. If children stay longer with their parents, they are more likely to support
and take care of their parents in old age, due to the strong family bonds.
Disadvantages of living with parents after graduating college
1. Living with the parents after completing their education, may make the
children more dependent, rather than independent.
2. They may never learn financial responsibility if they are dependent on
their parents' hard-earned wages and do not contribute towards the
household expenses.
3. They may never step out of their comfort zone and consequently, do not
learn to handle challenges very well.
4. If the parents have a retirement plan, they have to put it on hold, till the
time the children are staying at home.
Advantages of children leaving their homes and living on their own or with
friends after finishing school
1) Living alone or sharing an apartment with a friend teaches young adults
to become independent and more confident.
2) They also develop decision-making skills and learn to deal with situations
and problems on their own.
3) Living away from home encourages young people to explore more and
learn more. They meet new people from different backgrounds and
cultures, which helps them become more social.
Disadvantages of children leaving their homes and living on their own after
finishing school
Such freedom to the youth usually takes them on the wrong path like drug
addiction, petty crimes, etc
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More and more students choose to go to another country for their higher
education. Do you think the benefits outweigh the problems associated with
it?
Advantages of going to another country for higher education
1. Students with an overseas education have better employability. Many
employers consider overseas experience a positive and enriching
attribute for any employee.
2. Students get a chance to learn about other cultures. This makes them
more broad-minded and more accepting of people from different
backgrounds.
3. Being alone in a foreign country makes a student independent and selfreliant in terms of solving issues and making important decisions.
Disadvantages of going to another country for higher education
1. The most difficult situation can be the culture shock a student has to face.
Everything is different, which leads to homesickness and loneliness.
2. The financial difficulties are always there, and the student may have a
tough time coping up with the part time job and the pressure of studies.
3. Many students may get placed in those countries where they go to study,
which may cause brain drain.
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Children find it difficult to concentrate on or pay attention to school. What are
the reasons? How can we solve this problem?
Reasons for children not able to concentrate in school
1. The most important is sleep deprivation, which plays an important role in
lowering the attention of school children. Experts believe this is because
of the increasingly technology-saturated culture children live in.
2. Many students lose focus because of long class hours and limited breaks
in between classes. Because of this, children feel overwhelmed and their
performance suffers as their brain does not get time to relax and revitalize
itself.
3. A disorganized notebook or desk can be a cause of distractions for many
students. Children may be spending more time searching for the tools and
material needed to learn rather than paying attention to what is being
taught in class.
4. Noise and activity from other classmates can also distract them.
5. A teacher’s teaching style may be traditional, outdated, and boring and
thus may not be engaging enough for the students.
Solutions
1. Parents need to make sure that their children stick to a nightly routine
and sleep on time. A good sleep gives a child's mind a chance to absorb
everything from the day and recharge for tomorrow.
2. Children focus better if they are given brief breaks for physical activity in
between classes. For example, including some outdoor play times, or
providing a quick stretching or jumping jacks break in the classroom, can
all help children stay focused.
3. If teachers are enthusiastic and make lessons fun and interesting,
students are more likely to stay engaged.
Vocabulary check
Deprivation – lack of something considered to be a
necessity
Overwhelmed - bury or drown beneath a huge mass
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Many people use distance-learning programs to study at home, but some
people think that it cannot bring the benefit as much as attending college or
university. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Students at schools and universities learn far more from lessons with teachers
than from other sources (such as the Internet and television). To what extent
do you agree or disagree?
Computers are increasingly used in education. In which areas do you think are
computers more important and in which areas are teachers more important?
School teachers used to be the source of information; however, some people
argue that teachers are not as important as before as the increasing variety of
information resources. Do you agree or disagree?
Computers are widely used in education and some people think that teachers
do not play an important role in the classroom. To what extent do you agree?)
In the past, lectures were used as a way of teaching large numbers of students,
but now with the development of technology for education, many people
think there is no justification for attending lectures. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?
Some people think computers and Internet are important in children's studies,
but others think students can learn effectively in schools and with teachers.
Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.
Some people think it is not necessary for adults to receive education in class.
Self-study is a good way for them to study more effectively. To what extent do
you agree or disagree?
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Teachers are better than technology because:
1. Teachers can stimulate interest and can keep students focused on study.
A student studying by himself through Internet and TV, may get bored and
stop studying.
2. Teachers can provide a faster and simpler way to present information to
the students. They can come down to the level of a student and so are
definitely better than computers.
3. Teachers help a student develop good communication skills and other
social skills.
4. There are many practical subjects, which students can learn best from the
teacher. For example, experiments in physics and chemistry, are best
learnt by the teacher guiding you at every step.
5. Teachers give assignments and regularly check them. This helps the
teachers to recognize the weak points of students and guide them
accordingly. All this cannot be done efficiently by the Internet and TV.
6. A computer can efficiently check the answers but the corrections can only
be made by a teacher.
Advantages of attending college or university in person
1. Classroom lectures are more educative and enlightening than mere
reading of written courseware due to the direct interaction between the
students and the teachers.
2. Students can also help each other through the exchange of ideas and
information, after class hours.
3. One learns better in a more disciplined atmosphere.
4. One can easily access reference books and other valuable reading
material from the University Library.
5. Apart from the academic curriculum, the student also gains by useful
participation in other extra-curricular activities like sports, competitions,
contests, and the like.
6. There are many campus placement opportunities.
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Importance of the Internet/Television in education
1. The Internet is an ocean of knowledge. Students can get information
about any topic on Earth from the Internet.
2. Television also has a lot of educative programs, and students, who for
some reason cannot go to schools and colleges, benefit a lot from these
programs.
Areas in which computers are better than teachers
1. Computers can help simplify the topics through audio and visual aids.
2. Being human beings, teachers have limited knowledge whereas
computers offer students a complete and thorough understanding of the
subject that has been fed into it.
3. Computers are more important in those areas in which repetition is
needed. For example, in elementary maths and elementary language
learning, a computer can be programmed to provide answers to an
endless number of simple questions.
Advantages of online learning
1. Online mode of learning is easily accessible and can even reach remote
and rural areas.
2. Online learning is a relatively cheaper mode of education in terms of the
lower cost of transportation, accommodation, and the overall cost of
institution-based learning.
3. Online learning is flexible as a learner can schedule or plan their time for
completion of courses available online.
In 2020, the sudden outbreak of a deadly disease
called Covid-19 challenged educators around the
world to shift to an online mode of teaching. Online
learning served as a panacea in the time of crisis.
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Schools should stop using books for teaching children as they find them boring,
and use films, TV, and computer instead. To what extent do you agree with
this?
Some children can learn efficiently by watching TV. Therefore, they should be
encouraged to watch TV both at home and at school. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?
Why multimedia tools have an edge over the traditional books
1. The computer can stimulate and educate students better than books or
speech alone ever could.
2. Electronic search mechanisms can help students find passages instantly,
which would be hard to find in a book unless they remembered precisely
where to look. Multiple windows allow students to keep multiple
passages in front of them simultaneously.
3. Through such media, there could be an immediate exchange of ideas with
other students across the globe, which could be very exciting for the
students.
4. Computers and TVs could prove very useful especially when there is a lack
of good teachers, such as in remote areas.
5. It would be good for the environment because paper would be used less.
How TV can be a good means of educating children
1. TV is an audio-visual medium and can be more effective in teaching
children. What is seen is retained longer in the minds of children.
2. TV can make even boring subjects like history interesting.
3. TV can teach a lot about a subject in a short amount of time.
Why watching TV for education should not be encouraged?
1. If TV is to be used as an educational tool then very strict monitoring would
be needed as to what children watch on TV.
2. Books contain the most knowledge and have more depth. Educational
programs on channels like National Geographic do not give deep
knowledge and are more for entertainment.
3. If children watch TV in school then their interaction with the teacher
would be limited.
4. Children would read less when they learn everything from TV. Reading is
an active activity as compared to TV which is a passive activity.
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Some people believe that reading stories from a book is better than watching
TV or playing computer games for children. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
Some people think parents should read or tell stories to children, while others
think parents need not do that, as children can read books, watch TV or movies
by themselves. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Some people say that the best way for children to learn to read is by using
online materials. Others say that printed materials should be used. Discuss
both views and give your opinion.
Today the Internet has replaced traditional books as a source of information.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this development.
Advantages of computer games and watching TV for children
1. They improve and quicken decision making. In many such games, players
have to keep track of a large pool of information and make split-second
decisions and this in turn enhances decision making in real life as well.
2. Electronic games also improve hand-eye coordination.
3. Watching TV can help to learn about other cultures and help relieve the
stress of studies.
4. TV programs and movies specially cater to children’s stories in audiovisual format, which has a more lasting impact on children.
Advantages of reading over TV
1. Reading provides active learning for learners while the latter is a passive
one.
2. Reading can greatly enhance people’s imagination. For example,
individuals make different images in their minds when they read some
articles or sentences and then use their imagination to put the story
together whereas the TV audience just passively accepts information from
the TV screen.
3. Reading can contribute a lot to language skills, such as pronunciation and
vocabulary. TV programs focus more on pictures than on language.
4. Reading relaxes the body and calms the mind.
Benefits of reading bedtime stories to children
1. It encourages family bonding. In this day and age of hectic lives and busy
schedules, reading together is a simple and enjoyable way for parents to
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
take time out and focus on the family. Children also feel wanted and
loved.
It moulds children into becoming readers, and this significantly increases
the child's potential for academic success as well as lifelong success in
general.
Reading stories also helps children master language development, as by
listening to stories, children learn pronunciation and vocabulary.
It also builds listening skills, increases a child's attention span, and
develops the ability to concentrate.
It develops children's ability to express themselves more confidently,
easily, and clearly in spoken and written terms.
It develops and fosters a child's natural curiosity.
The more that you read, the more things you will
know. The more that you learn, the more places
you’ll go.”
Dr. Seuss
Why children should read on their own
1. Parents are busy and have become workaholics. So, children should learn
by reading on their own and by watching TV.
2. Parents’ role should be limited to surrounding their children with books
worth reading. When children read books on their own, they become
much more independent with studies and this helps them academically
as well as later on.
Why children should not read on their own or learn by watching TV by
themselves
It would be detrimental for children. Who would monitor what the children are
watching or reading? Pronunciations could be wrong if children read on their
own. They may refrain from reading altogether.
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Benefits of printed material to teach reading (Advantages of traditional books)
1. Reading traditional printed books is a good workout for the brain. Just like
muscles, the brain benefits from a good workout, and reading is more
demanding than watching online lessons, TV, or listening to the radio.
2. It is not good to expose children to the computer screen so early in life.
3. It is very difficult to sit for long hours glued to the monitor screen.
4. The textbooks for school and college students are always better in the
conventional print form, as students can mark important points, and add
notes if needed.
5. These print books are not dependent on the battery life of the gadget
used for reading e-books.
6. Those who are not so tech-savvy are also more comfortable with the
traditional book.
7. Not all people have internet access, tablets, laptops, or e-readers.
Benefits of online reading material (Advantages of e-books)
1. Today’s children are exposed to technology and they find it boring to read
from books and other printed materials. In such cases, online materials
prove to be very helpful. Studies have shown that new multimedia such
as electronic books and stories stimulate students’ interest and help them
be prolific readers.
2. E-books are instant, which means a person can start reading immediately
after downloading.
3. E-books are generally cheaper than the print version.
4. They are lighter as the e-readers are not as heavy as the printed book.
Some e-readers have a built in light and other features such as a dictionary
also.
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In developing countries, rural children have less access to education. Some
people say that the problem can be solved by providing schools and teachers.
Others say that computers and internet should be provided. Discuss both sides
and give your opinion.
Schools have a limited amount of money to spend. Some people suggest that
it should be spent on good teachers, while others say it should be used for
buying equipment like computers. Discuss both views and give your own
opinion.
Points in favor of providing schools and teachers to developing countries
1. A good education guarantees better employment opportunities.
2. Schools also provide children the knowledge and skills they need to face
daily life challenges.
3. While computers appear to engage students, the engagement is usually
fleeting and children are soon distracted. No technology can provide the
tailored attention for students that dedicated teachers can, and thus,
attempts to use technology as a stand-in for capable teachers are bound
to fail.
Points in favor of providing technology to developing countries
1. If these poor countries were provided access to technology, they would
catch up with the rich and this would bridge the gap between the rich and
the poor.
2. It would be almost impossible for these countries to set up efficient
educational systems without the availability of multimedia and
information technology.
3. Cultural development will also benefit as knowledge bases of art, culture,
and history can be easily created, made widely accessible, and easily
updated.
4. Computers are better at repetitive tasks like vocabulary drills. Teachers
find these jobs very monotonous.
Own view
I believe that a combination of schools and technology is needed in developing
countries. Schools and teachers would not be able to provide quality education
without technology. Good teachers may not like to go to those areas to teach,
but with the help of technology, their lectures could be made available to those
children. However, schools and teachers would still be needed because children
would not be able to assimilate that information on their own.
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Students today can access information online, so libraries are not necessary.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Some people think that the government should establish free libraries in each
town. Others believe that it is a waste of money since people can access the
Internet at home to obtain information. Discuss both sides and give your own
opinion.
Why libraries are necessary
1. The ambience and the peaceful and scholarly atmosphere of the library
helps one to concentrate more on one's work and study.
2. It is difficult to always read books from the computer monitor. Paper
books can be issued from the library and read anywhere.
3. Only technology savvy and computer literate people can access
information online.
4. Access to online information and virtual libraries can be affected by power
cuts and network failures.
5. Libraries also provide computers and internet connection which many
low-income families can’t afford to have in their homes.
6. Public libraries also act as a community centre where people can meet
and share information.
7. Knowledgeable librarians can be of practical help when it comes to
offering professional advice about where to find information on particular
topics.
8. Today children already spend a lot of time in front of screens and e-books
can cause more eye strain, fatigue and headache.
Why libraries are not necessary
1. Online resources can be obtained from all over the world 24 hours a day,
seven days a week, while a library's publications cannot provide up-tothe-minute information. People can read newspapers, magazines,
journals and encyclopedias, no matter when or where.
2. The Internet offers a complete multimedia experience such as texts,
video, audio, and graphics, all at once, but such advantages often cannot
be expected from town libraries.
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The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they shouldn’t
waste their limited resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media
such as computer software, videos, and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or
disagree with this statement?
Why hi-tech media should not be there in libraries
1. The fear is that the traditional book will lose its appeal. Because of
technology, books are now being converted into digital forms as e-books.
Such electronic books are putting in danger the importance of traditional
libraries.
2. People might use it for chatting and surfing objectionable sites.
Why libraries should have all modern technology
1. Libraries have to keep in stock many copies of a single book. E-books
occupy less space and so the availability of these books in addition to
books seems very practical because of the shortage of space in most
libraries.
2. A person goes to a library not only to search and get information from
books but also to sit and study there. Some books, which are out of print
or not available in that particular area can be accessed as e-books.
3. Many people cannot afford the expensive hi-tech media and Internet
connection in their homes. Therefore, computers and the Internet should
be available in libraries.
4. With the help of computers, the records of the books in the library could
be maintained very efficiently.
Libraries store the energy that fuels the imagination.
They open up windows to the world and inspire us
to explore and achieve and contribute to improving
our quality of life.
Sidney Sheldon
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Some people think if students are afraid of the teacher, it is better. Others say
that having a friendly relationship is better. Discuss both points and give your
opinion.
Advantages if the teacher is strict
1. A strict teacher makes students behave better, so the class is well
organized and the lesson can be taught without any interruption.
2. It teaches the students about responsibility for their actions. For example,
if students don’t do homework, they have to stay after class to do
homework. Moreover, students are afraid of being punished when they
violate the strict guidelines so they obey their teacher.
3. Students tend to be more respectful of the teacher and don’t talk
inappropriately with the teacher.
Advantage if the teacher is friendly
1. Students trust a friendly teacher more. A friendly teacher is like a good
mentor with whom students can share their problems. A strict teacher is
less approachable.
2. Students genuinely enjoy coming to class. They are more open to learning
and take more interest in the subject.
3. Students feel free to ask questions, express opinions, and challenge the
teaching. Students bloom under the guidance of such a teacher.
Own opinion
In my opinion, a good teacher should be like a friend, philosopher, and guide for
his students. But, from time to time, he should pull the reins so that the students
do not go out of hand.
The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher
explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The
great teacher inspires.
William Arthur Ward
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Some people say that to become a good teacher, you should acquire enough
training, while others say that teaching capabilities can be developed with
experience. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Points in favour of getting training to become a good teacher
1. Training for teachers is important for them to have class management
skills. Teachers not just teach but also have to effectively handle students
who misbehave or interrupt during class.
2. Training also teaches them to cope with unending parental expectations
and pressures from the management of the school.
3. They also need to learn and create teaching strategies that will bring back
the interest of the students in the classrooms and encourage learning.
4. Children’s future is in their hands so they have to do their best in making
children learn. Teacher training ensures that teachers are well prepared
to cope with all such challenges.
Points in favour of developing teaching capabilities through experience
1. In most cases teacher training sessions are short and held at the end of
the session just to complete a formality.
2. Training material is outdated and often leaves teachers uninspired. The
trainers provide stray bits of advice, which actually are of no use to
teachers but wastage of time.
3. Teachers learn better through their own experience or through the
experience and guidance of their senior colleagues.
Own opinion
In my opinion, if teachers have to rely on experience alone, it may take them
ages to become a good teacher. So, both training and experience are needed
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Many people believe that healthy eating and the importance of healthy food
should be taught in schools. Others say that parents should teach their kids
about healthy food and diet. Discuss both views and give your opinion with
relevant examples.
Some people think that schools do not do enough to teach young people about
how to look after their health. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Why healthy diet education should be given by parents
1. Parents can start developing healthy eating habits in children before they
start school
2. Parents can be good role models and need to make sure they're
demonstrating a healthy attitude toward food so that their children do
the same.
Why healthy diet education should be given by teachers
1. Some parents themselves are not much aware of healthy eating. Teachers
can in fact teach them too through their children.
2. Teachers are considered experts and so children are more likely to listen
to their teachers.
3. Some parents are busy with their hectic jobs and this added responsibility
can add more stress to their lives.
Own view
Talking about wholesome diets to children is very essential in today’s times and
both teachers and parents must do it together to leave an imprint on the minds
of children.
Importance of imparting health education in schools
1. Schools that provide health services and education not only benefit
school-aged children, but also the entire community.
2. Healthier children are more likely to attend school, and absenteeism is
reduced.
3. It can help establish lifelong positive behaviors.
4. Health education can help protect individuals, particularly young women,
from HIV infection and pregnancy.
5. If health education is incorporated into the school curricula, the problem
of childhood obesity can be tackled to a large extent.
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In many countries, children are getting fatter and less fit day by day. Why is it
so and suggest solutions.
Reasons of childhood obesity
1. It is mainly because of an unhealthy diet. Children are attracted to fast
food, which is rich in sugar and fat. They are ignorant of what constitutes
a healthy diet. Parents nowadays are busy with their work and are not
present to guide their children. To add to it, children are bombarded with
advertisements from fast food companies.
2. Children are much less active than they used to be. In the past young
people took part in activities that burned a lot of energy. However, today
they spend a lot of their time indoors, sitting in front of a TV or playing
video games. This sedentary lifestyle is playing havoc with the health of
young people.
Solutions
1. Health education should be incorporated in school curricula. Schools
should organize compulsory lessons to explain the main elements of a
healthy diet and teach pupils how to prepare healthy meals.
2. Parents should also cook healthy delicious meals at home so that children
are deterred from eating fast food.
3. Governments should have some restrictions on the type of adverts shown
in children’s programmes.
4. Children should be encouraged to take part in sports and schools have a
great role to play in this.
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Schools should teach children good behavior and introduce ideas of 'right' and
'wrong’. It should not only be left to parents. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
Some people think that teachers should be responsible for teaching students
to judge what is right and wrong so that they can behave well. Others say that
teachers should only teach students academic subjects. Discuss both views
and give your opinion.
Once children start school, teachers have more influence than parents on their
intellectual and social development. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Why it is the role of parents to impart moral education
1. They are responsible for bringing their children into the world and it is
their responsibility to teach them social values.
2. They can act as good role models as children copy their behaviour.
3. As children spend a huge amount of time with parents, they get more time
to build up good behavioural patterns in children.
4. Moral values should be taught early on and parents can do it before the
children start going to school.
Why it is the role of school/teachers to impart moral education
1. Parents are busy with their hectic jobs and do not get enough time to
spend with their children. So, it is the teacher's responsibility to assist in
developing desirable characteristics like honesty, kindness, responsibility,
creativity etcetera. in children.
2. Students always try to imitate their teacher’s actions, so teachers can
impart moral education by just being good role models. For example,
teachers can set a good example by being punctual to class.
3. Teachers can convey many good things to parents and society through
students in many parts of the world. For example, in Nepal, where the
illiteracy rate is very high, teachers convey many valuable messages such
as personal hygiene through students.
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Why do teachers have more influence than parents on children’s intellectual
and social development
1. Children spend quality time with teachers. Although they spend more
time with parents at home, this time is not as productive as the small
amount of time spent with teachers.
2. Teachers are role models for students. They not only influence
intellectually but socially. Students inadvertently follow their teachers’
behavior too.
3. Teachers also guide students in their future careers. Students follow
teachers more than parents because they feel that teachers are more
aware of the world around them and they have better capability of
guiding them.
Vocabulary check
Inadvertently: without intention; accidentally
Some people think the typical teaching of a teacher and students in the class
will not exist by the year 2050. Do you agree or disagree?
The trend of education in the future would be very progressive and technology
driven.
In what ways will the trend of education be different by the year 2050
1. Because of technology learning will be able to happen anytime and
anywhere and the classroom will be a place for putting the knowledge to
practical use.
2. Teachers will become facilitators of knowledge and no longer the experts,
because of the rapid and constant changes to the information that can be
found. The teacher will still guide students through learning, but it will be
impossible for teachers to have all the knowledge.
3. Learning will be student-centric, and not teacher-oriented. Education will
also be more holistic and real-world oriented. For example, a lesson on
the Indian freedom struggle would not only be about learning history and
geography but also learning about the importance of rights and
appreciation of liberties the society enjoys today.
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Some people think that schools are more effective if students are allowed to
participate in running the school. State whether you agree or disagree. Give
reasons for your answer using personal experiences or other examples.
Students should participate in running the school
1. Student involvement can help school administration in maintaining
discipline in schools. Student participation in school administration
through student councils gives them a voice and makes them feel
important. Violence and other harmful behaviours also reduce.
2. Teachers become more respectful and responsive to student rights.
3. Such involvement also helps the school management hold students
accountable for their actions, which encourages transparency and
responsiveness.
4. Student involvement can improve the overall results of the school.
5. Students who are involved in school administration become better
citizens later on.
6. Student evaluation of teachers can help schools retain good teachers and
let go of the bad ones.
Some people who failed at school can be highly successful in their adult life.
Discuss why does this happen? And what are the main factors to get a
successful life?
1. Some students may not be good at studies but may have some inborn talent
(such as a talent in music or sports) in them, which could make them reach the
pinnacle of their careers and they could become rich and successful.
2. The education system relies on rote learning and in which too much emphasis is
given to theory and very little to practical. Because of this, some intelligent
students may be left behind in studies and those with good rote learning
capability could pass with flying colors. Later in life, when they enter the world
of work, they may succeed in life because of their practical skills.
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Some people think that uniform in schools is unnecessary and should be
banned. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Give examples from your
own experience.
School uniforms are necessary
1. Uniforms give a sense of identity to the school.
2. It instills a sense of discipline in school children.
3. Uniform is a social leveler. A uniform reduces the gap between the rich
and the poor.
4. If students play truant and bunk school, they can be easily identified.
5. Uniform provides security. For example, if some miscreants come into the
school, they can be easily spotted from afar. Even on school excursions, it
is easier for the teachers to manage if all students are in the same
uniform.
6. Students don’t waste time thinking about what to wear and this improves
punctuality.
7. Uniform prepares the student for the world of work which has a dress
code.
School uniforms are not necessary
1. Expensive and so unnecessary burden on parents who can’t afford them.
2. Students can express themselves better through their clothes and should
be given the chance to show their individuality.
3. School uniforms promote fights with rival schools as they make students
very identifiable.
4. School uniforms may make students rebellious as they make not like
wearing them. They make try to shorten, lengthen or do other alterations
to their uniforms.
Vocabulary check
Truant: a student who stays away from school
without leave or explanation.
Miscreant: a person who behaves badly or in a way
that breaks the law.
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Some people think children should attend extra classes after school, while
others disagree. Discuss both opinions and give your own view.
Advantages of private tuitions (extra classes) after school
1. Private tutors can re-explain the topics learnt in the class and reiterate
key points and help to solve problems students find difficult to tackle.
2. Keeps children busy. Allocating time for private tuition reduces their time
spent on useless pursuits such as chatting with friends and watching TV.
3. Students can get more attention and personalized learning. In most
schools, classroom sizes are big and student to teacher ratio is high.
Disadvantages of private tuitions after school
1. Sometimes tutors provide additional homework on top of those given by
teachers in school. The extra homework from the tutor is an added
burden to the students.
2. Private tuition can be a financial burden to parents who can’t afford them.
3. Some students just use these extra tuitions to finish their homework given
by schools with the help of tutors without thinking through the solutions
by themselves.
4. Students will not have time for sports and outdoor activities which are
essential for their physical and mental health.
In many countries, children spend long hours on homework. Some people
think less homework can reduce students’ stress and give them a chance to
develop other skills. Do you agree or disagree?
Benefits of homework
1. It helps to consolidate and clarify what was learned during the school day.
2. It reduces time for TV and video games and promotes good study habits.
3. It teaches self-discipline and time management
4. It lets parents see what their children are doing at school
Drawbacks of too much homework
1. Too much homework reduces family time.
2. Children don’t get time to help their families with household chores.
3. Too much homework doesn't give time for relaxation, playing and
pursuing sports and hobbies.
4. Excessive homework leads to poor eating habits as families tend to
choose fast food as a faster alternative.
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144
Some people think that young children benefit from going to nursery school
before starting primary school. Others think it is better for young children to
stay all day with their families. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Advantages of nursery schools
1. Social skills: Interacting with other children teaches them to share, take
turns, handle conflicts, and listen to one another.
2. It also improves their communication skills.
3. A good preschool program also teaches children pre-literacy skills such as
learning all the letters of the alphabet and basic math concepts such as
numbers and quantity.
4. Preschool also helps to prepare children for school by helping them learn
appropriate classroom behavior
5. Exposure to different types of activities such as playing with blocks and
listening to poetry and songs are just a few of the many experiences
children benefit from in a fun learning environment.
Disadvantages of nursery schools
1. If the children are not monitored properly, they learn negative social skills
such as teasing, bullying, and fighting.
2. Children do not get enough quality time with their parents.
3. Children in preschool programs are exposed to a number of illnesses, so
they get sick more often than kids who stay at home.
4. Good quality nursery schools may be very expensive.
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Some think that children should start school as early as possible, while others
believe that they should start school at the age of seven. Discuss both views
and give your own opinion.
Why children should start school as early as possible
1. Children who begin to study at a very early age have more chances to
succeed in the future. Such children get a head start in learning, which
definitely gives them an advantage in their later school years.
2. If children remain at home till 7 years, they while away time in
unproductive activities. But, when children attend school, they are
purposefully engaged in activities that stimulate their minds and
encourage them to develop and improve.
Why children should start school at a later age
1. Childhood comes but once in life and should be spent as much as possible
with parents. This interaction with parents becomes less after children
start school because they get busy with homework and other activities.
2. Children need more exercise at an early age because at this age the
development of their body is a very essential aspect. The stress of school
and homework stifles the growth of many children.
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146
In some countries, schools are open till late so that children can be looked after
when parents are at work. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages of schools being open till late
1. Such schools can provide children with supervision during this crucial
time. Children left unsupervised after school are more likely to be
involved in delinquent acts during these hours.
2. In addition to providing supervision, after-school and extended schoolday programs are now being seen as a means of improving the academic
achievement of students who are not achieving as well as they need to
during regular school hours.
3. These schools are also providing opportunities for providing social,
cultural, and recreational activities. In this way, they provide enriching
experiences that broaden children’s perspectives and improve their
socialization.
Disadvantages of schools being open till late
1. These schools are generally very costly. They may be hard on the pockets
of many parents.
2. Children get tired after spending so many hours in school.
3. Once the child gets home there is very little time left to interact with the
parents.
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Some developed countries have reduced the number of school hours. Is this a
positive or a negative development?
Disadvantages of reduced school hours
1. It would reduce the amount of instructional time. Even laboratory classes
would be detrimentally affected.
2. The school might have to reduce the number of vacation days or add days
at the beginning or end of the school year to complete the syllabus.
3. It would add to the stress of finding daycare for after school hours for
those parents who are working full time.
Advantages of reduced school hours
1. Reducing the number of hours would allow extra time for students to
participate in additional educational or vocational experiences.
2. Students would have more time for an after-school job to provide
supplemental income to their families.
3. Students might also have the opportunity to participate in internships or
perform community service.
4. The utilities, such as heating, air conditioning, and electricity of the actual
school buildings would be used less and contribute to the savings.
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In many countries schools have severe problems with student behaviour.
What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can you suggest?
Causes of bad behavior in schools
1. Bad behavior is due to a lack of structure and discipline. There are too
many children in some classes. Large classes are difficult to manage.
2. Many disruptive students come from unstable family backgrounds.
3. Some parents are too lenient and spoil their children. Some children are
used to getting whatever they want. Schools can do very little if they are
not supported by parents.
4. When intelligent students are taught with other students who are weak
at studies, they become disruptive because they follow and grasp things
quickly and then disturb the others.
Solutions of bad behavior in schools
1. Schools need a clear code of conduct. Schools need a clear set of rules
about behavior
2. They need to create a positive working atmosphere. Teachers must have
the power to punish disruptive students.
3. Schools need to work closely with parents. Discipline could be lacking at
home. Parents must support the school rules. They should take
responsibility for their children’s behavior
4. A separate section could be made for the disruptive students.
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Some people think that it is better to educate boys and girls in separate
schools. Others, however, believe that boys and girls benefit more from
attending mixed schools.
Advantages of co-education
1. It helps each sex to know and accept the viewpoints of others. This helps
in their later life when both sexes have to live alongside each other in
society.
2. They are more respectful of the opposite gender.
3. Studying together helps in the full development of personality.
4. They learn from each other as both genders have different strengths.
5. Co-education is economically more viable. Instructing the two sexes
separately would mean doubling the infrastructure.
Disadvantages of co-education
1. A person is inhibited in front of the opposite sex. So, his full potential is
not developed.
2. Students have less concentration in the class because they are distracted
by other activities with the opposite sex
3. It goes against some cultures and religions.
4. The future roles of men and women are different. So they should be
taught according to that.
Vocabulary check
Viable: capable of working successfully; feasible.
Inhibited: unable to act in a relaxed and natural way
because of self-consciousness
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Tests and examinations are a central feature of school systems in many
countries. Do you think the educational benefits of testing outweigh any
disadvantages?
Disadvantages of Exams
1. The examination system is unfair because sometimes two students with
the same ability in a subject get very different exam results. This is
because one is much better at taking exams than the other.
2. Exam questions often test how much a student has remembered about
the things he or she has been taught in the classroom. As a result,
students are often encouraged to do rote learning, instead of how to use
the information and how to think for themselves.
3. Exams can cause anxiety and stress.
4. Exams sometimes have a bad effect on teaching, as teachers are usually
judged by the exam results of their students. Consequently, they are often
more interested in preparing their students for the exams than in making
their lessons lively and stimulating.
Advantages of Exams
1. Have been going on for ages and have withstood the test of time.
2. Exams promote competition among students. They work harder to
improve their knowledge and do better than their peers.
3. Students study because of the fear of exams.
4. Some criteria is needed to judge the progress of students.
5. If students get good grades in exams, they are likely to get scholarships
and get a chance to study at good institutes.
6. Exams make students confident.
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Environment
Essays
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Environmental problems are too big for individual countries and individual
persons to address. In other words, we have reached the stage where the only
way to protect the environment is at an international level. To what extent do
you agree or disagree with this opinion?
Individuals can do nothing to improve the environment. Only governments
and large companies can make a difference. To what extent do you agree or
disagree with this opinion?
Some think that these environmental problems are too big for individuals to
be solved, while others think that governments cannot solve these
environmental problems unless individuals take some action. Discuss both
views and give your opinion.
The responsibility to prevent global environmental damage is on politicians
rather than individuals. Do you agree or disagree?
While this issue needs to be handled at the national and international levels by
the politicians (government), every inhabitant of Earth also needs to do his/her
bit and take small steps to contribute towards a cleaner environment.
Why steps need to be taken at the international level to save the environment
Pollution caused by one country can affect many others.
One example: the whole Pacific Ocean has now been polluted with
mercury due to the release of industrial wastewater into the Pacific Ocean
by Japan’s industries.
Another example: the ozone hole is the biggest over Antarctica, nowhere
near the industrialized nations of the US or Europe, which were the main
polluters in the 20th century. Therefore, global intervention is needed to
ameliorate these issues.
What can countries do to save the environment?
1. Countries can make laws against the use of plastic bags and other
environment damaging materials.
2. Governments can provide better public transport, good roads, and
separate walking and cycling lanes.
3. Countries can take the lead and take steps, which show the way for other
countries to follow. For example, many countries are now copying Israel’s
desalination water model. Here a single country’s efforts have resulted in
a global solution to fresh-water concerns.
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Why do some people say that individuals can do nothing for the environment
1. Individuals lack the professional knowledge needed to cope with serious
environmental issues like soil erosion and salinity, which require a
significant amount of investigation and research.
2. When an environmental emergency or accident happens such as an oil
spill near the borderline, only government action or international
coordination can help.
What can individuals do to save the environment
Protecting the planet starts at an individual level. Small changes at the individual
level may seem trivial but can go a long way in bringing a change. Some steps
that can be taken at an individual level to save the environment.
1. They can use public transport instead of private vehicles, carpool, walk to
short distances rather than using a vehicle, or use eco-friendly modes of
transport, like bicycles.
2. They can shop wisely and be conscious about buying products with less
packaging material used. Use eco-friendly reusable bags instead of
plastics while shopping.
3. They can reduce, reuse, and recycle. They can reduce household waste,
compost food scraps, and recycle things like newspapers, plastics, and
glass.
4. They can conserve water as less water used means less runoff and
wastewater that eventually ends up in oceans.
5. They can plant trees as trees are the lungs of the earth and purify the air.
6. They can volunteer for clean-ups in the community.
7. They can turn off lights, TV, and other appliances when not using them.
Use energy-efficient bulbs and appliances.
Why even government actions fail if people don’t support
If the government enacts laws for the betterment of the environment, and
individuals do not cooperate, then there would be no results. For example, in
India, there is a strict ban on the use of single-use plastics, but people are still
using them.
Own View
I believe that while there are some environmental areas in which government
intervention is paramount, I also believe that in some areas individuals must
lead the way.
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Scientists have been warning for many years about protecting the
environment and that people must limit the use of energy in their daily lives.
Despite warnings, many people do not do so. What are the reasons for this
and how can people be encouraged to protect the environment?
Many people think it is important to protect the environment, but they make
no effort on it themselves. Why is it so and what can be done about it?
People generally know that the environment is important. However, most
individuals still don’t take responsibility to protect the environment. Why is
this? What should be done to encourage people to protect the environment?
Why people are not doing anything for the environment
1. People do not know that they themselves are the main cause of
environmental damage. They are cutting down trees for their needs, using
too many luxuries in the home, driving too many cars, and wasting
resources like freshwater. They are accustomed to the luxuries of life and
it is very hard to switch back to a simpler life.
2. They consider that their individual actions would not make a big
difference. In other words, people think that environmental issues are too
big to be resolved at the individual level and the only way to address these
issues is at the government level.
3. Some are also of the opinion that environmentalists are exaggerating the
consequences of climate change and global warming. They trust science
to find them the solutions to these issues.
What can government do to encourage people to save the environment
1. The government can implement strict rules and regulations, which would
ensure energy efficiency in homes or the use of renewable energy in
homes. For example, many local governments pass large new residential
building plans only if the plan incorporates solar rooftop panels.
2. Governments from around the world can do is penalizing wastage or
excessive use of energy at very high rates. Nothing would prompt a bigger
reaction than a hit at people’s pockets.
The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that
someone else will save it.
Robert Swan
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155
Environmental problems such as pollution and climatic variations are
increasing nowadays. The governments have taken some measures at a global
level. But they got only a few solutions. Why is it so? How can this problem be
solved?
Why the measures taken by governments to combat climate change and
pollution at the global level fail
1. Difficulty in balancing economic development and environmental
protection. For instance, although solar power is renewable and nonpolluting it is still considerably costlier than thermal power.
2. The problem of consensus when it comes to global issues. For some
countries, environmental issues are not so high on the priority list and for
others it is critical.
Solutions to solving climate change at a global level
1. It requires a change in outlook towards environmental issues. Just as
pollution is not bound by political boundaries, in the same way our
solutions cannot be in silos. The world truly needs to come together as
one to tackle this issue.
2. Countries must make compromises, for instance, rich countries have to
help developing countries with technology and financial aid.
The key to solving environmental problems is for the present generation to
sacrifice their convenient life (or live a less comfortable life) for the sake of
future generations. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Why present generation needs to sacrifice their convenient life for future
generations to solve environment issues?
1. If the present generation will not make a few changes in their everyday
life, such as using paper bags instead of polythene bags for carrying
groceries, then the future generation will not be able to survive.
2. The judicious usage of natural resources by today’s generation will ensure
a positive outlook for future energy and environmental needs for the
upcoming generation.
3. The other alternatives like stricter laws by governments have failed to
make an impact in solving the environmental problems.
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156
Some people say that industrial growth is necessary to solve poverty, but some
other people argue that industrial growth is leading to poverty and should be
stopped. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Some people say that economic development is necessary to reduce the
poverty in the world. Others say that economic growth should be stopped
immediately to stop damaging the environment. Discuss both sides and give
your opinion
Pollution and other environmental problems are resulting from a country's
developing and becoming richer. Some think this cannot be avoided. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
How Industrial growth reduces poverty
1. It creates employment opportunities: Industrial developments lead to
more jobs in both large-scale and small-scale businesses, which creates
job opportunities for those who may be unemployed otherwise.
2. Employment opportunities raise the income level of workers and help
families living in poverty move above the poverty threshold.
3. History is witness, that industrialisation leads to improvement in the
standard of people. Western countries began discovering the positive
relation between economic growth and poverty reduction around 1820
and as a result, the living standards in Europe and the United States
improved manifold in the next years.
Opposing view – how industrial growth leads to poverty
Industrialisation leads to inequality between the rich and the poor. A handful of
rich are getting richer while the poor are being driven to the wall. However,
results have proved that such inequality is only short-lived and everyone has
benefited in the long run. It is because of the high initial inequality that it
appears as if economic growth is leading to poverty.
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How Industrial growth damages the environment
1. Air, Water, Soil Pollution: Factories burn fossil fuels and release toxic
gases into the air. Industries dump contaminated water, chemicals, and
radioactive materials into the local waterways. Industrial nonbiodegradable waste thrown into landfills pollutes the soil and can leach
toxins into the local water supply
2. Habitat destruction: Forests are cut down for their lumber, and
ecosystems are destroyed to create roads and set up industries.
Destroying these habitats upsets local ecosystems and leads to plant and
animal extinction.
Solutions to reduce the impact of industrial growth on the environment
1. Proper treatment of Industrial waste: Factories should implement the
proper procedures to purify or cleanse their waste by-products so that
the rest of the waste can be disposed of safely.
2. Stricter laws: Governments need to fine companies who don’t follow
proper protocol
3. Better site location: Companies should consider the location of industrial
sites so the potential impact on the surrounding environment is minimal.
4. Increase recycling efforts: Recycle polluted water and plastic waste.
5. Switch to clean energy sources like solar and wind.
6. Rebuild habitats and do afforestation: Planting more trees can help purify
the air and give wildlife their home back
Own View
I believe that with economic and industrial development, the adverse effects on
the environment also increase. However, we cannot put a halt on economic
progress because it provides opportunities for improved living and jobs to
people. Therefore, we must look into methods by which we can achieve progress
and control the damage to the environment.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
158
Some people think governments should focus on reducing environmental
pollution and housing problems to help people prevent illness and disease. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
Agree but with concession, that other things should also be looked into
While I agree that reducing pollution and addressing housing issues can prevent
certain diseases, I also believe that governments need to spend on awareness
and healthcare for other diseases.
Why Governments should address pollution and housing problems
Environmental problems and housing conditions are two main sources of illness
and diseases.
1. Many people live in slums and don’t have access to potable water and
proper sanitation facilities. Many mosquito-borne diseases such as
dengue, malaria, etc can be prevented if people have basic housing, clean
drinking water, and toilets.
2. Air pollution leads to many respiratory diseases like asthma and long-term
exposure to polluted air has also been linked to heart diseases.
Why only looking into housing and the environment would not be enough
There are other areas that governments need to focus on to prevent illness and
disease.
1. Government must allocate a budget for other preventable diseases such
as polio and TB, whooping cough, measles, mumps, and so on, which need
immunization.
2. There are diseases such as cancers, which can be prevented by screening
tests. Government should spend on tests like PAP smears and
mammograms, through which cancer of the cervix and breast can be
diagnosed much before the actual symptoms appear.
3. Many health issues are caused because of bad diet and lack of physical
activity. Governments also need to focus on creating awareness about the
benefits of a nutritious diet and exercise.
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159
The best way to solve the world’s environmental problem is to increase the
price of fuel. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Disagree with concession
While I believe that raising the price of fuels such as petrol and diesel may help
in curbing this issue to some extent, it is not the best solution to solve the
environmental problems of the world, and other methods are better.
Why increasing fuel prices is a good method to solve environmental problems
1. Increasing fuel prices will cause some car owners to use public
transportation systems or rideshare services, drive less, and walk more.
This means fewer vehicles on the road and that will cause a drop in carbon
emissions that are very bad for our environment and health.
2. Industries might also turn to eco-friendly, renewable, and clean sources.
Why it is not the best method
1. A great number of vehicles in a country are owned by the affluent, and so
an increase in fuel prices may not change their nature towards car usage.
Other better solutions
1. Improving road conditions and building a faster and more efficient public
transport system, so that people are motivated to use it. For example, not
only the poor but also the rich prefer the Delhi metro over cars.
2. Promoting fuel-efficient vehicles that use less oil, cleaner fuels that
produce fewer emissions, and electric cars and trucks. All the major car
companies like Honda, Toyota and Ford are ramping up electric car
production. So the government can give incentives to people to buy these
environment-friendly vehicles.
Strongly disagree
Raising the cost of fuel would lead to bigger problems
1. Such a policy would hurt the auto industry, place higher costs on current
and prospective car owners, and be detrimental to the economy of a
nation.
2. There is evidence that waste gas from cars is not the leading cause of air
pollution. The culprit may be the discharge of polluting substances into
the atmosphere due to the rapidly growing manufacturing industry. We
could better handle this problem if we could increase control over
industrial waste discharge and adopt more environmentally friendly
materials and production equipment.
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160
Some people believe that taxing companies that cause pollution, is the best
way to reduce industrial pollution, whereas others suggest that the
government should deal with this on its own. Discuss both views and give your
opinion.
Some people argue that companies and private individuals, rather than
governments, should pay the bill for pollution. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
Why companies should be levied a carbon tax
1. It would motivate them to switch to cleaner energy. These include solar
energy, wind energy, and hydro-powered energy.
2. This tax would raise substantial revenue as it would increase the cost of
fuel. This money could be used by the governments for other useful
purposes, or to cut other taxes.
Why there should not be a carbon tax
1. It may not be possible to pinpoint the extent to which each company has
to pay for pollution. Such businesses will find loopholes to avoid heavy
bills.
2. The big companies may be unwilling to accept the responsibility of paying
the additional bill of pollution and may pass on this tax completely to the
consumers by increasing the cost of their products.
3. A high carbon tax can negatively impact the economy by reducing a
company’s profits which could lead to higher unemployment rates.
4. Many industries may shift to non-tax nations.
5. With the increase in the cost of fuels, the common people would suffer,
as everyone uses some carbon in their lives.
6. It has been seen that in countries that have imposed the tax, there has
been no significant fall in pollution levels. In fact, it has had an opposite
effect as the companies paying the tax, stop feeling guilty about creating
pollution.
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161
Development in technology causes environmental problems. Some people
believe the solution to these problems is that everyone should accept a
simpler way of life, while others say that technology can solve these problems.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Why some people favour living a simpler technology-free life to solve
environmental problems
It is the luxuries people use, that damage the environment. If people don’t use
air conditioners, automobiles, and other such things that technology has
brought us, then naturally there would be less pollution and natural resources
like fossil fuels would be used less and all this would save the environment.
Why do some people say that technology only can save us from environmental
problems?
1. There are a lot of advances going on in technology, which are helping the
environment a lot. For instance, in Africa, desalination plants have been
set up to get clean drinking water from seawater – an almost
inexhaustible resource.
2. Appliances made today are much more energy efficient than 20 years ago.
For example, Modern washing machines use 25% less electricity and 75%
less water than those used 20 years ago.
3. Because of the advancements in technology we have been able to harness
the power of cleaner energies like sun, wind, and water. Our dependence
on exhaustible pollution causing power sources is reduced year by year.
4. Japan is working to build a working space solar power system by 2030. It
could meet the entire world's electricity requirements indefinitely
without nuclear or GHG emissions. If successful, the impact on the world
would be monumental.
5. Development in recycling technology is reducing waste and pollution.
6. People simply cannot take a U-turn to the age of the bullock cart. For
example, air conditioners are no longer a luxury; they have become a
necessity because of global warming, but these air conditioners can be
made in such a way that they use less energy and provide more cooling.
The 5-star ACs of today are eco-friendly technological creations.
Technology may have caused many environmental
problems but it is needed for addressing
environmental degradation, climate change, and
waste management.
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162
Most countries do not recycle their waste like paper, glass, and aluminium
cans. Why does this happen and what steps can be taken to encourage
recycling?
Why countries don't recycle things
1. The cost involved in recycling is much more than alternatives like landfill
and incineration.
2. Most countries lack the technology and equipment needed to process
recycling waste. The simplest and cheapest option is usually to bury
garbage in a landfill.
3. In many countries the consumer demand for recycled products is low and
countries are not able to make profits by selling products made from
recycled materials like newspapers and glass bottles.
4. In many cases, recycling is worse for the environment than alternatives
like a properly run landfill.
Example: Reusable metal straws and canvas bags require a lot of energy
and materials to manufacture, and unless people use them many times,
they end up having more environmental consequences.
5. Countries feel that recycling consumes energy as a lot of fuel is needed to
drive the recycling trucks around.
How can countries be motivated to recycle
Countries will start recycling if it starts making economic and environmental
sense.
1. Demand for recycled products needs to be increased by creating
awareness about greener products and encouraging consumers to buy
these products.
2. Research needs to be done to create a sustainable, affordable, and
environmentally friendly recycling system.
3. Many developed countries which successfully recycle must come forward
and share their recycling technology and strategies with developing
countries.
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Why people don't recycle things
1. People don’t want to put in the extra effort. Some places have no
recycling pick-up and so they find recycling inconvenient.
2. The lack of space is an issue for many. People don’t want to see garbage
and with little storage space for recycling bins, the trash is an eyesore.
3. People think that it does not make a difference, so they don’t bother to
do it. They also find it too hard to do. Since there are so many facets to
recycling glass, plastic, and paper. It’s hard to decipher which kinds go
where.
How can people be motivated to recycle
1. They should be made aware of the benefits of recycling.
2. Integrating recycling into the high school educational system could also
help.
3. An economic incentive to recycle should be there. In a study, it was seen
that offering rewards for recycling can clearly contribute to increasing
recycling rates, and almost a quarter of adults would be encouraged to
recycle more frequently if they received a financial benefit.
4. Some days could be dedicated to recycling. For example, America
Recycles Day (ARD) is a day dedicated to encouraging Americans to
recycle and buy, recycled products.
If it can’t be reduced, reused, repaired, rebuilt,
refurbished, refinished, resold, recycled, or
composted, then it should be restricted, redesigned,
or removed from production.
Pete Seeger
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
164
Some people think that the amount of noise people make has to be controlled
strictly. Others, however, say that people should be free to make as much
noise as they wish. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
The level of noise around us is constantly increasing and is affecting the quality
of our lives. What causes this noise? What should be done about it?
Yes, it should be controlled because loud noise may adversely affect people
1. Noise above a certain level can cause hearing loss. Occupational noise
exposure is the most common cause of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss.
2. There are emotional or psychological effects such as irritability, anxiety,
and stress.
3. Lack of concentration and mental fatigue are significant health effects of
noise.
No, noise should not be controlled because
1. Some amount of noise is inevitable. The sources may be domestic,
natural, commercial, or industrial.
2. People believe that making noise at times is their basic right to express
their emotions. They want to cheer and shout for their favourite team and
dance to the beat of loud music when happy. They take any regulation on
noise, as an infringement of their basic rights.
Causes of noise pollution
1. Traffic noise: Cars, buses and autos all cause noise pollution especially
when people get impatient and use loud horns.
2. Industrial noise also leads to noise pollution. Machinery and motors used
in the industries create a lot of noise
3. Construction of buildings, highways, and city streets
4. Railway stations: noise from engines, horns, and whistles.
5. Other causes are the loudspeakers usually used in marriages and social
and religious functions.
Steps to reduce noise pollution
1. Roadside plantations – plants and trees are effective noise buffers.
2. Changing the design and operation of machines like soundproof cabins
and sound-absorbing materials
3. Residential buildings should be as far as possible from the noise source.
Soundproof doors and windows can be installed.
4. Loudspeakers should be banned at any cost.
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165
In some cities, the government has tried to reduce traffic. For instance, they
imposed a congestion tax during rush hours. Do you think this development is
positive or negative?
Congestion tax is a positive development
1. More and more people are discouraged from using their private vehicles.
People would start looking at other options of transport, like car-pooling,
walking short distances and using public transport more often.
2. Reduces pollution: Drivers don’t have to spend valuable time sitting idly
in traffic jams and deal with noise, accidents, and pollution.
3. Speeds up travel time as there are fewer cars on the road.
4. Government can use the money collected from such taxes and use it for
improving the public transport infrastructure like building new transport
systems - metros and subways, building more freeways, widening the
existing roads, etc.
No, congestion tax should not be there because
1. Some people are forced to use private cards because public
transportation is insufficient to accommodate the population of that area.
2. There are already very high charges for buying a private vehicle, starting
from getting it registered, paying road taxes, and then further
maintenance when needed. Tax is not the answer to the congestion
issues.
Singapore was one of the first major cities to introduce
congestion pricing in 1975, charging $1.30 for a vehicle
to enter the central business district between 7:30 and
9:30 a.m.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
166
Some people say that instead of preventing climate change we should find a
way to live with it. Do you agree or disagree?
We have to do both – Prevention and adaptation
Why we should find ways to prevent climate change
Tackling climate change is necessary to create a world where people and nature
thrive. There is a lot at stake if we don’t take steps to prevent climate change.
1. It may lead to the extinction of many plants and animal species.
2. Rise in sea levels due to global warming would lead to the submergence
of many low-lying islands.
3. Frequent extreme weather events would happen: Heat waves will
become more frequent and severe around the world. More chances of
heavier rainfall, snowfall, and flooding.
4. Food scarcity: More frequent droughts and floods, reduce the availability
of food. Heat stress causes poor yields and crop failures.
5. Water scarcity: Even a small increase in global temperatures will
destabilize the water cycle and could make water scarcity much worse.
6. Worsening air quality affects human health and can lead to asthma, heart
and lung disease
Why we must learn to adapt to climate change
We must adapt to these changes in the climate and reduce our vulnerability to
harmful effects like sea-level encroachment, more intense extreme weather
events, food insecurity, etc.
Climate change needs to be considered in future development plans. We need
to consider how to:
• protect coastlines and deal with increasing sea-level
• build flood defenses
• deal with and plan for reduced water availability,
• develop resilient crop varieties.
• protect public infrastructure.
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167
Natural resources such as oil, forests, and freshwater are being consumed at
an alarming rate. What problems does it cause? How can we solve these
problems?
Problems caused by the fast pace of exploitation of fossil fuels like oil
1. Increase in air pollution which has taken a toll on the health of the people
and the environment.
2. Dangerous emissions cause climate change and global warming. Floods,
tsunamis and hurricanes are a few of the effects of global warming.
3. Oil spills kill wildlife and damages marine ecosystems.
4. Infrastructure built for oil and gas extraction destroys pristine wilderness.
5. Oil drilling disrupts wildlife habitats.
Problems caused by the increasing use of freshwater
1. Overusing fresh water leads to water scarcity. People won’t have enough
freshwater for drinking and cleaning and will be exposed to water-borne
diseases like cholera and typhoid.
2. Food shortages and starvation would occur as there won’t be enough
water to irrigate farms.
Problems caused by the increasing deforestation
1. Deforestation destroys animal and plant habitats and thus disrupts
ecosystems that are vital to wildlife and humans
2. Climate change: Trees absorb and store carbon dioxide. Lack of trees also
allows a greater amount of greenhouse gases to be released into the
atmosphere.
3. Increased flooding: Trees absorb rainwater and protect lands from
flooding.
Solutions
1. The use of oil can be reduced by promoting renewable sources like solar
energy and wind energy. This can be done by levying taxes on oil.
2. Recycling wastewater and rainwater harvesting can be promoted to
tackle problems like freshwater scarcity.
3. Forests can be restored, by replanting trees in cleared areas or simply
allowing the forest ecosystem to regenerate over time.
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168
Some people think that the government should strictly control the supply of
fresh water, as the resources are limited, while others think we can use as
much water as we want. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.
Why should there be restrictions on the use of freshwater
1. Fresh water is scarce and already many countries are facing a severe
water shortage. Controlling the supply of fresh water is the only way to
ensure that there is adequate water for everyone and there is water left
for our future generations.
2. It would coerce people to use it more wisely and reduce its wastage.
3. It will encourage people to take initiative to save water. For example,
rationing of water in some Indian cities has led to people installing
rainwater harvesting systems at home.
Why should there be no restriction on freshwater
1. Strict control would have negative consequences. For example, the rich
might try to bribe officials to get illegal water connections installed.
2. People might be forced to procure water from unregulated contaminated
sources, which may lead to diseases and other problems.
Own view
I am strongly in favour of government controlling and regulating water supply
as water is a basic necessity. Human beings cannot survive without water and
water is one of the most important resources in agriculture and industries as
well.
Vocabulary check
Coerce – persuade someone to do something by using
force or threats.
Scarce – In short supply
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
169
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) are the main sources in many countries, but
in some countries, the use of alternative sources of energy (wind energy and
solar energy) are encouraged. To what extent do you think it is a positive or
negative development?
Advantages of alternative sources
1. Energy from the wind and the sun is an everlasting source of power.
Conventional sources like coal and oil are non-renewable.
2. Better for the environment: renewable energy creates no pollution,
waste, or contamination risks to air and water.
3. The nenewable energy sector is creating a lot of new jobs and boosting
the economy.
4. Renewable energy sources reduce dependence on foreign energy imports
as they can be produced locally. Thus, these sources can not only increase
energy independence but also save valuable foreign exchange.
5. These sources require less maintenance because they have fewer
movable parts as compared to conventional energy sources.
Hurdles in the use of alternative sources
1. High upfront cost: The initial cost of setting up solar panels and wind
farms is very high
2. Unreliable: They are dependent on weather and hours of sunshine.
3. They are not 100% carbon-free as some parts like wind turbines are
manufactured in factories that are powered by fossil fuels
The International community must act immediately to ensure all nations
reduce their consumption of fossil fuels e.g. gas and oil. Do you agree or
disagree?
Why the International community should intervene to reduce fossil fuel
consumption
1. No individual nation would take this initiative on its own. It would have to
invest in alternative resources, which would raise the price of its goods
and its economy would suffer. If there is pressure from the international
community then all countries would have to comply with it.
2. It might be too late to save the planet if urgent action is not taken globally.
3. Urgent action needs to be taken for reducing the use of conventional
sources like coal and oil because these are non-renewable.
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170
Nuclear energy is a better choice for meeting increasing demand. Do you
support the use of nuclear technology for constructive purposes? Use your
own knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples
and relevant evidence.
Advantages of nuclear technology
1. There are several benefits to building more nuclear power stations. Fossil
fuels like oil and gas are running out. Nuclear power is a sustainable
energy source. It can be used to produce electricity without wasting
natural resources. It could replace the use of natural resources like coal,
oil, or gas
2. Nuclear power stations are cleaner than fossil fuel power stations. They
could help to reduce carbon emissions that cause global warming
3. A huge amount of energy can be produced.
Disadvantages of nuclear technology
1. Nuclear technology could be wrongly used for terrorist activities and mass
destruction. An increasing number of countries now have nuclear
weapons or the technology required to make such bombs.
2. Nuclear power is not economical. Nuclear fuel is expensive and on top of
that nuclear power stations cost a lot to build and operate.
3. In addition to being expensive, nuclear materials are not safe. When
uranium is taken out from the ground, radioactive gas is released, which
is not safe for miners.
4. There is always the risk of nuclear accidents. The power stations can fail
when they get old.
Nuclear power is energy, which is produced with the
use of a controlled nuclear reaction. The process of the
generation of nuclear power begins with the mining
and processing of uranium and other radioactive
elements. These elements are used to feed the reactor
of a power plant, generating a reaction known as
fission, which creates intense heat turning water in the
plant into steam. The steam powers steam turbines,
which generate electricity and feed the electricity into
an electrical grid.
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171
Some people think the main benefit of international cooperation is in the
protection of the environment, while others think that the main benefit is in
world business. Discuss both views and give your opinion
How international cooperation helps in environment protection
1. Governments from around the world have collectively pledged to slow
global warming in various international agreements. For example,
through the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, countries agreed to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
2. Developed countries have been helping poor and developing countries
switch to renewable and sustainable energy sources by sharing technical
knowledge, funds, and resources. Without international help, developing
countries will not be able to prevent and adapt to climate change.
How international cooperation is mainly boosting trade and business
1. International cooperation has opened doors for international trade and
companies are not limited to business within their national borders.
Because of this organizations are growing faster, innovating, and
improving their revenue and productivity. For example, companies like
Nike, McDonalds, Toyota, etc. have all expanded internationally.
2. Businesses and economies of developed countries have also boosted
because of multinational companies moving many of their operations to
these countries.
Own View
The steps already taken for the environment are not enough and the
governments need to tackle this issue on a war footing. When countries step
forward to do something, the issue of CDR (common but differentiated
responsibility) comes in, and there are differences between developed and
developing countries. The developed world, which is mainly responsible for
damaging the environment, should take more responsibility for saving the
environment.
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172
Nowadays in many countries household waste e.g. food packaging is
increasing day by day. What are the causes for that? How can this problem be
solved?
The amount of garbage produced by our cities is a big problem for
governments around the world. What are the causes of this excess waste?
How can this problem be fixed?
Causes of increasing garbage, litter, waste
1. Modern lifestyle has made us a materialistic and mass-consumption
society, where we use more and throw away more than ever before.
2. The markets today are flooded with cheap, single-use-only things that are
more in demand than high-priced quality items
3. Industrialization: Rural areas across the world are getting industrialized
leading to more waste.
4. Increasing population: More population is increasing consumption, which
in turn is producing more waste.
5. There is too much packaging done by the companies to make their things
more attractive. Mostly this packaging is made from non-biodegradable
plastic products which are filling up the landfills
6. Negligence towards recycling: Recycling is a great tool to reduce solid
waste, however, the majority of individuals and nations do not recycle
enough.
7. Changing lifestyles: People have hectic lifestyles and prefer eating ready
to cook packaged food over home cooked meals. All this packaging also
ends up in dumpsters.
Solutions to reduce waste
1. The solution lies in changing our attitude. We should get old things
repaired instead of throwing them, buy second hand products, and
donate stuff we don’t need.
2. Use reusable bottles and grocery bags. When we reuse things, fewer
materials are wasted and non-renewable resources are conserved.
3. Government can enforce stricter laws on companies to use biodegradable
packaging.
4. Plastics, metal and glass can be recycled.
5. Food scraps and yard waste can be composted and added to the soil
6. Go paperless: use cloth rags for cleaning instead of paper towels and use
online receipts instead of paper receipts.
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173
Nowadays, people always throw the old things away when they buy new
things, some people claim that broken things should be repaired and used
again. What factors cause this phenomenon? What effects does the
phenomenon lead to?
Many people say that we have developed into a “throw-away” culture because
we are filling up our environment with so many plastic bags and rubbish that
we cannot fully dispose of. To what extent do you agree with this opinion and
what measures can you recommend for reducing this problem?
People are encouraged to get rid of things in order to get the newest fashion
and the latest technology. Do the disadvantages of a throwaway society
outweigh the economic advantages?
An increase in the production of consumer goods results in damage of the
natural environment. What are the causes and possible solutions?
Nowadays, people live in a society where consumer goods are cheaper to buy.
Do you think its advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
It has been suggested that everyone in the world wants to own a car, a TV, and
a fridge. Do you think the disadvantages of such a development outweigh the
advantages?
Nowadays people are using more consumer goods like refrigerators or
washing machines. Does this have more advantages or disadvantages?
Reasons for the consumerist society (use and throw society)
1. The buying capacity of the average person has increased.
2. People are flooded with choices and want to buy the latest models of
things and the latest fashion of clothes.
3. Goods have become cheaper because the manufacturing companies are
compromising quality when they are doing mass production of things.
4. People do not have the time to get old things repaired. People have
become workaholics and do not find time to get things repaired, so they
end up buying new things.
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Advantages of Consumerism
1. Consumerism leads to mass production, which leads to mass
employment.
2. Consumerism leads to innovation. Manufacturers are under constant
pressure to innovate as people are looking for newer products.
Disadvantages of Consumerism
1. Environmental degradation. The increasing demand for goods leads to an
increase in the use of natural resources and energy consumption and this
further leads to an increase in pollution and waste.
2. Landfill sites are filling up with non-biodegradable waste. Disposing of a
lot of waste materials also adds to pollution.
3. Even recycling plastic needs a lot of electricity and conventional methods
of generating electricity add to pollution.
4. Industrial waste is being dumped into the oceans and being consumed by
marine life which may ultimately end up on our plates.
5. This waste is also acting as a sponge for oil spills in the oceans which
makes it even more difficult to clean the oceans.
6. E-waste like the technological gadgets we use and throw, add lead,
cadmium, and mercury to soil and water.
7. Consumerism is changing society’s value system with people shifting
towards materialism and competition over integrity.
8. Increase in debt levels: A large number of people today are taking short
loans for buying luxuries or things they can live without.
9. Consumerism also has a negative effect on relationships as it forces
people to work harder and spend less time with loved ones.
Solutions (can use points from solutions to reduce waste)
1. People have to be made aware of the disastrous consequences of
consumerism. People should buy only what is absolutely necessary.
2. People should get old things repaired and try to use them as long as
possible.
3. Use reusable bottles and cloth grocery bags instead of plastic bags.
4. As far as possible biodegradable materials should be used as raw
materials and excessive packaging should be avoided.
5. Industries should be encouraged to use renewable, cleaner sources of
energy during production.
6. Companies should make good quality long lasting products.
7. Industries should properly dispose of waste. Strict action should be taken
against industries that dump their effluents indiscriminately.
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In some countries, people are purchasing fewer new items and more secondhand goods. What are the reasons for this? Is this a positive or a negative
trend?
Reasons for purchasing second-hand goods
1. It saves money. Buying anything used is less expensive than the new
alternative, sometimes up to 90% cheaper, but generally at least 50%
cheaper.
2. People have come to realise that buying a used branded product, which
speaks quality, is better than buying a new one of inferior quality.
Positives of buying used goods
1. Buying used goods diminishes waste, as it gives a longer life to common
household items.
2. There is also less pollution as it cuts down on manufacturing demands.
3. It benefits the seller. If a person feels that he doesn’t need a thing
anymore, he can sell it rather than just throw it away and buy something
else instead.
Negatives of buying used goods
1. These goods don’t carry any warranty or guarantee.
2. A very careful inspection is required, which may not be possible at times.
For example, a used mattress or furniture may have bugs.
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The tendency of human beings to copy one another is shown in the popularity
of fashions in clothes and other consumer goods. Do you agree or disagree?
Why widespread purchase of the popular consumer products is not just
because people want to imitate one another – Disagree Points
1. People have the knowledge of all that is available because of the internet
and so they buy and use goods they find useful and not just because they
want to copy one another
2. People wear similar clothes because they are comfortable and not just
because they want to imitate others. Even after watching the fashion
shows on TV, people do not rush out to wear all that stuff. They buy and
wear only what is comfortable for them and suits them.
Why widespread purchase of popular consumer products is because people
want to imitate one another
There is a tendency among people to feel wanted and part of a group. This is
because man is, after all, a social animal and so he does what everyone else
does. If he does not wear what is the fashion of the day, he feels out of place, or
may even be ridiculed by others.
Some people feel that manufacturers and supermarkets have the
responsibility to reduce the amount of packaging of goods. While others argue
that customers should avoid buying goods with a lot of packaging. Discuss both
views and give your opinion.
Why manufacturers and supermarkets should reduce packaging
It would be a win-win situation for both – the manufacturer and the customer.
For example, if the multinational company ‘Colgate’ gives up expensive
packaging of its toothpaste, it could reduce its cost and pass on that profit
margin to the customer, which would in turn increase its sales also.
Why customers should show interest towards less packaging
They say that companies would not take the risk of reducing packaging for fear
of losing their market share. So, customers have to step forward. If customers
start giving preference to materials with little or no packaging, then this would
motivate producers to pack their products using the minimum packing and that
too of biodegradable materials.
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On vehicle-free days, private cars, trucks, and motorcycles are banned in the
city centre, while public transport is permitted such as bicycles, buses, and
taxis. Do the benefits of a vehicle-free day outweigh the disadvantages?
Advantages of vehicle-free days
1. Such days bring down the pollution level as vehicular pollution accounts
for a significant proportion of pollution in most cities.
2. There is a reduction in traffic congestion, which in turn has two benefits,
a fall in noise levels and a reduction in road accidents.
3. Such car free interventions are also helpful from a health perspective as
they lead to an increase in physical activity. Many people are forced to
walk to nearby markets for buying essentials instead of driving.
4. This increases social interaction because people are more likely to meet
friends and streets on the roads while walking.
5. Such days promote the use of public transportation and many people
have had their hesitations about buses and local trains disappear after
being left with no alternate option.
Disadvantages of vehicle free days
1. It causes inconvenience especially people who live far from bus stops or
railway stations would face significantly higher travelling time.
2. If the government does not increase the availability of buses and trains, it
would lead to delays and excessive crowding. Thus, governments must
make preparations before implementing such plans.
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Nowadays, some countries are spending a lot of money to make it easier to
use a bicycle. Why is this so? Is it the best solution to the transport problem?
In some countries, the number of people using bikes as the main transport
mode is decreasing, even though it is so beneficial. Why is this so? How can
people be encouraged to use more bicycles?
In some cities, people are choosing cars instead of bicycles, while in other cities
riding bikes is replacing cars. Why is this the case? Which development do you
think is better?
Some people think it is better to travel by car in the city. Others, however,
think traveling by bicycle is better. Discuss both views and give your own
opinion.
In spite of technological developments in transportation, many people believe
that a bicycle is the best way to reach any destination within the city. What
are the advantages and disadvantages of using a bicycle nowadays?
Why are some countries promoting bicycles? (Take some points from the
advantages of bicycles)
1. These countries have started realizing the damage to the environment,
and to prevent further damage, switching to bicycles has become a
solution.
2. The potential of the cycling industry to provide jobs. Every cycle lane,
which is made, and every cyclist, who is created contributes to job growth.
For example, in Europe alone, more than 6 lac people are employed in the
cycling industry.
Is promoting the use of bicycles the best method to solve traffic problems
No, I feel that cycling comes second to public transport.
Advantages of bicycles
1. Better for the environment: Bicycles don’t cause pollution.
2. Cheaper: People don’t have to pay for petrol and road tolls.
3. People can easily avoid traffic jams on bicycles.
4. Bicycles can be parked anywhere and there are no parking fees.
5. Better for health
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Disadvantages of bicycles.
1. These need to be balanced by the rider in order to remain upright. Not
everyone can ride one.
2. There is reduced protection in crashes, in comparison to motor vehicles.
3. There is a longer travel time (except in densely populated areas).
4. Cycling is also vulnerable to weather conditions.
5. A basic level of fitness is required for cycling for moderate to long
distances. Public transport, on the other hand, caters to all segments of
society. There are children, the elderly, the sick, the disabled, and
pregnant women, who cannot ride a bicycle.
Why are people not using bicycles despite knowing that it is good for health
1. Life has become busy and everyone has so much to do and so little time.
Other modes of transport are more time effective.
2. The roads are so full of heavy traffic that bicycles are not safe.
3. Unfavorable weather discourages people to rely on bikes.
4. People want to show off their status through their fancy cars, and riding
a bike does not solve this purpose.
How can people be motivated to use the bicycle
1. The onus is on the government to make cycling safer and more inviting.
Investment needs to be done in a vast network of cycling paths that are
clearly marked, have separate signs and lights for those on two wheels,
and are wide enough to allow side-by-side cycling and overtaking.
2. People could be made aware of the benefits of cycling. Bicycle is a cheap
and green mode of transport.
Why people prefer cars
1. It is a sign of progress in developing cities and towns, where the buying
capacity of people has increased
2. People have moved from crowded urban areas to the quieter suburbs,
because of which cars have become a necessity to commute daily for work
to the cities.
3. They are more comfortable, faster, safer, and more convenient than
bikes.
4. Cars are also better for the elderly, the handicapped, and the sick people.
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Some people say that the best way to improve road safety is to increase the
minimum legal age for driving cars or riding motorbikes. To what extent do
you agree or disagree?
Most countries allow 18 year olds to start driving a car. Some say it is good to
allow driving at that age. Others think that the age to start driving should be
at least 25 years. Discuss both views and opine.
Disadvantages of raising the minimum age for driving
1. It would increase accidents. If driving is not allowed, it does not deter
youngsters from driving but rather makes them drive illegally. Driving
illegally means youngsters driving without knowing about traffic rules and
driving fast to avoid police which leads to more accidents.
2. Today, most people are busy, and they do not have time to drive their
children. Thus, teenagers and youngsters knowing how to drive is no more
an option but a necessity.
3. Most of the accidents occur because of inexperience and not age. A 25year-old may also cause the same accidents.
Advantages of raising the minimum age for driving (to 25)
1. It would be good for the environment, as people would be forced to use
public transport till they are 25.
2. The number of road accidents would come down, as many youngsters
indulge in fast and rash driving just to show off and get attention
More effective solutions to increase road safety and decrease accidents
1. Government should ban mobile phone use while driving. Nowadays, the
major reason for accidents is distracted driving, which means reading
messages or taking calls while driving.
2. There should be stringent fines and punishments for traffic violations and
especially for repeat offences. Traffic accidents are mainly caused by
breaking traffic rules, like jumping red lights or driving on the wrong side
of the road to save time. So harsher punishments like high fines,
suspension of driving license, etc. will encourage people to follow rules.
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The best way for the government to solve the problem of traffic congestion in
cities is to provide free public transport 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. To what
extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Many people agree that free public transportation should be available in most
major cities. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this idea?
I believe that while free public transport could help in solving the traffic problem
to some extent, it is not the best solution, and other methods are better.
Advantages of free transportation
1. Free public transportation would reduce traffic congestion as some
people would definitely switch to public transportation if such a step is
taken.
2. Rising inflation and increasing fuel prices have drastically increased living
expenses, especially in big cities and thus free public transportation would
be better for people’s budgets.
3. Better air quality: Less private vehicle commuters leads to less
greenhouse gas emissions.
4. Better community health: Increased physical activity as people have to
walk to nearby bus/train stops.
Disadvantages of free transportation
1. Such a service would be a big burden on the governments, as it would
require a lot of funds to maintain such free services.
2. A considerable proportion of these services would be wasted, as these
would be underused on weekends and midnights. Therefore, it would not
be practical on economic grounds to run free public transport.
3. Car sales would drop significantly. Automobile industry is providing jobs
to thousands of people, and most of them would lose their jobs.
4. Many people dislike public transport, as it is too crowded, and still would
not use it. So, the whole purpose of making it free would be lost.
What other methods would be better for solving traffic congestion
1. Public transportation should be made more comfortable and frequent.
It is not cost that is a motivating factor for drivers to take public
transport. It is convenience. Thus, rather than making public
transportation free, governments should focus on making it more
frequent and comfortable.
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2. Parking facilities should be improved. A lot of traffic congestion in
cities is due to the fact that people are forced to park on the roads due
to lack of proper parking facilities. Thus, having proper parking would
reduce people parking on road.
3. There should be different work timings for different industries and
offices. This would mean that fewer people are travelling together at
the same time and thus less traffic.
Some people believe governments should spend money on building train and
subway lines to reduce traffic congestion. Others think that building wider
roads is the better way to reduce traffic congestion. Discuss both views and
give your opinion.
Advantages of expanding roads
1. It would naturally ease traffic jams. More and more private vehicles would
be accommodated, and commute time would reduce.
2. This strategy would also be good from an economic perspective. The cost
of road construction would be much lower than that of subway lines. The
money thus saved can be used for other key sectors, such as healthcare
and education.
Advantages of expanding rail network
1. Construction of mega rail systems is a more effective method to improve
traffic conditions. In countries where subway systems have been made up
to standard, the number of private vehicles has come down.
2. Trains can carry a much larger number of passengers than any other form
of transport.
3. It saves time while commuting within the city. For instance, in New Delhi,
many people now prefer to travel by metro as they can reach their
destination in much less time than any other means of transport.
Own view
I personally believe that in places where the budget of the governments is
constrained, a combination of both approaches is needed.
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Road transport is taking over rail services. Discuss the positive and negative
effects of this development. Is this situation true for your country?
Advantages of road transport over rail
1. It is a relatively cheaper mode of transport than rail transport.
2. Perishable goods can be transported at a faster speed by road carriers
over a short distance.
3. It provides door-to-door service. So, loading and unloading is possible at
any destination.
4. It is the only mode of transport in hilly areas which are not connected by
other modes of transport.
Advantages of rail over road transport
1. Due to limited carrying capacity, road transport is not economical for long
distances.
2. Road transport is affected by adverse weather conditions like floods,
rains, landslides, etc. On the other hand, rail transport is hardly affected
by such situations.
3. Road transport leads to too much congestion on roads, which in turn may
cause accidents and increase pollution.
The only way to improve safety on our roads is to have stricter punishments
for driving offenders. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Solutions other than stricter punishment to ensure road safety
There are many other factors that cause road accidents, and it is equally
essential to deal with them to improve road safety.
1. Poor road condition is a major reason for road casualties. For example,
narrow roads and sharp curves often force even law-abiding drivers to
make mistakes. So, the government needs to repair and widen existing
roads to improve safety.
2. Install proper signage and road markings like stop signs, warning signs,
speed limit signs, lane markings, etc. to direct drivers.
3. Poor climate conditions can be a major cause of accidents. For instance,
poor visibility due to dense mist and rain and slippery roads on account of
snowfall make driving difficult and cause serious accidents in many
countries. Modern technological innovations should be used to deal with
such emergency situations.
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In many cities and towns, the high volume of road traffic is a problem. What
are the causes of that and what actions could be taken to solve the problem?
The unlimited use of cars may cause many problems. What are those
problems? In order to reduce the problems, should we discourage people to
use cars?
Some people claim that there are more disadvantages of the car than its
advantages. Do you agree or disagree?
More and more people use private cars instead of taking public transport.
What are the reasons for this trend? How can the government encourage
people to take public transport?
Some people say that cars should be banned from the centers of cities. Do you
agree or disagree?
These days many countries face excessive traffic. Describe the situation in your
country. Describe some possible ways to overcome traffic congestion.
In many countries, there are an increasing number of private cars. What are
the advantages and disadvantages of this trend?
People have to spend more and more time to travel from their homes for jobs
and study. What are the reasons? How can we solve this problem?
The car has become an article of dress without
which we feel uncertain, unclad, and incomplete in
the urban compound.
Marshall McLuhan
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Reasons for high volume of road traffic
1. Cars have become more affordable for the average consumer.
2. Shopping malls and multiplex cinema houses have opened out of towns
in the suburbs, because of which more people have to buy cars
3. People have become more affluent, as women have also started working
along with men. This has also led to the need for two cars or more per
household.
4. Public transport is not that frequent or reliable, and so people prefer
going by their own vehicle. In some remote areas, there is no facility of
public transport.
5. The expanding road network has also enabled more people to come out
on the roads in their own cars.
Solutions for reducing road traffic
1. To encourage people to take the bus or the train, bus passes or train
passes could be issued to daily commuters, which would be very attractive
for them.
2. Make private car use more expensive and inconvenient like having tolls
along urban motorways and high-priced permits for parking in urban
areas.
3. Making public transport more comfortable and convenient will attract
more commuters and decrease traffic congestion.
4. Government should limit the number of vehicles owned by a single
person.
5. One more step, which has yielded results in many developed nations, is
the HOV (High Occupancy Vehicle) lanes on motorways. This means that
there are lanes reserved for those private vehicles, which are fully
occupied. This has encouraged carpooling.
6. More bicycle tracks should be made so that people are encouraged to
cover short distances on bicycles.
Problem caused by the increasing popularity of cars (Disadvantages of cars)
1. It leads to a lot of greenhouse gas emissions because of the burning of
petrol and diesel.
2. Increased congestion leads to traffic jams and gridlocks, which wastes a
lot of time. During peak hours the traffic moves at a snail’s pace.
3. People’s overdependence on cars can lead to a decrease in practices such
as walking and cycling and this has led to a number of diseases such as
obesity.
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Advantages of cars
1. The car is the most convenient mode of transport. It takes a person from
destination to destination, and one does not have to waste time waiting
for public transport, which is time bound.
2. Families can go out together and enjoy their outings more. A person can
halt anywhere he or she needs for some refreshments.
3. The car is also a blessing in times of emergencies when a sick family
member has to be rushed to the hospital.
4. The automobile industry provides jobs to millions of workers. Filling
stations, restaurants, and other businesses that serve automobile
travellers are of major importance to a country’s economy.
5. Many developing nations have begun making automobiles to boost their
economy. That is why India has promoted many automobilemanufacturing industries such as Tata and Mahindra.
Why should cars be banned in city centers
1. Traffic fumes attack the stonework of the beautiful historical monuments
and buildings, while the vibrations from passing vehicles damage their
foundations.
2. Banning cars would improve air quality in city centers.
3. There will be more space for pedestrians and cyclists.
4. Most city centers were not designed for motor traffic. The streets are
narrow and as a result, there are a lot of traffic jams.
5. The noise level would be lower.
6. Good for people’s health as they will have to walk more.
Reasons for increased commute time to work
1. The roads are very congested, as the number of vehicles has increased to
unprecedented levels in the past decade or so.
2. The suburbanization of cities is taking place at a very rapid pace. People
are moving to the suburbs in search of quieter, cheaper, and more open
houses, as a consequence of which travel time to work, or study has gone
up.
Solutions for reducing commute time
Companies should allow employees to stagger their working hours. This helps
them avoid commuter traffic.
(Add points for reducing road traffic)
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The number of cars keeps increasing, so road systems should be expanded.
Some people think the government should pay for it, while others think the
car owners should pay for it. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Why should the government pay for expanding road system?
1. People already pay taxes, and so they are entitled to these benefits.
2. These roads benefit the whole country and not just the car users. For
example, when connectivity improves through efficient roads, then
businesses and tourism flourish. This benefits the country and so it is
unfair to charge extra from the car users.
Why should car owners pay for expanding road system?
1. If this is not done then even those people who are not using the roads for
their private vehicles would be paying for it through taxes.
2. People would also be encouraged to do carpooling so that the added
expenses are shared.
3. Higher costs for car owners would encourage public transport use. This
would definitely lead to less congestion on the roads.
4. It would be unfair if government pays all the money out of the taxes. The
government has so much else on its shoulders such as basic healthcare
and education, which need a lot of funds.
Own view
I believe that the government could make the roads and later recover
some cost in the form of toll tax from the people using the roads. The cost
should be shared by the government and the car owners.
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In some countries, small town-centre shops are going out of business because
people tend to drive to large out-of-town stores. As a result, people without
cars have limited access to out-of-town stores, and it may result in increase in
the use of cars. Do you think the disadvantages of this change outweigh its
advantages?
Today, large shopping centers and shopping malls are more common than
small shops. Is this a positive or a negative development?
Advantages of out-of-town stores and large shopping centers/malls
1. These stores are bigger and have the space to provide various things like
grocery items, fruits, vegetables, stationery, clothes, shoes, etc. to people
under one roof. So, consumers have more choices, and it also saves them
time.
2. These large stores and malls have provided employment to many people
in different departments, such as unpacking, arranging, billing,
maintaining stocks, and so on.
3. Out of town stores help ease urban traffic and housing pressures in the
city centres.
4. Out of town stores are cheaper as the suburban land cost is less, so their
operating costs are lower.
Disadvantages of out-of-town stores (and large shopping centers/malls)
1. Small stores may die down. Large stores have snatched away the
livelihood of many small shopkeepers, who have been forced to shut
down.
2. The use of cars may increase which leads to congestion on the roads and
also adds to pollution.
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Living in close contact with nature is important for our physical and mental
wellbeing. Why do people not keep adequate contact with nature these days?
Suggest solutions
Why don’t people keep adequate contact with nature
1. Nature of jobs: Now people have high pressure jobs in factories and
offices. People spend the majority of their time sitting in a stuffy cubicle
in front of a computer. Basking in natural sunlight and fresh air has
become a thing of the past.
2. People are spending more time inside because of modern technologies
like TVs, video games, computers, smartphones, etc. Instead of playing
outside, people like to sit in front of a video game console and spend
hours on it.
3. Due to the rising cost of houses, people are living in flats and so do not
have access to gardens or open spaces in their homes.
Solutions
1. Bring nature inside the urban core by requiring office buildings to have
windows that let in natural sunlight and fresh air. Workplaces filled with
indoor plants have much better air quality.
2. Sitting in a garden filled with plants and flowers during a lunch break can
bring people closer to nature.
3. People should take extra effort to limit their inside time and instead
engage in activities that bring them closer to nature like hiking, kayaking,
fishing, gardening, etc.
4. Children should be encouraged to play outside rather than be in front of
a screen.
To me a lush carpet of pine needles or
spongy grass is more welcome than the most
luxurious Persian rug.
Helen Keller
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Some people think that it is more important to plant trees in open areas of
towns and cities than to build more housing. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
Benefits of planting trees in cities
1. Trees help purify the polluted air in cities and towns.
2. Trees cut down the everyday noise of cities, thus tackling noise pollution.
3. Rainwater does not run off into drains if there are trees in urban areas. It
is filtered into the ground, thus saving the city money that is spent on
drains and artificial controls.
4. Trees provide shade to homes, roads, office areas, and parking spaces,
thus reducing energy consumption.
5. Planting trees in cities helps the city grow socially. They provide an area
where people can meet, socialize, and exercise.
6. Trees provide a natural habitat for birds and animals.
7. The commercial value of an urban property with trees is more than one
without trees.
Some people prefer to live in hot climate, while others like to live in cold
climate. Discuss both of the views and give your own opinion.
Why do some people prefer hot climate
1. They can afford to be outside in the sun and do outdoor activities. For
example, residents of hot countries spend their time sunbathing,
swimming in the sea, and eating in the open air.
2. It is cheaper and easier to buy clothes and wearing less clothing gives you
a feeling of freedom.
3. Many elderly people choose to move to hotter climates for health reasons
and to avoid harsh winter conditions.
Why do some people prefer cold climate
1. The main reason is economic benefits. Many people like snow activities
such as skiing, sledding, etc. and therefore they come to these places as
tourists for such activities, enabling the residents an opportunity to gain
economically from these tourists.
2. People don’t have to worry about sweating and suffering from heat
strokes.
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Some people believe that climate has the greatest effect on people’s way of
life. Others believe that the economy of the region has the greatest effect.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Why climate has the greatest impact on people’s life
1. Climate determines the variability and availability of natural resources
people depend on like food, water, and energy.
• Deserts are scarcely populated because of the hot climate which
leads to water scarcity.
2. People’s lifestyles including what they eat, what clothes they wear and
the type of houses they live in, all in some way or another, depends upon
the climate.
3. Climate influences people’s jobs. Ice fishing is the most common
profession in cold frozen countries, while agriculture is the most common
profession in warm and humid climates.
Why economy has the greatest impact on people’s life
Economy frames the choices and decisions people make regarding work,
leisure, consumption, and how much to save.
• In rich and developed countries, people tend to spend while in poor
countries people are more likely to save.
• Developed countries with good economies have a more educated
workforce and thus their citizens secure better jobs, while people
from poor developing countries are seen employed as labor.
Own View
I believe climate had a major impact on life, but today the impact of
climate can be limited by a good economy. The biggest evidence for this
can be seen in the oil-rich middle eastern countries, which have
established modern cities in the middle of deserts with the help of their
rich economies.
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Tourism
Essays
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When visiting other countries, some people take full advantage of
opportunities to learn about the culture and traditions of foreign countries.
How can visitors learn about the culture and traditions of other countries?
Why do some people learn about the culture and traditions of foreign
countries while other people do not?
Some people believe that tourists do not learn anything during their holidays,
while others believe they learn a lot. Discuss both views and opine.
Why do some people not learn about culture and tradition while visiting
foreign countries?
1. They visit foreign countries just to relax, rejuvenate and take a break from
their routines. For instance, many tourists today simply check into resorts
and don’t venture out for the entire duration of their stay.
2. Some visit foreign places just to do activities that are unavailable in their
own homeland. For instance, people go to Thailand just to do some
paragliding and an ‘Underwater Walk’ in Coral Island at Pattaya.
3. Most people travel in groups with their family or friends. They do not
mingle with the local people and do not try the local foods.
Why do some people learn about culture and traditions?
They want to absorb everything new and enrich their knowledge of the world.
Anything different from their own life fascinates them and they love sharing
their newly learnt culture and traditions with their kith and kin back home.
It is not only a happy but a proud moment for them.
How can visitors learn about foreign cultures and traditions?
1. Having some know-how of that country’s language could help.
2. Every possible opportunity should be grasped for starting a conversation
with the locals of that place. Many locals love to talk, mix up and share
their culture and traditions.
3. Having an earnest desire to learn something new is the primary
motivating factor to learn about a country’s culture and tradition.
What tourists learn during travel
1. People learn about different cultures, history, food, and languages.
2. They learn to plan and organize better and that makes them more
responsible, independent, and confident.
3. When they travel to a new place, they meet new people and build their
social network.
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Some people believe that air travel should be restricted because it causes
serious pollution and uses up the world's fuel resources. To what extent do
you agree or disagree?
Air travel can only benefit the richest people in the world. Ordinary people can
get no advantage with the development of air travel. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?
Should air travel be restricted because of the increase in pollution and fuel
consumption
No, it should not because we will lose all advantages, we get from air travel.
There are other ways of reducing greenhouse emissions and fuel consumption.
Advantages of air travel
1. Fast: Air travel is the quickest mode of transport. It is not restricted by
geographical obstacles like oceans, rivers, mountains, etc, and issues like
traffic jams.
2. Affordable: Air travel has become very affordable due to larger aircraft
sizes and better technology.
3. Economic Benefits: Aviation industry provides jobs to many people.
4. Air Travel promotes international tourism which has so many advantages
Other ways of reducing greenhouse emissions and fuel consumption
1. Discouraging private cars and encouraging people to use public transport
could help save environmental resources in a big way.
2. Technology could also be used to produce more environmentally friendly
and fuel-efficient engines.
Advantages of international tourism
1. Helps economy: International tourism help host countries bring in a lot of
money. The money that the country makes from tourism can then be
reinvested in the economy.
2. Creates jobs: It has a big role in employment creation. Many people are
employed in this industry like hotel staff, tourist guides, taxi drivers,
restaurant workers, etc.
3. International Tourism strengthens the preservation of traditional customs
and handicrafts. Tourists travel to see the customs and traditions of other
countries and pay good money for handicrafts, so these countries are
trying to preserve these customs.
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4. It also promotes cross-cultural awareness for both locals and tourists and
thus helps people understand other cultures. It can lead to business and
cultural collaborations.
5. It also gives incentive to the government to invest in infrastructure such
as better roads, rail networks, sewage systems, playgrounds, etc. which
benefit the locals too.
Does air travel benefit only the rich? (take points from above)
No, it is beneficial for ordinary people too
1. Even if they cannot travel themselves, their source of income is directly
or indirectly dependent on these tourists who travel by air. For example,
in India, during the tourist season, many guides, rickshaws, and taxi
drivers earn enough to last them a whole year.
2. When tourists come, the governments spend on infrastructure such as
stadiums, roads, and hotels. All these are used by the common man.
3. The common man gets the opportunity for culture exchange even without
himself travelling by air.
4. Nowadays, most airline companies are offering economy class tickets
which are affordable by the common man.
A world with a sudden limit on air travel would be
tremendously different from the one we live in
now.
Charles C. Mann
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International travel makes people prejudiced rather than broad-minded. What
are its causes and what measures can be taken to solve this problem?
Tourism is an excellent way to develop a country, but it can also cause harm.
How can countries ensure that tourism benefits the development?
Most countries believe that international tourism has harmful effects. Why do
they think so? How to change their views?
It has become easier and more affordable for people to travel to other
countries. Do you think it is a positive or a negative development? Give your
opinion and relevant examples from your experience.
Some people think cheap air flight gives ordinary people more freedom.
However, others think cheap air flight should be banned because it pollutes
the air and brings many other problems. Discuss both views and give your
opinion.
Airline companies in many countries have reduced the cost of tickets. Is it a
positive or negative development? Give some examples based on your own
experience.
Some people think that there will be a decrease in international travel in the
future. Do you think less amount of international travel is a positive or a
negative development?
Tourism has caused environmental problems in many parts of the world. What
sort of problems have been caused and what can be done about them?
Nowadays, more people are travelling to other countries. Why is this the case?
Does it have a positive or negative impact on the countries they travel to?
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Why international travel makes people prejudiced rather than broad-minded
1. Tourists may look down upon a culture that is different from theirs. For
example, some Arab countries have strict dress codes for women which
tourists from modern western countries don’t understand and thus they
form biased views about such countries.
2. Tourists are often scammed and overcharged in foreign countries by a few
locals. So they form a negative opinion about everyone in that country.
(The other points are the same as the negatives of international tourism).
Negatives of International tourism
1. Sometimes, youngsters may be attracted to the western culture, which
the tourists bring with them, and many may find this as a threat to the
local culture.
2. The tourist dollar may not be helping the local people as tourists stay in
5-star accommodations owned by outsiders.
3. Tourism creates pollution
4. Tourists may bring with them diseases like bird flu and swine flu.
Why do people travel
1. Holidaying
2. Business
3. Medical purposes
4. Education
5. Sports
6. Adventure
7. Politics
8. Religious purposes
Why tourists are littering these places
1. People think that their one plastic bottle or one wrapper of chips does not
matter. What they don’t realize is that if each tourist has the same
thought, then very soon those places would not be fit for visiting.
2. People think it is not their responsibility. They think the onus of keeping
these places clean rests on the authorities.
3. The environmental protection facilities are not enough in many tourist
attractions. People would not litter these places if trashcans were there
at regular intervals.
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Negative environmental impacts of tourism
1. The tourism industry generally overuses water resources for hotels,
swimming pools, golf courses, and personal use of water by tourists. To
cite an example of forest resource, one trekking tourist can use four to
five kilograms of wood a day in Nepal - an area already suffering the
effects of deforestation.
2. Tourism can cause many forms of pollution such as air, noise, and even
visual pollution
3. Noise pollution from airplanes, cars, and buses is an ever-growing
problem of modern life.
4. Improper disposal of waste can be a major despoiler of the natural
environment - rivers, scenic areas, and roadsides.
5. Visual pollution also occurs when large dominating resorts are built in
any natural environment and may look out of place there.
Steps towards sustainable tourism
1. The first step towards sustainable tourism would be that the governments
and tourist companies educate the tourists about their responsibilities.
2. The authorities should have proper facilities at such places and if facilities
are not enough according to the number of tourists, the number of
tourists should be limited.
3. The tourists should stay with locals as paying guests. This would be a winwin situation for both. Local people would earn, and the tourist would get
a taste of the local culture.
4. Ecotourism should be promoted.
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It is now possible for scientists and tourists to travel to remote natural
environments such as the South Pole. Do you think the advantages outweigh
the disadvantages?
The increased world demand for oil and gas has made it necessary for locating
these sources in remote and untouched natural areas. Do you think the
advantages outweigh the disadvantages of damaging these natural areas?
Advantages of remote tourism (Advantages of drilling in remote areas)
1. It leads to the development of infrastructure like roads, electrical grid
systems, and telecommunications in these areas.
2. It also creates new jobs and results in the economic growth of these areas.
3. Geologists can tap these previously inaccessible sites as resources of fossil
fuels. This is increasingly significant to humankind, as the majority of the
current fossil fuel sources have been overexploited and there can be a
global energy scarcity in the near future.
Disadvantages of remote tourism
1. The increasing influx of people can pollute these pristine lands and in turn,
have a profound impact on the earth’s global climate. For example, the
melting of ice and glaciers in the Arctic and Antarctica can lead to a rise in
the sea level and increase the risk of submergence of low-lying islands.
2. Such activities endanger the unique and exotic flora and fauna of these
regions as they lead to the destruction of their natural habitats. For
example, the Exxon Valdez spill that took place in Alaska killed thousands
of marine animals and birds like sea otters, seals, bald eagles, etc.
3. Development in these areas can affect their scenery and aesthetic nature,
thereby destroying the quality that makes them a tourist attraction site in
the first place.
Disadvantages of drilling (add above points)
1. It impacts the economy of these areas because it harms their principal
industries like commercial fishing and tourism. Such activities destroy the
pristine nature of such regions and thereby reduce their appeal among
tourists. Similarly, oil exploration interferes with fishing and thereby
might take away local people’s livelihood.
2. Extraction of fossil fuels in these remote areas is more expensive because
of the costs associated with the transportation of these fuels. A lot of
infrastructure is required, with pipelines and shipping routes stretching
thousands of kilometres.
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More and more children from wealthy countries are doing unpaid work in poor
countries, such as teaching, building houses etcetera. Why are they doing this?
Who gets more benefit, the community or the young people?
Reasons for Volunteer Tourism
1. The spread of awareness and information by digital and other forms of
media: There is news about natural calamities and other emergency
situations from all over the world, which makes the youth, want to help
the needy and lend a helping hand to the local authorities.
2. In most developed countries, it is a part of the education to sensitize the
students towards the importance of sharing and helping others, as this
helps them to become better citizens.
Advantages to the youth
1. Volunteer work adds to their work experience and gives them an
opportunity to put to work the skills they have learned at school and
college. These days even employers look for employees who have
volunteer work experience. So, the youth can get better jobs if they have
a good background in some social work.
2. They get more exposure because of the travel to other countries and
coming in contact with people from different cultures and social strata. It
broadens their horizons.
Advantages to the communities in which these volunteers work
1. Their standards of living are improved, with the development of homes
and other infrastructure.
2. In times of calamities and other natural disasters, the volunteer workers
help rebuild their homes and other facilities.
3. The education provided to them helps them to gain knowledge and makes
their future brighter. It improves their chances of getting a better job,
which in turn improves their quality of life.
Vocabulary check
Sensitize: make someone notice or understand
something
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Some people believe that tourists should accept social and environmental
responsibility while others believe that tourists should not accept any
responsibility at all. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Some people think that we need to be "responsible tourists" who care about
the culture and environment of the place they visit. However, some people
think that it is impossible to be "responsible tourists". Discuss both views and
give your opinion.
Why tourists should accept social and environmental responsibility
1. If tourists do not respect the local people’s culture and environment, then
the natives would be hostile towards them Responsible tourism is
essential for inter-cultural understanding and tolerance.
2. Many tourist destinations have been damaged because of excessive
tourism and the litter and pollution spread by tourists.
3. It spoils the travelling experience for the tourists themselves and the
whole purpose of tourism is lost.
4. Tourists can do a to have a positive impact on the communities and places
they visit. For example,
a. They can stay in local communicates and eat in local restaurants
instead of five stars hotels owned by international corporate giants.
b. They can explore the non-popular sites instead of just seeing the
popular and crowded tourist attractions.
c. They can avoid over-consumption of resources like water and fuel
Why tourists should not accept any responsibility
1. It is the local government’s responsibility, and tourists are guests.
2. Tourists are charged more than the locals, so it is the onus of the
governments to fulfil all social and environmental responsibility.
Take only memories, leave only footprints.
Chief Seattle
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Some people think visitors to other countries should imitate local customs and
behaviours. Other people disagree. They think the host country should
welcome cultural differences. Discuss the two views and give your opinion.
Some people think that people moving to a new country should accept new
culture in the foreign country rather than living as a separate minority group
with a different lifestyle. Do you agree or disagree?
Benefits of adopting the host country’s customs
1. It decreases the chances of misunderstanding and embarrassment. For
example, in the UK it is offensive to ask about someone’s salary, which is
common in India.
2. A nation’s customs and traditions are fascinating and offer a deep insight
into that country.
3. Visitors establish a rapport with local people because people feel
respected when their customs are understood and imitated. The visitors
become a member of the host country and so they don’t suffer any culture
shock.
Why the host country should accept them as they are
1. No country should cling to its own customs and traditions and accept the
new customs and traditions brought by visitors.
2. There should be no binding on the visitors to adopt the customs and
traditions of the hosts. For example, if the visitors are pure vegetarians,
they should not be forced to eat non-vegetarian food just because the
host country’s people eat that.
Why should immigrants live as a separate minority
1. If a person is from a country with strong and old traditions, it will be
difficult for him to adapt to the new customs. He can’t break the old
customs such as food habits and wearing certain types of clothes.
2. In such cases, if he retains his old customs and lives with his own
community as a separate minority, he won’t suffer from homesickness.
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Some people think that cultural traditions may be destroyed when they are
used as money making attractions aimed at tourists. Others believe it is the
only way to save these traditions. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.
Why is it OK to modify cultural attractions for tourists?
1. We have to make these cultural traditions alluring for tourists because we
need tourists. Every country should do an effort to attract tourists, even
if it means changing some traditions to lure tourists.
2. If our artists and artisans do not earn money from their art, which depicts
our culture and tradition, then this art will die off and we’ll only be the
losers.
Why should cultural traditions not be changed?
When cultural traditions are used as money-making attractions, they lose their
original features. Sometimes it makes cultural traditions disappear altogether.
Own view
I believe that culture and tradition are deeply rooted, and minor superficial
changes cannot harm them in any way. However, we should ensure that the
changes are made with caution to retain the inherent elements of culture.
Some people think foreign visitors should be charged more than local people
when they visit the cultural and historical attractions in a country. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
Yes, foreign visitors should be charged more
1. Local people have already contributed to the upkeep and maintenance of
such sites in the form of taxes.
2. The cost of running such sites is sizeable. Already, governments around
the world are finding it challenging to organise funds for all these
expenses. If international tourists are also charged the same prices as
local people, it would be nearly impossible to manage these expenses.
3. Charging foreign tourists more is better than alternatives like privatization
of such sites, which comes with its own set of problems.
4. If the cultural attraction is a temple or a place of worship, which locals
visit daily, it would be unfair to charge them heftily.
5. Governments spend a considerable amount to provide facilities like
language translators and special signposts to make museums more
appealing to foreigners. This also makes it reasonable to charge them
more than locals.
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The traditional lifestyle of local people in developing countries is attracting
and increasing the number of tourists to the countries, which has the effect of
preventing local people from changing to modern ways. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?
Yes, it prevents local people to become modern
1. This makes them believe that their culture is glorious. This realization
removes any possibility in the people's minds that their lifestyle is in any
way inferior to that of advanced nations and plays an important role in
retaining their lifestyle in general.
2. The poverty of the tribal people is alleviated when the tourists visit them
for what they are. They come to realise and accept the fact that their
bread and butter will be lost if they change to modern lifestyles and
therefore, they stick to their culture and traditions.,
3. The facilities developed for tourists benefit them eventually and they
know very well that if the inflow of tourists stops, the government will not
invest in those areas, and they will be the losers in the long run.
No, local people change because of the tourists
1. The local people that come in contact with these tourists may develop a
sort of copying behaviour, as they want to live and behave in the same
way.
2. Tourism can force the local people to alter their cultures, such as religious
rituals and festivals to conform to tourist expectations, which may take
them away from their traditional lifestyles.
3. Tourists want souvenirs, arts, crafts, and cultural things, and in many
tourist destinations, craftsmen have responded to the growing demand,
and have made changes in the design of their products to bring them
more in line with the new customers' tastes.
4. Local people feel they are being exploited to attract tourism, whereas the
major chunk of profits goes to those who have the modern lifestyles.
5. Most tourists just want a glimpse of new things and are mainly looking for
familiar things in unfamiliar surroundings such as fast food outlets and
well-known hotel chains. When such places are made for the tourists, the
local people also use them, and eventually a transition to the modern
lifestyle occurs.
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Some people think that it is necessary to travel abroad to learn about other
countries, while other people think that it is not necessary to travel abroad
because all the information can be seen on TV and the Internet. Discuss both
views and give your opinion.
Young people say that traveling to different countries benefits them and the
society. Do you agree or disagree? Give your opinion.
Why actually travelling abroad is better
1. Images on the computer can never replace real images
2. When one actually visits these places, one can experience so many new
things from food to languages to religions.
3. The person also enjoys the company of family and friends he travels with.
Why armchair tourism is better
1. Not all people can afford the expenses.
2. Some people may have limitations because of age or failing health.
Armchair tourism is a boon for those people. When it is temporarily
impossible for them to visit other countries in person, they can get a rough
picture of what those countries are like.
3. People are very busy and have no time. They have become workaholics in
the rat race for money and material wealth.
4. Extremes of climate also make certain places inaccessible to some people.
Why some consider youth tourism a waste of time and money
1. In today’s era of cut-throat competition, young people should
concentrate on their studies and careers. They do not earn yet and if they
travel at a young age, they are wasting their time as well as their parents’
hard-earned money.
2. They are not mature enough and may face problems while travelling such
as food and language problems.
Why youth tourism is good
1. It makes the youth more independent and confident. better able to
handle difficult situations.
2. It inspires creativity as experiencing new things leads to new ideas.
3. Provides tremendous opportunities for fun, adventure, and discovery.
They get to meet new people from different backgrounds, get out of their
comfort zone and sometimes even learn a new language
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4. Research suggests that traveling overseas at a young age leads to
successful careers in the future.
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In many countries, mainly tourists, but not local people, visit museums and
historical sites. Why does this happen, and what can be done to attract more
local people to visit these places?
Reasons why local people do not visit museums and historical sites.
1. Local people take these places for granted. They think that these places
are not running away anywhere, and so they will see them sooner or later.
2. Nothing new is added to these places over the years and so local people
who have been there once, do not wish to frequent these places again
and again. These places do not intrigue the locals so they do not feel
motivated to visit regularly. In other words, the renewals of existing
exhibits, or the organization of new programs and events are few and far
between.
3. Museums and historical sites are not cheap to visit. In fact, to get
admission to these places, visitors are often required to buy expensive
tickets.
What can be done to rouse the interest of people
1. School trips could be organized for children to enjoy these places with
their friends.
2. Passes for entry to these museums and historical sites could be arranged
for local people so that it does not cut a hole in their pocket every time
they visit them.
3. A day could be fixed every month when the entry to the museum is made
free for locals.
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Some people believe that travelling alone really benefits in learning a
country's culture and gaining experience, while others believe it is better to
travel with someone you know. Discuss both these views and share your
opinion.
Advantages of travelling alone
1. It gives a person a sense of independence. He has to solve all the problems
he encounters, on his own.
2. It gives him plenty of opportunities to reflect on himself and grow. This
makes him a better and stronger person.
3. It can enable a person to learn different customs and gain more
experience, as all his focus is on absorbing his surroundings and noticing
the people around him. By contrast, if he is with his friends or family, he
will be engrossed in his own small group.
4. It gives a person more flexibility and he can do things according to his own
schedule. He doesn’t have to wait for his companions.
Advantages of travelling with someone
1. It would substantially lower the cost of travelling. For instance, one can
split the cost of the hotel and taxis, and at times get discounts for certain
group activities.
2. When you are with someone you know, you feel secure. After all, you are
in unknown surroundings and there is always security in numbers.
3. When a person travels with a companion, they take their relationship to
a whole new level.
Solo travel not only pushes you out of your comfort
zone, it also pushes you out of the zone of others’
expectations.
Suzy Strutner
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Crime
Essays
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If children behave badly their parents should take responsibility and also be
punished. Do you agree or disagree?
If a five-year-old commits a crime (any kind), should his/her parents accept
responsibility, and how should they be punished? What is the age of a child
when parents no longer have the responsibility of a child’s behaviour?
While I certainly agree that parents are responsible for their children’s actions,
I do not agree that they should be punished.
Why parents should be held responsible
1. Children’s behaviour to a large extent is dependent upon their upbringing,
which in turn depends upon their parents. Young children imitate their
parents and later on these behaviours become their habits. So, if parents
are abusive and disrespectful, their children are also likely to behave in
such a way.
2. It is the onus of the parents to keep an eye on them so that they do not
exceed their limits and commit grave crimes.
Why parents should not be punished
1. Although children’s behaviour depends upon their upbringing, it is
certainly not the only factor. In fact, children’s behaviour also depends
upon external influences like media and peer pressure.
2. Punishing parents would mean children stop taking responsibility for their
actions. They would go into adulthood never having taken accountability
for their actions. In adult life also, they would try to blame others for their
actions.
3. Although parents are responsible for teaching moral values to their
children, children still commit crimes even if they are taught that is wrong.
For example, many children are caught shoplifting even if their parents
have taught them that stealing is wrong. This has nothing to do with
parents, but only the child committing the offence.
4. Punishing parents would also remove the feeling of guilt among children
and they are more likely to commit crimes because they would think they
can get away with it.
When should parents have no responsibility for their children’s actions?
I think that children should be fully responsible for their actions once they
turn 18.
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In recent years, the number of crimes committed by teenagers in major cities
throughout the world is increasing. Give reasons and suggest some solutions.
Reasons for increasing juvenile delinquency
1. Media is one powerful influence. Many times, vulgarity and violence is
shown on TV. Children are vulnerable and accept it as natural and try to
copy what is shown.
2. Changing family structure. Nuclear families are the norm of the day.
Earlier, there were joint families in which grandparents used to teach
moral values to the children. Both parents are working and children are
left unattended at home. They may fall into bad company and commit
crimes because of peer pressure.
3. Increasing poverty, unemployment, and competition is causing
hopelessness and frustration among the youth. They are over ambitious
and want to earn quick money. They have a lot of energy and if that energy
is not harnessed in the right direction, they can go astray.
4. Consumerist society is also a big factor to put them on the path of crime.
When they see new things in the market, they want them by hook or by
crook. Parents cannot satisfy all their whims and so they start doing petty
crime, which turns into major crime very soon.
Solutions for reducing youth crime
1. Some censorship of TV channels is needed. Parents should ration the TV
viewing hours of children. Parents should watch TV with children so that
they know what their children are being exposed to.
2. Encourage joint families so grandparents can keep an eye on children
when parents are out working.
3. Parents should be good role models. A good family atmosphere should be
provided to children.
4. Friend circle of the children should be monitored.
5. Parents should educate children about the harms of consumerism.
6. Schools should also provide good education and moral values to children.
7. Children should be encouraged to do sports and other extracurricular
activities after school. It occupies their time and keeps them away from
delinquent behaviour.
8. Government should try and reduce unemployment and poverty, which
are the root causes.
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Young people who commit serious crimes should be punished in the same way
as adults. Do you agree or disagree?
A recent newspaper article reported that a 14-year-old boy who seriously
destroyed his school got the punishment to clean the streets, instead of being
sent to prison. Do you think this is right, or do you think that such criminals
should be sent to prison?
Why Juvenile delinquents should not be punished as adults
1. Although adolescents are old enough to understand the difference
between right and wrong, they are too young to make the right choices
yet. They are less likely to think before they act, or pause to consider the
potential consequences of their actions.
2. If tried in an adult court, they may even be sent to prison. Juveniles tried
and prosecuted in adult courts get influenced by adult prisoners and are
more likely to reoffend. By contrast, juvenile detention facilities have
programs to reform them and give them a chance for redemption.
3. This is a critical age in the development of an individual. Sending children
to prisons may affect their education and seal their fate in terms of
rehabilitation back into society. Adults criminals have the necessary skills
to get employment after leaving prisons, but for young people, it might
be impossible because of their lack of education.
4. Children are not permitted the same rights and responsibilities as adults
(e.g. voting, drinking, smoking) because society recognizes their inability
to make adult decisions. So, the difference in terms of criminal law is also
justified.
He who opens a school door,
closes a prison.
Victor Hugo
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Studies show that many criminals have a low level of education. For this
reason, people believe that the best way to reduce crime is to educate people
in prison so they can get a job when they leave prison. Do you agree or
disagree?
Prison is the common way in most countries to solve the problem of crime.
However, a more effective solution is to provide people a better education.
Agree or disagree.
Certain people believe that the only way to reduce crime is by sentencing
criminals for longer time periods, while others believe alternative methods
should be used to lower crimes. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Research suggests that majority of criminals who were sent to prison would
commit crimes when set free. Why is this the case? What can be done to solve
this problem?
The proper function of prisons is to punish criminals and life in prisons should
be hard. Do you agree or disagree?
Points in favour of prisons
1. Prison is the only answer in the case of criminals who are a risk to society,
such as murderers. They cannot be made to mix with society.
2. Prison is the only answer in the case of repeat offenders or people who
commit crimes even if they are wealthy and educated.
3. People would not be afraid of doing crime if fear of imprisonment is not
there.
Points against prisons – Points in favour of education and job training
1. In traditional prisons, people learn a lot about crime and so when they
leave prison they will commit even more crimes.
2. Prisons are expensive to maintain. The petty and minor criminals can also
be employed in some community service projects after providing
education and vocational training.
3. When criminals get some education, they would be able to get jobs after
leaving prisons. Thus, they would be able to fulfil their basic needs and
they will not be forced to resort to crime.
4. Education would also increase the self-confidence of convicts and would
make them more open minded and respectful.
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Educating the prisoners is not the best way to curb crime
1. Criminals commit crimes again and again not because of a lack of
education, but the inability to secure good jobs. This is because most
people avoid hiring criminals and there is a need to change society’s
attitude towards criminals. Government could also facilitate this change
through incentives like tax rebates to companies, which hire convicts.
2. Education in prisons may stop repeat offences, but it will not impact first
time crimes. Hence, rather than focusing on education in prisons, the
government should focus on primary education, so that the overall
illiteracy in society comes down and even first time crimes are reduced.
What are the other better ways to curb crime
1. The best way to reduce crime would be to never let it happen in the first
place. Laws should be enforced so strictly that people should think a
hundred times before resorting to crime.
2. Youth unemployment should be dealt with by creating job openings or by
encouraging entrepreneurship.
Importance of community work
1. Community service such as maintaining parks and doing some
construction work can be taken from criminals instead of just putting
them into prisons.
2. This type of work makes them feel part of the community and the
community also starts accepting them.
Proper function of prisons - Prisons have three basic functions.
1. To protect society from offenders.
2. Prisons punish offenders by keeping them away from their families.
3. They rehabilitate or reform offenders. Prisons are correctional institutes
where prisoners are reformed to become law-abiding citizens.
Why life in prisons should be tough
1. Prisoners should be made to lead a very disciplined life and made to do
some community work. This work could be any labour type work or any
work depending on the capability of the inmates of the prison.
2. It would act as a deterrent for prisoners to reoffend once they are set free.
3. They would not have the time to learn crime from other serious offenders
within the prison.
4. It could ensue that this prison labour could be turned into an industry and
money could be generated for the maintenance of these prisons.
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Many people are afraid to leave their homes because of crime. Some believe
that more action can be taken to prevent crime. While others feel that little
action can be done to stop crime. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.
Many people nowadays do not feel safe either when they are at home or go
out. What are the reasons and what can be done to solve this problem?
Reasons why people are afraid to leave home
1. Some people do not want to leave their homes because they feel that if
they go out of their homes then they may be affected by crimes like chain
snatching, murder, kidnapping, etc.
2. Some people don’t leave home due to health-related disorders caused by
the increase in pollution.
3. Some people are frightened to leave their home because they feel that if
they are not present in their home then their home is not safe from crime.
4. Fear of bombings, terror attacks, and even natural calamities like floods,
storms, etc.
5. Too much traffic, jams, and road accidents
6. Since March 2020 highly contagious Covid-19 is the reason people want
to stay at home
Solutions
1. Government should employ more security measures, like cameras, more
police patrolling, and more security in public areas
2. Stricter punishments for the offenders will act as a major deterrent for
the criminals.
3. Increasing security at homes might deter potential criminals. For example,
more effective alarm devices can be used in houses. Technology is so
advanced nowadays that alarm could send alerts on the mobile devices if
someone breaks in your home.
4. The increasing unemployment is the main reason for these crimes. If the
youth of a country were provided vocational training and good job
opportunities, they would not fall on the path of crime.
Why people don't feel secure even in their homes
The main reason for this is the escalation in the crimes being committed at
homes, like murders, robberies, etc. In a recent news article, it has been
surveyed that there have been more crimes committed by domestic help at
people’s homes, than the crimes being committed on the streets. This has led to
people feeling vulnerable, at home and when they are out on the streets.
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More and more measures to improve security in large urban areas have been
introduced in many countries because of the increased crime. Do the benefits
of these measures outweigh the drawbacks?
Advantages of security measures
1. The police can catch criminals in the act, thus reducing crime. This has
made the streets safer for ordinary people.
2. Criminals, particularly young offenders or petty criminals are deterred.
They will not be tempted to carry out crimes, and thus society will be a lot
safer.
3. Cameras are also cost-effective and unobtrusive. Authorities do not need
to spend large amounts of money on police.
4. Another security measure is the computerized data collection of
individuals. This also helps the police force to operate more effectively.
5. Other methods like police patrolling on the roads have also been
intensified. These methods bring a sense of security in the minds of
people.
Disadvantages of security measures
1. Privacy is lost. Many people feel that they should be free to travel or move
around a shop, mall, street, or country without being photographed or
recorded.
2. The computerized data collection of individuals can go in wrong hands.
Vocabulary check
Deterred: discourage (someone) from doing
something by instilling fear of the consequences.
Unobtrusive: not attracting attention.
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Some people who have been in prison become good citizens later. Some
people think that they are the best people to talk to school students about the
danger of committing a crime. Do you agree or disagree?
While ex-convicts can educate school children against crime, they are not the
best and other alternatives are better.
Why ex-convicts are good to motivate children
1. Teenagers are more likely to accept advice from someone who can speak
from experience. Reformed offenders can tell young people about the
dangers of a criminal lifestyle and the tough life in prisons.
2. By listening to a wide range of real cases in person, the young generation
will realize the consequences of irresponsible behaviour and discipline
themselves strictly in the future.
Why ex-convicts are not the best people to talk to school students about the
dangers of committing a crime
1. People have fear towards criminals, especially those who have committed
violent crimes, and therefore face-to-face conversation between school
students and such ex-convicts may be not accepted by parents.
2. By inviting such people to schools to address the students, some
vulnerable students might start thinking it glamorous to commit a crime.
What other methods could be better
1. Senior police officials could be called to deliver lectures to students and
show them videos of the harsh life in prisons to deter them from
committing a crime.
2. Parents can certainly be the first to help children learn the differences
between right and wrong since they are the people who know their
children the best in the world.
3. Teachers also are good to guide children about what is right or wrong.
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Crime is a problem all over the world and there is nothing that can be done to
prevent it. To what extent do you agree or disagree
Many things can be done to prevent crime
1. Governments can try to address the causes of crime to reduce crime.
Majority of criminals commit crimes due to illiteracy, poverty, or
unemployment.
2. Governments must employ the use of technology to tackle crime as it can
address the problem of shortage of law and order personnel. For example,
CCTV cameras not only deter criminals but also help police to catch
criminals and bring them to justice.
3. Similarly, criminal databases can not only help law and order personnel to
share information about criminals with each other but also better track
the movement of ex-offenders. This can certainly reduce recidivism to a
great extent.
4. Due to the global nature of crime, governments across the world must
cooperate and work alongside each other to tackle crime. For example,
investigation agencies from different countries must actively share data
on criminals.
5. Every person is also responsible for his or her own safety and should make
wise choices like locking all doors at home, using security cameras, not
leaving valuables in the car, not going out at night, getting a dog, etc.
6. People need to be more aware and vigilant. For instance, people should
report any strange behaviour or activity to the police and businesses
should hire employees only after getting a background check done.
Vocabulary check
Recidivism: the tendency of a convicted criminal to
reoffend.
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In some countries, some of the criminal cases in the law courts are shown on
television, so that the general public can watch them. Do the advantages
outweigh the disadvantages?
Arguments for televising court proceedings:
1. By allowing the televising of the court cases, efficient and fair trials will be
ensured. Because of televising many people will be able to access court
cases, and also will be able to criticize the judges for engaging in a trial
insincerely.
2. If we can all watch trials, we will become more confident in our legal
system. The effect of televising the court cases would allow people to
know the judiciary system better and give them knowledge of law related
issues. It is the way to enhance trust towards the justice system by making
the court transparent and open.
3. Right to know is a fundamental right that all people have. Journalists are
allowed to write reports of the proceedings, but written judgments are
not enough.
4. Televising trials would aware the potential criminals of the treatment they
will receive when they commit crimes, and discourage them from doing
it.
5. Some families of victims may not be able to go to the trial, but they can
follow it on TV from a safe distance.
Arguments against televising court proceedings:
1. The presence of cameras could distort the very nature of the process.
2. The jurors may be influenced by the media coverage.
3. In particular, it has been argued that televising the events could act as a
deterrent to victims and witnesses giving evidence. Witnesses will lose
their anonymity, as everyone in the country will know their faces.
4. Showing trials on TV could turn lawbreakers into celebrities. The
procedures might turn into entertainment, like in the Judge Judy Show.
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Some people believe that if the police force carries guns, it can encourage a
higher level of violence. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Some people argue that public should be allowed to have guns. Others do not
agree. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Points in favour of police having guns
1. Guns would, to a large extent, deter potential criminals. For example, if
someone has the intention to commit a crime, he would think twice about
doing so if there is police carrying guns on patrol.
2. Criminals usually have guns and so, police officers need them in order to
control crime. Armed police officers are better able to protect themselves
from dangers that directly threaten their life.
3. Instead of taking guns away from the police, it is more important to make
laws against the general public having guns.
Points against police having guns
Police having guns increases the risk of fatal shootings of civilians. Disarming
police not only lives but a lot of money, too. Police in the U.K. are able to go
without guns and also have crime in control.
Public shouldn’t be allowed to own guns
1. Potential for accidents. In America, for example, you can legally shoot
people if you find them robbing your house, but this can lead to people
dying over cases of mistaken identity.
2. There are crimes where people act rashly or in anger, so guns that were
intended for defense are often used aggressively.
3. There can be intentional damage caused by guns. It is statistically evident
that the number of gun-related crimes is higher in countries where
firearm ownership is legal. Countries like America, for example, suffer
from a disproportionately high number of fatal shootings, in comparison
with most other countries.
Public should be allowed to own guns
1. Without the freedom to bear arms, there is no self-defense. Without selfdefense, there would most likely be more break-ins, robberies, and even
deaths. In the UK it's illegal to have a gun, yet criminals can still get one.
2. Shooting is a sport, and so being prevented from owning their own firearm,
is both unjust and a violation of their rights.
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There are an increasing number of serious crimes committed each year. While
some people say that the best way would be to use death penalty as a
deterrent, many people say that other measures will be needed. Discuss both
sides and opine.
Points supporting death penalty
1. People who commit murder have taken the life of another and have
forfeited their own right to life.
2. Life imprisonment is a drain on public finances. Maintaining a secure
prison system for high-risk, violent offenders uses a lot of government
resources.
3. Capital punishment also has a deterrent effect on potential criminals, for
whom imprisonment is insufficient restraint.
Points against death penalty
1. Innocent people may get killed, because of mistakes or flaws in the justice
system.
2. Executions do not have a greater deterrent effect than life imprisonment.
3. Moreover, in countries with costly and lengthy appeals procedures like
India, capital punishment becomes a more expensive option than longterm imprisonment.
4. It is used more often against perpetrators from racial and ethnic
minorities and lower socioeconomic backgrounds, than those coming
from a privileged background.
Vocabulary check
Forfeited: lose or give up (something) as a necessary
consequence of something else.
Deterrent: a thing that discourages or is intended to
discourage someone from doing something.
Perpetrators: a person who carries out a harmful,
illegal, or immoral act.
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Media
Essays
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Most of the people in the society enjoy watching crime movies and crime
based TV programmes. Why do you think people have more interest to watch
them? What is the impact on society due to this?
Why people watch crime movies and programmes?
1. Such shows and movies are very informative. They make people aware of
the crime and violence happening in society, and they can thus avoid
landing in such situations.
2. People watch such movies and TV programs purely for entertainment.
Crime entertainment gives people the adrenaline rush in the comfort of
their own homes. They have dark themes and sensational behaviour
which most people never do in their regular lives.
3. The TV channels also telecast more and more of such shows as they want
to increase their TRP (television rating point).
Positive effects of people watching crime movies and programmes
The people are abreast of the crime around them and can take protective steps,
as and when needed.
Negative effects of people watching crime movies and programmes
1. The most disturbing effect is on the children and youth. Media violence
can stimulate fear in some children as it frightens them, making the
effects long lasting.
2. They can also become aggressive or they can lose a sense of reality and
fiction in what they are seeing.
3. Young people imitate what they see, and it is logical that they see glamour
in what they do when they commit violence.
4. Too much portrayal of these also leads to immunity among the people,
and they are not affected by the disasters anymore.
Such programmes should be censored because
Reducing the amount of violence on TV and in the cinema would certainly be a
good start to decrease the fear and violence among people. Journalism is a
profession like any other, and certain standards of quality and professionalism
need to be maintained.
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A tendency that the news reported in the media focuses on problems and
emergencies rather than the positive developments is harmful to both the
individual and the society. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
We can see more disasters and violence shown on TV. What are its causes and
what effects will they exert on the individual and the society?
Why media focusing on negative news is good
1. It is the duty of the media to keep the people abreast of what is happening
all around. If negative things are happening, people should know all that
because then they can be prepared if anything is likely to affect them.
2. If the media reports such news, then more and more people can volunteer
to help. For example, two years ago when Tsunami hit Japan, the news
was spread like wildfire through all sources of media, and people from all
over the world sent relief in whatever way they could.
3. The media also helps to get justice at times. In the Nirbhaya rape case in
December 2012, it was through the efforts of the media that the culprits
got a speedy punishment, and Nirbhaya’s family got justice.
Why media focusing on negative news is harmful
(See negative effects of people watching crime movies and programmes)
Why media focuses on disasters and violence
1. Television channels want to increase their TRP (television rating point). If
any channel has high TRP, it gets more adverts and hence more revenue.
2. The news channels have to show what is happening around and disasters
and violence have become very common in our surroundings.
3. People demand that they should be well informed about all things, which
are prevalent in society. So, media has to show all that to its viewers.
The news media are, for the most part, the bringers
of bad news and it's not entirely the media's fault,
bad news gets higher ratings and sells more papers
than good news.
Peter McWilliams
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Some people think that the news media nowadays have influenced people’s
lives in negative ways. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
News media is important in our society. Why is it so important? Do you think
its influence is generally positive or negative?
Media’s positive influence
1. The media provides information about events around the world almost
instantly.
2. It makes people more empathetic and alert
3. Media also shapes people’s opinions.
1. It is a link between the government and the people. News media aware
people about both the positive and the negative consequences of
governments’ intended measures. Many times, governments have
retracted steps that have gained negative media scrutiny.
4. The media are also influential in the way they facilitate the spread of
culture and lifestyle. Today, the popularity of Indian culture is an example
of the media's enormous impact.
5. The reality shows of today have given exposure and fame to the common
man with talent today.
6. The media also helps in providing justice to the common man. Who has
not heard of the Jessica murder case and the case of Nithari killings? Were
it not for the media, Jessica’s parents would have never gotten justice.
Media’s negative influence
1. The paparazzi can invade the privacy of famous people.
2. Sometimes violence and vulgarity is shown
3. Media can shape our opinion in negative ways. Excessive media influence
sometimes leads to protests and even violence. Many times, due to
excessive media reporting and over-exaggeration of negative
consequences by news media, people begin to oppose government
projects.
4. There are some unhealthy practices like gutter-press journalism,
checkbook journalism, and libel writing. Such media, which takes the help
of ill-founded news and other wrong means cannot sustain long.
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Nowadays, people get information through news and papers, but meanwhile
are uncertain about the truth of these news. Should we believe the
journalists? What qualities should a good journalist or correspondent have?
Yes, we should believe the journalists because
1. They are our only source of information. But, we should take it all with a
pinch of salt. Sometimes they may spread ill-founded news just to sell
their papers. On the whole, they are doing great service to us.
2. They are the link between the government and the people.
3. They shape our opinions.
4. They make us feel part of this global village by keeping us in touch with it.
5. At times they even provide justice. For example, in the Jessica murder
case, it was because of the efforts of these journalists that a politician’s
son got punishment and Jessica’s family got justice.
Qualities of a good journalist
1. He should promote the truth, and not rumours of ill-founded news. Only
authenticated news should be given.
2. He should be unbiased and not favour any group or political party. This is
very important in a pluralistic (multicultural and multi-religious) society
like India.
3. He should also have excellent communication skills.
4. A good journalist should be versatile – he has to cover varied fields such
as sports, business, entertainment, and politics. He should always be on
his toes because you never know when the sky is going to fall.
5. He should be bold and brave because he has to handle tough situations.
For instance, during the 26th November terrorist attack in Mumbai, it was
these journalists who brought us the first-hand news.
The smarter the journalists are, the better off
society is.
Warren Buffet
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More and more media attention is being paid to famous people who are
successful in sports and movies. Why do you think this is happening? Is this a
positive or a negative development?
In some countries, celebrities complain about the way media publicize their
private lives. Some people say that they should accept it as part of their fame.
Do you agree or disagree?
Should media networks such as newspapers publish people's private
information?
Why the media focuses on celebs
1. People idolize celebs and want to know more about them. Celebs are role
models for many. The media is only responding to people’s desires.
2. To survive in today’s world, the media, whether it is e-media or print
media, has to focus on these big shots.
3. The celebs themselves need media coverage to survive in today’s era of
cut-throat competition.
Why media should not make the private lives of celebs public (Why focusing
on celebs is a negative development
1. Every individual has a right to privacy, and media persons should not
invade the privacy of anyone, be it a common man or a famous person,
especially without their consent.
2. Celebrities are already under a lot of pressure to perform well, as they are
public figures and are always in the public eye. This stress of someone
constantly following them affects the way they perform, which ultimately
leads to a loss for the people.
3. These celebs are role models for the people. When any negative side of
their private life is exposed, their followers think it glamorous to do the
same, which is definitely detrimental to society as a )whole.
4. Sensationalizing the news for the channel to get more TRP is unethical.
Who does not remember the unfortunate incident when the world lost a
very eminent public figure, Lady Diana? That accident happened because
the paparazzi were chasing the car she was travelling in.
5. Too much focus on celebrities is diverting people’s attention away from
more important issues such as politics and the environment.
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Nowadays young people are admiring media and sports stars, even though
they do not set a good example. Do you think this is a positive or a negative
development?
Ordinary people copy famous people whom they see on TV and magazines.
Why do they do so? Do you think it is a positive development?
Youth admiring media and sports stars is a negative development because
1. Celebrities are often portrayed drinking or smoking in advertisements, TV
shows, and movies. This normalizes and glamorizes behaviour like
smoking, binge drinking, and illicit drug use, making youth feel that it is
appropriate to do the same. Experimenting with drugs and alcohol affects
their health, behaviour, and grades.
2. Some celebrities create impossible standards of beauty, as a result of
which more and more young adults feel less confident and more
dissatisfied with their looks. This causes young fans to strive to be
unhealthily thin and stop eating altogether, which may prove fatal at
times.
3. Sometimes celebrities ignore the public interest while endorsing the
latest fashions and products. For example, many celebrities promote
sugary drinks or fast foods, even though they themselves do not consume
them. Some teens or youth also resort to petty crimes like stealing just to
acquire these products and consequently destroy their whole life.
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Exposure to international media such as films, TV, and magazines has a
significant impact on local cultures. What do you think has been the impact?
Do you think its advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
Positive impact of Internationalization of media
1. A mixing of cultures has enabled people around the world to overcome
national boundaries to embrace common causes. Thus, cultural
globalisation in itself promotes diversity and respect for other cultures.
2. India’s media companies have improved dramatically under the stiff
competition of global media and as a result, they have found a place in
the international market. For example, Bollywood studios release around
700 major films each year, three times the rate of the major Hollywood
studios.
3. If the local culture is strong, it can never be lost. For instance,
international media companies have to tailor their output to fit into the
local cultural setting.
Negative impact of Internationalization of media
Internationalization of media can overpower national culture. People all over
the world watch the dressing styles and eating habits of western countries and
copy the same. All foreign brand outlets and food outlets are seen all over the
world. This leads to dilution of the local cultures and loss of diversity.
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Recent advancements in technology have made the TV screen so live that
people do not feel the need to go for any live performance (e.g. live shows or
concerts). To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Positives of watching live shows
1. The experience of live performance builds community. There’s never
going to be anything like sitting in a theatre with hundreds of people
around you who value what you value.
2. It provides the excitement of the actor-audience connection in real time.
These will keep the theatre from fading away completely no matter how
much technology takes over our lives.
How the TV of today edges over actually going to these shows
1. The high cost and the limited accessibility of actual live shows goes in
favour of TV.
2. People lack time in today’s fast-paced world. People also have to stand in
queues and drive distances to watch these shows. One 2-3 hour long live
show actually takes away a whole day at times.
3. Live television has also many other benefits. You don’t need to dress
formally. It can be watched in the comfort of one’s home while doing
some other household chores.
4. The focus of the cameras is also on the main characters, because of which
you can in fact get a better view of the actual show.
5. It has made arts accessible to all regardless of geographical, social, or
economic boundaries.
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Most of our information comes from the Internet nowadays. Some people say
that a large part of the information we get is incorrect. Do you agree or
disagree?
Admittedly, some false, misleading, or incorrect information does exist, but the
person surfing the net has to learn how to look for authentic websites. This takes
a little time but ultimately people come to know about the websites imparting
useful and correct information and then bookmark those sites and avoid going
back to the fake sites.
Why most information we get on the Internet is correct
1. Only if the information is correct, it can enjoy a lasting attraction to
readers. With an expectation to have more readers, the author will be
encouraged to post correct and authenticated articles which will in turn
attract more and more visitors to the website.
2. As the people are surrounded by such a wide sea of information, they will
definitely not believe in one report but may search out all the related
information to compare and form their own opinion.
3. The issue of cybercrime has also led to the websites being supervised
which discourages people to post wrong and misleading information.
Plagiarism is also considered an offence and so those posting any
information know that they are being monitored.
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Some people believe that the radio is the best way to get news, while others
believe that TV is better for this purpose. Discuss both views and give your
opinion.
Radio will no longer be able to hold its presence, as television and Internet
media will replace it very soon. Do you agree or disagree?
Among Internet, radio, TV, and newspaper, which is the most important for
society? Give reasons.
Although nowadays people are reading news through the Internet,
newspapers still remain of value. Do you agree or disagree?
Some people think newspaper is the most effective way to get the latest
information because it has more influence than other forms of media. Do you
agree or disagree?
Newspapers have influenced people’s ideas and opinions. What are the
reasons for this? Is this a positive or a negative situation?
All these media are not equivalent and interchangeable with each other, as they
have unique characteristics. It is very difficult to pinpoint which one is the best.
Why radio is better than all other sources of news media
1. Radio can be accessed in a variety of situations while doing any other
work. For example, listening to the radio while driving is an effective
means of taking full advantage of the commute time and keeping abreast
of the latest information, such as news, weather forecast, etc.
2. Radio broadcasting is free to the public, unlike TV for which one has to
pay for the channels of choice.
3. For those people who have no time to watch TV, the radio provides
immediate and easy access to information.
4. Radio is portable. On occasions where people cannot watch TV, read
newspapers, or surf the net, they can listen to the radio.
5. The news script is also different as a radio newsreader has to describe the
whole event through words and not pause long whereas the news reading
script for TV newsreel is punctuated with long pauses when footage of
some event is shown.
6. The newer technologies are also responsible for the popularity of radio.
as people can get radio via satellite, the internet, and cable nowadays.
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Why television is better to get news
1. The television combines both sight and sound, which are the two major
human senses for communication, and is therefore, more influential.
2. With the advent of the latest technology, the TV has become as portable
as the radio. The smartphones of today have apps such as ‘Hotstar’, which
enable people to watch the news on the go.
Importance of the Internet
1. The Internet is the newest source of news and is fast becoming popular
among the computer-literate sections of society. However, its usage
depends on availability and affordability.
2. Theoretically, we can say that the Internet incorporates characteristics
from all of the traditional media, such as sight, sound, and online versions
of newspapers and magazines.
3. The youth are the most influenced by the Internet. The social network
sites on the Internet have made it possible for the youth to have the
widest circle of friends.
Advantages of newspapers over TV and Radio
1. Newspapers provide news about a large number of items, such as a
country’s economic situation, sports, games, entertainment, trade, and
commerce.
2. The news can be presented in detail.
3. Newspapers can also be read and re-read at one's convenience.
4. Cheap and easily accessible
Disadvantages of newspapers (compared to radio and TV)
The ability to comprehend news in print depends on educational and literacy
level, which is a clear-cut advantage in the case of radio and TV.
Advantages of newspaper over reading news through the internet and social
media
1. It does not require any technical equipment to read. It is cumbersome to
read news on a laptop or a computer and in addition, it has adverse effects
on people’s eyes. Older people find it hard to use modern technologies
and are more comfortable reading traditional printed newspapers.
2. The newspaper is still the cheapest source of information and many
people in poor or developing countries cannot afford the internet and
such gadgets.
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3. It can be the ‘one’ source of information. Instead of having to search out
multiple websites to find information, readers of a newspaper can instead
have all of the day’s information in one place.
4. All the information available on the Internet may not be reliable, as there
are a lot of fake news and articles posted online. Everyone who has access
to this resource can post anything online and sometimes the information
posted is not thoroughly vetted before it is published. By contrast,
printable sources are always authenticated and published after careful
consideration of facts.
Disadvantages of newspapers over reading news through the internet and
social media
1. Social media can give news in real time. In comparison, they have to wait
for the next day to read the news in case of newspapers.
2. People can watch a video while reading the news article on the internet
and this makes the experience far better.
Why newspapers are influential
1. Easy accessibility - Newspapers are one of the cheapest and most
widespread sources of information.
2. Newspaper’s credibility - The print media certainly occupies a better
reputation than news channels and social media, for the newspaper’s
columnists are considered to be experts by the people.
3. When newspapers focus on a particular topic repeatedly, it inadvertently
makes people pay more attention to it.
4. Newspapers create awareness and they can choose which matter they
create awareness about. Thus, they definitely shape people’s ideas in this
sense.
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More and more people are using computers and other electronic devices to
access information. So, the printing of books, magazines, and newspapers
should not be done. Do you agree or disagree with this?
Why should traditional printed material be there
1. There are still many people all over the world, who either do not have
access to such technology or who are not comfortable with the use of
computers and other such electronic devices.
2. All the information available on the Internet may not be reliable, as there
are a lot of fake news and articles posted online. The printed material is
always authenticated and published after careful consideration of facts
and is reviewed several times.
Advantages of e-materials
1. There is an ease of storage as no physical space is occupied. In one kindle
(e-reader) hundreds of books can be stored. Some e-readers have a built
in light and other features such as a dictionary also. The font size can also
be increased or decreased.
2. These are more portable as they are lighter.
3. These are cheaper and more environmentally friendly than the printed
form.
4. E-materials are instant, which means a person can start reading
immediately after downloading. Even the libraries today have started
lending digital or e-books.
Own view
There is no denying the fact that in this progressive era of technology, the
popularity of printed material has been affected. However, it can never be
completely done away with. The charm of holding a newspaper and the aroma
of the printed books can never be replaced by reading something on the screen
of a computer or a smartphone.
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All over the world, people watch foreign films much more than locally
produced films. Why? Should the government provide financial support to
local film industries?
Why people watch foreign films
1. Foreign films use the most modern technology. For instance, the amazing
visual effects and acoustics of the Hollywood movie Avatar won global
audiences.
2. A lot of money is put in to advertise these films. So, it is not surprising that
these films tend to do well overseas. In contrast, locally produced films
are not publicised that much, and they often have familiar storylines that
may not interest some people.
3. People are curious to know about foreign lifestyles and cultures. Watching
foreign movies satiates their curiosity of knowing about them.
4. Some people also watch Hollywood movies to learn English, which has
become a global language, and watching English movies is a good way to
learn English.
Why should the government support local film industry
1. Films are the carriers of a country’s culture. Supporting the local film
industry will enable it to spread its culture and this can make a country to
be recognised in the world.
2. The unemployment rate in this country might substantially decrease,
which will contribute to its economy. Recently, our Bollywood movies
such as ‘Dabang’ and ‘Jab Tak Hai Jaan’ have done business worth crores
and this has definitely boosted our economy.
Vocabulary check
Satiates: to satisfy fully
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Nowadays, it is not only large companies that are able to make films as digital
technology enables anyone to produce films. Do you think this is a positive or
negative development?
Drawbacks of anyone being able to produce films
Lack of regulations – It is impossible to keep track of what is being made and
posted online. Some people create and post videos that can be culturally
insensitive and promote racism and violence. Because anyone can post videos
online, it is nearly impossible to keep track of what is being posted and to take
it down if it is inappropriate.
Benefits of anyone being able to produce films
1. People can show their creativity and can end up being noticed by big
production houses.
2. This also ends nepotism, as earlier the movie makers reserved roles for
their families only.
3. People have more options to watch from.
4. The increased competition has also led to an improvement in the quality
of movies and especially their storylines.
5. It has promoted creativity since creators have the freedom to create the
kind of story they want.
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Some people say that the main purpose of television should be education,
while other says it should be for entertainment only. Discuss both sides and
give your opinion.
Some people believe that watching TV is good and makes life more enjoyable.
Others, however, feel that it is a waste of time. Discuss both views and give
your opinion.
Why television should mainly focus on being educative
It is a great audiovisual tool, which can stimulate learning and give the
opportunity for mass education.
1. For formal education, television can be attached to the school curriculum
and timetables. It can enhance the quality of education and reduce
dependence on verbal teaching and teachers.
2. For non-formal education, TV keeps people up-to-date with what is going
on all around. It makes people conscious of the environment, their rights,
duties, privileges, and religious beliefs. It is now possible to see new places
and learn about their culture and food, without visiting those places.
Why television should mainly for entertainment (TV makes life more
enjoyable)
1. Today, everyone is leading busy and hectic lives, due to which people are
not able to take out time for leisure, like in the past. Because of TV, they
can remain in the comforts of their home and watch shows of their choice.
2. TV provides entertainment in the form of soaps, video songs, movies, and
game shows. Every person irrespective of his age group can find
something interesting to see on TV.
Why watching TV is a waste of time
1. More productive things could be done during that time, such as playing
with children, reading books, doing household chores, and so on.
2. Some of the shows that teenagers watch are very negative and
destructive to their minds.
Own View
The role of TV is overlapping as far as education and entertainment are
concerned. Even the daily soaps that people see provide some social education.
To use it solely for education or entertainment would be wrong.
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The number of TV programs is growing day by day. Some people say that it is
good as it gives people more choices, while others say it affects the quality of
TV programs. Discuss both and give your opinion.
Why is it considered good to have more number of TV programs
1. People have a lot of choices. For example, there are a number of daily
soaps, reality shows, talk shows, sports, and news programmes. They can
watch whichever program they can relate to or whichever they are
interested in.
2. Some reality shows have given an opportunity to the common man with
talent to come forward and show his talent to the world. For instance, in
recent years, singing contest programs such as ‘Sa-Re-Ga-Ma-Pa’ and
Indian Idol have uncovered many talented singers.
Why is it not considered good to have more number of TV programs
Most programs have no uniqueness and are similar to others in concept as well
as the content. These are a huge waste of resources and audience time. These
programs have attracted a large number of viewers but have also led to choice
overload and boredom.
Own view
I believe that the vitality of the cultural industry comes from originality and
creativity. Program producers must realize that people need a richer and more
varied choice. Having a lot of TV programs is good only if there is originality and
people get value for the time they spend on these programs. So, fewer programs
that are of very good quality should be there. However, these programs should
be repeated frequently so that people can watch them according to their leisure.
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In some countries, TV programmes are transmitted throughout the day and
night. Some people think that 24-hour transmission has positive impacts,
while others believe it is negative. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Why is 24-hour TV transmission good
1. It keeps people abreast of what is happening around them. With these
repeat telecasts, they can catch up with what they missed, at their own
convenient time.
2. TV viewing is a passive activity that acts as a stress buster for people. For
instance, when they return home after a hectic day, watching their
favourite TV soap or some sitcom relaxes them.
3. TV acts as a platform for the publicity of new products, which is a win-win
situation for both – the manufacturing companies and the audience as
they have more choices of goods.
Why is 24-hour TV transmission not considered good
1. Because of too many choices of TV programs all the time, people are not
doing other physical activities, and so they are living unhealthy lives.
2. To attract people there are many shows, which have violence and
pornographic content, which is not appropriate for the mental health of
people, especially the young.
3. The 24-hour transmission of foreign channels is luring the younger
generation towards the global culture which is making them forget their
own roots.
Own view
I believe that the telecast of TV programs is very helpful for people in the global
village of today. Society is 24/7 and work hours have round-the-clock shifts, so
entertainment should also be 24/7. The onus is on the people to have a check
on their TV viewing and spare time for other activities. Parents can block
channels, which they do not want their children to see. So, if all these things are
looked into, the positives are much more.
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More and more people are using the Internet to do their tasks rather than
doing in person. (e.g. banking, shopping, hotel booking, etc.). Do the
advantages of this trend outweigh the disadvantages?
Recently, more and more people have started using the Internet to get
information and buy goods. What do you think about the advantages and
disadvantages of this phenomenon?
Advantages of using internet for everyday tasks
1. The Internet is a virtual treasure trove of information. There is a huge
amount of information available on the Internet for just about every
subject known to man, ranging from government laws and services,
market information, new ideas, and technical support.
2. It saves money as the cost of labour is cut down because these
transactions are usually automatic. An e-commerce transaction also
reduces the cost of middlemen and advertisements.
3. There are no geographical boundaries. Anyone can order anything from
anywhere and at any time.
4. Online businesses get benefits from the government as the government
is trying to promote digitalisation.
5. E-business breaks down the time barriers that location based businesses
encounter. A person can reach his customers and sell his product or
service anytime since the internet is always available.
6. People have more time to take part in social activities, pursue hobbies and
interests, and communicate with families, which are all indispensable
parts of quality life.
Disadvantages of using internet for everyday tasks
1. There is loss of direct human contact which results in people leading
isolated lives.
2. There is always a risk of hacking of personal information such as name,
address, credit card number, etc. while doing online transactions
3. The information has no authenticity, as anyone can post anything on the
internet.
4. There is a lot of pornographic and other X-rated stuff, which can be
detrimental for children and teenagers.
5. People now only meet on social networks, and face-to-face
communication has taken a back seat.
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The government should control the amount of violence in films and on
television in order to decrease the violent crimes in society. To what extent do
you agree or disagree?
Some people think that violent films and video games have negative effects on
people and should be banned. Others think that they are just relaxation
sources. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.
Why should there be censorship of media
1. Media violence can stimulate fear in some children and affect their mental
development and growth. Children are not able to differentiate between
the virtual world and the real world. As a result, when children are often
exposed to scenes of violence, they may view the world as a more
dangerous place than it actually is.
2. Studies suggest a direct correlation between real and reel world violence.
For example, many school shootings in the US have been associated with
watching excessive violent content on the TV or playing violent video
games. It is impossible to predict how the portrayal of violence affects
different people and thus it would be far easier to censor violence.
3. Many movies and TV soaps glamorize crime and the lives of criminals and
this may lead to children and adolescents copying such behaviour blindly.
4. Watching violence leads to emotional distress, affecting people’s mental
health and making them more antisocial. As people watch more of such
content on the media, they become less compassionate towards others
and do not feel guilty when they hurt or cheat others. In other words,
people are able to justify their wrong actions in their heads because they
have seen much worse in the media.
Why should there be no censorship of media
1. People have a right to know what is happening around them, and if
negative things are happening, the media should aware people about it.
Censorship means infringement on the rights of people.
2. Censorship destroys the creativity of artists, and they have a right to
express themselves.
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Many people regard films as less important form of art than literature and
painting. Do you agree or disagree?
Why films are as important and in some ways more important forms of art
than literature and painting?
1. Films are an amalgamation of different art forms. These include both
performing arts of dancing, acting, music, etcetera and literature like
script writing and poetry. So, in effect movies encapsulate multiple art
forms and their importance should be more than paintings and
literature, which represent just one art form.
2. Movies have the unique ability to entertain and enlighten people at the
same time. The increasing stress in people’s lives means that people
need art to unwind and relax, and movies can fulfil this function better
than perhaps any other art form.
3. Watching a movie leaves a much more lasting impression on people’s
minds than visiting a museum and looking at artifacts, pictures, paintings
etcetera. Since films are an audio-visual form of art, they are perhaps a
lot easier for people to understand and comprehend. For this reason,
movies are also a popular method of spreading awareness and bringing
about social change.
4. Movies and films reach a much wider audience than literature or
painting does and this popularity itself makes them more valuable. For
example, people might not be able to visit museums in other countries
to see a painting, but they can easily watch foreign movies online.
Vocabulary check
Amalgamation: the process of uniting two or more
things.
Encapsulate: to express or show the most important
facts about something, sum up
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In many countries, the government spends a large amount of money on
improving Internet access. Why is it happening? Do you think it is the most
appropriate use of government money?
While it is important to spend on internet access, I do not believe it is the most
appropriate use of the government’s resources.
Why are governments spending to improve internet access
1. They realise that it is not an expenditure but an investment, which
eventually will come back to them in the form of corporate taxes. With
increased and efficient Internet access, companies will be able to expand
their businesses locally and internationally. Businesses can communicate
better with their clients, study international markets, sell products
online, and thus increase their profits.
2. Governments know that Internet access promotes education which has a
great impact on poverty eradication and overall development. The
education people receive results in more healthy, independent, and
confident citizens that can contribute to the local and global economy in
a more efficient way.
3. Better internet access provides opportunities to people living in remote
areas or villages, creates jobs, and allows people to do freelance work.
Why spending on Internet access is not the most appropriate use of
government money
1. In many countries, a large majority of people are often unable to fully
benefit from the information and communication provided by internet
access. This is partly due to a language barrier in online communications
and because many people are not comfortable using modern
technologies.
2. Many private companies are already investing in improving internet
access, so governments should prioritize basic needs like healthcare,
sanitation, and access to drinking water etcetera, where the private
companies are unwilling to spend due to lack of returns.
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Some people think news has no connection to people's lives, so then it is a
waste of time to read the news in the newspaper and watch television news
programs. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
I believe that rather than a waste of time, there is actually a lot to gain by
watching news on the TV and reading newspapers.
Why should people always keep up to date with the news
1. News is the main source of information about government policies, which
directly impact people’s lives. In other words, people can be better
prepared to deal with changes in laws, if they read news. For example,
when traffic fines were increased, many people were caught unaware and
had to pay huge fines. Moreover, as reading news makes people more
knowledgeable, they are able to have more informed discussions with
others.
2. News is a source of inspiration. When people hear or read about others’
misfortunes and how they overcame them, they learn to be resilient.
Success stories motivate them to work hard and challenge their limits.
Similarly, by reading about adversity, they learn to appreciate what they
have in life and it encourages them to help and support the less
fortunate.
3. In this era of many truths, newspapers are the only thing that can help us
differentiate the actual truth from the many rumours. By watching
credible and objective news, people can learn how to distinguish fact from
fiction, which in turn develops people’s critical thinking abilities as well.
4. Newspapers not only enhance people’s reading skills but also their
writing, grammar, vocabulary, and speaking skills.
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Some people are interested in international news while others prefer
watching national news. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Importance of local news
It is very important to advise people in a locality about activities that may have
an impact on a community. For example, if a local community reports that a
youngster of their area has topped the board exams, then the whole community
feels proud and it also encourages others to excel in their field.
Why some people watch national news
It is enough to know what is happening around them in their own country. They
believe that what is happening a thousand or more miles away has no bearing
on their lives and it is futile to go into the depth of that news.
Why some people watch international news
1. Global awareness is very important as the world is more interconnected
now than ever before.
2. Reading international newspapers cultivates a better understanding of
geopolitics, finance, and foreign policy.
3. Nowadays people travel internationally for business and pleasure. If they
are well informed on world issues, they can make better choices and plan
accordingly.
Own Opinion
I believe that both national and international news is important. People need a
well-rounded understanding of local and global issues in order to make
important decisions of their lives. Some like to invest in the stock market which
is affected by any happening anywhere in the world. It would not be wrong to
say that in the global village of today, all news is local news.
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Rich-Poor
Money
Essays
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Nowadays it is easy to apply for and be given a credit card. However, some
people experience problems when they are not able to pay their debts back.
In your opinion, do the advantages of credit cards outweigh the
disadvantages?
Advantages of credit cards
1. They are very convenient to use. The majority of the businesses accept
credit cards. Credit cards can also be used to buy goods and services over the
phone, through the mail, and online.
2. They provide financial backup in the event of an emergency, such as an
unexpected healthcare cost, job loss, or automobile repair.
3. Credit cards offer discounts and rewards at stores. Some cards may offer
cash back as an incentive to use the card.
4. They can also help build the user’s credit history. A person with a good
credit history does not face problems when applying for a loan for any
reason.
5. Credit cards also keep a record of expenses, helping the user to monitor
his financial activities.
Disadvantages of credit cards
1. If the person does not pay off these dues on time, then late fees, interest,
and penalties build very fast, because of which many people find themselves
sunk in credit card debt with no way out.
2. One of the most overlooked negative aspects is that cardholders tend to
overspend, as they don’t get the feel of spending.
3. During online transactions, the card can be hacked and misused if the site
is not secure.
4. Misuse can also happen if the credit card is lost.
If you don't take good care of your credit, then your
credit won't take good care of you.
Tyler Gregory
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More and more people do online shopping. Why is this the situation? What is
the effect of online shopping on shops and communities?
Many people are doing their shopping on the Internet nowadays. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of shopping online.
Advantages of online shopping
1. It gives people the ability to shop at a time that is convenient to them, not
just when the shops are open.
2. Goods are often cheaper as the seller does not have the costs of running
and maintaining a shop.
3. People can shop from the comfort of their homes. They don’t have to
worry about the weather conditions, traffic, parking, etc.
4. People can compare as many products and prices as they want, without
having to spend the time and money to travel between several different
shops.
5. They can find and buy products from all over the world, and not just in
their local area, which makes purchasing hard-to-find items a lot easier.
Disadvantages of online shopping
1. People have to pay shipping costs and have to wait for the items they
purchased to be shipped and delivered.
2. They cannot feel or see the item they want to buy. Sometimes, the item
they get could be quite different from what they wanted.
3. It is cumbersome to return faulty goods. It can literally take weeks to
exchange a faulty product purchased online.
4. Cybercrime is also an issue. A person’s credit card number could be
hacked and misused.
5. Societies become more aloof as people don’t come out for shopping,
which is an opportunity to bump into someone you know and a chance to
socialize.
6. The negative effects can also be seen on the local shopkeeper. Their sales
go down as more and more people shop online.
Vocabulary check
Cumbersome: slow and complicated
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252
Some people think that personal happiness is directly related to economic
success. Others argue that happiness depends on different factors. Discuss
both views and give your own opinion.
Many people think that every individual is responsible for his/her happiness,
but some people believe there are other external factors that influence us.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
How money can make us happy
It is certainly difficult to be truly happy if one is in poverty. For a person who is
always hungry or cold or is in unsafe surroundings, happiness can be a dream.
Having a certain amount of money helps to fix certain problems in life, which
make people stressed out and unhappy. For example, if a person has a health
problem, but has no money for treatment, he can never be happy.
What factors are needed for happiness
1. The best indicator of a person's happiness is the quality of his or her close
relationships. A person who has good friends and a supportive family is
happier than any rich person without these blessings.
2. Besides close relationships, having a job or hobby that people love and
the ability to help others through random acts of kindness can also bring
happiness.
3. Good health brings happiness.
4. Good deeds bring self-satisfaction and in turn happiness
Disadvantages of having too much money
1. To begin with, the richer you are the more taxes you have to pay.
2. Money may become an obsession.
3. It can alter your perception of life; you may stop trusting even your true
friends. In this way, it can alter your social behaviour.
4. Too much money won’t let you see every day’s little pleasures.
Money never made a man happy yet, nor will it.
The more a man has, the more he wants. Instead of
filling a vacuum, it makes one.
Benjamin Franklin
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Some people believe they should keep all the money they have earned and
should not pay taxes to the state. Do you agree or disagree?
Some people think that paying taxes is enough to contribute to society. Others
argue that being a citizen involves more responsibilities. Discuss both views
and give your opinion.
Importance of paying taxes
1. Tax money collected by the government is used to fund basic amenities,
provide various services to citizens and for government administration and
projects, running of jails and defense systems, and many other operations. It
is not wrong to say that "taxes run a country." Thus, it is very important for a
government to make people pay taxes.
2. Paying taxes is in a way saving for retirement. Those who pay taxes during
their work life are given pensions after they retire. In some countries, the
pensions provided by the government are directly proportional to the taxes
they have paid. So, it motivates them to pay taxes
3. Paying taxes is a good way to reduce wealth inequality. The government
takes money in the form of taxes from the rich and gives it to the poor. This
reduces the gap between the rich and the poor. Economic inequality leads to
crime, which affects the wealthy sections of the society also.
4. It improves civic engagement. When people pay taxes, it makes them feel
part of the political system. They ask questions from the government and
cast their vote.
What other responsibilities are important other than paying taxes?
1. Voting in elections is very important. When citizens fail to vote or have
political opinions, they allow vested interests to have their way.
2. They must obey law and order. If all citizens are law abiding, then the
whole nation would be a paradise on Earth.
3. It is also the responsibility of a good citizen to provide public service to
the government. This means volunteering for various agencies and
charities.
4. It is a citizen's duty to scrutinize the government's actions and take stands
when something wrong happens. When citizens get too complacent, they
will not notice when their freedom is being cut down.
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Some people say that it is the responsibility of individuals to save money for
their own care after they retire. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Why it is important to save for the future.
1. The span of life is getting longer, but the period of earning is
comparatively limited. Therefore, during a person’s earning span, he has
to make sure that he puts aside enough money that will enable him to
lead a comfortable life in his later years when he will be able to work no
more.
2. The requirements in old age are sometimes more than a person's needs
during the period of his youth. Deteriorating health translates into higher
medical bills and hospital charges. The elderly may need to hire assistants
to help in the house.
3. The elderly may incur extra expenditure on leisure activities. People
generally travel more after retirement to meet their relatives and friends
who may be settled and staying far away from them.
Saving money Today secures, eases, and beautifies
Tomorrow
Ehsan Sehgal
More points for essays involving paying taxes
Why people refrain from paying taxes
1. Their dissatisfaction with the government in serving them.
2. The tax system is complex and it drives people away from paying taxes.
3. It is also felt that the tax rates are high and tax slabs are unequal. So they
feel it is not unethical if one goes for tax avoidance or tax evasion.
What can be done that people want to pay taxes
1. The government should come up with a fair tax structure and also make
people aware of where the taxes are being diverted.
2. Even lowering the tax rates can help a country increase its tax collection
as it would increase compliance among the taxpayers.
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3. Tax reform should also be fast so that no public grievance or noncompliance remains for long. A proper tax system backed up with strict
tax laws can produce the best results.
As well as making money, businesses should also have social responsibilities.
Do you agree or disagree?
Importance of making money for businesses
It is an inescapable responsibility of every business enterprise to create more
money for itself and its employees. In the initial stages, a great amount of
investment is needed for employee training, buying equipment, advertising,
marketing, research, and development. Therefore, economic stimulus is the
driving force for employers and employees to work hard.
Importance of taking social responsibility for businesses
1. In times of natural disasters, business houses are supposed to make
generous donations and set an example.
2. All businesses should also abide by the law and never make profit by
unethical means.
3. If any business becomes prosperous by honest hard work, it can provide
a number of job opportunities, which can greatly reduce the pressure of
social unemployment.
4. Taking social responsibility would help these large business houses
themselves. For example, when any business house donates for charity,
the media spreads the word about their efforts and they get
advertisement for free. These business houses do not need to spend extra
for their adverts.
5. Providing scholarships to poor, meritorious students is another way these
enterprises can take social responsibility.
Vocabulary check
Inescapable: incapable of being avoided, ignored, or
denied
Prosperous: marked by success or economic well-being
Meritorious: deserving of honor or esteem
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In recent times economic growth has made some people richer in both
developed and developing countries. While studies show that people in
developing countries are happier now than before, people in developed
countries are no happier than they were before. Why do you think this is and
what lessons can be learned from it?
Why people in developing countries are happier than before?
Better opportunities for personal and professional growth. Now they have high
incomes to lead luxurious lives. They can now buy the latest gadgets, travel to
the most exotic places on earth, and own luxury apartments and cars. Their
children now get world-class education and healthcare.
Why people in developed countries are no happier than before?
1. People in the developed world already led comfortable lives. The recent
growth in the global economy hasn’t really done anything to further
improve their standard of living
2. Now they face stiff competition from their counterparts in developing
countries. More and more jobs now get outsourced to the developing
world, where the cost of labour is low, and so people in the developed
world are now losing their jobs.
What lesson do we learn from this?
The growth of the economy in the developing world should not hamper the
economy of the people of the developed countries. Jobs and opportunities for
the people of the developing countries should be generated within their
countries and not in the developed countries. Governments of developed
countries should not lay off their people to give low-paid jobs to others.
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Some people believe that the best way to produce a happier society is to
ensure that there are only small differences between the richest and the
poorest members. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Strongly Agree points
Why decreasing the wealth gap is the best way to produce a happier society?
1. Wealth inequality makes people unhappy because it makes them feel that
people are rich because of unfair means. Therefore, if governments come
up with policies for wealth redistribution like higher taxes for the wealthy
and subsidies for the poor, it reduces this feeling of unfairness and
thereby increases happiness.
2. Unhappiness is created when those at the bottom are struggling for even
the basic necessities and those at the top are spending millions on
luxuries. In other words, happiness can be created when everyone can
enjoy a decent life with basic necessities like clean drinking water,
electricity, housing, healthcare, and education. The only way
governments can ensure this is through equal distribution of wealth.
3. If the wealth gap is considerably large, it creates the feeling for the people
that reaching the top levels is nearly impossible. This leads to feelings of
jealousy and a negative attitude towards those at the top. For example,
there are more thefts and house burglaries in rich localities near poor
neighbourhoods. So, wealth redistribution would reduce crime and lead
to more peace and harmony in society.
Agree with concession
Why decreasing the wealth gap is not the best way to produce a happier
society?
There are people who have become very rich because of their hard work and
perseverance. In such cases, if steps are taken to bring the rich down by
increasing their tax slabs, then it would lead to their unhappiness and so the
whole society will again not be happy. Therefore, efforts should be made in
other directions for a happier society.
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Some people believe the range of technology available to individuals today is
increasing the gap between poor people and rich people. Others think it is
having the opposite effect. Discuss both views and give your opinion
How technology increases the rich-poor gap
1. It is understandable that because of their ability to acquire new
technology, the learning ability within the richer elements of society is
much improved. Therefore, they get better job placements and continue
to grow further.
2. Rich can afford new technologies and use these technologies to further
earn more money.
3. Technologies in the form of machines are being used by rich corporations
to either replace labor or force them to work for cheap.
4. The rich countries can afford the latest technologies and become even
richer. Let us take the example of GM foods (Genetically Modified foods).
The rich nations can afford and use this technology and have more yield
in lesser time. So, poor nations lag behind rich nations and the gap
between them widens.
How technology decreases rich poor gap
1. Technology has created huge opportunities for the poor where none
existed previously. For example, some technologies such as
communications or networking give poor people a chance to earn a better
living and also increase their education opportunities.
2. Technology has been the answer to many problems faced by the poor like
water purification without electricity, cheap transportation, and so on.
3. Technology has increased transparency in governance, bringing down
corruption and thus helping the poor immensely.
Own Opinion
The real reason for the increasing gap is actually the lack of regulation on new
technologies, which allows their benefits to be hoarded by the rich. For example,
no price control on even life-saving medicine, which makes these medicines
unaffordable for all but the super-rich. The same medicines after price checks
and regulations can not only save lives but also save the poor from falling into
poverty. Thus, technology when regulated properly decreases the rich-poor gap
rather than increasing it.
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The gap between the rich and the poor is becoming wider, the rich are getting
richer and the poor even more poor. What problems can the situation cause
and suggest solutions?
Problems caused by the increase in rich-poor gap
1. The most significant problem is that a vicious cycle emerges from which
the poor find it difficult to come out. In order to make both ends meet,
both parents have to work for supplementary income, and the children
are left in the house, unattended. Their future becomes blurred, as they
don’t get a quality education. This deprivation of the children is very high
in ultra-poor families.
2. Poverty and conditions resulting from poverty, such as lack of education
leads people to lawlessness and violence (e.g. robbery, theft, kidnapping,
rape, murder, gang war, and drug addiction). Their pent-up desires for the
finer things in life find a common outlet in the commission of crimes. The
underdeveloped economies of Asia and even America are full of high
crime rates due to poverty.
3. The rich-poor gap alienates the poor in a discriminated manner. This
invites the onset of revolution or terrorism. The political history of the
global community such as Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Indonesia, and the
Philippines is abundant in poverty-related evolution of these events.
Solutions to reduce the rich-poor gap (also refer to the previous topic)
1. Luxuries should be taxed heavily. Balanced taxation should be there and
the tax administration should be improved to ward off fraud and evasion
of taxes. Penalties against tax fraud and evasion should be more severe.
2. Free or highly subsidized education should be provided to the needy.
3. The problem of youth unemployment should be dealt with by creating job
opportunities. Self-employment should be encouraged by promoting
small-scale industry.
4. At the global level, international aid for poor countries is crucial for
mitigating this phenomenon. International organizations, such as United
Nations and World Bank, should provide support to developing countries
in both technical and financial fields enabling them to improve
infrastructure and strengthen industries.
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Some people think that government should not give international aid if they
have disadvantaged people like the unemployed and homeless in their own
country. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Some people think we need to give aid to all poor countries. Others, however,
argue that we should not give international aid to countries with corruption in
their system. Discuss both views and provide your own opinion.
Rich countries often give financial aid to poor countries, but it does not solve
poverty, so rich countries should give other types of help to the poor countries
rather than financial aid. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Some people think that giving aid to poor countries has more negative impacts
than positive ones. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Some people think that charity organizations should only offer help to people
in their own country, but others believe that these organizations should give
aid to people in great need wherever they live. Discuss both views and give
your opinion.
Individuals and countries cannot help everyone who needs help in the world,
so they should only be concerned about their own communities and countries.
To what extent do you agree or disagree
Some people prefer to provide help and support directly to those in the local
community who need it. Others, however, prefer to give money to national
and international charitable organisations. Discuss both views and give your
opinion.
Why should the government give international aid even if there is
unemployment and homelessness in its own country
Why should aid be given to countries with corruption in their system
1. On humanitarian grounds: In emergencies or natural calamities such as
earthquakes and tsunamis, all countries should come forward and help.
Aid need not be monetary; it can be in the form of volunteer workers or
providing goods needed by the affected people. Such help should be given
even if there are situations within the country needing attention.
2. It not only helps the recipient country, but also the donor country. In other
words, as poor countries develop through aid, it fosters international
trade. This creates a higher demand for products made in the rich
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countries, which improves the economy of rich countries by creating jobs.
So, homelessness and unemployment in donor country is also addressed.
3. International aid is not only given to reduce poverty, but also to improve
the country’s own security. By giving aid, the economic condition of the
poor countries improves and so the conditions that promote terrorism,
such as poverty, unemployment, and corruption are removed. So, this aid
promotes peace and stability in the whole world.
4. It would be mutually beneficial for the rich to help the poor. Issues such
as diseases, extreme weather events, international migration, organised
crime, and terrorism have transnational causes. No country can solve
these problems by itself. They need multinational cooperation. The recent
Corona pandemic has emphasised the importance of international
cooperation even more.
5. Giving aid adds to the power and influence of the rich countries. Today,
the status in the world is not based on military strength, but on
relationships with other countries. This aid is accompanied by
development of people-to-people contact between the two countries and
raises the image of that country in the eyes of the people of the recipient
country.
Why should rich countries not give financial help to poor countries
1. This aid may not actually reach those for whom it is meant. It may go into
corrupt pockets.
2. It would make those people lazy, as they would be getting aid without
doing any work. Poor countries could become over-dependent and stop
making efforts of their own.
3. The aid may be used for wrong purposes. For example, the aid may be
given for development projects but it may be used to promote terrorism.
4. If aid is given without proper research, then it may be used for projects,
which are not the priority of the people. For instance, the people may
need health and educational institutes, whereas the aid may be used for
making dams or expanding roadways.
What would be the best ways to help poor countries
1. Opening good educational institutes and good health centres and creating
job opportunities for people of poor countries. If people in poor countries
start earning well their standard would definitely become better and the
whole country would become richer.
2. If rich countries open factories and multinational companies in poor
countries it would be a win-win situation for both, as the poor would get
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employment and the rich would have to pay much lesser to these workers
than they would have to pay their counterparts in their own country. So,
more and more rich countries would step forward to help the poor. Direct
financial aid would not bring such a situation.
Why governments/charities should focus on their own citizens, communities
and countries first
1. If there is a perception that the government is helping other nations at
the cost of its citizens, it would create resentment among the citizens.
People might lose faith and protest against their elected government
officials if they feel their hard earned tax money is being spent on helping
other countries rather than leading to better facilities and services for
them.
2. A government’s ability to help other nations depends upon the taxes and
finances it collects, which ultimately depend upon the prosperity of its
own society. If its own society is poor, its capacity to help people in other
countries would also be limited.
Advantages of charities helping needy in their own country
1. These organisations remain directly in touch with the needy. They can see
how the money or the other resources provided by them are being used.
It has been well said that charity begins at home.
2. Domestic charities target problems specific to their home country. For
instance, Help Age India is an Indian charity providing help to the aged in
India.
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Some people say the most important thing about being rich is that it gives you
the opportunity to give back or help the poor. To what extent do you agree or
disagree with this statement?
While one benefit of being rich is that they can help the impoverished, there are
many other advantages of being rich, which are perhaps more important.
How the rich can contribute in helping the poor
1. The richer a person is, the more taxes he pays, and that tax money is used
by the government to provide for the impoverished. The tax collected by
the government could be used for providing education and job training.
2. The rich can also become entrepreneurs and create jobs for many who
are unemployed.
The other advantages that the rich enjoy apart from being able to help the
poor
1. The wealthy don’t have to yearn for the basic necessities of life and can
also enjoy all the luxuries like cars, air conditioners, and other household
gadgets without having to worry about their running costs.
2. They can also provide the best education to their children, and can also
get the best health care for themselves and their families.
3. The rich enjoy a status in society that only money can bring. People look
upon them for their guidance and support in times of need.
4. Wealth provides security in adverse circumstances. For example, in Covid
19 pandemic, the rich could sail through comfortably sitting at home,
whereas the poor had to struggle for their daily bread and butter.
You are not rich until you have a rich heart.
Roy T. Bennet
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Some people believe famous people's support towards International aid
organizations draws attention to problems, whereas others think celebrities
make the problems less important. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.
How celebrities help supports international aid organizations
1. Famous singers, movie stars, and sports professionals endorse the
activities or campaigns of international charity organisations, which
attracts more people to participate. Stars enhance the reputation and
credibility of the charities.
2. When celebrities are called upon for helping NPOs (Non-Profit
Organisations) or Charities, they themselves become aware of these
problems and come forward in donating for such causes.
Points against celebs help
1. Some celebs take part in charity work just to improve their image. This
can make the messenger (celeb), more important than the message. For
example, if some stars are doing publicity for the anti-drug organization,
but they themselves have their own history of drug use or crime, then
obviously the public would look at that charity with suspicion.
2. Sometimes, when famous people are seen working for some charity then
people start thinking that enough is already being done and that their help
is not needed. This can be detrimental in the long run.
Own view
Celebs coming forward to help is a very good thing and motivates others also to
step forward to help. All famous people should do their utmost to fulfil their
social obligations and do some public service activities for those charity
organizations.
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Some people believe that success in life depends on hard work and
determination, while others believe that other factors like money and
personal appearance are important. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Importance of hard work and determination for success
1. Determination gives us an impetus of setting up goals, which becomes the
cornerstone of success. For example, Marie Curie (Madame Curie)
determined to finish her husband’s lifetime unfinished work after his
death and eventually discovered radium.
2. Efforts are also very important as without hard work determination is of
no value. It has been well said that ‘Genius is one percent inspiration and
ninety-nine percent, perspiration’. Take the example of businessmen,
only those succeed who have the determination and who put in a lot of
sweat and toil in their business.
Importance of money and looks for success
1. Good looks increase the confidence of a person and a confident person
has more chances to succeed in his life. With good looks, a person can
succeed in the acting and modelling fields.
2. Money is needed to become an entrepreneur and those who have the
capital to invest have more chances to succeed. They have faith in the
dictum that money multiplies money.
Vocabulary check
Impetus: a moving force, stimulus
Cornerstone: a thing or person of prime importance.
Dictum: noteworthy statement
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Whether or not someone achieves an aim in their life is mostly a question of
luck. Do you agree or disagree?
While I believe that luck can make a person successful and rich, it is certainly not
the most important factor.
How luck matters
1. Luck helps people get opportunities. For example, people who win the
womb lottery and are born in rich families, certainly get more
opportunities than people born in poor families.
2. Today success is mainly defined by wealth and there are a lot of ways in
which luck can help people to become wealthy. To illustrate, they can win
a lottery or win money through shares in the stock market.
What other factors are more important than luck
1. Hard work and talent are much more important than luck. The main
reason is that luck can get people opportunities but to have sustained
success in life, people need to work hard. For example, because of
nepotism, an actor’s son may get a movie role, but if he is not talented
and hardworking, he would not get future opportunities.
2. Similarly, a person might be lucky to be born rich but unless he studies
hard, he would not be able to get into a good university, and without a
good education, it is nearly impossible to be successful in life today.
3. There is so much competition in the world today that luck alone is not
enough. If people are not hard-working, they cannot grow. They would be
stuck in the same position.
4. Success is also about a person’s mental satisfaction and the satisfaction
that people achieve from hard work can never be achieved by winning a
lottery or getting lucky.
Luck is great, but most of life is hard work.
Iain Duncan Smith
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A lot of charities and organisations have to publicize their activities by setting
up a number of days to name the special day like National Children’s Day and
National non-smoking day. Why do they do so? What are the effects?
Why do ‘Charities’ publicize their days and name special days?
1. The main reason why these NPOs do so is to raise funds for their work.
This is very essential because for every activity they do to help others,
they need money and other resources. When they publicize their
activities, they get people’s attention and so people contribute wholeheartedly.
2. Sometimes, in times of calamities, they need a lot of manual help. They
need voluntary workers. The government alone cannot be at all places.
Because of such organizations, people get timely help, and a lot of burden
is eased from the government’s shoulders.
Effects
1. When these organizations name special days, it brings people together.
With more activities opened and more days named, more and more
people will focus their attention and will put their time and energy and
will realize the importance of doing something for others. As a
consequence, community spirit increases in society. As it is nowadays,
people are getting self-centred and alienated from each other. So, such
days are the need of the day.
2. Such days keep our youth in touch with our culture and traditions. With
the exposure to global culture, youth today are forgetting their traditions.
Establishing some days may help the young people understand the
importance of such events. Such days also increase awareness of offering
help selflessly. Hence, some virtuous habits may pass from one
generation to the other.
3. Such days deter people from bad habits. For example, on National No
Smoking Day, people are made aware of the harmful effects of smoking.
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Some people think that economic progress is the only way to measure a
country’s success, while others think that there are other factors, which can
be used to measure a country’s success. What are these factors? And among
them, which one is more important than the others?
How economic progress is the measure of success
Economic progress is the traditional indicator (Economic indicator or GDP //
GNP). The gross domestic product (GDP) is one of the primary indicators used to
gauge the health of a country's economy. It represents the total value of all
goods and services produced over a specific time period. Usually, GDP is
expressed as a comparison to the year. For example, if the GDP is up 3%, this is
thought to mean that the economy has grown by 3% over the last year.
Other factors which determine the country’s development
1. Standard of education – For a society to truly progress inquisitive minds
are needed. In other words, education should focus on innovation and
curiosity. Moreover, I think there should be good teaching and institutions
right from the primary level to the tertiary level.
2. Healthcare - A healthy workforce is not only more productive and efficient
but also more creative and innovative. Healthcare should be complete
with a focus on wellness and prevention to the cure.
3. Fundamental human rights - Fundamental human rights are essential for
people to achieve their true potential and for a society to develop. For
example, a society where people are not able to express themselves freely
can certainly not develop and progress.
Why education is the most important factor for determining a country’s
success.
1. An educated society would mean an efficient and creative workforce and
thus a good economy.
2. Education is critical to a good healthcare system, in the sense that doctors
and nurses need to be educated first before they can treat others.
3. An educated society is more liberal and democratic and thus more
accepting of everyone’s rights.
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Family
Children
Essays
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Children are facing more pressures nowadays from academic, social, and
commercial perspectives. What are the causes of these pressures and what
measures should be taken to reduce these pressures?
Today’s children are living under more pressure from the society than children
in the past. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
Many adults think that childhood and schooldays are the best years of a
person’s life. Do you agree or disagree?
Teenagers have problems at home and school. What difficulties are they facing
now? What should parents and schools do to help them?
Academic pressures on children
Today’s child is not competing with the child next door, or even of one’s town
or country. He is competing with the child of the global village. Even after school
hours there are private tuitions. Children don’t have time to bloom and bring
out their hidden talents.
Social and commercial pressures on children/teens
1. Children want to adopt the global culture, whereas their parents force
them to confine themselves to the traditions.
2. They also face peer pressure, which can be good if their peers are good,
and bad if their peers are not disciplined.
3. This peer pressure coupled with the consumerist society of today can lead
to a lot of stress and strain on children.
Why childhood and school days are the best years of a person’s life.
1. Children can sleep as much as they want to. Sleep seems to be something
that most adults wish they had more of.
2. The only person a child is responsible for is himself. Life is, therefore, less
complicated and slower-paced. Adults have to balance work and family.
They have to do well at work, and at the same time find time for family.
They also have the onus of providing good education to their children and
good healthcare to their parents.
3. People tend to treat children with love and care and generally tend to
ignore their mistakes, which if done by an adult are taken seriously.
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Problems faced by teenagers
1. Teenagers face an identity crisis, which means that they are neither
considered children, nor adults. If they play like small children, they are
rebuked and if they sit with adults, they are asked to go away.
2. They also face some hormonal changes of puberty, which are very
stressful for some.
3. Parents do not give any importance to the aptitude of the child and force
the subjects of their choice on them.
4. They are expected to follow the traditional culture, whereas teens want
to follow the more liberal, western culture, which they are exposed to.
5. They have the stress of choosing their career because the subjects relating
to one’s career have to be finalized in secondary school.
6. Classroom bullying by some students and favouritism shown by the
teachers.
7. Sexual harassment and abuse by other teenagers and teachers. Some of
them are too hurt to tell anybody, while others feel embarrassed to share
their experiences.
What measures should be taken to reduce these pressures? /
What should parents and schools do to help teenagers (children)?
1. Parents should have realistic expectations from their children.
2. Parents need to spend quality time with their children in these
impressionable years.
3. Competition and co-operation should both be taught simultaneously. The
aim of competition should not be to win at all costs. Children should be
taught to win with modesty and lose with grace.
4. The child’s aptitude should not be ignored and the choice of subject
should be left on the teenager.
5. At school taking part in extra-curricular activities keeps teens happy as
these activities act as stress-busters.
6. Teachers should have an unbiased attitude and treat all students equally.
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In many parts of the world, children are given more freedom than in the past.
Is this a positive or a negative development?
Some people think parents should control the behavior of children from a very
young age, but others think we should give them more freedom. Discuss both
views and give your own opinion.
Some people think that children should obey rules or do what their parents
and teachers want them to do, but others think that children controlled too
much cannot deal with problems well by themselves. Discuss both views and
give your own opinion.
Some people think that nowadays children have too much freedom. Do you
agree or disagree?
Some people believe that teenagers should always follow the examples of
older people, whereas some believe it is natural in teenagers to challenge
what old people say. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Some people opine that children should do what their parents tell them to do.
Other people think children should learn how to think for themselves. Discuss
both views and give your opinion.
Nowadays in some countries children are given fewer responsibilities
compared to the past. Some people believe it is a positive development while
others argue otherwise. Discuss both views. What is your opinion?
Advantages of children enjoying more freedom
1. The increased independence improves decision making. When children
think independently, they are able to better consider the consequences
of their actions and in the long run, this leads to better thought-out
decisions.
2. More freedom also translates to better academic performance as it
means that children explore more options, follow what they are
passionate about, and retain their interest in education.
3. It improves the relationship between parents and children. Children are
more comfortable sharing their problems with their parents.
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Drawbacks of excessive freedom
1. Children are not mature enough to fully grasp the consequences of their
actions. They can misuse this excessive freedom to make terrible choices
that might ruin their future. For example, they might try out drugs or
smoke under peer pressure.
2. Sometimes this unlimited freedom creates the feeling in children that
they are not loved or their parents do not have an interest in their lives.
Children’s behaviour should be controlled from a very young age
1) Restrictions create responsible and respectful children who in turn
mature into respectful adults. It leads to their holistic development and
they are more disciplined, caring, confident, and have stronger family ties.
2) They learn to face difficulties in a more mature way. They are not lured by
peer pressure and refrain from acting on impulse.
Children’s behaviour should not be controlled from a very young age
1. If children are controlled too much, they may become rebels. They may
start doing just the opposite of what is told them to do.
2. They may show abnormal behaviour. They may fall into bad company or
resort to drugs because of frustration.
3. It would also snub their individuality and creativity. They may withdraw
into a shell and sometimes go into depression.
Own View
Parents and teachers should learn where rules are needed and where it is
necessary to give room to the children. They are not mature enough to solve all
problems and they have to be taught their limits. But imposing too strict rules
would stifle their personality and would be more detrimental for them.
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Why children today have more freedom
1. Parents realise that children today are capable of deciding things on their
own. Today’s children have the power of the Internet and satellite TV in
their hands. In the past, children were not exposed to so much
information, and so meekly did what their parents told them to do.
2. Parents do not have time to monitor their children’s activities. Earlier,
only one parent worked and mothers were there to supervise their
children. The workaholic culture was also not there and people worked
limited hours.
3. The change in family structure from joint to nuclear families is responsible
for the freedom showered on today’s children. Earlier, grandparents were
there to keep a watchful eye on their grandchildren, but today’s children
do not have such supervision on them, as a result of which they get a lot
of freedom.
Advantages of children having fewer responsibilities
1. It enables children to enjoy a happy childhood. They enjoy outdoor sports,
extra-curricular activities, and have time for their hobbies too. This leads
to the holistic development of children.
2. The child can spend time on studies and will not have to quit studies to
fulfil any financial responsibilities early on. Lack of an education severely
hampers a child's progress in life in the future.
Disadvantages of children having fewer responsibilities
1. In the absence of any responsibility, children are often unaware of the
harsh realities of the world.
2. Children with fewer responsibilities lack confidence. Parents need to
instill confidence in children by assigning them some tasks, which they
carry out responsibly.
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In some countries, the age of 18 means adults, while in others, it is older. What
is your opinion and talk about the responsibility of an adult?
Why is an age to define adulthood set in many countries
This is mainly to protect a minor against his inexperience. However, it is very
difficult to do so because adulthood is a very subjective term. A person may be
biologically an adult but may be considered a child if he is below that legal age
when he can be called an adult. Conversely, he may be much older but behave
childishly. In my opinion, the legal age of adulthood should be 18. I believe that
by the age of 18, a child is mature enough to know what is right or wrong. He/she
should be given some freedom and should be held responsible for his actions.
What are the responsibilities of an adult
1. Adults are expected to be responsible and accountable for their actions.
For example, if they get a driving licence, it is expected that they drive
responsibly, abide by all the traffic laws, and be held accountable if they
do not do so.
2. An adult is expected to get a job, earn an income and use it to pay for his
needs and wants.
3. Adults are answerable for their life obligations, whether that is in
marriage, at work, or in the community being a worthwhile citizen.
4. Getting married and having children are individual responsibilities that
are expected of adults as being part of the society they live in.
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Young people have different ideas and attitudes from their parents and
grandparents. What are the causes of these differences? How can this gap be
bridged?
Causes of generation gap
1. Time for communication is insufficient. A majority of parents spend too
little time communicating with and listening to their children and so
children feel neglected.
2. Parents are more concerned about their children’s academic performance
and do not pay attention to their favourite interests and hobbies. As a
result, children try to keep everything secretive and do not tell their
parents what they like to do.
3. Most parents scold their children frequently because they want their
children to follow what they say. Children do not want their parents to
treat them like three-year-olds. They believe that they are grown-ups and
it is high time for them to be independent.
Solutions
1. Parents and their children have to be aware of the importance of open
communication. In order to build a close parent-child relationship,
communication is extremely crucial. Both parents and children should try
to explain their ideas to each other.
2. Parents must not put too much pressure on their children’s studies.
Parents should not have too high expectations. They should know what
their children like the most. Finally, parents need to avoid ordering their
children to do things without giving sufficient reasons.
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In some countries, the parents expect children to spend a long time studying
both in and after school and have less free time. Do you think it has positive
or negative effects on children and the society
Negative effects of forced involvement in academics on children
1. Less time for sports and other extracurricular activities, which are very
essential for them. This lack of physical activity affects their health and
increases the risk of childhood obesity.
2. Their mental health gets affected as they do not get enough time to
recharge and relax.
3. With a lot of memorizing and exercising of the academic knowledge, the
children may feel depressed, which may even result in them losing
interest in studies.
4. Extracurricular activities teach students important personal and social
skills such as self-esteem, goal setting, and leadership. They also learn
about competition, cooperation, and sportsman spirit. So, focusing only
on academics may deprive the children from developing such skills.
Negative effects on society
Expecting children to spend most of their time studying is harmful for the future
of society too.
1. Society cannot run healthily without people contributing to every walk of
life. Not all jobs in society need just academic qualifications.
2. Imagination, creativity, and passion, the very factors that a society needs
to progress, will be lacking if youngsters are good at academics only.
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Some people say that parents should organise free time activities for their
children. Others say children should be free to choose what they do in their
free time. Discuss both sides and opine.
Why should parents plan their children’s leisure activities
1. Children are not mature enough to understand the value of time and may
end up wasting their free time through unproductive extra-curricular
activities. Parents can organize activities that will help their children’s
holistic development.
2. Parents also need to ensure that the time spent on unproductive
activities, like watching TV, playing video games, etc. should be
minimized, and they should set a time limit for such activities.
Why children should be given the liberty of planning their free time
1. Research has proven that children, who perform unstructured free-time
activities, are more creative, and become more successful when they
grow up. If children are always told what to do and follow a set of rules, it
hinders their cognitive, emotional, and creative development. Such
children may not be very good at decision making, planning, and setting
goals.
2. The children, who are in charge of choosing how they spend their free
time, are more likely to have better concentration levels and become
more successful in their studies and later, in their professional lives.
3. It may bring to light some hidden talent of the child, which may otherwise
go unnoticed if they do only what is planned for them.
Own view
I believe that children should have the independence to choose the
activities for their free time, but parents should keep an eye on them.
Children should have enough freedom to be
themselves - once they've learned the rules.
Anna Quindlen
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Parents should encourage their children to spend less time studying, and more
time doing sports/physical activities. Do you agree or disagree
While I believe that parents should encourage their children to undertake more
physical activities, I also believe that this should not come at the cost of their
academics.
Advantages of physical activities and sports for children
1. Participating in sports and other physical activities has numerous health
benefits. This includes reduced risk of childhood obesity, healthy bones,
muscles and joints, and increased cardiovascular fitness.
2. They also help children relax, relieve stress and sleep better. Participation
in sports recharges the batteries of children, and this in turn leads to
improved academic achievement.
3. Children learn important virtues of life through them. It improves their
personal skills like self-esteem, goal-setting, and leadership.
4. They also learn about competition, cooperation, and sportsman spirit.
These personal and social skills are important later on in life and recruiting
agencies look for such skills in job interviews.
Importance of academic education
Children need to spend time on studies so that they get into university and are
placed in good jobs later in life. Devoting all time to sports and less to academics
would also be detrimental for children. So, to allocate more time to sports,
parents should cut down on time spent on mobile phones and video games
rather than compromising with children’s studies.
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Parents often buy their children many toys. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of children having a large number of toys? Use examples from
your personal knowledge and experience.
Advantages of too many toys
1. Children have more variety to play with and they can pick out their
personal favourites from those toys according to their taste.
2. Parents can be satisfied that their children have enough to play with when
they are themselves busy.
Disadvantages of having too many toys
1. Children don’t develop imagination and creativity as they do with fewer
toys. In an experiment, all toys of a kindergarten classroom were removed
for three months. It was observed that children soon began to use their
basic surroundings to invent games and use imagination in their playing.
2. Children develop a greater love for reading, writing, and art if they don’t
have too many toys.
3. Children don’t learn social skills, such as sharing, and they become selfish.
They get everything, and so believe they can have everything they want.
4. They do not even value the toys they have.
5. If they have a house full of toys, they don’t play outside to get the much
needed physical exercise which results in healthier and happier bodies.
6. Fewer toys result in a less cluttered, cleaner, and healthier home.
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Today, many children spend a lot of time playing computer games and less
time on sports. Why? Is it a positive or a negative development?
Some people say that playing computer games is bad for children, whereas
others say that it has positive effects on the way children develop. Discuss both
sides and give your opinion
Studies suggest that children spend more time watching TV than they did in
the past and spend less on doing active or creative things. Why do you think it
is the case? What measures and methods can be used to tackle it?
Some people argue that a growing number of young people spend too much
time in watching TV. Why does this phenomenon happen? And what kinds of
activities should they be encouraged to do?
Some people think watching TV is bad for children in every way. Others think
TV has positive effects on children, as they develop to grow up. Discuss both
views and give your own opinion.
Some people think that watching TV programmes can help children’s
development while others disagree. Discuss both views. What is your opinion?
A report indicated that many children between 7 and 11 spend too much time
watching television and/or playing video games. How does the problem affect
the children, their families, and society? What measures can be taken
to control it?
Many parents are unhappy with the amount of violence in video games, TV
programs and other such leisure activities. How harmful could this be to
children? What could be done to solve this problem?
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Why children spend more time on computer games
1. Video games are addicting and it is very hard for children to stop playing.
In comparison, while playing sports children naturally get tired after some
time and stop.
2. Parents also, prefer their children to play video games because they do
not have to supervise them constantly. For sports, parents have to drive
their children to parks and keep an eye on them.
Drawbacks of the addiction towards video games.
1. These games are isolating, as these are usually played alone. This
manifests in isolation and anxiety, which sometimes leads to severe
mental problems like depression.
2. This affects their physical health. This sedentary lifestyle is leading to
many problems like obesity, diabetes, and so on among children. A
majority of children have to start wearing spectacles at an early age for
the same reason.
3. Some games have violent characters and seeing their violent acts leads to
aggressive behaviour in children.
4. These games can confuse reality and fantasy. For example, when
children/youth play car-racing games then they may race their own
vehicles in real life, which can lead to accidents.
5. These games are addicting and once a child sits to play these games, time
flies, and everything else, such as studies and outdoor games are
forgotten, which is indubitably bad.
Advantages of video games
1. Video games introduce children to computer technology.
2. Some games provide practice in problem-solving and logic, e.g. Age of
Empires.
3. Video games have proved to improve visual skills.
4. They also improve motor and spatial skills.
5. Children who play video games have better reflexes.
6. These modern games make learning fun.
Own View (for video games)
On the whole computer games have more merits, but only if they are played for
a controlled time. Parents can allocate one hour of their children’s free time to
these games on weekdays and two hours on weekends. In this way, the children
can take benefit of the positives of these games and not suffer from the bad
effects such as addiction and social isolation.
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Why do today’s children watch more TV? (can use some points for video
games)
1. Due to satellite TV, this medium is available all the time. This has made it
very easy for the parents who use TVs as babysitters.
2. Parents do not have the energy to spend time with their children. In
earlier times because of a slower life, even parents spent time with
children.
3. Nowadays, there are nuclear families, and children are left alone, which
makes them spend time watching TV.
4. The cities have become concrete jungles and there is no place for children
to play outdoor games.
5. The climate changes brought about by global warming make it difficult to
pursue outdoor games.
6. There is peer pressure. Those who are not up to date with the latest
programmes on TV are considered inferior by their peers.
Drawbacks of watching TV
1. It impacts their health negatively. It reduces their physical activity and
turns them into couch potatoes. Apart from causing obesity, too much
screen time is also bad for their eyesight.
2. It also impacts their social development as they do not get time to play
and socialize.
3. If the content they watch is not monitored, they may watch shows full of
violence and vulgarity, which may be bad for them and affect their psyche.
Advantages of watching TV
1. Watching the right kinds of shows increases children’s knowledge and so
they do better in academics.
2. Children can be motivated to play sports by watching some sports on TV.
3. Children can learn about different cultures and lifestyles of the world
through TV programs.
How can children be encouraged to watch less TV (Solutions)
1. Parents should give quality time to their children and should take the onus
of diverting children’s minds away from the TV and towards other
healthier activities
2. They should ration children’s TV viewing hours.
3. Parents should act as role models, by themselves staying away from TV as
much as possible.
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4. TV should not be there in each and every room of the house.
5. Outdoor activities should be encouraged and neighbourhood societies
should be formed where children can play outdoor games.
6. Sports stadiums, gyms, and playgrounds should be there in cities, so that
the youth are motivated to use them.
7. Parks should be maintained properly so that children have a safe place to
play outdoors.
Why does it cause more concern when 7-11 year olds watch a lot of TV (effects
of watching too much TV)?
1) 7-11 years is a crucial period of childhood when children develop the
maximum, physically as well as mentally. The more time children spend
watching TV and playing video games, the less time they have for
studying, exploring, playing, and interacting with parents and friends.
2) Excessive TV viewing can result in obesity as kids are inactive and tend to
eat junk food while watching TV.
3) There is a lot of violence on TV, which should not be watched by children.
4) Communication has come down drastically within the family and even
among children of the neighbourhood.
Disadvantages of playing outdoors less
Researchers have found a new disorder, known as ‘Nature Deficit Disorder’,
which is seen in children who play indoors. They found out that children who
were in contact with nature were less stressed out with life. So basically, when
kids don’t play outside in the natural world, they miss the great benefits that
nature provides.
Advantages of playing outdoors
It has been proven by research that by outdoor activities, the brain develops at
a much faster rate than by playing indoors.
Children still need a childhood with dirt, mud,
puddles, trees, sticks, and tadpoles.
Brooke Hampton
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Children are taught to push themselves to try and be better than their
classmates, rather than work together for everyone’s profit. Do you think the
advantages outweigh its disadvantages?
Competitiveness is a positive quality for people in most societies. How does
competitiveness affect individuals? Is it a positive or negative trend?
Team activities can teach more skills for life than those activities, which are
played alone. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Playing team sports can teach students more than just games themselves.
What do young people learn from playing team games? How are they useful
in their later life?
Why competition is important for children’s growth.
1. When children are pushed to compete, their unlimited potential can be
tapped.
2. This also helps them to develop confidence.
3. Pressure and competition is all around us nowadays. In achieving
academic excellence as well as doing well in one’s career, every person
has to compete.
Why cooperation is important for children’s growth
1. Children who do not learn to cooperate are usually isolated, introverted
and consequently, they are socially inadequate.
2. Cooperation is a contributing factor to the success of a community. Only
with cooperation can children learn to live in harmony with each other.
Own view
Children should be taught both, how to compete, as well as how to cooperate.
It is more important to teach children the situations where they need to
compete and where they need to cooperate. Both these virtues are needed in
adult life. For instance, in solo sports and for sitting in an exam, children need to
compete, whereas in team sports and group-assignments children have to
cooperate.
Positive effects of competitiveness
1. Competitiveness provides incentives for people to improve themselves.
People set goals for themselves and try to achieve them through hard
work and perseverance. These goals are based on others’ achievements.
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They try to break records and put their heart and soul to excel in all fields.
This is what keeps them going. Then they become an inspiration for others
who also work hard for getting a name and fame.
2. If there was no competition, people would become lazy and there would
be stagnation in their lives. This would result in dull individuals and
lacklustre societies.
3. Competitiveness is the basis for the Olympics and other such international
and national events. Individual competition translates to national and
international level during such events. Competitiveness leads to the
progress of the individuals and societies as a whole.
Negative effects of competitiveness
Trying to be number one and trying to do a task well are two different things.
Over-competitiveness, in which a person uses unethical means to win such as
taking drugs before any sporting event to increase performance or hurting
others to win, is bad.
Skills people learn by doing activities on their own
1. People learn how to be independent. They learn how to accomplish tasks
on their own and make decisions without relying on others. This in turn
makes them confident that they handle different situations on their own.
2. They learn that they are responsible for the outcome of their actions and
so they are better able to assess themselves and make corrections.
Skills learnt while working in a group
1. Today social skills like communication, cooperation, and listening to
others are the need of the hour as non-social skill jobs are gradually
getting replaced by automation. Computers cannot mimic human
interactions and thus the need for such skills is definitely more today.
2. Due to globalisation, it is increasingly common for people to work with
individuals from different backgrounds and cultures and thus working
alone would not prepare people for this situation.
3. Working together also enables people to learn how to deal with conflicts.
Disagreements are a part of both personal and professional life and
people need to know to resolve them calmly and harmoniously.
4. Teamwork provides more learning opportunities as people get to work
with others. For example, while working in a team, people get to know
different perspectives and fresh ideas for doing things and they learn from
their peers' mistakes and are able to avoid making them themselves in the
future.
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Some people think that children should aim to be the best at what they are
doing, while others believe it is not necessary for them. Discuss both views and
give your opinion.
Advantages of children running after perfection
1. It develops the habit of perseverance. Such children set high standards for
themselves and then work hard to achieve them.
2. Such children demonstrate good focus and attention to detail and
produce high quality work.
Disadvantages of children running after perfection
1. When such children perform below their expectations, they experience
mental problems. They have strong feelings of inadequacy and lose their
confidence.
2. They may refrain from doing work for fear of making mistakes.
3. Such children fail to get along in a team.
4. Extreme perfectionism can lead to eating disorders, migraine headaches,
obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and even suicide.
Vocabulary check
Perseverance: determination
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People say that a child's success is dependent on the way parents bring them
up. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Why a child's success is dependent on the way parents bring them up
1. Good parenting consists of balanced development of children’s physical,
emotional and intellectual qualities. Parents provide shelter, food, and
clothes and also promote the healthy growth of their children. Parents
provide a safe loving environment and have a mental bonding with their
children. All these things do play a part in the child’s success in his later
life.
2. Even though there are other factors such as good schooling, good
teachers, peers, and the media, which have a role in the success of a child,
ultimately it is the parents who select the schools for their children. Good
schools have good infrastructure and good faculty. They also have regular
parent-teacher meetings. These interactions between parents and the
pedagogues are helpful in understanding the aptitude of the child and
guiding him towards the right career path.
3. The friend’ circle of the child also matters in his success, and here too
there is the role of the parents. Good parenting involves keeping an eye
on the child’s peers. If parents are themselves friendly with the child then
their children will introduce them to their friends also. This is very
important in the most impressionable adolescent years of a child’s life.
4. There is the role of media. Here too parents can intervene and monitor
what their children are watching.
Vocabulary check
Pedagogues: a teacher who is strict, stiff or oldfashioned.
Impressionable: easily influenced
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Some people believe that children should be brought up in cities. Others
believe that the countryside offers a better environment for children. Discuss
both views and give your opinion.
Advantages of raising children in the countryside
1. The countryside is virtually pollution free as a result of which children can
breathe fresh and healthy air.
2. Parents do not have to worry about where their children are playing
because there is lots of open space and there is no risk of being hit by any
vehicles.
3. Children brought up in the countryside are more in touch with their
culture and tradition than those in cities.
Advantages of raising children in the cities
1. Living in a big city almost guarantees children a chance of receiving a
better education than in the countryside
2. Children can have more entertainment sources such as shopping malls
and cinema halls when growing up in a big city.
3. There are also more opportunities for part time jobs during the afterschool hours for those children who wish to work.
4. They can also join some foreign language or dance classes, as there are
many such options in the cities.
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It is better for children if the whole families (e.g. aunts, uncles, and
grandparents) are involved in the children's upbringing, rather than their
fathers and mothers only. Do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
Points in favour of joint families
1. The child's upbringing becomes very easy as there are so many people to
look after the child. So the young parents can be totally focused on their
career or work without the tension of their child. They do not need to
worry about feeding, bathing, or even helping the child with his/her
homework. A joint family is also a huge relief especially when children are
sick.
2. A joint family teaches adjusting and flexibility, as children live with various
people of different natures. So, they understand the dynamics of human
psychology. By contrast, children brought up in a nuclear family do not
learn sharing and caring and so find it difficult to cooperate and adjust
later on in life.
3. Parents do not have to deal with attention-related problems which are
usually seen in children brought up in nuclear families.
Points in favour of nuclear families
1. In a nuclear family, parents can bring up their children with their own set
of values and principles, without any interference. This can be easily
established in a nuclear family as the child is not confused with the varying
opinions of different people living together in a joint family.
2. Nuclear families make the child more self-reliant and decisive as the child
does not have a large number of family members to help in making
decisions and taking actions. So, there is more space for individuality and
self-expression in a nuclear family setup.
3. Communication channels between the child and parent can also be more
open and transparent, in a nuclear family. Parents do not have to divide
their time with older members of the household needing their time in a
joint family.
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Many people believe that today there is a general increase in anti-social
behavior and lack of respect for others. What might have caused this
situation? How to improve it?
Nowadays some individuals behave in an anti-society way, such as committing
a crime. In general, it is the society to blame. What causes the anti-social
behaviours of individuals? Who should be responsible for dealing with it?
Why there is an increase in anti-social behavior and lack of respect for others
1. To satisfy their hearts’ greed people have become workaholics, and as a
result have become selfish, isolated, and indifferent.
2. Even though people are connected to everybody through telephone lines
and the Internet, the warmth of relationships has taken a back seat as
face to face interaction has come down.
3. The youngsters who are at ease with the new technology think that the
elderly are good for nothing and that is why they don’t respect them.
4. The changing family structure is another big cause of this phenomenon.
Earlier, people lived in joint families and the grandparents were there to
supervise the children. Children are left unattended in the hands of
pervasive media like the TV and the Internet. No one monitors what they
watch and they see the programs full of violence and crime, which makes
them anti-social.
5. The pressure of consumerist society and peers also breeds anti-social
behaviour as young people resort to petty crime to get the things they
desire.
6. The values of traditional culture are being lost and people are following
the global culture, which is also considered anti-social by the orthodox
elderly.
Solutions
1. People have to learn to strike a balance between work and family life.
2. People should revert back to the old joint family system. The children
would learn moral values and the elderly would be well looked after.
3. The negative effects of excessive consumerism should be taught to the
people.
4. Media can play a big role in highlighting the good points of the traditional
and the western culture so that the people can adopt good social values.
5. Neighbourhood associations should be set up to connect people to each
other.
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Some people believe that young people know about international pop and
movie stars but know very less about famous people from the history of their
own country. Why is this? How can more interest be created in young people
to gain more knowledge about their own famous people from history?
Why do young people know less about historical figures and more about movie
stars
1. The education system in most of the countries is test-based. Students are
only taught to get good grades and as a result, they only focus on passing
their exams, rather than gaining knowledge about any topic. Their interest
is never developed in history and heroes of our past.
2. The youth today is more fascinated with the celebrities because of the
exposure and importance the media gives to them.
3. Most of the families have now started living in nuclear setups, where both
the parents are working, and because of this, the children’s education
about their roots and history has taken a back seat.
Solutions
1) The schools can organise educational trips to museums and famous
historical places to help develop the children’s interests.
2) The government should set up museums and encourage children to visit
them by highly subsidizing tickets for the students. For example, the
Shaheed Bhagat Singh Museum has become a great source of information
about the freedom struggle and the sacrifices made by freedom fighters.
3) TV shows and movies can be made around famous historical personalities
and their contributions. For instance, the recent Bollywood movie Bajirao
Mastani has been a super hit at the box office and has made a lot of
people more aware of historical events and characters.
4) Children can be made to watch TV channels like the History channel which
has shows which run throughout the day, giving information about
famous people and events from history.
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Some people become famous at a very young age. Do you think it is a positive
or a negative development?
Why being famous at a very young age is a negative development
1. The money which comes with this fame makes the child the family’s chief
breadwinner. Some pushy parents may exploit this and make the child
even miss school to earn more and more. They may also invest a huge
amount of time and money on their child, and this risky sacrifice
pressurizes the child even more.
2. Child celebs get addicted to fame, and when this fame withers away, they
go into unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Some may even resort to drugs
or alcohol if their celebrity status is short-lived. They have a fear of
readjusting with non-stardom. To cite an example, Amanda Bynes, a
Nickelodeon star, is undergoing treatment by a psychiatrist for her
troubling behavior. Very few child stars have a smooth transition from
being a child celeb to an adult celeb.
3. Child celebs do not enjoy a normal childhood. They are not allowed to mix
with other children and in a way, their childhood is stolen. They have no
privacy and are always surrounded by paparazzi. They also have to cope
with jealousy from their peers, siblings, and older artists. They may go into
depression or have anxiety attacks. They may become overly selfimportant and arrogant. They do not have true friends and lead lonely
lives.
Vocabulary check
Withers away: slowly disappear, lose importance
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In many countries today there is insufficient respect to old people. What are
the reasons? What problems might it bring to society?
Why do the elderly get less respect
1. Elderly are not so comfortable with technology and so youth feel that the
elderly are incapable.
2. There is so much information available on the internet. Children and
youth feel that there is nothing special that they gain from the elderly.
3. Older people are living longer and thus competing with the young for jobs.
4. When older people force their orthodox ideas on youth, it not only leads
to conflicts but also leads to loss of respect for the elderly.
Effects/Problems of elderly getting less respect
1. It leads to the feeling of helplessness and worthlessness among the
elderly which takes a toll on their mental and physical health.
2. Lack of respect slowly develops into discrimination against them. For
example, employers start preferring younger employees and the young
get better service at shops and restaurants.
Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don’t
mind, then it doesn’t matter.
Mark Twain
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In some parts of the world, it is becoming increasingly popular to try to find
out about the history of your family. Why do people do this? Is this a negative
or positive development?
Reasons and advantages of finding family history
1. The most popular reason for studying family history is that people want
to know their roots.
2. Besides honoring the significance of one’s ancestors, studying one’s
family’s genealogy can just be plain fascinating. It is considered by most
to be the fastest-growing hobby in North America, with many surveys and
media sources proclaiming that it has surpassed quilting, stamp collecting
and even gardening in popularity.
3. The potential to trace living relatives. This then opens up the possibility of
finding out about and connecting with long-lost cousins or relatives. The
ability to trace living relatives can also be important in tracing an heir or
beneficiary.
4. Studying family history is an important tool in maintaining good physical
health. Studying family history helps to predict the risk for a range of
health concerns and diseases, including heart disease, osteoporosis, type
2 diabetes, and some forms of cancer. Once a person's family medical
history has been established, it is far easier for physicians to advise
patients on how to keep healthy.
5. Knowing family history creates resilience among people. Learning about
stories of how their ancestors faced challenges and overcame them,
makes people stronger. They learn that things do not always work out
easily and despite challenges, they can still triumph and succeed.
Disadvantages of finding family history
1. Genealogy begins as a curiosity, which becomes a hobby and then may
become an obsession. Then people waste too much time and money on
it. One should not forget that it is the present, which influences the
future more and not the past.
2. Often knowledge of family history is disastrous, leading people to keep
old enmities alive.
3. It may also reveal unpleasant facts that one would regret knowing.
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The most important decision that young people have to follow is what career
to choose. Do you agree or disagree?
Why career choice is the most important decision for young people
1. When young people have an idea of the career path they want to
pursue, it can help them make the best decisions about their training
and education. Many lines of work require specific degrees and
certifications, which can take years to pursue. Understanding the
requirements of their chosen path will allow them to plan to prepare
themselves for the career they want.
2. When youngsters choose a career path, they position themselves to
look far into the future at their ultimate objective. This can help them
identify positions they want to hold and income levels they want to
achieve. It can also help to guide them in building their personal and
professional networks in the industry in which they are interested.
Having long-term goals can help him stay focused on their ultimate
career objectives, rather than moving aimlessly from job to job.
3. Choosing a career path can help the youth make other important life
decisions. Their choice of the profession can dictate where they live and
may affect if and when they marry and have a family. Choosing a life
partner is another very important life decision, but it comes secondary
to a career choice. Achieving a satisfactory work-life balance can be a
challenge for many professionals, but career planning can help to
minimize some of this stress.
4. Many jobs are becoming extinct because of automation. Robots and AI
technologies are replacing humans in many areas. So young people have
to choose a career keeping in mind the impact technology may have on
their industry.
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Many people think young people should follow traditions. Others argue that
young people should be free to be individuals. Discuss both views and give
your opinion.
Old generations often hold some traditional ideas on the correct way of life,
thinking and behavior. However, some people think that it is not helpful for
the young generations to prepare for modern life in the future. Do you agree
or disagree?
Individual greed and selfishness have been the basis of modern society. Some
people think that we must return to the older and more traditional values of
respect for the family and the local community in order to create a better
world to live in. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Why youth should follow traditions
1. They need to be connected to their roots. They have been neglecting their
own very rich culture and traditions in order to adapt to western ideas.
2. Some traditions are very good and need to be preserved at all costs. For
instance, touching the feet of the elderly as a token of respect and
welcoming guests with folded hands.
Why youth should have the liberty to follow what they want to follow
1) The youth of today do not just accept things without reasoning. It would
be wrong to impose traditions on them, which are obsolete in the modern
era. For example, the dowry system, in which the bride’s parents gave her
gold, money, and household items, was acceptable earlier as women
were not working. However, the youth of today condemn the dowry
because they realize that it has led to many vices such as female feticide.
2) Young people are living in a modern world, which has a global culture,
which is a blend of the good points of all cultures of the world. For
example, the beautiful traditions of The West, such as the celebration of
Mother’s Day and Father’s Day are being celebrated in India today, and
the good points of Indian culture like welcoming others with folded hands
is being accepted by the western countries.
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Viewpoints of the elderly which are beneficial for today’s generation also
1. The elderly had a very disciplined life.
2. They believed in fixed-hours jobs. They had a stress-free work life.
3. They believed that marriage was for life. Divorces were rare. They had a
stable family life.
Viewpoints of the elderly which are obsolete in the times of modernity
1. They want their children to follow the same profession as them. They do
not give importance to aptitude. They live like a frog in the well. They
forget that change is progress. Youngsters are more intellectually evolved
and want to explore the untrodden path to face the cutthroat competition
of today.
2. Dress, food, and habits: The elderly had fewer opportunities to come in
contact with the western world. Now the earth is a global village and the
young speak a universal language, eat Italian pizza and Chinese food and
wear a universal dress. The leisurely ways of the old are gone. The young
today have to change to survive.
Why we should go back to the past ways of life
1. The modern lifestyle is making people selfish, isolated, and indifferent.
Today, people are connected to each other through telephone lines and
the Internet but the warmth of relationships has taken a back seat.
2. The youngsters who are at ease with the new technology think that the
elderly are good for nothing and that is why they do not respect them.
3. Life in the past was slower and simpler. People loved and respected each
other. Family members had a lot of face-to-face contact with each other.
Older members of the family were well looked after and their advice was
valued.
4. Divorces were very rare as marriage was considered a sacred institution.
5. Community get-togethers were often organized and people knew the
farthest neighbours. Nowadays, the next-door neighbours are also not
recognized.
6. There were fewer worries and tensions in earlier times.
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The best way to prepare for the future is to invest in young people. Do you
agree or disagree?
Why investing in youth should be a priority for every country
1. Young people are the backbone of a country’s economy. The success of
the economy depends upon whether the country’s working age
population or in others words the youth, is skilled, educated, and healthy.
If the youth are not skilled and educated, they would become a burden.
2. Countries need innovation and new ideas to grow today and youth bring
this to the table. Old people by nature are risk averse and are resistant to
change, while youth are open to new ideas and change. If a country needs
to really grow it must have young dynamic leaders with out-of-the-box
thinking and ideas.
3. The youths are very energetic and enthusiastic. They can bring social reform
and improvement in society.
The youth need to be enabled to become job
generators from job seekers.
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
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In some countries around the world men and women are having children late
in life. What are the reasons for this development? What are the effects on
society and family life?
Why men and women are marrying late and having children late
1. In today’s era of cut-throat competition, young people have to focus on
their jobs and therefore have little time for their families.
2. Women of today have become more career oriented and do not wish to
be held back by family responsibilities.
3. The cost increase of raising a child is another reason for late
parenthood, and this is especially obvious in major cities around the
world.
Effects on the society
Low birthrates can result in an ageing population and a lack of labor force in the
future. A graying society is a dependent society and is a burden on the shoulder
of the government. Medical care services can be in high demand and medical
costs can rise significantly.
Effects on families
1. The chances of congenital anomalies rise significantly if a woman bears
the first child after the age of 40. Families with mentally or physically
challenged children can never be happy families.
2. The age gap between parents and children is too much and so the chances
of a generation gap are strong.
Vocabulary check
Congenital: present from birth
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Figures show that some countries have an ever-increasing proportion of the
population who are aged 15 or younger. What do you think are the current
and future effects of this trend for those countries?
Current effects of the increase in young people population
1. The most important current impact of such a trend would be on the
national economy. For instance, goods and services would need to be
imported, which would lead to an unstable economy.
2. There would be social implications also. The young population has a lot of
energy, which must be channelized in the right direction, or it would lead
to crime and violence in society. The government will have to invest a lot
on educational institutes, as more children need more schools and
colleges.
The future effects of the increase in young people population
1. If careful management of such a situation is done by the government, for
instance, by providing good education and health facilities, then the
future outcomes could be quite positive.
• The long-term result would be that the education and health
infrastructure would be well developed.
• The society would be younger and more vibrant.
• The culture of those countries would be more fast paced than the
traditional culture.
2. If the present time is not managed nicely, then the future effect would be
different as there would be more people within the country needing
employment. Then there might arise the problem of unemployment.
Unemployment invariably leads to petty crime and violence.
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Nowadays, many families have both parents working. Some working parents
believe, other family members like grandparents can take care of their
children, while others think childcare centers provide the best care. Discuss
both views and give your own opinion.
Advantages of grandparents raising children
1. Looking after the grandchildren keeps the grandparents energetic and
vibrant. Grandparents don’t suffer from loneliness and depression, which
is very common at that age, and children are also well looked after.
2. Such a situation encourages a joint family system. Therefore, all the
benefits of a joint family are there.
3. Grandparents teach moral values and traditions to children.
4. If grandparents do not look after children, then parents use TVs as
babysitters and children can become couch potatoes.
Disadvantages of grandparents raising children
1. It is generally seen that grandparents are over-doting and, out of love,
may pamper and spoil the grandchildren.
2. If there is not enough harmony between the parents and grandparents
then it can lead to frustration and spoil the whole atmosphere of the
house. In such cases, children are the worst sufferers.
3. Grandparents can make terrible child-care providers if they're in poor
health and feel forced to provide childcare to their grandchildren because
their children seem to have few other options. In such cases, the results
can be nothing short of disastrous.
Advantages of children being left in daycare centres when both parents are
at work
1. Children become more social in these daycare centres. A study found that
grandparents may struggle to provide the educational and social
experiences infants need.
2. Early childcare is a challenge, which may be simply too much for some
grandparents to cope with, at this point in their lives. So, day-care centres
are better as they are handled by professionals, who know the needs of
children.
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304
In most of the societies, the role of mother and father differs. What are the
causes of this difference? What will be the parental roles in future?
In recent years the family has changed as well as family roles. Why is this
happening and is this situation positive or negative?
Reasons for the differences in the parental roles
1. Orthodox thinking: People believe that role of the mother is just to give
birth to a child and look after the child’s schooling, eating, and
homework, whereas the father’s role is to fulfil the needs of the family.
2. Insufficient knowledge of family planning: In old-fashioned societies,
people do not have family planning, and so the birth rate is high so
women are forced to sit at home and feed the children. Therefore, men
are forced to work and earn money for fulfilling the requirements of the
family.
3. If women go out and work, then older people get skeptical and scold
them, as they are narrow minded.
What will be the parental roles in future?
Nowadays people are educated, literate, aware of things, and broadminded.
Parents understand their responsibility and work equally for the holistic
development of their children. In most families, both mother and father will
have to work, and so the household chores will also be done equally by both
parents.
Parents will plan things for the bright and shiny future of their children, and they
will be united, and the child will not be deprived of the father’s love. Both will
work so that they can do savings for the future of their child and presently in
urban areas things have already begun to change.
Why have the family and family roles changed
1. The social change brought about by globalisation is the main cause. The
exposure to foreign cultures has changed people’s mindsets and has also
redefined the role of women in the family. Women are no longer limited
to household chores and are working shoulder to shoulder with men. The
reins of the households are no longer in the hands of the man, the breadearner, of the family.
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2. Another reason for the change in the fabric of the family is the economic
condition. Since it is challenging to maintain a family with many members
and to make ends meet, it is more feasible to keep the size of the family
small. Thus, according to a recent study, the nuclear family has risen in
popularity in the last one or two decades.
Advantages of the change of family roles
1) It has led to an egalitarian society, where gender differences are
disappearing, and women can also fulfill their ambitions.
2) The society has also benefited from a greater labour force.
Disadvantages of the change of family roles
1) The bonds between family members are being weakened. Since most
parents have to spend time working, their children are left unattended
or sent to childcare centers or boarding schools.
2) The shrinkage in family size also results in more elders being sent to oldage homes instead of staying with their children and grandchildren.
Vocabulary check
Skeptical: having doubts or reservations
Feasible: possible to do easily
Egalitarian: relating to or believing in the principle
that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and
opportunities.
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306
Experts say if old people spend time and get along with others and exercise
every day, they will be healthier and happier. However, many elderly are
suffering from loneliness and lack of fitness. Discuss the causes and solutions.
Why are the elderly suffering from loneliness and failing health
1. Generation gap is one major reason. The elderly often hold some
traditional ideas on the correct way of life, thinking and behavior, but
their children and grandchildren do not want to be held back all the time
because of their orthodox customs. So, this generation gap decreases the
communication between the old members and young members in the
same family, and as a result, the old people feel isolated and lonely.
2. The elderly give up on their health and so do not exercise properly. Human
body is just a machine and like any machine needs lubrication from time
to time to function well, the body machine also needs that oil in the form
of exercise. The elderly who do not exercise daily, suffer from problems
like hypertension and arthritis, which are further worsened because of
the financial constraints of the elderly, who are no longer working and
earning.
Solutions
1. One thing that has to be accepted gracefully is that the problems of ageing
cannot be avoided. However, these problems can be delayed, and the
quality of life can be improved. The elderly and the youngsters both need
to make certain compromises. They both need to try and find common
interests with each other.
2. The elderly need to add exercise to their daily routine.
3. Government should also focus on geriatric care, and provide special gyms
and trainers for the elderly.
We don't stop playing because we grow old, we
grow old because we stop playing.
George Bernard Shaw
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Nowadays some older people choose to live in the retirement communities
with other people, rather than living with their adult children. Is it a positive
or negative development?
Nowadays, fewer people tend to look after their old relatives and send them
to some old age homes. What is the situation in your country? In your opinion,
who should be responsible to look after the elderly?
Benefits of elderly staying in retirement communities
1. They have the company of fellow older adults, so they don’t feel lonely or
alienated. Seniors often feel isolated and neglected when they stay with
their adult children as nowadays people have hectic lifestyles and are busy
with their jobs, careers, and children.
2. In a retirement community, it is easy for elders to find people who share
their interests, and they can enjoy a lot of social activities together.
Socially active seniors have better mental health, tend to live longer, and
also have a lower risk of dementia.
3. Living separately gives older people a feeling of independence. Seniors
feel secure and their self-esteem is intact as they don’t have to depend
on their children. They also command more respect in the eyes of their
children. It is irrefutable that relationships become strong and meaningful
when people are not under the same roof.
4. As people age, their health needs to be monitored regularly and these
retirement homes have easy access to healthcare and medical facilities.
Living in such places ensures that seniors have staff that can take care of
them and also gives their children the peace of mind that their parents
are well taken care of.
5. The elderly can continue to prosper and prolong their good health
through healthy eating options, yoga, and exercise classes that such
facilities offer.
Vocabulary check
Irrefutable: impossible to deny or disprove.
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In many countries, people are not taking care of their elderly relatives but
seeking the help of professionals to look after them. Do you think this is a
positive or a negative development?
In some countries family and friends who care for the elderly do not find time
to look after them. What are the reasons and solutions
Why it is good to hire professionals to take care of elderly
1. People do not have enough time to spend with their families and take care
of the elderly. So, it is better to have the experts take care of the elderly
members of the family, as they are the best people to provide them not
only with the medical care and attention they need, but also keep them
company while the family members are busy at work or with their studies.
This avoids the complications that arise in old age due to loneliness.
2. There are several senior care options available today in the form of old
age homes, in-home caregivers, or assisted living communities. People
can choose and decide on the best possible option that can be given to
the elderly members of the family.
3. There are certain old age related conditions, which are best treated under
specialists’ care. So, in such cases, this care can be given in-home or in a
nursing home, under the proper supervision of the experts.
4. Life expectancy has increased all over the world and there are two
generations in many families that fall in the elderly group, needing the
same kind of care and attention. So, this burden falls on the younger
generation and it is impractical for them alone to bear this responsibility.
So, specialists need to be hired in such cases.
Why people don’t have time to look after elderly?
Busy schedule, Life expectancy points from above
Solutions
1. Whenever possible, people can take the work from home option, so that
they can spend some extra time with the elder members.
2. They can hire caregivers for certain hours. Caregivers not only help with
the health and exercise needs of the elderly but also keep the old people
lively by providing them someone to talk to.
3. The young members in the family can familiarize the elderly with
technology so that the elder members can stay connected with them,
even when they are busy. Technology can also help reduce the
dependence on the young.
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When families have a meal together it is considered social activity. What are
the advantages of a family meal? Do you think eating together is important to
people in your country?
Advantages of families having a meal together
1. Eating together creates a sense of belonging. Conversations during the
meal provide opportunities for the family to bond and learn from one
another. It’s a chance to share information and news of the day, as well
as give extra attention to your children and teens.
2. Family mealtime is the perfect opportunity to teach appropriate table
manners, etiquette, and social skills. Parents can be perfect role models
in this and children learn by following them.
3. Meals prepared and eaten at home are usually more nutritious and
healthy. They contain more fruits, vegetables, and dairy products along
with additional nutrients such as fiber, calcium, vitamins A and C, and
folate.
4. Research shows that frequent family dinners (five or more a week), are
associated with lower rates of smoking, drinking, and illegal drug use in
pre-teens and teenagers when compared to families that eat together
two or fewer times per week.
5. Children do better in school when they eat more meals with their parents
and family.
Growing up, I learned life’s important lessons at the
dinner table.
Chef John Besh
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Caring for children is an important thing of the society. It is suggested that all
mothers and fathers should be required to take childcare training courses. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
Importance of childcare courses
1. Traditional childcare skills, which are passed on from one generation to
another, through oral and informal instruction, are not sufficient in today’s
era of nuclear families.
2. It is also a misconceived idea that childcare is a simple process of feeding
children, changing diapers, and making them sleep regularly.
Contemporary childcare is not limited to this. Childcare is a complex science
that goes beyond nutrition. It involves the physical and emotional
wellbeing of children.
3. Childcare training teaches parents how to take a holistic approach to care
for their children. Many people might wrongly think that childcare is all
about love. Parents have to learn when to be firm, and when to give some
room to children.
4. Quality childcare has many other far-reaching benefits. Current research
has shown that the early years (ages 0-5) are the most sensitive for brain
development. Over 90% of brain growth occurs during this period. Studies
show that children who get good care, enter school with better math,
language, and social skills.
5. Parents, who have themselves done such a course, can monitor the
childcare being given by a professional nanny, better.
Vocabulary check
Misconceived: wrongly judged
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Some people say that parents have the most important role in a child’s
development. However, others argue that other things like television or
friends have the most significant influence. Discuss both views and give your
own opinion.
Some people claim that family members are more important than friends; do
you agree or disagree with this statement?
Why parents have the most critical role in a child’s development.
1. Parents have direct interaction with the children. They have the greatest
effect on the intellectual development and character traits of their
children.
2. They also play a very important role in the socializing process of the child.
3. Right from bedtime stories to behavioral habits, parents play a very
important role in making a child a responsible citizen.
Why friends have the most critical role in a child’s development?
Children can relate better to their friends as they are of the same age group.
They find comfort in these friendships when things get tough such as losing a
pet or facing family problems.
How is TV important for a child’s development
Television is also one of the most prevalent media influences in children’s lives.
How much impact TV has on children depends on many factors: how much they
watch, their age and personality, whether they watch alone or with adults, and
whether their parents talk with them about what they see on TV.
Own view
We cannot generalize as to what has more significance. In the early years family
generally has more impact but in adolescence peers and TV may impact more.
It appears that the power of the peer group becomes more important when the
family relationships are not close or supportive.
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Some scientists believe that studying the behaviour of 3-year-old children can
tell which children would grow up to be criminals. To what extent in your
opinion is crime a product of human nature or is it possible to stop children
from growing up to be criminals?
Some people say that every human being can create art (e.g. painting), others
think only the people born with the ability can create art. Discuss both views
and give your opinion.
Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more
influence on our personality and development than any experiences we may
have in our life. Which do you consider to be the major influence?
Some are of the opinion that people are naturally born as good leaders while
others feel that leadership skills can be learned. Discuss both views and give
your own opinion.
What role does nurture play in children’s development
1. With proper mentoring and practice, any person can achieve success in
life. If a person has an environment in which everybody is in the same
profession and are successful in it, there is a great chance that the person
will land up in the same profession and will achieve heights, because in
that environment he will get proper nurturing.
2. Various singers, dancers, musicians, businessmen and entrepreneurs did
work really hard for years, and because of that, they got recognition in the
entire world.
3. Children imitate what they observe and if they have positive role models
around them, it is highly unlikely that they will deviate from the right
path.
4. Children can rise above the gene pool and rise to great heights. Even if a
child is born to criminal parents but brought up away from that
environment and provided quality education, he will not grow up to be a
criminal.
5. In many countries, teaching moral and social values is a part of their
education system. This makes the children realize the importance of
ethics starting at an early age, keeping them away from deviant and
criminal behaviour.
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What role does nature play in determining the personalities and development
Some people are just innately good. They showcase such extraordinary talent at
such a young age that leaves little doubt that they had such abilities since birth.
History is full of examples of child prodigies like Mozart, who outdid others who
had years of practice. Another example is that identical twins reared apart are
far more similar in personality than randomly selected pairs of people. Each
observation suggests that personality is inheritable to a certain extent.
Own view for Nurture vs Nature
To reach the recognizable top, even those gifted with talent have to work hard
and practice a lot. Even the most talented can lead a life of oblivion if they do
not polish their art with continued practice. Conversely, anyone with a passion
and determination can succeed in creating unique masterpieces of art. They
might not be able to achieve the same level of success as someone extremely
talented, but they can still make a name for themselves.
Why some people believe that leadership qualities are inborn
1. Leadership is based on personality traits, which either a person possesses
by birth or does not. For example, people who are naturally outgoing and
extrovert get followers.
2. Another great leadership trait is handling stress which all leaders face at
one time or another. People’s genetic makeup influences their behaviour
and those who are naturally balanced and composed handle stress more
easily.
Why some people think leadership skills are not in a person’s DNA
1. Experiences and circumstances prepare people to deal with success and
failure. Good communication skills and formal speaking are the essential
traits of leaders and can be learnt through formal training and a wellrounded education.
2. Creativity is another leadership skill that parents and good teachers can
help children develop.
Own View
While many skills can be inborn, leadership is not one of them, and any person
can be groomed to master skills for becoming a good leader. It is a fact that
children of many good leaders have failed as leaders, but those with no such
background have risen to great heights as leaders.
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Children who grow up in families, which are short of money are better
prepared with the problems of adult life than children who are brought up by
wealthy parents. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Why children who grow up poor better deal with problems
1. Children raised in poor families are more confident as they have more
situations to solve a problem or make a decision as both parents are busy
earning for the family and are not always available to guide children or
make decisions for them.
2. Most children from such families start working part time at an early age
to help with household finances or to fulfil their needs. Thus, they better
understand the value of money and this makes them more skilled at
money management as well.
3. Their situations force them to learn many essential life skills like cooking,
plumbing etcetera as their parents are too busy to take care of these
things and financial conditions might not permit them to hire a third
person for such tasks. These skills make them more independent and
confident than children of rich families.
4. In poor families, it is generally the older siblings who take care of the
younger children. Thus, these children are better prepared to raise their
own children in the future.
Character cannot be developed in ease and quiet.
Only through experience of trial and suffering can
the soul be strengthened, ambition inspired, and
success achieved.
Helen Keller
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In some countries, more people choose to live alone or by themselves in recent
years. Why is this the case? Is it a positive or negative development for the
society?
Why some people have started living alone
1. One reason for this changing family structure is globalization. This
situation has opened lots of opportunities for people to travel to and work
in other countries, which is not possible with the whole family.
2. Growing generation gap: The elderly want to stick to their tradition and
culture whereas the youngsters want to adopt the global culture. This
leads to conflicts and so there is a lack of harmony among the family
members.
The advantages of this situation
1. This leads to faster progress, as people are not held back by family ties.
2. Nuclear families are easy to maintain.
3. Conflicts are also less and so love among the extended family members is
maintained. Family get-togethers are celebrated with great enthusiasm.
The negatives of this situation
1. Living alone may seem good for some time, but this isolation can lead to
depression. There are many ups and downs in life when a person needs
the loving and tender care of his near and dear ones.
2. Children of nuclear families are often left unattended when both parents
are working. They can become self-centered or can even go astray.
3. The elderly also need the love and support of their children at this age.
They are forced to live lives of isolation and depression. This has also led
to the mushroom growth of old-age homes.
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In some countries, young people are not only richer but also safer and
healthier than ever before. However, they are less happy. What might be the
main reasons for this? What can be done about this?
Why young people are unhappy despite being richer and healthier than the
past
1. The multitude of choices available in the markets: The increasing choices
mean that after taking a decision, most people feel that they could have
made a better choice, and thus instead of feeling happy, people regret
most decisions.
2. Today the young are facing a lot more competition than in the past. For
example, it is becoming increasingly difficult for the youth to secure a
good job or get into a good university. This increasing competition is
making the youth stressed because they feel that despite their best
efforts they might fail.
3. Consumerist society of today: Happiness is derived more from
materialistic things rather than relationships. However, unfortunately the
happiness derived from materialistic things is short lived as people have
no emotional connection to these things.
4. People’s expectations are a lot higher than before. The young especially
are very ambitious and when the reality does not match the expectation,
it of course leads to discontent.
Solutions
1. The young should reduce the number of choices for non-important
decisions. This would decrease the regret or the opportunity cost lost
on making the wrong decision.
2. The young should also set reasonable goals and expectations so that
they do not constantly face failures.
3. Parents should help young people to develop a positive attitude
towards life and the world. Traditional values, such as respecting the
elderly and spending more time with family members, would help
young people become happier. Children loved by families are more
likely to feel content.
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It is expected that there will be a higher proportion of old people than young
people in the future in some countries. Do you think it is a positive or negative
development?
Nowadays, people are living an increasingly longer life and in many countries
there will be more old people than young people. What are the advantages
and disadvantages of this trend?
There are more and more old people in many parts of the world. What are the
causes of this and what can be done to handle this situation?
It is the inescapable truth that we are heading towards a graying society, which
means that the population of the elderly is soaring.
Reasons for the increased longevity of people
1. The main reason for the increased life expectancy of people is the
development in health care.
2. There is better access to health care. Earlier if a person suffered a heart
attack or a stroke, a lot of harm was done before he could reach the
nearest super-specialty hospital.
3. There is more personal awareness and people are following a healthier
lifestyle.
Disadvantages of a graying society
1. There will not be enough young workforce to keep the economy running,
which will decrease the revenue received by the government from taxes.
2. If the retirement age is extended, it will lead to youth unemployment
3. Health care costs are four to five times higher with the elderly because of
their deteriorating health.
Advantages of a graying society
1. Arts and culture benefit from an older populace. It has been seen that the
older generation is more actively involved in clubs, such as sports, drama,
and other arts.
2. Older communities are more law abiding and are less inclined to commit
crimes. The Australian Institute of Criminology has projected that crime
rates will drop by approximately 16% by 2050 because of an increase in
the aging population.
3. This will also be money saved on prisons and policing costs in the future.
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4. The older people provide childcare, financial, practical, and emotional
assistance to family members including helping with the tasks of daily
living.
Some solutions to handle the increasing population of elderly
1. One way out would be to increase the age of retirement and to give parttime work to the willing elderly. This could help in a big way with the
predicted worker shortage.
2. Part time, older workers don't need the benefits, don't get called home
for sick kids, are more mature, and approach their jobs with more
patience and better perspective.
3. Working part time also allows retirees to stay active while maintaining
their lifestyles, feel productive and interact with others, which is a winwin situation for all.
Women and men in Hong Kong have the longest life
expectancy in the world at 88 years and 82 years,
respectively. Japan ranks second in the world for life
expectancy, with the average Japanese citizen living to
85.0 years
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Young people are often influenced in their behaviours and situations by others
of the same age. This is called “peer pressure". Do the disadvantages outweigh
the advantages?
Advantages of peer pressure
1. Peers can set good examples for each other and can encourage each other
to make choices that benefit them. For example, if a peer group values
academic achievement, they can influence those around them to study
harder and get ahead in school.
2. It can make children try out things that they are uncomfortable with and
this can raise their self-confidence and make them more flexible.
Disadvantages of peer pressure
1. In order to conform, youngsters may engage in self-destructive behaviour
like smoking, abusing drugs, drinking alcohol, shoplifting, etc. They may
blow good academic opportunities and make poor decisions that ruin
their careers.
2. It can cause drastic changes in teen behaviours and they can develop bad
attitudes or unkind demeanours. This in turn increases conflicts with
parents and may lead to even more rebellious behaviour among children.
3. Peer pressure promotes a herd mentality and youngsters are not able to
think independently. It stifles their creativity, innovation, and growth as
they get comfortable copying each other and do not even try to think
outside the box. In other words, they do not make conscious choices and
simply do what everyone else is doing.
Vocabulary check
Conform: comply with rules, standards, or laws.
Demeanour: outward behavior
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Society is based on rules and laws. If individuals were free to do whatever they
wanted to do, it could not function. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Why laws are essential for the proper functioning of any society.
1. A civilized society exists only if the people respect each other’s rights,
lives, and property. This can only be achieved if they are given a set of
rules or orders to follow. Without these rules or laws, any society is
deemed to fail.
2. It is human nature to pursue personal interests. If given absolute freedom
to do whatever people want to do, there will be too many people who
would certainly fall into bad habits and vices.
3. Laws are made for the people to feel secure. The different types of laws,
like corporate law, criminal law, civil law and constitutional law help the
society feel safe and secure and at the same time, deter those who have
a tendency to harm others or commit fraud of any kind.
Why laws cannot be absolute and should have amendments with changing
time
A law written fifty years ago may not be applicable today. For example, till the
first half of the 20th century, women in many countries did not have the right to
vote. In today’s world, we cannot even think of having such laws.
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History tells that people have often thought about creating an ideal society,
but most of the time fail in making this happen. What is your opinion about an
ideal society? How can we create an ideal society?
What an ideal society should possess
1. Everyone should have access to basic necessities like clean drinking water,
electricity, good education, and quality healthcare. Basic necessities
should also include a feeling of safety and security.
2. Everyone should be treated equally irrespective of their race, religion,
caste, background, or physicality. People should not be judged or
discriminated against on the basis of their appearance or their financial
status.
3. The environment should also be clean and free from pollution. This
includes everything from the air people breathe, the water people drink
and the soil people grow their crops.
How an ideal society can be created
1. For ensuring that basic necessities are met, there should be a government
that works for the people, because only the government can protect and
promote the economic and social well-being of all individuals.
2. For equality, there should be balance and checks on the government
institutions. There can be no equality if there is unchecked power and if
violators of the law are not punished.
3. A clean environment can only be ensured by limiting all activities that
harm the environment and switching to non-polluting alternatives. For
example, the use of solar and wind energy in place of fossil fuels.
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Some people think that in modern society individuals are becoming more
dependent on each other, while others say that individuals are becoming more
independent of each other. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Why dependence of people on each other is increasing
Today, people depend on others for every household task, which earlier they did
on their own. For instance, working couples rely on laundry services for washing
and ironing clothes, housemaids for cooking and cleaning, private tutors for
teaching their children, nannies for childcare, and home nurses for looking after
their elderly.
Why dependence of people on each other is decreasing
Because of technology, people can do a lot on their own without having to go
anywhere or depend on office clerks. For example, people can do net banking
and online shopping sitting at home. They can entertain themselves alone with
computer games and the Internet. They can book railway and air tickets online.
They can eat ready to eat food available in the market. They are not dependent
on somebody in their home to cook for them.
Own View
When people are seemingly independent, they are still dependent on the people
behind the technology. For example, when they do net banking, they depend on
all those software developers who have made it possible for them. When they
eat ready to eat food, they depend on those who cook and pack that food.
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In some countries, the lifestyle of people is changing rapidly, and this affects
family relationships. Do the advantages of this trend outweigh the
disadvantages?
Advantages of changing lifestyles
People prefer to spend time indoors than outdoors and this increases the time
people spend with each other. For example, instead of playing sports outside
today, people stay inside and watch TV together at home. When people sit
together, they talk more and thus it strengthens the bond between family
members.
Disadvantages of changing lifestyles
1. The boundaries between professional life and personal life have
disappeared. People are always working, even when they are on vacation
they are working. Thus, though people spend more time with each other,
it is not quality time as they are focused on their work rather than on their
family members.
2. The growing addiction to internet also has the same effect. Family
members might be sitting together at home, but they are mentally not
present. They are on their phones checking social media or playing games.
3. The increasing preference for living alone is making people much more
isolated. The lack of social connection with family members is leading to
an increase in feelings of depression and loneliness. The connection
through phones and internet can never match the feeling of security and
calm that the physical presence of a family member brings.
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Advertisements
Essays
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People are surrounded by advertising, which has an increasing effect on our
lives. Do you think the positive effects of this outweigh the negative effects?
Advertising discourages people from being different individuals by making us
all want to do the same and look the same. Do you agree or disagree?
A large number of advertisements nowadays are targeted at children. Many
people say this has negative effects on children and should therefore be
banned. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
There is an increasing amount of advertising directed at children, which
encourages them to buy goods such as toys and snacks. Many parents are
worried that these advertisements put too much pressure on children, while
some advertisers claim that they provide useful information to children.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Consumers are faced with increasing numbers of advertisements from
competing companies. To what extent do you think are consumers influenced
by advertisements? What measures can be taken to protect them?
Advertising encourages consumers to buy in quantity rather than promoting
quality. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
If a product is good or it meets people’s needs, people will buy it. So
advertising is unnecessary and no more than an entertainment. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
Nowadays we see more advertisements on the streets and on our TV screens.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of these?
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Advantages of advertisements
1. They provide information on new products. If it were not for electronic
and print advertising, many products would not be bought. In this way,
advertising provides an important service to manufacturers and some
consumers.
2. Ads have a positive effect on the world economy as they help create more
jobs. Advertising increases the demand for products and services, so more
people are needed to manufacture, supply, ship, and test them.
3. Advertisements help people make healthy choices and live a better life.
For example, ads for pulse polio immunization, clean drinking water,
nutritious diets, and exercise etcetera have a positive effect on people’s
health and reduces their risk of diseases.
4. Ads bring about many positive social changes like curbs on female
foeticide, equal rights for women, and reduction of child labour.
5. Advertisements have a positive effect on the environment as they
educate consumers about serious threats like climate change and steps
that can be taken to address it.
Disadvantages of advertisements
1. Sometimes consumers buy these tempting products without the insight
into what they actually need. This impulsive buying can upset people’s
budgets and land them in debt.
2. This materialism leads to workaholism. People are prepared to work long
hours, or even turn to crime to get these goods.
3. They promote harmful products or misrepresent products and make false
claims about them. For example, fast food ads have led to poor eating
habits and an increase in problems like obesity and diabetes.
4. Ads are very disturbing at times. Television commercials are a great
example of this. Just as we are enjoying a TV program, a commercial break
occurs, forcing us to listen. This is also true of Internet ads. The increasing
number of advertisements and the never-ending list of ad networks are
making the Internet users’ experience worse than ever
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Why ads don’t promote copycat behaviour
1. When any advertisement bombards people with any new product, then
people rush to buy it and it appears that all people are doing the same.
However, this similarity is very short-lived, as sooner or later people
realize that it is a huge waste of time and money to spend on something
that is not really appropriate for them. Therefore, ads cannot suppress
individuality permanently.
2. All people cannot afford all things shown in the adverts. Even when ads
use famous celebs to endorse their products, and people want to
purchase those things, even then they must consider their pocket and
requirement. Therefore, no matter how attractive and persuasive an
advertisement is, it can never tempt people to make the same purchase.
3. When we talk of the latest fashions, all people do not wear similar clothes
because of ads. If people wear jeans, it is because jeans are comfortable,
and in today’s fast life people need comfortable clothes. Nowadays,
everyone knows that only that fashion should be followed which suits
them. If adverts show celebs in flared pants, those who are not blessed
with a good height would surely not follow them.
Negative effects of ads on children
1. In sensitive areas such as the toy industry, some censorship should be
there to limit children’s access to excess advertisements. This is because
children under a certain age lack abilities to make wise judgments as to
what they really want. They are attracted by colourful pictures in
advertisements and swayed by misleading information. So, they pester
their parents to buy those things and this can upset the budget of many
families.
2. Even the advertisements for fast foods are bad for children. Children
cannot understand that the slim-trim models advertising MacDonald’s
burgers hardly ever eat such foods themselves. They are attracted to fast
foods and these are very detrimental for their health.
3. Some ads show some stunts, and although it is written that children
should not copy these stunts, children hardly ever read that part and in
their ignorance try to perform those stunts and get hurt.
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Positive effects of ads on children
1. Advertisements provide beneficial information to children. For example,
the advert for Colgate toothpaste, which tells us that we should brush our
teeth twice daily, is good for children.
2. Then there are ads about health drinks such as Complan and Bournvita,
which are good for children. Advertisements also touch on important
issues, such as ads against wastage of water, ads for tree plantation, ads
against wastage of electricity, and ads for keeping the surroundings clean.
All these ads are good for children.
How are consumers influenced by ads
In positive ways – same as advantages of advertisements
In negative ways – same as disadvantages of advertisements
Solutions to protect consumers from the negative effects of adverts
1. It would be unwise to ban ads, as this would cause more problems than it
would solve. However, advertisements, which make false claims, should
be banned. Advertisements for liquor and those ads, which show stunts,
should also be banned.
2. There should be consumer awareness programmes. Consumers should be
warned against too much consumerism.
How ads encourage consumers to buy in quantity
1. Advertisements make people pile up things in the home, which they may
never use. For example, the one-on-one schemes, which those companies
promote just to sell their old stock in bulk, lures many.
2. People buy what tempts them. Impressive images, videos, or captions are
bound to leave an imprint. Women, and these days, even men are crazy
about skincare products and buy these things even without consulting
their dermatologist.
How ads promote quality
Advertisements aware people of all the latest facilities and trends and give them
the chance and opportunity of choosing from the wide range of products
available. Thanks to advertising, people know that there are so many nice things
available. Majority of consumers are sensible enough to consider their options
before they decide on a particular item.
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Globalisation
Essays
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Differences between countries are barely evident these days. Everyone in the
world is wearing the same brands and watching the same TV channels and
movies. Do you think it is a positive or a negative development?
Many different countries have most shops and products as the same. Some
consider it a positive development, whereas others consider it negative.
Discuss both sides and give your opinion.
In the past people used to wear their traditional clothes depending on their
culture. Nowadays the trend is changing, and people wear similar clothes. Is it
a positive or a negative development?
Due to developments in science and technology, lifestyles of people across the
world are becoming more and more similar to each other. Do you think this is
a positive or a negative development?
Many people go abroad to see what other countries look like. However, the
places all around the world are looking more and more similar. What do you
think is the cause of this similarity? Do you think the advantages of this effect
outweigh the shortages of it?
Some people think the increasing business and cultural contact between
countries brings many positive effects. Others say it causes the loss of national
identities. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.
The speeding up of life in many areas such as travel and communication has
negative effects on society at all levels - individual, national and global. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
Advantages of global similarities
1. Communication is much better nowadays, as people understand other
cultures much better and have become more open in their outlook of life.
2. People have become aware of other cultures and so are adopting the
good points of all cultures, as a result of which, a global culture has arisen,
which is being embraced by people around the world.
3. Multinational companies have opened in many parts of the world
providing jobs to thousands of people.
4. There is also more efficient trade between different countries around the
globe thereby improving the economies of developing countries.
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Disadvantages of global similarities
National identities are disappearing, and diversity is being lost. People eat the
same food, watch the same TV programmes, listen to the same music and wear
the same clothes.
Own View
I believe that nations are as different as they were ever in the past. Cultural
identity is based on far more than just the films people watch or the clothes they
wear. For example, in India people may wear any clothes, but they respect their
elders and never call them by their name.
Effect of globalization at the individual level
People have more choices, more opportunities to travel, better job prospects,
and more awareness and tolerance of other cultures. Due to better
communication, people are connected with their near and dear ones and
distances are no longer a barrier.
Effect of globalization at the national level
Countries are getting closer and the boundaries are disappearing. Because of
this fast era of today, nations are developing strong bonds doing successful trade
with each other. The rich nations are opening Multi-National Companies in
developing countries and thus providing job opportunities to millions. This is
narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor.
Effect of globalization at a global level
At the global level, nations are joining hands to fight evils such as poverty,
disease, terrorism, and global warming.
Globalization is the growing interdependence of the
world’s
economies,
cultures,
and
populations,
brought about by cross-border trade in goods and
services, technology, and flows of investment, people,
and information.
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As we are facing more and more problems, which affect the whole planet,
good relationships between different countries are becoming more important
than ever before. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Some people say that some urgent problems in modern society can only be
solved with international cooperation. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
Global problems need good relations globally
1. The environmental problems are affecting the whole world equally and
need joint efforts to be ameliorated. Global warming is a problem, which
does not recognise national boundaries. All nations must come together
and fight this problem on a war footing. Today, scientists all over are
unanimously looking at alternative energy sources such as solar, water,
and nuclear power.
2. There are problems like terrorism, which are having a detrimental effect
on our society. It is not possible to resolve these without trust and
harmony between different nations.
3. There are economic issues, which the whole world is facing. There is the
interdependence of the rich and poor nations. The economic events in
one region, affect people around the world. Example – US recession of
2008, and the corona virus pandemic of 2020.
4. Certain species are going extinct. Endangered animals need protection,
which can only be done by joint efforts.
5. Fresh-water problem also needs to be tackled by joint efforts.
Vocabulary check
Ameliorated: to make better
Unanimously: with one mind
Detrimental: harmful
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Some developing countries invite large foreign companies to open offices and
factories in order to help their economy. However, some people feel that
foreign companies should be shut out and instead the government should help
the local companies to contribute to the economic growth. To what extent do
you agree or disagree?
These days the number of companies operating at multinational level has
increased. To what extent are they responsible for the local communities in
which they are located?
The spread of multinational companies and the increase in globalization
produce positive effects for everyone. Do you agree or disagree?
Advantages of Multinational Companies
1. These provide employment, which usually pays better than other
available opportunities.
2. They train local labour with more sophisticated techniques, which in the
long run brings benefits to the host country.
3. They also raise the growth rate of the host nation by introducing new
investments and new technologies.
4. They promote efficient production and bring a broader range of products
to the widest possible market.
5. Such MNCs promote the improvement or development of various
supporting industries or complementary industries.
6. They induce their local rivals to become more innovative and competitive.
7. These companies promote positive values, such as diversity, and equality
for women. They also create an environment of nonviolence and
international cooperation.
Disadvantages of Multinational Companies
1. When powerful multinational companies invade local markets with their
goods, they often force local companies with fewer resources to go out of
business.
2. The human race is losing its cultural diversity. This can be seen by the fact
that we all shop in similar multinational supermarkets and buy identical
products wherever we live.
3. The jobs MNCs provide are not paid as much as they have to pay for
similar jobs in their country. So, infact, they are exploiting workers of poor
nations.
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Why MNCs should have social responsibility (should they be responsible for the
local communities in which they are located)
1. All MNCs should abide by the law, and never make profit by unethical means.
In times of natural disasters, business houses are supposed to make generous
donations and set an example.
2. These businesses should provide a number of job opportunities, which can
greatly reduce the pressure of social unemployment.
3. Providing scholarships to poor, meritorious students is another way these
enterprises can take social and economic responsibility.
4. MNCs should also bear environmental responsibility by doing waste
minimization and pollution prevention. For instance, biofuels can be used in
place of conventional fossil fuels.
Because of the global economy, many goods including what we use as daily
basics produced by other countries have to be transported for a long distance.
To what extent do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
Advantages of goods being transported over a long distance
1. Transporting goods over a long distance gives us a lot of choices. We can
taste a variety of fruits and vegetables from all parts of the world.
2. Many people get employment in this field.
3. Small businesses have a chance to expand globally and it increases the
overall economy of the country.
4. It helps in developing good relations between countries, which helps in
international co-operation and peace.
Disadvantages of goods being transported over a long distance
1. Importing goods can have a negative effect on local culture.
2. When goods are transported thousands of miles by road, sea, and air, it
increases pollution from exhaust fumes.
3. The similarity in goods is leading to a loss of diversity.
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Multicultural societies, in which there is a mixture of different ethnic peoples,
bring more benefits than drawbacks to a country. To what extent do you agree
or disagree?
Advantages of multicultural societies
1. It makes people broad minded. In other words, it makes people more
accepting of other cultures. It is important to realise that there are
different ways people can live their lives.
2. There is an opportunity to learn and practice multiple languages. Schools
in such regions offer multiple languages and children are also more likely
to find partners to practice a language besides their mother tongue.
3. A multicultural society leads to increased confidence levels in minorities.
Often, people belonging to minorities don’t mix up with other
communities because they fear getting attacked or discriminated against.
In multicultural societies, minorities are more likely to feel more secure
and confident and don’t fear being prejudiced against.
Disadvantages of multicultural societies
1. Multiculturalism may lead to conflicts and tensions as there are always a
few who believe that their way of living is the only right way. When the
government fails to control such outliers, it may lead to violence against
certain communities.
2. If the communities in the society speak different languages, the language
barrier may lead to social isolation. It is important to speak the same
language to make friends and integrate into the society. If people don’t
have sufficient knowledge of the local language or are unwilling to learn
it, they might find it impossible to become a part of the society.
Vocabulary check
Prejudiced: biased, partial
Outliers: different from other people, things, or facts
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Food
Essays
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The food travels thousands of miles from farm to consumer. Some people
think it would be better for our environment and economy if people only ate
locally produced food. What extent do the advantages of importing food
outweigh the disadvantages?
Air transport is increasingly used to export types of fruits and vegetables to
countries where they cannot be grown or are out of season. Some people say
it is a good thing, but other people think it can’t be justified. Discuss both views
and give your own opinion.
People can eat a wide variety of food from other regions. As a result, they are
eating a lot of foreign food instead of locally produced food. Do you think the
advantages of eating foreign food are more than its harms?
In many countries, people buy imported food rather than food produced
locally. Why do people do that? How can people be encouraged to eat locally
produced food?
Advantages of importing food
1. Imported foods have better quality. When foods are imported, their
quality is always checked and only the best products end up on our
market. Regulations on local food are less strict because there is less
distrust. Ironically enough that means that local food isn’t quality
controlled as much.
2. In some cases, overseas food imports are cheaper as compared to the
local food due to favourable growing conditions or foreign government
support and subsidies.
3. Importing food gives us access to more choices. We can taste a variety of
fruits and vegetables from all parts of the world.
4. It has become a necessity and not merely a choice. The number of
people who are even interested in working as farmers is constantly
decreasing. This has led to a shortage of local food production.
5. It leads to employment opportunities. Both importing and exporting food
means opening job positions in new fields. All this encourages economic
growth at a global level.
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Disadvantages of importing food
1. The local farmers suffer because of the stiff competition provided by the
imported food.
2. Transportation of such foods leads to an increase in pollution.
3. The local culture is diluted because of imported food.
Why local produce is better
1. Local food is fresher and more nutritious as local food is harvested shortly
beforehand. When food is allowed to ripen on the plant before it's picked,
and when it's eaten fresh, it has the most amount of nutrients and flavor.
2. There is no need of adding artificial ingredients that increase the food's
shelf life. There are no chemical ripening agents, wax coatings, and other
preservatives. So, local food is good for our health
3. Supporting local businesses greatly benefits our local economy. Small
farmers are kept alive through the business of local customers.
4. Preserves culture and tradition.
5. Less pollution as less fuel used in transport and there is no need for
excessive packaging
How can people be encouraged to have local produce
1. Aware people about the benefits of local food
2. Improve the quality of local food: Government should also check the local
produce for quality from time to time
3. The government should subsidize locally produced foods or impose taxes
on imported foods, to make local options financially more attractive.
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In many countries, traditional foods are being replaced by international fast
foods. This is having a negative effect on both families and societies. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
Fast food is becoming a part of people's daily life everywhere, and this has had
negative effects on people and societies. Do you agree with this statement?
Negative effects of international fast foods on families
1. Family bonds are getting weaker. These fast foods are eaten alone mostly
because they do not appeal to the palate of the older members.
2. Bad for family budget: Fast food is expensive and people spend more on
fast food.
Negative effects of international fast foods on societies
1. As people get inclined towards fast food and restaurants, the local
culture dies out. It is because traditional food is inextricably linked with
culture.
2. Unhealthy society: Fast food leads to health hazards like obesity and
other diseases.
3. Fast foods promote use-and-throw culture, which adds to the problem of
garbage dumps, contamination, and pollution.
Vocabulary check
Palate: a person's appreciation of taste and flavor.
Inextricably: unable to be separated.
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Scientists say that junk food is harmful to people's health. Some say the way
to ask people to eat less fast food is to educate them, while others say
education does not work. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.
Why educating people about the harms of junk food would help
People do not know the negatives of fast food. So, if they are warned against it,
they would not eat so much fast food. Fast foods are rich in harmful substances
such as fat, salt, sugar, and preservatives. All these things can cause heart
diseases, cancer, diabetes, and obesity.
Why educating people about the harms of junk food would not help
1. Fast food is cheap, tasty, and readily available. So people don’t want to
cook and go for the easy way out.
2. Ads lure people towards fast food.
Own opinion: What should be done instead
1. Fast food outlets should be educated about making these foods healthier.
2. Strict rules should be laid down against using trans-fatty acids and
saturated fats.
3. Whole wheat bread could be used instead of white bread.
4. Use of preservatives should be lessened.
5. Juices should be served along with such foods instead of carbonated
drinks.
Fast food is popular because it's convenient, it's
cheap, and it tastes good. But the real cost of eating
fast food never appears on the menu.
Eric Schlosser
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Demand for food is increasing worldwide. What are the causes of this? What
measures can the international community take to make sure the supply of
food is enough?
Why is the demand for food increasing?
1. Unprecedented growth in global population. The population was less than
2 billion in 1915, whereas today it is nearing 8 billion, and is expected to rise
even further.
2. The rising income of people in developing countries causes dietary
changes such as eating more protein and meat.
3. People do not care when they throw away food because it does not hit
their pockets as much. However, increasing food waste does mean increasing
food demand.
How to address the problem of food shortage
1. Food waste should be decreased
• Campaigns should be done to make people aware of the magnitude
of food wastage and the ways in which their food preparation and
consumption habits can be changed.
• New technologies could be used to minimise food waste from
storage and transportation. For example, genetic modification has
been effective in increasing the shelf life of vegetables and fruits
and thus reducing their waste.
2. Food supply should be increased
• Farmers should be given assistance to produce more food on the
land they currently operate, through intensive farming and the use
of technology like genetic modification and vertical farming.
• Through ethical factory farming, the production of milk and meat
can be increased. The international community should ensure
these expensive technologies are shared with the poor farmers in
developing countries
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Some people support the development of agriculture, like factory farming and
scientific creation of fruits and vegetables, while others oppose. Discuss both
views and give your opinion.
It is known to all that technological and scientific advances have made great
changes to the range and quality of our food. Some people regard it as an
improvement while others believe that the change is harmful. Discuss both
views and give your own opinion.
Food can be produced much more cheaply today because of improved
fertilisers and better machinery. However, some of the methods used to do
this may be dangerous to human health and may have negative effects on local
communities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Advantages of GM foods (Genetic modification, genetically modified)
1. There is greater yield in much less time. This is very important to meet the
needs of the burgeoning population.
2. Genetically modified foods need little or no insecticides and chemical
fertilizers.
3. The quality of food has also improved. For example, a fish gene has been
added to tomato to make it frost resistant. A nut protein has been added
to soya beans to increase the protein content.
4. These foods have a greater shelf life, which means they can be
transported long distances and would need no preservatives.
5. By the addition of nutrients in food, genetic modification can lead to
tackling issues like hidden hunger or deficiency of certain vitamins or
minerals.
Disadvantages of GM foods
1. Genetic modification is considered unnatural and as it is relatively new,
people are also concerned about its long-term harmful effects.
2. They could constitute a health risk, for example by causing allergies or
even by being toxic. For example, the addition of nut protein to soya
caused allergic reactions to those who had a nut allergy.
3. Crops, which are genetically modified to kill the pests, which attack them,
may also kill harmless insects. This can have a disastrous effect on the
wider environment beyond the crop themselves.
4. Rich countries can spend on this technology and further exploit poor
countries.
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5. These could cause contamination of neighboring crops by the altered
gene pool. GM crops might change whole ecosystems
6. Factory farming is also considered inhumane as animals are tightly packed
in cramped spaces and this may lead to many diseases.
Own View
Genetic modification of foods is necessary despite the risks involved. Factory
farming is also necessary to meet the protein requirement in many
developing countries. The aim of the operation is to produce large quantities
of meat, eggs, or milk at the lowest possible cost. However, in both these
technologies, there are risks involved like injections given to chickens in
factory farming are building antibiotic resistance in people. So, measures
should be taken to address these problems.
Genetic modification is the process of altering the
genetic
makeup
microorganism.
of
a
plant,
animal,
or
This is done through the targeted
removal of the desired genes from the DNA of one
organism and adding them to the other organism.
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344
Nowadays, people are consuming more and more sugar-based drinks. Why do
they do so? Suggest measures to solve the problem.
Reasons for excessive consumption of sugar-based drinks
1. Aggressive advertising of such products. These ads target children and
teenagers as they are easily swayed. Especially when people see famous
celebrities endorsing these drinks, they do not think twice before
consuming such drinks.
2. Sugar laden drinks and sodas are cheaper than healthier options like fresh
fruit juices, milk, and bottled water.
3. These drinks also complement the fatty spicy fast foods very well and are
more appealing than plain tasteless water. So just as the consumption of
fast foods is increasing, so is the consumption of sugar based drinks.
4. Sugar is very habit forming and some drinks contain caffeine that further
increases their craving. People with overwhelming work schedules often
skip meals and instead drive their energy from these conveniently
available addictive drinks.
Solutions
1. Parents need to be good role models and change their grocery habits. For
example, they can swap sodas and processed ready-made juices with
healthier drinks like coconut water. Children mimic their parents and if
they are guided right, they tend to make healthy choices even when they
are not at home.
2. Government can help by imposing more taxes on such drinks so that
people are discouraged from buying them.
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Everyone should become vegetarian because they do not need to eat meat to
have a healthy diet. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Arguments for Vegetarianism
1. Vegetarian diets are easy to digest, whereas meats can be difficult to
digest.
2. The fats in meat are saturated, which means they are unhealthy and
contribute to higher cholesterol levels. Plant sources of food, on the other
hand, are rich in fiber, complex carbohydrates, magnesium, folic acid,
vitamin C and E, carotenoids, and other phytochemicals.
3. Dietary fiber helps prevent colon cancer, which is more prevalent in meateaters.
Arguments against everybody turning vegetarian
1. A totally vegetarian diet can be deficient in several nutrients including
protein, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin B12 and A, n-3 fatty acids, and iodine.
Although vegetarians can consume protein through legumes and nuts,
these protein sources are incomplete.
2. Many animal products are also high in iron and vitamin B12. Iron found in
animal products is easier for your body to absorb. A deficiency in iron or
B12 can result in fatigue. For women, who lose iron through
menstruation, getting enough iron through their diet is important.
3. Meat-eaters argue that animals are below humans in the food chain. It is
completely natural for us to kill them for food.
4. People who go vegetarian may have to take a lot of supplements, and
would definitely need to put in a lot of effort to have a balanced meal full
of essential macro and micronutrients. A purely vegetarian diet, which is
not planned well, may prove very bad for health.
5. Non-vegetarian people can easily have a mix of vegetarian and nonvegetarian diet to remain healthy. They can cut down their meat intake to
avoid the detrimental effects of a non-veg diet.
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New research has shown that overeating has become a bigger problem in the
world than hunger. What are the reasons for this problem? How can you solve
it?
Why do people over-eat
1. People today consume more fast foods and sugary drinks and these
contain more calories than healthier options like fruits and vegetables.
2. These foods do not create a feeling of fullness as they lack essential
nutrients like proteins and amino acids. Thus, even after eating, people
feel that they can eat more.
3. There is more stress today because of competition and other factors and
there is a direct link between stress and overeating.
4. Nowadays people eat while doing other things like watching TV or sports.
Thus, people are more distracted while eating and hence they fail to
register when they become full.
5. The influence of fast food advertisements and offers like one on one.
Thus, people order more than they can eat because they believe they are
saving money by doing so.
Solutions
1. Avoid ready-made unhealthy fast food and eat a more balanced and
healthy diet.
2. People should have a separate time for meals and they should avoid doing
other things like watching TV while eating.
3. The government can impose a fat tax on fast food outlets. This would
increase the prices of such foods and people will be discouraged to buy
and eat such foods.
4. Awareness should be spread through advertising or by conducting
activities like marathons. This will motivate people to prepare for such
events, and they would exercise regularly.
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Some people think that the government should make laws regarding nutrition
and healthy lifestyle, while others think that it is a matter of personal choice
and personal responsibility. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Some people think the government should ensure the healthy lifestyle. of
people, but others argue that it should be decided by individuals. Discuss both
views and give your opinion.
Some people think that government should control the amount of sugar
people consume. Others think it is the responsibility of individuals to monitor
their sugar intake. Discuss both views and opine.
Why should government make laws regarding nutrition?
1. Not everyone has enough knowledge about health. Government should
educate people about the benefits of healthy living and physical exercise
through banners, TV advertisements, etc.
2. Government should formulate strict policies such as heavily taxing such
processed fast food and sugary carbonated drinks because people go for
easily and cheaply available foods and drinks.
3. Government can also subsidize healthy foods and increase the number of
parks and sports facilities for its citizens.
Why individuals should be responsible for their health?
1. Government cannot and should not force anybody to follow a healthy diet
and exercise daily. It is people’s right to eat what they wish and follow any
lifestyle they want.
2. The government should just make people aware about the dangers of an
unhealthy lifestyle, and then leave it on the people to do what they wish.
When diet is wrong, medicine is of no use. When diet
is correct, medicine is of no need.
Ancient Ayurvedic Proverb
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Some people think that the government should subsidize fruits and vegetables
to make healthy food cheaper. Others argue that tax should be set on
unhealthy food. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Arguments for a Fat Tax
1. Unhealthy food habits have led to an increase in health problems. The
health of the general public is not only an individual’s responsibility but
also the responsibility of the government.
2. The prime reason for the growing popularity of unhealthy fast foods is
their affordability and levying a tax would definitely impact their
consumption.
3. The revenue earned can be utilized towards providing better health care,
medical research, and other such issues, which will help in the
development of the nation.
Arguments against a Fat Tax
1. Healthy food options are expensive and many people cannot afford them.
For instance, a glass of sweetened soda is cheaper than a glass of milk.
Therefore, instead of making fast food more expensive, subsidies should
be provided for nutritious foods.
2. Implementing the ‘Fat Tax’ would not affect consumption much as people
can prepare such products at home also.
3. Implementing the ‘Fat Tax’ is not an effective method, as it penalizes
everyone, both the rich and poor, thus further increasing the gaps in
society.
Own view (also against)
1. I believe that taxing fast food would not help as people would still
consume it since it has been seen that taste is the number one factor
when deciding what to eat.
2. In most cases, when the government levies taxes on some unhealthy
foods, people do not start eating healthy but shift to other more
affordable unhealthy options.
3. Most scientists claim that a lack of healthy elements in the diet has more
harmful effects than the consumption of sugary drinks or fast food.
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Sports
Health
Essays
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Government needs to spend money to encourage the development of sports
and art for school students, rather than to support professional sports and art
events. Do you agree or disagree?
Why should the government spend on professional sports events
1. Professional sports bring name and fame to a country. Countries, which
spend a lot on such sports, are always leading in sports in the Olympic
Games, the World Cup, and other such international competitions.
2. Professional sports also boost the economy as millions of spectators come
to see and cheer for their favourite teams in the stadiums. There are also
big benefits from advertisements on TV as millions of people sit in front
of the TV and watch sports shows.
Why should the government spend on professional arts
1. Arts spread our culture in the whole world. The budding artists need
government support otherwise they start looking for other means of
bread and butter.
2. These cultural programs are recreational sources that help people relax
and reduce stress after work. Entertainment is as important in human life
as food, clothing, and shelter.
Why should the government spend on the development of art and sports for
school students
1. Children need to be fit and healthy, which can only be possible if they do
sports.
2. Future professional sportsmen can be identified during school years.
3. Arts brings out the creativity of children.
4. Children are connected to their roots and culture through the arts.
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Some people believe that to improve public health, governments should
increase the number of sports facilities; others believe that it has little effect
and need other measures to improve it. Discuss both views and give your
opinion.
Why should the government increase the number of sports activities to
improve public health
The lack of sports facilities is the major reason for ill health and excessive weight
nowadays. If a wider range of sports and fitness facilities (swimming pools,
basketball courts and gymnasiums, etc.) were available, then people would
spend time in these facilities to improve their fitness, instead of living a
sedentary life at home watching television, playing video games or using
computers.
Why increasing sports facilities would not help to improve people’s health and
other methods would be needed
1. Such facilities may become a waste of time and taxpayers' money if
people do not use them.
2. Other measures like subsidizing healthier food and imposing a fat tax on
fast food would be better. People are less likely to buy fast food if
healthier options are made cheaper or if a fat tax is imposed on processed
food.
Own view
Government should do both - increase the number of sports facilities as well as
ensure a good diet for its citizens. Exercise alone is not going to make people
healthy if they keep eating highly processed junk food. Good nutrition coupled
with exercise is an excellent recipe for good health.
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Some people think that the government should financially support national
teams and individual men and women who represent their country. However,
others argue that they should be funded by non-government sources (e.g.
Businesses, scholarships, etc.). Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Nowadays, sport is becoming a business and more and more professionals and
big companies are getting involved in sporting events. Do you think that it is a
positive or a negative development?
Why some people oppose the commercialization of sports – Why should the
government and not private companies fund sports
1. These sportsmen compete against opponents from all over the globe in
international sports events for the whole nation. When they break a
record or set up a new record in a world-class tournament, they inspire
national pride and arouse patriotism among its citizens.
2. They also play a diplomatic function in competitions. They act as brand
ambassadors for their country and their behaviour helps strengthen the
relations between countries and also improve their nation’s image.
Why some people favour the commercialisation of sports
1. This would ease some burden off the government’s shoulders.
2. These businesses are profit driven so they would provide the best
coaching and facilities to their teams.
3. Commercialisation also brings more exposure to the sport and if a major
company sponsors a sporting event, it brings increased television
coverage and in effect more viewership to the sport.
4. Commercialisation has opened new career opportunities for many youth
and many of them now look at sports not just as a leisure activity but as a
lucrative profession.
5. Sports can offer an excellent opportunity to popularise their product in
front of a wider audience and in effect strengthen their brand image.
Disadvantages of commercialization
1. It can affect performance as players get signed up to promote products
and this takes away time from practice and training.
2. In some cases, players start focusing on their individual performance
rather than the team victory to get better advertising contracts and deals.
3. Poor behaviour by players can also bring negative publicity to the brands
and impact their sales.
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Some people think sports and games are important for society, while others
believe they should be taken as leisure activities. Discuss both views and give
your opinion.
Positive influence of sports on society
1. Sports draw people together: Playing together for a team against a
common opponent brings people from different backgrounds together
and their combined struggles and victories unify them. Even spectators
gather and socialize while they watch events.
2. Sports have a direct association with society’s health and physical fitness.
People belonging to societies where sports and physical activities are
given more importance are more fit and agile.
3. Sportsmen are role models for the society. Youth are motivated by them
to stay healthy and train harder.
4. Sports events also generate revenue for the cities and many cities which
have hosted sports events have seen considerable investment in public
infrastructure and facilities.
Why some people say that sports should be only taken as leisure activities
1. Very few people actually play sports and the majority only watch them.
Watching sports for them is just like watching a TV show, a form of
entertainment and nothing more.
2. The role of sports in health and fitness is overstated. If sports did achieve
the goal of making people fit and healthy, gyms and fitness centres would
not have seen a substantial growth.
Vocabulary check
Agile: able to move quickly and easily.
Overstate: exaggerate
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Nowadays football supporters behave violently. What is the cause? How can
we solve it?
Reasons why the football supporters behave violently
1. Football is a competitive, physical sport and its audience is also young and
aggressive. They have strong emotional ties with their teams.
2. The influence of alcohol is there on football violence. Binge drinking is
common on game days and drunk fans are more prone to physical and
verbal altercations with other fans.
3. Sometimes football players themselves show unsportsmanlike behaviour,
and that sets the same tone for the fans.
4. The language of war and combat employed by the media in covering
football incites the young supporters to indulge in violence.
Solutions
1. Limit alcohol consumption at football events. This can also be achieved by
changing the match time to earlier in the day. Scheduling the matches in
the morning or early afternoon would mean less drinking, less violence,
and more visibility for police.
2. Segregate the rival team supporters, to limit any chance of altercation
between them.
3. The media should be wise enough to play its role in such a way that it does
not give air to hooliganism.
Vocabulary check
Binge: excessive indulgence in an activity
Altercations: arguments
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Many people think that the behavior of professional sportsmen/sportswomen
on or off the field is not important as long as they are good players. To what
extent do you agree or disagree with it?
Why is the behaviour of sportspersons important on the field
1. People follow these sportsmen as their role models. Qualities such as
teamwork, motivation, and dedication can all be easily spotted on the
field, and are a positive influence.
2. Sportsmen have a good physique, which can also promote staying in good
physical condition.
3. If sportsmen get carried away during a game and become rude and
disrespectful towards coaches and other players, then it sets a bad
example for their fans.
4. Their bad behaviour affects their own career. For instance, when
Harbhajan Singh, a famous cricketer slapped another player Shrisanth on
the field, he was barred from playing for some time.
Why is the behaviour of sportspersons important off the field
1. Some professional sportsmen do a lot for charities to help raise money for
children suffering from cancer or other diseases. These gestures also
motivate their fans to contribute for the cause.
2. If their behaviour off the field is not good, they can set negative examples.
There are problems off of the field such as drugs and gambling that have
a negative impact on the youth.
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International sporting events could contribute greatly to peace and stability in
the world. Do you agree or disagree? Support your opinion with relevant
examples.
Holding International games such as the Olympic Games is an exciting event.
Some people think it has positive effects while others argue it is a waste of
money. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.
How sporting events contribute to peace and stability in the world.
1. Sports unite people across the world. Sporting events can bring people of
different nations together. They provide a common bond for complete
strangers and a common team to cheer for.
2. Sports can bring about social change. Through role models, sports can
reach out to youth. Adding an educational message to sports or sporting
events can raise awareness on societal issues, such as HIV/AIDS. Sports
can reach a much larger audience than any other event.
Advantages of hosting International Sporting Events
1. Such events boost the economy. For example, during the Olympics, many
athletes, spectators, officials, sponsors, and broadcasters come to the
host country and spend money on hotels and restaurants.
2. The country also earns by selling tickets and souvenirs.
3. Many people get employment because there are many new jobs in
construction projects of stadia and hotels and also in advertising related
to such events.
4. The host country gets recognition in the whole world because of media
exposure
5. The infrastructure of the host country develops at an accelerated pace.
Disadvantages of hosting International Sporting Events
1. The development of that part of the country is at the expense of other
parts. This is because the government of the host country usually allocates
resources from other parts of the country to that part.
2. Tourism in the neighbouring area suffers, as all visitors are attracted
towards the host city.
3. Crime is another factor why people don’t like such events. When many
people get together at the same place then there are chances of petty
crime and the host city needs to hire more police officers.
4. Cities or countries normally have to take considerable loans to pay for the
expenses.
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357
Some people believe that sports competitions are a source of emotional stress
for young people. Therefore, youth should be banned from participating in
sports competitions. Do you agree or disagree?
Some people think competitive sport is important for a child's education.
Others think it has negative effects on children. Discuss both views and give
your opinion.
Advantages of competitive sports
1. Sports competitions teach the youth how to overcome challenges, accept
failures and keep trying to succeed, which helps them overcome other
obstacles in their lives as well.
2. Such competitions also promote skills like self-confidence, team spirit,
developing strategies, overcoming obstacles, and so on. Furthermore, the
discipline and goal setting that is learned in competitive sports helps in
school.
3. Through the state-level and national-level sporting competitions, the best
talent can be identified. These youngsters can then move on to compete
at an international level and bring name and fame to the country.
4. Competition presents opportunities to travel. Being part of a competitive
team often gives young people an opportunity to visit places and interact
with people whom they might not otherwise meet.
5. Competition causes children to perform better in school. Data shows that
high school students who play sports are less likely to drop out.
Disadvantages
1. The ‘win at all cost' attitude is detrimental. This attitude can harm a
player’s overall physical health and well-being.
2. When teams or players are selected for competitions, coaches may
choose the best players most of the time and may even discourage
youngsters who do not possess the talent or physical maturity of their
peers. This can be very discouraging for those youngsters.
3. There is too much organization in competitive sports. Children benefit
more from making their own decisions, making mistakes, and figuring out
how to solve problems on and off the field.
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Some people think government should ban dangerous sports, such as
skydiving and rock climbing. Do you agree or disagree?
Some sports are extremely dangerous but many people still like them very
much. Why do people take part in dangerous sports? Give some suggestions
on how to deal with these dangers.
Arguments for banning dangerous sports
1. People may not be aware of the risks involved and do such sports without
preparation. For example, while performing bungee jumping, cases of
back injuries, rope burns, and even retinal detachment have been
reported.
2. It is not just the participants who are at risk, but their whole families suffer
with them.
Arguments against banning dangerous sports
1. Participation in these sports should be a matter of personal choice. People
should have the freedom to pursue the challenges which they set for
themselves, even though this may involve a level of risk that others might
find unacceptable.
2. There is a low probability of injury in many so-called dangerous sports,
and people are at greater risk carrying out everyday activities such as
crossing the road or cooking a meal.
3. People would play these sports in hiding, and then they would be even
riskier.
4. The sportsmen who excel in such sports bring name and fame to their
country. They break records set by others, and when they do so, the name
of their country shines in the whole world.
Why do people play dangerous sports
1. They get a thrill out of them. They like taking risks and to challenge their
abilities and potential.
2. There is a lot of fame and money involved in them.
Ways to reduce the risks involved
1. These sports should be done under strict supervision. All safety
precautions should be taken.
2. Such sports should be performed after sufficient training. Sports
companies that cater to such sports should require a license for providing
such training.
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Some people believe that the fittest and strongest individuals and teams
always succeed in sports. Others think that success in sports depends on
mental attitudes. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Importance of fitness and strength for success in sports
Being fitter and stronger enables a person to have an edge over his competitors.
In many sports, for example in boxing, a physically superior fighter can
sometimes overcome a significantly more skilled opponent through sheer
exertion. This is the reason coaches also give so much importance to physical
training.
Importance of positive mental attitude for success in sports
1. There are examples of players who have succeeded despite physical
shortcomings like short height.
2. In most team sports like rugby and football, skill and decision making
assume more importance and, in some cases, overwhelm fitness. For
example, in football, a player can outsmart a physically stronger player
through a creative pass.
Own view
I do not think it would be correct to consider either physical strength or mental
tenacity more important than the other. At the elite or the professional level,
physical fitness is extremely important. However, it is also true that most sports
are more than a one-on-one physical fitness challenge. Many sports, for
example, require long hours of concentration and even a second of complacency
can cost the team a match.
Vocabulary check
Tenacity: determination, persistence
Complacency: self-satisfaction
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360
In society, male sports are given more attention than female sports. Why is it
so? Does this trend have a positive or negative impact on society?
Why male sports are given more importance than female sports
1. Since old times sports were associated with physical strength, which is
obviously more in men than women. So, the focus was on men and men
alone.
2. The slow and gradual increase in women’s participation in sporting
events. Thus, interest in women’s sports was limited in scope and appeal.
3. Sports administration has been dominated by men. It is natural, that these
administrators pay more attention to men rather than women.
Why bias in favor of men has a negative impact on society
Gender discrimination in any form is regressive and harmful. Women constitute
half the population. A society that eschews itself the opportunity of celebrating
their sporting successes and drawing inspiration from their achievements is
undeniably creating a negative impact upon itself. There are innumerable
examples of women who have come through most trying circumstances to excel
and achieve success.
Vocabulary check
Regressive: becoming less advanced
Eschews: abstain from
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361
Science tells there are activities that are good for health. However, some
people still continue doing unhealthy habits. Why is this so, and what changes
can be done?
Nowadays many people have unhealthy diets and do not exercise regularly.
Why is this happening? How can we encourage these people to live a healthy
lifestyle?
Why do people have unhealthy habits
1. People have become workaholics in their rat race after material
possessions, and as a result, don’t have the time to cook healthy food and
even do any exercise.
2. People indulge in excessive drinking and smoking because they feel that
it calms them down and relieves their stress.
3. Most people choose fast foods simply because they taste better. The
mushrooming growth of fast food outlets has also made these fast foods
very affordable and very easily available.
4. Lack of awareness that obesity caused by such a lifestyle is not just one
disease, it has many other deadly diseases like diabetes and
hypertension associated with it.
Solutions
1. Make individuals realise that hectic schedules are no excuse for unhealthy
lifestyles. For example, people could incorporate activities like
walking/biking to work, taking the stairs instead of the elevators, and
working out during lunch breaks, without needing extra time.
2. Meal preps on weekends and planning out meals for the whole week
would not only reduce fast food consumption but also give them more
time to work out during the week.
3. The government can take some steps to help people lead a healthy
lifestyle. For example, governments should impose a fat tax on fast foods
and subsidize fruits and vegetables to encourage people to eat healthy.
4. Building new parks and sports facilities inside cities would give people
easy access to them and they might exercise more.
5. There should be strict rules and regulations for food outlets to provide
healthy food without trans fats and excess salts.
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Health experts believe that walking is a good exercise for health. However,
people are walking less nowadays. Why is this happening? How can people be
encouraged to walk more?
Reasons why people walk less
1. Everything is spread out and people live far from the places they need to
go to like offices, grocery stores, their children’s schools, etc. Driving to
these places is more convenient, time saving, and sometimes the only
option.
2. Even if the place is nearby, people prefer driving to walking as they are
busy with their demanding careers.
3. Today cars are a status symbol and driving expensive cars is a way for
them to show off their position in society.
4. Many people walk less because it is not safe as modern cities are not
pedestrian friendly. In other words, because of the lack of pavements and
footpaths in cities, people have to walk on roads along with vehicles,
which is very dangerous.
How can people be encouraged to walk
1. Governments should redesign the cities and have pavements on the sides
of roads for pedestrians to make walking safer.
2. Restricting traffic speeds in the city centres and at major intersections
would also make people feel safe.
3. More parks and playgrounds need to be built inside city limits so people
can walk as a leisure activity.
4. People should be educated about the potential health benefits of regular
walking through health apps. These apps can also help people track how
much they should walk every day for staying healthy.
5. Businesses can incorporate a walking culture at work by having more walk
and talk meetings, organising charity walks, setting up team walking
challenges, and rewarding employees for reaching steps or milestones.
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In many countries, people of all ages do sports and exercise a lot. Does this
trend have more advantages or disadvantages? Give reasons for your answer
and include examples from your own knowledge and experience.
While exercise is essential, it should be done depending on people’s age,
metabolism, any medical condition, or injury people are suffering.
Disadvantages of exercising too much
1. There are many serious injuries like muscle, tendons, bones, and ligament
damage that the body can sustain if too much exercise is done.
2. When exercise becomes an obsession, it can lead to a loss of appetite,
because of which exercise addicts may develop further side effects like
loss of bone density, excessive weight loss, and cardiac conditions.
3. Obsessive exercising can lead to sleep disorder, which is one of the root
causes of problems like depression, stress, excessive fatigue, irritability,
and lack of concentration.
Some people prefer to go to health clubs and gyms for health care, but some
say that walking and climbing stairs are more effective. Discuss both and give
your opinion.
Why do some people say that walking and climbing stairs is enough
1. It is impossible today to find special time for going to gyms.
2. They believe that walking and taking stairs is enough for a healthy body.
3. Health centres and gyms are only necessary for those who need a perfect
physique and those who care about their appearance more than their
health.
Benefits of health clubs and gyms over walking
1. The instructors in such places guide people depending on their level of
fitness and age, which reduces the risks of injury. For example, they make
them warm up properly and then do the more vigorous or demanding
exercises.
2. The increasing consumption of fast foods and fats means that walking and
climbing stairs is just not enough.
3. Working out in gyms provides a more holistic workout. For example,
walking and taking the stairs are mainly cardio exercises whereas in a gym
one can also do strength training using weights. Strength training
increases muscle mass and bone density.
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4. People’s life is so sedentary now that just walking and climbing the stairs
cannot burn the required calories to remain healthy.
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Some people say that the government should give priority to health care,
whereas others say they should spend on other important priorities. Discuss
both views and give your opinion
Some people think health care should be free for everyone. Others think that
people should pay for their medical costs themselves. Discuss both sides and
give your opinion.
Some people think the government should pay for health care and education,
but other people claim that it is the individual’s responsibility. Discuss both
views and give your opinion.
Why governments should give priority to healthcare
1. The rising number of diseases has made quality healthcare critical. The
corona pandemic is the biggest proof that better healthcare preparedness
is a necessity today.
2. The productivity of any society depends upon the health of its members.
People cannot contribute to their fullest if they are suffering from any
disease.
What other areas are important?
1. Education is the basis of all professions. Without a good education, there
can be neither good doctors nor good innovations in healthcare.
2. The benefits of healthcare are reaped later on in life, while the benefits of
education and good infrastructure help people in their early years, which
are the most crucial.
Own view
I believe that healthcare and education are equally important. Without health,
people cannot focus on education and without education, there can be no
quality medical and paramedical professionals. Both education and healthcare
are important in their own way. For example, for older citizens, healthcare is
paramount and for the youth, skills and education are second to none.
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Why should government pay for healthcare and education (provide free
healthcare)
1. A country’s prosperity and development directly depend upon its
productive workforce. If the people are healthy and educated, they can
not only better their lives, but also drive the country’s overall economy
and development.
2. It is the best utilization of government resources as education and health
care have a multiplier effect on the economy.
3. People pay taxes and so they are entitled to get something back in return.
Why should individuals themselves be responsible for their health (and
education)
1. Advanced medical and surgical treatments are very expensive. So, instead
of depending on the government people should take some health
insurance or save in any other way with tomorrow in mind.
2. Free education and health care makes people complacent. When health
care and education are free, people do not take care of their health to the
same level and students are also not as serious in their studies.
Own opinion
I believe that free primary medical treatment should be there for all. However,
it would not be possible or practical for the government to provide advanced
and costly treatment for everyone. Rather than providing free advanced health
care, the government should spend on healthy living and the prevention of
diseases, so that there is less need for advanced health care.
Every human being is the author of his own health
or disease.
Buddha
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Some people say that public funds should be spent on promoting healthy living
than on the treatment of people who are ill. Do you agree or disagree?
Why should public funds be spent on promoting healthy living
1. Many modern diseases are a consequence of our lifestyles. If people were
educated about the demerits of a sedentary lifestyle, many expensive
health problems such as diabetes or heart diseases could be prevented.
2. There are many diseases, which if diagnosed early through proper
screening tests can be treated very easily. For example, cancer of the
cervix can be diagnosed with a very simple, inexpensive test called the
Pap Smear. If diagnosed and treated early, a lot of money needed for
expensive treatments could be saved later on.
Why some funds should be reserved for treatment also
1. There are some diseases, which are not dependent on lifestyles, such as
some cancers.
2. Then people also suffer from accidents.
3. The recent corona pandemic has made it clear that even a healthy lifestyle
cannot save people from certain diseases. When people are sick,
they want the best medical treatment possible, with access to the latest
diagnostic equipment and expensive MRI scans.
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People should look after their health as a duty to the society they live in rather
than for personal benefits. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Compliance would be much more if people were to look after their health for
their own interest, and the benefits to the society would automatically ensue.
Benefits to people if they care for their health
1. If people eat healthy and do regular exercise, they would not have to
spend on expensive medical treatment and have a more productive life.
2. If a person suffers from any infectious disease and takes timely treatment
then he does not spread it to others. Later on, he does not stand the
chance of getting re-infected by other people.
3. If people looked after their health for personal reasons, they would do it
with more zeal. Selfishness is basic human nature, and people would be
more willing to do something if it benefits them.
Benefits to the society
1. A healthy society means a more energetic workforce, which would in turn
raise the level of society.
2. A lot of government budget, which it has to spend on providing healthcare
would be saved, which could be used in other areas, such as better roads
and public transport.
Vocabulary check
Compliance: the act of obeying an order, rule, or
request
Ensue: to come after in time or as a result
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Some people prefer to relax by doing physical activities, while others choose
mental activities (crosswords, chess, etc.). Discuss both views and give your
opinion.
Why do some people prefer to relax by doing physical activities
1. People who work sedentary desk jobs and hardly move during the day.
2. Younger people who have a lot of energy also prefer playing sports or
working out in the gym to doing mental exercises.
3. Physical exercise produces endorphins which are chemicals in the brain
that act as natural painkillers and help the mind relax. The results are
better sleep, improved mood, a clear mind, and good physical health.
4. Physical exercise awakens the body, enhances energy levels, and
reduces the risk of heart diseases.
Why do some people prefer mental activities to relax
1. People with highly demanding physical jobs especially those doing
labour-intensive tasks for hours find mental activities more relaxing.
2. Older people who can’t do laborious exercises also prefer such activities
to relax.
3. These games keep the brain sharp and lower the risk of age-related
memory loss.
4. These activities are inexpensive and can be done at any time at home.
5. Mental activities improve cognitive functioning, problem solving skills
and help us focus better.
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Technology
Essays
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Now the machine is very complex, and a lot of difficult work is automated.
Does this machine automation have more pros than cons?
Some people think that robots are very important to human’s future
development, while others think they are dangerous and have negative effects
on society. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Scientists believe that computers will become more intelligent than human
beings. Some people find it a positive development while others think it is a
negative development. Discuss both points and give your own opinion.
Advantages of Machines/Robots/Computers
1. Reduce Risk: There are many dangerous jobs like mining, bomb disposal,
and sewage cleaning, where machines have made human involvement
redundant.
2. Significantly reduce errors and increase accuracy and precision.
3. Save time enabling people to enjoy and relax. Many monotonous and
repetitive works can be done by machines, thus saving people time
4. Enable higher productivity and efficiency as they can work endlessly
without breaks. Humans need breaks and time off to balance their work
life and personal life.
5. Robots as surveillance tools have brought a reduction in crimes like child
trafficking and terrorism.
6. Have helped in coming up with new inventions in almost every domain to
solve complex problems. For example, in the field of weather prediction,
they are saving human lives by accurately predicting environmental
hazards but also helping farmers immensely.
Disadvantages of Machines/Robots/Computers
1. They can replace human labour and lead to unemployment.
2. Interacting with machines cannot provide the same sense of satisfaction
as machines cannot empathise and understand our feelings.
3. Ethics and morality are important human features that can be difficult to
incorporate into machines. It is a concern of many that robots will take
over the world and wipe out humanity eventually.
4. They are a failure where creative work is required. Machines lack
creativity and cannot think outside the box.
5. Make humans lazy because they rely on machines to get their physical
and mental tasks done.
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There are social, medical, and technical problems associated with the use of
mobile phones. What forms do they take? Do the problems of mobile phones
outweigh the benefits?
Mobile phones have made life easier: anyone can use a mobile phone to
answer/make work calls or home calls at any place 7 days a week. Do you think
this development has more positive effects or negative effects on the
individual and society?
The use of mobile phone is as antisocial as smoking. Smoking is banned in
certain places and so mobile phones should also be banned. To what extent
do you agree or disagree with this statement?
The use of mobile phones should be banned in public spaces such as libraries,
transportation, and shops. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Social problems of mobile phones
1. People are busy on their apps and social contact is going down.
Smartphone apps and games are somehow making social distances
larger.
2. Cell phones also keep people connected to their work, as a consequence
of which, people fail to draw a line between their personal and
professional lives, which causes stress and strain within the family, leading
to spoilt children and broken homes.
3. In public places, cell phone can distract other people and divert their
attention. For instance, in libraries and hospitals, cell phones disturb
people. Moreover, its usage in religious places can spoil the peace of
those paying obeisance.
Medical and technical problems of mobile phones
1. They emit radio frequency waves, which although of very low frequency,
can still have negative effects.
2. Excessive use of cell phones can increase stress levels and affect the
mental health of young adults.
3. The increased touching of cell phones can harbour germs on the handset,
which can lead to diseases.
4. Network coverage may not be there at some places, which may cause
stress.
5. Charging issues, battery life, and unwanted calls are some other technical
glitches faced by cell phone users.
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Advantages of cell phones
1. Mobiles have helped people remain connected with the world from
wherever they are.
2. At the time of emergencies and calamities, they are one of the most used
tools for supplying immediate help.
3. Mobile phones also provide facilities like messaging, cameras,
audio/video recording, and the Internet.
4. Business transactions can also take place at any time of the day and family
commitments can also be fulfilled while at work.
5. Cell phones also serve as entertainment tools. You can listen to songs,
play games, get live cricket scores, market updates, and even the
headlines.
Why a ban on smoking is justified?
Smoking causes harm to the smoker as well as the non-smoker who is in the
propinquity of the smoker. Studies have proven that passive smoker is even
more at risk of lung cancer than active smoker. This is because he inhales the
second-hand smoke, emitted by the smoker.
Own view: If used judiciously and with etiquette, mobile phones have more
advantages. Comparing the cell phone to smoking and banning the cell phone
would not be practical.
Vocabulary check
Obeisance: respect
Glitch: sudden, usually temporary malfunction
Propinquity: nearness
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The rapid development of communication technology, such as smartphones,
tablets, and other mobile devices, has more disadvantages than advantages.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Some people have benefited from modern communications technology, but
some people have not benefited from it at all. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
Some people say television contributes more than other modern inventions
to the quality of life of ordinary people. Do you agree or disagree?
More and more people are using mobile phones and the Internet to
communicate. Therefore, people are losing the ability to communicate face
to face. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Mobile phones and the Internet play an important part in the way people
relate to one another socially. Is this a positive or a negative development?
The development of technology changes the way people connect with each
other. In which way does the development of technology change the types of
relationships that people make? Does it have positive or negative effect on
the relationships?
Most people today prefer to socialize online rather than spending time with
their friends in the local community. Do the advantages outweigh the
disadvantages?
Some people believe that technology such as mobile phones have destroyed
social interaction. Do you agree or disagree?
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Advantages of Communication Technology
1. It is a faster method of communication, which is especially helpful in
emergencies.
2. Long distance communication is easier and cheaper. Video calling and
video conferencing have become very affordable and very easy.
3. It has become exceptionally easy to contact each other electronically and
share information instantaneously in a community.
4. Messages are not misunderstood because facial expression and body
language which is needed for good communication is not masked
anymore.
5. New jobs have sprung up. Programmers, systems analysts, and web
designers, all have their jobs because of CT
6. Businesses can expand globally, with very little investment. They can
develop a network of customers and get instant feedback on their
products or services. Payments can be sent and received by online
transactions.
7. Students can create documents and immediately upload them to a
teacher’s electronic folder. Teachers can upload assignments, links, or
feedback for students via these shared resources or folders.
8. These gadgets have proved an asset in healthcare also. With one
handheld device, doctors can access patient information, research
medical literature, and securely communicate with patients and
colleagues.
Disadvantages of Communication Technology
1. Harder to use for people of older generations
2. Not always reliable as a person cannot be sure whom he is talking to
unless it is a video call.
3. Makes communication less personal - When you text or email, there's no
vocal tone and you can't see facial expressions.
4. The wrong people could gain access to your personal details. Technology
when used by terrorists can cause havoc in the life of humans.
Television does not contribute more than other modern inventions to the
quality of life of ordinary people. Television has been the leader in changing
the life of man till the beginning of the 21st century, but mobile communication
technology has now surpassed all other inventions in affecting the life of the
common human being ( give above points)
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Why technology should be blamed for changing communication
Technology has weakened people’s offline relationships, including face-toface interaction. The sight of people looking at their cell phones, ignoring
their friends and family sitting next to them, has become common.
Why technology should not be blamed for changing communication
1. Technology is not snatching people’s ability of direct communication; it is
just giving them other options, which they find more interesting and
beneficial
2. People are not having face-to-face communication because they have
become workaholics. They can communicate, but they are themselves
choosing not to and technology is not to blame for that.
Advantages of socializing online
1. Socializing online allows people to stay connected with friends who
don’t live close to them.
2. These social network sites like ‘Facebook’ provide a great opportunity
for people to socialize with people of similar interests and find common
ground, before even meeting.
3. Social media can be used to help advertise goods and services globally.
4. Social networking can help families torn apart by war, divorce, etc. stay
in touch easier and quicker than by some other means.
5. Social networking can be a powerful engine for job searches. Allows
users to make and maintain business connections.
6. Social networking can be used to counteract terrorism and organized
crime.
7. Social networking allows users to come together and create strong
alliances for a certain cause.
Disadvantages of socializing online
1. It lacks the emotional connection that face to face communication has.
2. People can feel inadequate and bad about themselves when they look at
the social profiles of other people.
3. Can compromise privacy in a big way.
4. Can be used to advance terrorism and promote organized crime.
5. Social networking can become a venue for cyberbullying.
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Leisure is a growing industry, but people no longer entertain themselves as
much as they used to because the use of modern technology has made them
less creative. Do you agree or disagree?
Technology is not to blame for why people have become less creative
1. Modern technology has changed our definition of leisure. Earlier, leisure
meant going out and meeting people, playing outdoor games, going to
the cinema to watch movies, and so on. However, today, free time is spent
playing online games, keeping in touch with friends through social media
and streaming local and international programs on OTT platforms.
2. Technology has given us more time to enjoy. But people have become
workaholics and can’t strike a balance between work and leisure. The
stress from work has killed their creativity.
3. People specially take out time to entertain themselves as it has become
much more convenient and easier because of technology. Reserving train
and flight tickets, booking hotels and making spa appointments can all be
done online.
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There are an increasing number of people who do not know their neighbours.
What causes this situation? How to solve it?
Why people don't know their neighbours and solutions
1. Longer working hours, which is due to materialism and the pressures of
the highly competitive era of today. The result is that people get very little
time after work and therefore socializing with neighbours is out of the
question.
2. Dependence on neighbours has decreased because of technology. Today
through technology people can interact with their family and friends, so
they do not feel the need to interact with neighbours.
3. Change in people’s entertainment sources and leisure activities. Earlier,
neighbours used to meet after work hours and chat and play with each
other, but now all the recreational activities are at home such as watching
TV and surfing the net.
4. Earlier, people did shopping from local small shops where one could
accidentally bump into neighbours, but now online shopping has even
deprived people of such accidental collisions.
Solutions
1. People should try to achieve a work life balance.
2. Technology itself can provide a solution, as neighbours can use social
networking apps to connect with each other.
3. Local authorities should make sure that every community has places like
parks, gyms, and pools, where neighbours can meet and spend time
together.
4. People should take time off for festivals and celebrate them together. As
all are busy, potluck lunches and dinners could be organized which would
be welcomed by all.
5. Children should be encouraged to play outdoor games with other children
of the neighbourhood.
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Some people think that the development of technology has made our life more
complex, and the solution is to live a life without that technology. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
Technology has not made our lives complex but has simplified it
1. Today online shopping has made it possible for us to sit at home and buy
almost everything we want with just a few clicks. In the past, we had to
travel long distances to stores in multiple locations in order to purchase
the items we wanted.
2. There are other examples such as teleconferences which save the trouble
to bring people from different parts of the world together, and software
like Skype and Facetime which allow users in different places to
communicate “face-to-face”.
3. Inventors throughout the ages have thought of practically every device
imaginable to assist humans in conducting their everyday affairs, from
baby strollers to life-support machines.
4. We are flooded with technological gadgets in this modern world and there
is no sign of a reversal in this trend occurring. It’s hard to live without
gadgets like phones, televisions, computers, etc.
Why do some people blame technology for making our lives complex
The problem with modern technology is our increasing inability to tune out from
an overload of information and our growing reliance on machines that perform
mindless tasks, which we could simply do for ourselves.
Is the solution, living a life without technology?
No, it is not. Sometimes, people go for a digital detox and spend a few days in
some remote location without a cell phone, but eventually, they all come back
because simply living without the technology is not the solution
New technology is not good or evil in and of itself.
It's all about how people choose to use it.
David Wong
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Mobile phones and the internet could have many benefits for old people.
However, this age group uses technology the least. What are the benefits for
old people of using mobile phones and the internet? How can we encourage
them to use this new technology?
How mobile phones and the Internet could be useful to old people
1. Technology is the answer to one of the biggest problems the elderly face
today, which is social isolation. Through these technologies the elderly
can connect with their kith and kin that live far away from them.
2. The elderly face a lot of health problems, for which they can use the
technology to get timely help. Through the Internet, they can get
consultation from any doctor in any part of the world by showing their
digital x-ray or MRI scan.
3. They can entertain themselves through these gadgets. They have a lot of
free time and they can listen to religious hymns and visit sacred and holy
places on the net, which they cannot otherwise visit because of failing
health.
What can be done to motivate the elderly to use the mobile phones
1. By making them comfortable with technology. For example, the
government and NGOs can open free training centres to apprise them
about technology. Family members and especially children can also play
a role by teaching their grandparents about these gadgets.
2. User-friendly models could be made especially for them. Too many
features on mobile phones deter the elderly from using them.
Vocabulary check
Kith: acquaintances, friends, neighbors
Apprise: inform, tell
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Some people think that access to the Internet is necessary to live a full life. Do
you agree or disagree?
Why Internet usage has become a basic human need today
1. Employment: Internet know-how is not merely a job requirement today
but also pivotal in getting jobs, as a lot of companies nowadays only
advertise job opportunities online. Moreover, some of the application
forms for the exams have to be filled out online.
2. Social networking. Social networking does not mean making friends
online, as it still happens offline, but it is about maintaining friendships,
which seems almost impossible without Internet today.
3. The governments have also started acknowledging the Internet as a basic
need today and this is evident by the inclusion of Internet in basic
consumption baskets that are used to determine poverty line in
developing countries like India.
Why Internet usage is not a basic human need
1. Just a few years back when Internet’s presence wasn’t so all
encompassing, people still lived without any issues.
2. There are still many countries in the world, where people do not have
Internet access.
Vocabulary check
Pivotal: Crucial
Encompass: to cover or surround
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Earlier technological developments brought more benefits and changed the
lives of ordinary people more than recent technological developments. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
People living in the 21st Century generally have a better quality of life than the
previous centuries. Do you agree or disagree?
Technological progress in the past century has its negative effect, despite its
remarkable contribution. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Some people think that life was better in the past than what it is now. Do you
agree or disagree? Give your reasons and examples from your own life
How modern technological developments are better than those of the earlier
times
1. Recent developments have made more impact because of the rapid speed
at which technology is progressing nowadays. Earlier it took years before
another breakthrough in technology could be noticed, whereas now every
now and then we hear of new gadgets with new features in the market.
For example, the radio came as early as the 1920’s, but it took two
decades for the TV to make its presence. However, cell phone technology
has developed much faster with the onset of video calling features now.
2. Recent developments like the Internet have had an impact in nearly every
field of life. Nowadays, because of the internet, education can be reached
to the remotest corners of the world and even many jobs can be done
sitting at home. All types of travel tickets can be bought online and even
banking and shopping can be done at home. By contrast, no earlier
technology had such a widespread impact.
3. Because of the fast pace of communication, the spread of technology is
also much faster than before. For example, in the past, if a type of
development took place in the US, it took months or even years to make
its presence in India. However, now every technological gadget makes its
presence almost simultaneously in the whole world.
Why people in the 21st century have better lives
1. Many of the issues that people faced in the past centuries such as hunger
and epidemics like plague etcetera are non-existent today. Due to the
agricultural revolution, there is enough food supply for everyone.
2. Cures for many diseases have been found and today life expectancy is
considerably higher than in the past centuries.
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3. Human effort and labour has been reduced substantially owing to
improvements in machines. Automation has meant that people can relax,
instead of spending hours on chores after work.
4. People today have more freedoms and rights than before. Many nations
are democratic and people are free to live their life in the way they want.
Why people in the 21st century don’t have better lives
1. There is more stress due to increased competition and inflation. People
have to work longer hours to make ends meet. This also means that they
cannot spend as much time with family as in the past.
2. Although transportation has improved, the level of pollution has also
risen, and it is becoming worse day by day. As a result, today many people
die of diseases like cancers.
Advantages of modern technology (Apart from those mentioned in
communication technology)
1. Improved housing and lifestyle: automated washing machines,
microwaves, refrigerators, etc.
2. Convenience in education: online and mobile education.
3. Faster modes of traveling: very important in our lives and in the business
world
4. Advancements in the health industry: modern technology in hospitals,
reducing the mistakes made by doctors and evaluating the patients’
treatments. Diagnostic machines like MRIs and Pet scans have eased the
life of doctors and patients both.
5. Efficiency and productivity: Automated machines help businesses in
increasing production, saving time and money in the industry
6. Encourages work from home: it is very easy to do a job today (while at
home). A good example is upwork.com, which helps people to make a
profile and then work from home
Disadvantages (apart from those of communication technology)
Increased dependency on modern tools reduces our creativity and intelligence
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
384
A hundred years ago, people thought that the human race was steadily
improving in every area of life. Now it seems this is not certain in all situations.
In which areas do you think we have made important progress nowadays? In
which areas do you think we still need to make progress?
Areas in which we have made progress in the past century
Two areas – Transport and communication, Agriculture
1. In the field of communication, distance is no longer a barrier and people
can connect with anyone living in any part of the world through mobile
phones and the internet. Similarly, air travel has made it possible to travel
around the world in a matter of hours instead of days or months.
2. In agriculture, recent technologies like genetic modification and vertical
farming have ensured that there is no shortage of food. In addition, the
quality of food grown is better today because of a reduction in the use of
pesticides and harmful chemicals (organic farming).
Areas in which we have yet to do progress
Two areas – Environmental protection and healthcare
1. Today, the air in cities is a lot more polluted than before and the landfills
are overflowing with plastic and other harmful wastes. Furthermore,
many plants and animals are becoming extinct because of human
activities like deforestation.
2. In healthcare, although scientists have found cures for many diseases,
there are still treatments for many ailments like cancer and AIDS that still
evade us. The recent COVID pandemic has also highlighted our
shortcomings and how much progress still needs to be made. Even
developed countries like the US and Italy have lost precious lives despite
having the best medical facilities.
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385
Many people are optimistic of the 21st century and see it as an opportunity to
make positive changes to the world. To what extent do you share their
optimism? What changes would you like to see in the new century?
What changes would you like to see in the 21st century
1. Everyone should be treated equally irrespective of their race, religion,
caste, background, or physicality.
2. The environment should also be clean and free from pollution. This
includes everything from the air people breathe, the water people drink
and the soil people grow their crops in.
3. Basic necessities like clean drinking water, electricity, good education, and
quality healthcare should be available to all the people. I believe that only
when all these basic needs are met, individuals can reach their full
potential.
4. Advancements in healthcare like treatments and cures for cancers and
other fatal diseases such as AIDS. In fact, the recent Covid pandemic has
made it abundantly clear that medical innovations are the need of the
hour.
Achieving all this might seem overoptimistic and it would be challenging to bring
about these changes, but they are possible. The biggest proof of this is the past
century’s achievements. A century ago, no one could have imagined air travel,
computers, internet communication, or even household appliances like
televisions and microwaves, but now people take all these things for granted.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
386
Some people think mobile phones are most useful for their professional lives,
whereas others think mobile phones are most useful in their personal life.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
The advantages of mobile phones in personal life
1. In personal life, it keeps people connected to their friends and relatives at
all times.
2. It saves a lot of time: In the spare time that a person gets while travelling
or waiting for someone he can carry out a number of tasks such as paying
bills, ordering groceries, booking tickets, and so on.
3. Children who have to leave their elderly parents at home because of work,
feel comfortable because they know they can be called any time their
parents need them.
4. People use phones to take pictures. With technology, the cameras in cell
phones are getting better than ever before.
5. People also use them to set reminders and alarms, manage calendars,
search contacts, type notes, etc.
6. Mobile phones are used for directions and navigation. Apps like Google
maps give live updates on our location, roadworks, accidents, and other
causes of slow-moving traffic.
The advantages of mobile phones in professional lives
1. Professionals can use functions like call conferencing and video call
conferencing instead of traditional face-to-face meetings. This saves a
great amount of valuable time and cost for the companies.
2. Last-minute information that could make or break a project can also be
delivered if a business cell phone is kept on hand.
3. Phones with advanced features, such as global positioning systems (GPS),
also help you navigate with ease, making sure that you are able to meet
with a new client on time.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
387
More and more young children have mobile phones. Some people say it is a
good thing for them, while others say it is a bad thing. Discuss both views and
give your opinion.
Advantages of children having mobile phones
1. They feel safer because they are never out of contact with their parents
or guardians.
2. Having a mobile phone helps children to learn in a lot of different ways.
a) They learn about technology; about how to use the mobile phone.
b) Most phones today have apps through which they can access online
courses and lessons which can be provided in fun ways and can in
some cases instantly tell you if you have the right answer.
c) It may even sometimes be possible to do homework on a phone
and send it to the teacher.
d) Even without the Internet phones can be used to provide short
assignments, or to provide reminders to study.
Disadvantages of children having cell phones
1. Children can use phones for inappropriate behavior like seeing vulgar
photos or videos, cheating in exams, etc.
2. Children get distracted when crossing the road while using their phone
and this can lead to accidents.
3. It affects their academic performance as children are busy chatting,
texting, or playing games on their phones.
4. They can become a victim of cyberbullying on messages and social media.
5. It affects their physical health. Excessive use of phones keeps them away
from physical activity.
6. It can lead to mental illnesses like depression and anxiety. Social media
can begin to foster unhealthy expectations in them of how they should
look or act.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
388
In the last century when a human astronaut first arrived on the Moon he said:
"It is a big step for mankind". But some people think it makes little difference
to our daily life. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
In the future, it seems it would be more difficult to live on Earth. Some people
think more money should be spent researching on other planets to live such
as Mars. To what extent do you agree or disagree
Advantages of space research
1. Space research has touched the lives of the common man in myriad ways.
Computer bar codes in retail stores, shock absorbing shoes used by tennis
players and athletes, lightweight materials used for helmets and sporting
materials, and non-stick coating used in pans, were all first developed as
part of space research.
2. Space technology has provided many benefits to the medical field as well.
Pacemakers used to treat cardiac ailments, remote monitoring devices for
intensive care patients, and portable medical equipment carried aboard
ambulances are but a few applications of space technology providing daily
benefits in hospitals, offices, and homes.
3. Global warming will soon transform our Earth into a boiling pot. Then it
would be very essential to find alternative places to live. If we were able
to find signs of life elsewhere in space, it would be a jackpot for mankind.
Why we should not waste our resources on finding a new planet to live
1. There is little hope of seeking a planet that has favourable conditions for
life.
2. The cost of researching such a planet would be exorbitant. At a time when
millions of people are suffering from poverty, homelessness, and
illiteracy, it would be better to spend on the present problems and leave
the future in the bucket list.
3. Instead of spending on research on space, a much better solution would
be to invest in environmental projects and encourage people to lead a
more environmentally friendly lifestyle. Such actions can cut exhaust
emissions and slow down the effects of global warming, making the earth
a more desirable place for us all.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
389
Many people believe that scientific research should be carried out and
controlled by governments rather than private companies. To what extent do
you agree or disagree with this opinion?
Why research into critical areas should be funded by the government (Publicly
funded)
1. Private companies focus on making money even if it goes against the
public interest. Many drug manufacturers have been caught creating
artificial medicine shortages even at the cost of public health to earn a
premium.
2. Research into defence and atomic energy should be done by the
government as these areas are pivotal to a country’s security.
3. Private companies may neglect areas that are not lucrative. For example,
research on Ebola was neglected for a very long time because it is a third
world disease.
Why some research should be done by private companies
1. Private companies do research more efficiently because they are profit
driven. Every dollar is spent wisely to ensure maximum benefits and every
resource is used effectively to avoid waste.
2. Government has so many priorities like healthcare, education, and so on.
Thus, it is financially constrained. Barring private companies from
research would slow down innovation and ultimately progress.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
390
Do you agree or disagree that improvements in technology reduce the role of
Olympic Games?
Impact of technology on Olympics
1. Technology plays a part in every aspect of these games, from the first
torch relay hand-off to the closing ceremonies.
2. Athletes and trainers use technology in preparing for the games to
optimize their training.
3. Sports equipment manufacturers use design technology to build
improved apparatus, gear, and more that will enable their clients to
deliver a high level of performance.
4. Broadcasters use technology to better inform viewers of all aspects of the
events. As a consequence, more and more people are exposed to these
games.
5. Olympic Games are the best medium of cultural exchange even today.
People of different countries, religions, cultures, etc. get together at the
Olympics and the participants get a chance to know about other cultures.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
391
Animal
Essays
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
392
1. Animals are in danger of extinction. Some people say that we should protect
only those animals, which are useful to humans. Do you agree or disagree?
2. Some animal species, such as the dinosaurs and dodos, became extinct as a
result of natural causes. Thus, extinction is a normal part of the world’s
evolution and actions should not be taken to prevent the disappearance of
today’s endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree?
3. Many animal species in the world are becoming extinct nowadays. Some
people say that countries and individuals should protect these animals from
dying out, while others say we should concentrate more on the problems of
human beings. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
4. Some people hold the view that we should spend money and time on the
protection of wild animals, while others suggest that the money should be
spent on populations living in the poorest areas of the world. Discuss both
views and give your opinion.
5. Some people say that too much attention and resources are given to protect
wild animals and birds. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this
statement?
6. Wild animals have no place in the 21st century, and their protection is a waste
of resources. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
7. Human activities have negative effects on plant and animal species. Some
people think it is too late to do anything about this problem. Others believe
that effective measures can be taken to improve this situation. Discuss both
views and give your opinion.
8. Some people think that Government should invest money in wildlife projects
and protect them. Other people think it is better if the government invests
money in other projects. Discuss both views and opine.
Why we should protect all animals even if they don’t seem useful to humans
1. All animals are part of our ecological chain. The removal of a single species
can set off a chain reaction affecting many others.
2. Not only are animals vital to the ecosystem they also directly benefit
humans. Small animals like butterflies, bees, and birds aid in pollination,
so conservation of these animals is vital for food production.
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3. Wild animals provide many valuable substances such as medicine and fur.
The horn of the rhinoceros has medicinal value and the fur of the mink is
very valuable.
4. The recreational viewing of animals at zoos is also a source of revenue.
5. Wild animals have aesthetic appeal. Their beautiful and mysterious life
has enchanted mankind since the dawn of evolution. Scientists have also
gained medical knowledge by studying the effect of many drugs on these
animals.
Is too much attention being given to protecting animals and birds?
Is the protection of wild animals a waste of resources?
No, these animals and birds are so important that whatever done for their
conservation can never be too much. (Give the above points)
Why human problems should be given priority over animals?
In many countries, human beings are still suffering from poverty, famine,
epidemics, and natural disasters. If the limited government budget is allocated
to animal conservation, many people will face huge difficulty making a living.
Why some people think it is too late to protect animal and plant species?
1. Human activities like deforestation, pollution, and overpopulation have
already accelerated out of control. This has resulted in climate change
which has led to the extinction of many animal and plant species.
2. Thousands of endangered animals have already died because of poaching.
Ever increasing demand for animal products like elephant tusks and rhino
horns has made the situation even worse and uncontrollable.
What steps can still be taken to prevent further extinction
1. Afforestation can help reverse the effects of global warming and also
restore natural wildlife habitats.
2. Heavier penalties on wildlife traffickers and poachers is another way to
save the endangered species. For example, Indian government was able
to save the Royal Bengal Tiger from extinction by banning hunting and
setting up wildlife preserves throughout the country.
3. Air pollution, another contributor to climate change, can be controlled if
people take simple steps like walking or taking public transportation
instead of driving.
4. Using plastic-free alternatives can help save our oceans and marine
animals and plants.
5. Going paperless can save our trees and forests.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
394
Far too little has been done to prevent animals and plants from dying out,
although people have been aware of this problem for a long time. Why do
people do so little about it? Give your suggestions on how to solve this
problem.
Why do people do nothing to save plants and animals from dying out despite
being aware of the problem
1. They believe that individual action cannot make a big difference. People
feel that these problems are too big and only action at the government
level or national level can improve the situation.
2. People have become so accustomed to luxuries that they feel incapable
of living without them. Although they know that these luxuries like cars,
air conditioners, etcetera are damaging for the animals and plants, they
find themselves helpless.
3. Although people are aware of animals and plants dying, they are unaware
of how dangerous the consequences of the extinction of animal and plant
species can be for humankind.
4. Many people are also not aware that human beings are directly and
indirectly responsible for the extinction of many plants and animals.
How to solve the problem of indifference of people towards animals and
plants dying out.
1. There should be awareness of how individual actions can go a long way in
bringing a change. For example, people can be told about the difference,
recycling and reducing their carbon footprint can bring.
2. The government can force a change in behaviour by making strict laws and
their strict implementation. For example, plastic use in India has fallen
considerably after the government levied heavy fines on plastic use.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
395
Some people think people can exploit animals for any purpose they need,
while others do not think so. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.
In the modern world, it is no longer necessary to use animals for food or use
animal products, for instance, clothing and medicines. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?
Some people think that using animals for experimentation purposes is cruel,
but other people think that it is necessary for the development of science.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Why do some people think it is OK to exploit animals
1. Humans are at the top of the food chain and killing animals for food
adheres to the law of nature.
2. Animals are vital in the medical field. By conducting experiments on
animals, researchers have developed treatments to remedy fatal diseases
like diabetes, cancer and heart attack and saved so many human lives.
Research on mice, rats, and other animals has led to vaccines for polio,
tetanus, measles, etc.
Why do some people think it is not justifiable to exploit animals
1. Humans do not need to eat animals to survive. Research shows a plant
based diet contains all the necessary vitamins and nutrients that a human
body needs to thrive.
2. Animals should not be exploited for products like wool, fur, and leather
as humans do not require these products and nowadays a lot of synthetic
substitutes are available.
3. Using animals for cosmetic testing is inhumane. There are many nonanimal testing alternatives like in vitro testing using human tissue cell
cultures, computer models, and human volunteers.
Own View
It is unacceptable to harm innocent animals as they are sentient beings. People
can survive on a vegetarian diet and there are so many faux meat options
available for those who really crave meat. Also, our vanity is not worth the
suffering of innocent animals. There are a multitude of cruelty-free cosmetics
and household products that are not tested on animals.
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Why some people are against animal experimentation
1. Animals are also sentient beings, and people have no right to exploit them
for their selfish motives.
2. Animals are very different from humans and so what is tested on animals
cannot be applied to humans.
3. Unnecessary experiments are done just for new cosmetics, which are not
even needed, which is bad.
Why some people are for animal experimentation
1. New medicines and drugs should be first tested on animals and only if
found safe should be given to humans. If any drug is not tested, it can
create havoc. For example, in 1952, a drug, Thalidomide, was used for
vomiting during pregnancy. All the children born had seal-like limbs. By
the time it was known that thalidomide was responsible, it was too late.
2. The effect of any drug can be seen over generations. It is known that the
lifespan of guinea pigs used for experimentation is very small, only 3-4
years, and so the effect of drugs can be tested over generations. Even if
humans volunteered for testing, it would take many years to test whether
the effect passed from one generation to the other.
Ask experimenters why they experiment on
animals, and the answer is: "Because the animals
are like us." Ask experimenters why it is morally
okay to experiment on animals, and the answer is:
"Because the animals are not like us." Animal
experimentation rests on a logical contradiction.
Charles R. Magel
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
397
Many people think that zoos, which keep wild animals in a man-made
environment should no longer exist in the 21st century. To what extent do you
agree or disagree with this statement?
Some people argue that the purpose of zoos is only to entertain people. Do
you agree or disagree? What are the other purposes of zoos?
Points against zoos
1. Zoo animals are kept in very confined areas where they lack exercise and
stimulation compared with their vast natural habitat.
2. Zoos are not educational. In reality, they only teach us how wild animals
behave when they are cramped in small spaces.
3. It is very common for visitors to tease and provoke caged animals. This
also leads to unnatural behavior in animals.
4. The breeding programmes taken up by zoos are not very successful.
5. Zoo life does not prepare animals for the challenges of life in the wild.
They are provided food in zoos, but if left in the jungle, they may die of
starvation because they cannot hunt for themselves.
6. The zoo is an unnatural environment that exposes animals to many
dangers. Diseases often spread between species that would never live
together naturally.
Points for zoos
1. People receive education when visiting a zoo. Zoos provide a rare and
unique opportunity to peer into the wild without actually traveling to
forests. Zoos usually have information describing the animal, its history,
and its natural location. Most zoos also provide interactive shows with
some of the animals during specific times throughout the week.
2. Learning about animals also brings empathy to many people. Zoos help to
promote awareness by educating people on how to protect animals that
face extinction.
3. Zoos often take an active approach in helping animal populations. For
dwindling species, many zoos breed species in an attempt to increase
their numbers. After raising sufficient, the animals can then be released
into the wild in order to encourage population growth.
4. Zoos help to attract tourists and thus boost the economy. People buy
tickets to visit zoos and a number of people get employment in zoos.
5. Entertainment is also there when people visit zoos. Everyone enjoys
looking at these marvellous creations of the almighty.
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398
Arts
Music
Essays
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
399
Some people think that the government should provide assistance to all kinds
of artists including painters, musicians, and poets, etc. However, other people
think that it is a waste of money. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Today, advanced science and technology have made great changes to people's
lives, but artists such as musicians, painters, and writers are still highly valued.
What can arts tell us about life that science and technology cannot?
Governments should focus their spending on public services rather than on
arts such as Music and Painting. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Why government should support artists
1. Arts are an expression of our culture and tradition. For example, people
learn about their history, traditions, and culture through movies, songs,
and paintings made by artists.
2. Art is one of the best ways to promote cultural tourism.
3. Arts cannot survive without government support as most artists and art
organisations do not earn a lot of money. That is why many museums
are in dilapidated condition today.
4. Earning a livelihood as an artist is really difficult in the initial stages of their
careers.
What can art tell us that science cannot?
1. Science makes our life modern by providing us amenities and the latest
technologies, but art makes our thinking modern.
2. Art makes people enjoy life and gives people the pleasure of living.
3. Art allows us to have a deeper understanding of our emotions. It increases
our self-awareness, and also allows us to be open to new ideas and
experiences.
4. Art brings out people’s creativity by giving them a means to express their
emotions and feelings
5. Art is also a stress buster. It is a way for people to relax.
6. Art is what differentiates humans from animals and makes humans the
most superior of all animals.
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400
Why government shouldn’t support artists
1. Art is not fundamental to human beings’ survival and other areas like
healthcare, education, and infrastructure deserve more attention.
2. Society progresses through innovation and research and not art
Why Science and technology is important?
1. Scientists make life easier. People have cars and aeroplanes to move fast
from one place to another. They have microwaves and ready-to-eat foods to
make cooking much easier.
2. Scientists are making great achievements in medicines that make life
longer and happier. For example, during the Covid19 pandemic, all of
humanity relied on scientists to come up with a vaccine to prevent its spread.
Why government should prioritise public services
1. Public services directly impact people’s quality of life. Education,
healthcare, and infrastructure are crucial to providing people a decent
lifestyle.
2. Public services have a multiplier effect on a country’s economy. For
example, roads facilitate trade and enable businesses to service a greater
number of people.
Art is an irreplaceable way of understanding and
expressing the world.
Dana Gioia
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
401
Some people say that the government should not put money into building
theatres and sports stadiums. They should spend more money on medical care
and education. Do you agree or disagree?
Why should government invest in building theatres and sports stadiums?
1. Theatrical shows provide entertainment and at the same time preserve
our culture and tradition.
2. Sports stadiums are important for athletes to play and practice.
3. They also attract millions of spectators to watch matches every year.
People buy tickets and food at these stadiums which raises revenue for
the government.
Why government should invest in medical care
1. If people are healthy, there will be more productivity and the country will
prosper as a whole.
2. There are many people who live below the poverty line and it is the
government’s responsibility that they should receive medical aid
whenever needed.
3. There are also the elderly who have paid taxes throughout their working
life and now need good medical care.
Why government should invest on education
1. Education is the only way of getting children from deprived backgrounds
to succeed in later life.
2. An educated society has less crime and violence and the country gets
good recognition in the whole world if its people are educated.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
402
Some people think music plays an important role in society. Others think it is
simply a form of entertainment. Discuss both sides of this argument and give
your own opinion.
Music has been and will continue to be the universal language of mankind. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
Why do some think that music plays an important role in society
1. Music preserves and links people to their culture. For example, Punjabi
folk songs are a reservoir of information about Punjabi culture and
traditional lifestyle.
2. Music expresses feelings that everyone understands. Humans can easily
interpret the two basic emotions happiness and sadness by analyzing a
song’s acoustic features. For instance, higher pitches and a faster tempo
convey happiness.
3. Music spreads positivity and acceptance and leads to a more peaceful
world. Fusion music that combines the practices of different cultures
allows people around the globe to realize the power of collaboration,
rather than division.
4. Music is also an expression of people’s feelings and moods and in the
same way, they affect our moods as well. For example, listening to martial
music generates a feeling of patriotism.
Why is music the universal language of mankind?
1. Music is universal because it’s an important part of all cultures, all over
the world. In all the different types of music, one common attribute is that
it brings people together, whether it’s by dancing to the music, singing to
the music, or just celebrating the music.
2. Technology has helped music to blend with music of other countries and
transcend cultural differences.
Why do some think that music is limited to entertainment
1. Music only helps us relax and relieve our tensions. Most popular songs
also don’t have meaningful lyrics. Listening to music is about dancing to
tunes and enjoying with friends and family rather than anything else.
2. Finding deeper meaning in music is pointless as people don’t learn
anything from music. Many people don’t know even know the meaning
behind the lyrics of their favourite songs.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
403
Towns and cities are attractive places. Some people suggest that the
government should spend money putting in more works of art like paintings
and statues to make them better to live in. Do you agree or disagree?
Why the government should spend money on painting and statues?
1. Art instils happy feelings among people and acts as a stress buster.
Looking at statues and sculptures is one of the best ways to forget about
our worries.
2. Statues are also one of the best ways to commemorate a historical figure
and to teach children and youngsters about the history of a nation.
Statues are an important symbol of a culture’s history; maintaining these
symbols becomes an activity in preserving cultural memory. For example,
The Statue of Unity is a salute to India’s independence movement.
3. Statues and sculptures act as landmarks and ultimately some of them also
become tourist attractions. This helps the local businesses and thus, helps
make the economy of the place better.
Why the government should not spend money on painting and statues?
1. Making statues and paintings doesn’t directly impact people’s quality of
life and this money can be better spent on other important public services
like healthcare, education, and infrastructure
2. Statues and paintings can also be divisive. For example statues of certain
historical rulers can be a source of inspiration for a particular section,
while for others they can be a symbol of oppression.
Vocabulary check
Commemorate: recall and show respect
Oppression: unjust or cruel exercise of power
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
404
Some people say that museums should be free, whereas others opine that
some entry fee should be there. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.
Why museums should be free?
1. Museums are one of the best ways of educating children and youngsters
as they make learning interactive and fun instead of feeling like a chore.
2. Education is also a public service and it would be unfair to charge people.
3. Museums also have an indispensable role in promoting the cultural
history of a country. Free access to museums would encourage people to
learn about a country’s history.
Why there should be an entry fee for museums?
1. In recent years, museums have just become another form of
entertainment like cinema theatres, sports, and clubs. It doesn’t make
sense to make them free.
2. Museums need a lot of money for maintenance, repair, and adding new
exhibitions. It will impossible to achieve all this with just government
support.
Own Views
I think museums should have an entry, but the prices should not be prohibitive.
It should not result in only the wealthier middle class and rich being able to
afford them. Moreover, there could be special prices for children and schools so
that school trips to museums are organized.
Vocabulary check
Indispensable: essential, necessary
prohibitive: excessively high, difficult to pay
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
405
Some people claim that public museums and art galleries will not be needed
because people can see historical objects and works of art by using a
computer. Do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
Why public museums and art galleries will still be needed despite the fact that
all historical objects and works of art can be seen by using a computer
1. Images on a computer can never replace real images.
2. When one actually visits museums and art galleries of other places, one
enjoys the culture of that place first-hand which can never be done by the
passive activity of seeing something on the computer screen.
3. After seeing these objects and museums, our craving to actually see these
increases even more and so we make efforts to go and see these places.
Some people think museums should be enjoyable places to attract and
entertain young people, while others think the purpose of museums should be
to educate, not entertain. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.
Why should museums entertain
The average visitor may become bored if there is too much educational content.
Museums are tourist attractions, and their aim is to exhibit a collection of
interesting objects that many people will want to see. So, museums should put
more of an emphasis on enjoyment rather than learning. Such museums may
have interactive activities or even games as part of its exhibitions.
Why should museums educate
The majority of those who visit museums expect to know more about the pieces
of art and antiquities. Therefore, museums should focus on providing all that
information in a nice and easy manner. Some museums employ professional
guides to talk to their visitors, while other museums offer headsets so that
visitors can listen to detailed commentary about the exhibition.
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Museums and art galleries should concentrate on local works, not showing the
cultures or artworks from other countries. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
Why should museums and art galleries concentrate on local works
1. It is very hard for local artists to compete with global artists, who have
already established their name and have a huge following.
2. Art is a field, which is not very lucrative unless the artist is famous. Many
artists with incredible talent are forced to leave their passions and dreams
just because of financial reasons.
Why should museums and art galleries concentrate on global works
1. If museums and art galleries were only limited to local artwork, then local
people would lose a reason to visit such places. Local people get a chance
to know about foreign cultures, history, and foreign artwork by visiting
museums and art galleries, which promote global artwork.
2. If there were not enough local art, museums might be forced to also show
some lacklustre work, which might fail to attract visitors.
3. The fears about local artists not finding platforms can be addressed in
other ways, if the art is good, it would definitely find patronage and
recognition. Rather than forcing museums to showcase only indigenous
artwork, governments can organize special competitions and have awards
for new and upcoming artists with special skills and talent.
Vocabulary check
Lucrative: producing wealth or profit
Patronage: the help given by a supporter
Indigenous: local, native
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Buildings
Cities
Essays
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Some people believe that the government should spend on new public
buildings, such as libraries and museums, rather than renovating old buildings.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
The restoration of old buildings in major cities in the world involves a lot of
government expenditures. This money should be used for new housing and
road development. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Some people think that too much money has been spent looking after and
repairing old buildings, so we should knock down old buildings and build
modern ones instead. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Some people believe that old public buildings in cities should be restored while
others say that they should be demolished, and new buildings should be built
instead. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.
Too many old historical buildings are in danger and destroyed in many
countries. What are the main reasons? How to protect them?
Many countries construct modern buildings to give a good view of towns and
cities. Some people say that countries should make new buildings with
traditional style to preserve their culture as part of their identity. Do you agree
or disagree?
Many old cities around the world are going through a major process of
modernization. What are the advantages and disadvantages of
modernization?
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Arguments for making new modern buildings
1. There are environmental and health benefits. New buildings built using
green methods in design and construction consume less energy, conserve
water, lower greenhouse gas emissions and generate less waste. For
example, Modern buildings use double glass front walls and POP (Plaster
of Paris) ceilings, which lessen the energy requirements.
2. Modern materials are more practical. Now we use concrete and steel
instead of stone, timber, or brick. It is cheaper to build new buildings
instead of preserving the old ones. Renovation can be a lot more
complicated and expensive than just building from scratch.
3. New buildings would also require less maintenance and thus save money
in the long term as well.
4. Due to increasing natural disasters, many countries have come up with
very strict building codes. For some old or outdated existing buildings, it
may be impossible to bring the entire building up to the current code. For
example, flood prone areas require buildings to be elevated but for some
old buildings, it is not feasible.
Why old historical buildings are being destroyed
1. To meet the needs of the growing population. Sky-scrapers are part of
modern cities and they are needed today as land is becoming scarce.
Some old historical buildings are serving no purpose today, are neither
safe to live in nor are attracting tourists. On top of that, they occupy a lot
of space.
2. Many old buildings come in the way of these road systems, which are
being expanded to meet the needs of the growing number of vehicles.
Arguments for restoring old buildings (How to protect them?)
1. There are some old buildings, which give a unique identity to a place, and
with a little maintenance can be used effectively even today. For example,
the Sainik School of Kapurthala was the home of the maharaja of
Kapurthala, Jagatjit Singh.
2. There are many other such buildings, which house important government
offices or have been converted into hotels for tourists. The Umedh
Bhawan Palace in Jodhpur, Rajasthan has been converted into a hotel and
is a good source of revenue for the government.
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Advantages of traditional buildings as compared to modern buildings
1. They are undoubtedly a representation of a country’s past culture and its
people’s identity. If people’s houses are also built in a similar pattern,
there would truly be no diversity left in the world.
2. Traditional architecture through its diversity and uniqueness would
attract tourism. When the whole world is similar, these countries would
become tourist hotspots and the benefits of tourism to the economy
would more than cover the additional costs of using expensive traditional
materials.
3. Longevity of traditional architecture. Traditional building materials like
stone, marble, and lime mortar are superior to today’s modern materials
like glass, plastic and reinforced concrete, and steel. They don’t expand or
shrink due to temperature changes like modern materials. So, in the long
run, traditional buildings would require much less maintenance and
renovation costs.
Advantages of modernizing cities ( add modern buildings points)
1. Modernization of cities is very beneficial to meet the needs of the growing
population. Sky-scrapers are part of modern cities and they are needed
today as land is becoming scarce.
2. Road systems are being expanded to meet the needs of the growing
number of vehicles. The benefits of these changes are becoming obvious
as traffic jams are becoming things of the past in these places.
3. Modernization is becoming mandatory to attract foreign investments in
these cities. For instance, various multinational companies have opened
in these cities and these are providing employment to many.
Disadvantages of modernizing cities
Most cities now look similar and this has led to a loss of architectural diversity.
Most of the city administrators just copy the architecture of other cities from
the developed world and this resulted in the cloning of cities.
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It is more important for a building to serve a purpose than to look beautiful.
Architects should not worry about producing a building as a work of art. Do
you agree or disagree?
Why a building should be beautiful
1. Buildings need to have aesthetic appeal because beauty in architecture
brings joy and happiness, and happiness is a fundamental human need.
2. Beautiful buildings also enhance the utility. For example, well-designed
hospitals ensure that patients are treated quickly, well-designed schools
create better learning environments and workplaces with good
architecture experience higher productivity.
Why a building should be utilitarian
1. Today’s buildings need to address the burgeoning population, and the
main purpose of the building should be to accommodate more people in
less space.
2. A building meant for the elderly, such as an old-age home should have a
lot of railings and slopes for their ease. For instance, if a five storey oldage home is made without elevators, it will fail to serve the very purpose
for which it is designed.
3. Today’s architects need to focus on green buildings, which means that the
energy use and carbon footprint of the building need to be looked into.
Vocabulary check
Burgeoning: increase rapidly
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Some people say that a vertical city is best where people live and work in tall
buildings. Others say that a horizontal city is better where there are few tall
buildings. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.
Many people think living in high-rise apartment blocks makes people feel
lonely and unhappy, while others argue it has advantages. Discuss both views
and give your own opinion.
Advantages of vertical cities (high-rise apartments)
1. Vertical cities have environmental benefits as they help reduce air
pollution. Having numerous services and amenities in these tall buildings
would reduce the need for driving and thus reduce emissions associated
with cars.
2. These buildings foster social connectedness by making it easier for
individuals to socialize in common areas and with their next door
neighbors.
3. These buildings also save energy as water supply, central heating, and
cooling, waste disposal etcetera are more efficient when done in small
spaces.
4. Tall buildings accommodate a large number of people, which is important
as the population is burgeoning and land is getting scarce.
5. Tall buildings allow green spaces for parks, which are the lungs of the
community.
6. They are more affordable.
Advantages of horizontal cities
1. Horizontal cities in which most buildings are low-rise are safer than high
rise buildings. For example, these buildings are better in case of natural
calamities such as earthquakes and other disasters like building fires are
also more containable in a horizontal spread.
2. People who live in horizontal cities can enjoy a better quality of life. These
buildings have better ventilation, more natural light, and individual
gardens or open backyards.
Own view:
Even though horizontal cities are better, people’s only option is to go upwards
because of rising population and land scarcity. The land is scarce and to prevent
the loss of farmland and allow green spaces for parks, vertical cities are the only
realistic option.
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Disadvantages of tall buildings/skyscrapers
1. Highly skilled architects and engineers are needed, so the cost goes up.
2. Tall buildings have to be strong enough to bear the wind forces.
3. They can block the view and sunshine of the neighbouring buildings
4. The balcony is a possible safety hazard because of a growing number of
fatalities associated with suicide and accidental falls.
5. High-rise fires are the worst nightmare for people living in tall apartment
buildings because of the cramped conditions when doing an evacuation
out of one’s apartment space.
6. There are many people living in such buildings and so residents do not
question the presence of strangers. Therefore, security can be a big
problem.
The world’s current tallest building is Burj Khalifa in
Dubai. It is 27176 ft tall, more than twice the height of
the Empire State Building in New York, and almost
three times the size of the Eiffel Tower in Paris.
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Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of living in a house and living in an
apartment and give your opinion as to which is better.
Advantages of house
1. Typically, there is more opportunity for peace and quiet, if people live in
a house.
2. Houses are generally more spacious and have gardens or backyards. This
is especially important if there is a family so that the children can have a
safe environment to play in.
Disadvantages of house
1. They tend to be more expensive to purchase and maintain. Indeed, a large
majority of people choose to live in apartments because they cannot
afford the mortgage to buy a house.
2. There are fewer houses in cities than in the countryside. So the facilities
of urban life may be far away.
Advantages of apartments
1. In an apartment, there is always somebody near to help in an emergency
or watch the flat when the owners are away.
2. Flats have very low maintenance costs. For example, with only a balcony,
there are no bushes to trim, no lawn to mow and no leaves to rake.
3. Flats are usually located closer to the city centre and so public transport
is easy to get.
Disadvantages of apartments
1. The downside of apartment life is that the neighbours may be noisy and
bothersome. This can be extremely unpleasant, particularly if one’s sleep
is constantly interrupted.
2. Living in a neighbourhood crowded with blocks of flats means that parking
is limited and finding a space for the car could take a considerable amount
of time.
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In some countries, most people prefer to rent their homes rather than buy
them. What are the advantages and disadvantages of renting a home?
Advantages of renting
1. It has financial benefits. One can invest such a large sum elsewhere, such
as in one’s business, and earn manifold.
2. The tenant doesn’t have to pay any real estate taxes on the property.
3. No maintenance costs and repair bills.
4. A person can always change one’s place of residence by renting a home
close to one’s workplace and save time. He is not obliged to stay there a
lifetime.
5. A person’s work may require shifting places and so it would be futile to
invest a fortune in a place where one cannot live.
6. Renters usually have free access to gyms, pools, etc. in the apartment
buildings.
7. Renters have the flexibility to downsize and find more affordable options
at the end of their lease.
Disadvantages of renting
1. Being able to call a place as one’s own cannot be achieved in a rental
home.
2. Buying a home can be more profitable in long run, as the person is making
an asset for life. While renting a person is indirectly paying someone else’s
mortgage.
3. While renting, a person has to sign a lease and vacate accordingly.
4. Homeowners have flexibility to upgrade their home design and
architecture. Renters can’t change much without the landlord’s
permission.
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Some people believe that living in big cities is becoming more difficult. Others
believe that it is getting easier. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
In many countries, the quality of life in the large cities is becoming worse.
What causes this problem? What measures can be taken to solve it?
Some people say that it is impossible to live comfortably in big cities. What
problems are faced by the people living in big cities? What steps can be taken
to solve those problems?
Some people think the standard of living only benefits cities more than rural
areas. What problems might this situation cause and how to reduce the
problems?
How life is becoming easier in cities
1. Basics like healthcare, education, and transportation are better than ever
before in cities. For example, metro trains in Delhi have made travelling
both comfortable and safer.
2. Cities now have even better WiFi and telecommunication coverage so
many people are able to work from the comforts of their homes.
3. Many new restaurants, theatres, and cinemas have opened in big cities
which gives city dwellers more options for fun nights out with family and
friends.
Causes of declining quality of life in cities
1. Increasing environmental pollution: Increasing traffic has led to poor air
quality which is detrimental to the health of city dwellers and leads to
many respiratory ailments.
2. Large cities have a greater crime rate than rural areas. This is because
criminals have greater access to the wealthy, a denser victim population,
and more chances to escape in urban areas.
3. Cities are no longer affordable as overpopulation has led to an increase in
demand and so housing has become very expensive.
Solutions
1. Air contamination can be significantly reduced if the public transport
system is improved and there are higher taxes on the use of private
vehicles.
2. The government should promote bicycles in city centres by making
separate bike lanes so cities are suitable for bicyclists.
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3. Incentivising ride sharing and electric vehicles can also reduce pollution.
4. Crime rates can be controlled by installing surveillance cameras all over
the cities.
5. Funding for police and other law and order personnel should also be
increased so that they have the best technology for keeping the crimes in
check.
6. Population in cities can be controlled if connectivity between urban and
suburban areas is improved. People can commute to cities for work rather
than live there which will also bring down the housing demand in cities.
7. Governments should provide affordable housing options to city residents.
Housing shortages in big cities can cause severe social consequences. Some
people think only government action can solve this problem. To what extent
do you agree or disagree?
What the government can do to address the problem of housing shortage in
big cities
1. The government can use land banks in city centres where the housing
shortage is the most pronounced. Vacant and underutilized properties
can be used for housing development.
2. Government should prioritize rural area development and make them
more attractive, so cities come less crowded and housing demand goes
down.
3. Government should offer interest subsidies for home loans for home
buyers.
4. Government should provide affordable housing schemes to low income
families.
5. Housing goes hand in hand with other government objectives, such as
poverty reduction and employment generation. Thus the resources for
one scheme can be shared with those of other schemes. For example, in
India, the government promotes both housing and employment by giving
jobs to local masons and construction workers.
What the real estate sector can do to address the problem of housing
1. They are experts in the building and construction sector, and they can
assist the government in providing low cost housing.
2. Future construction projects should focus more on high rise development
rather than large luxury homes so that land can be used efficiently.
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An increasing number of people choose to live in big cities. What problems will
this bring about? Should the government encourage people to live in small
towns?
The movement of people from agricultural areas to cities to work can cause
serious problems in both places. What are the serious problems and what
measures can be taken to solve these problems?
The major cities in the world are growing fast, as well as their problems. What
are the problems that young people living in cities are facing? Give solutions
to these problems.
Young people are leaving their homes in the rural areas to go and work in the
cities. Why do they do so? What are the consequences? How to solve the
problem?
Nowadays young people prefer to move to big cities. However, older people
are the opposite and prefer to stay in the countryside. What are the positives
and negatives of this trend?
Problems arising in cities because of urbanization
1. Increasing pressure on the cities’ infrastructure. For example, as more and
more people crowd into cities, water delivery and sewerage disposal
systems are often found to be inadequate to cope with demand.
2. The cost of living goes up. There is an increased need for housing, which
pushes the property prices and rents.
3. Urbanization is also leading to an increase in the number of vehicles plying
on city roads. As a result, cities are getting congested and there is a rise in
noise and air pollution.
Problems arising in villages
1. Villages also have to bear the brunt of urbanization as the migration of
young people leads to a shortage of agricultural labour impacting
agricultural productivity.
2. It affects the demographics as only the old people would be left behind
and they would face isolation and depression.
Should government encourage people to live in towns
No, it would create problems and other options are better. A dramatic reduction
in the numbers of people in the cities would mean that many businesses would
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go broke. Restaurants, cafes, and other service areas would suffer
tremendously, and overcrowding would occur in the small towns.
Better Solutions
1. The government should increase the quality of life in rural areas by
providing urban facilities like hospitals, schools, shopping complexes, and
entertainment facilities in rural areas.
2. Create employment in villages by promoting industries to shift there
through tax and other incentives.
3. Governments should try to provide high speed connectivity between large
cities and neighbouring villages so that people prefer to commute rather
than migrate to cities.
Countries’ population is increasing so people believe we should build new
homes in existing cities instead of building new towns in the countryside. Do
you agree or disagree? Give examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Benefits of making new towns in the countryside
1. The housing in these new areas will be affordable for many, as the
land/property rates will be much lower as compared to the cities.
2. The present cities are already congested and there is a lot of burden on
the resources, like electricity, water supply, transport system, etc.
3. The new towns can be planned to be more energy efficient, and the issues
that the present cities now face can be taken care of right from the
inception stage. For instance, the plan can include more green belts, have
provision for solar panels, and have good public transport systems like
metros and subways.
Disadvantages of making new towns
1. If people move out to live in the new towns, then there will be a decline
in the local economy of the city. Many businesses may shut down.
2. People will move away from their workplaces and this move will affect
many households.
3. The commute time may increase for many people and the children may
have to change schools when the family moves to a new town.
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As transport and accommodation problems are increasing in many cities, some
governments are encouraging businesses to move to rural areas. Do you think
the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
Advantages of encouraging businesses to move to rural areas
1. Running a business in a rural area would be a lot less expensive. This is
because land prices are cheaper, raw materials are located closer and
workers can be hired for comparatively lower salaries.
2. The problems faced in urban areas like pollution, traffic, and crime
etcetera would fall as fewer people would move to urban areas in search
of jobs.
Disadvantages of encouraging businesses to move to rural areas
1. Businesses might find it difficult to find skilled or experienced workers in
villages and they might be forced to hire city dwellers to shift to rural
areas. For this, they might need to pay extra, thus increasing their costs.
2. Villages might face problems like pollution and waste dumping due to the
opening of industries. Thus, opening of industries in villages can adversely
impact the environment and the health of people.
3. Businesses might not be able to sustain themselves as they will shift away
from city centres, which are their main market. In other words, they might
not find enough customers to buy their products in such areas.
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As housing is a basic need for people, governments should provide free
housing for everyone who cannot afford it. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
Some people think that governments should be held responsible when
problems of homelessness and unemployment arise. Do you agree or
disagree?
Why should the government not provide free housing to all who cannot afford
it?
1. If the government started providing homes to all the people, it would
imbalance the economy. The government has so much on its shoulders.
2. The taxpayers would not be happy about it as their money, which they
pay as taxes, would be helping some people who may be unemployed just
to get government benefits.
3. If people knew they would get free housing, they would stop working hard
and become complacent. Such a policy would not be good for the
economy of any country.
What can the government do instead to ease the problem of homelessness?
Undoubtedly, it is the responsibility of the governments to improve the living
standards of the poorer sections of the society. For example, it can offer low
cost housing to people below the poverty line.
Why the government should not be responsible for homelessness
While I do agree that in certain situations the government can be held
accountable, there are also situations where homelessness and poverty can
occur despite good governance.
No government in the world can effectively control external affairs. For example,
a lot of people lost jobs due to the economic crisis in 2008. In fact, the US
recession affected India’s booming outsourcing industry.
Another befitting example here is of the coronavirus pandemic. Despite
conscious efforts of many governments, it shattered the economies worldwide
and caused a lot of homelessness and unemployment.
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In many cities, planners tend to arrange shops, schools, offices, and homes in
specific areas and separate them from each other. Do you think the
advantages of this policy outweigh the disadvantages?
Benefits of land zoning (arranging shops, schools, offices, and homes in specific
areas)
1. It ensures that there is less noise nuisance in residential areas. There is a
certain level of noise and traffic associated with the running of businesses
and shops and this can significantly impact the quality of life of the
residents living in the vicinity.
2. Land use zoning also helps to control land prices for residential areas.
When there is mixed land use, residents might be forced to pay
significantly higher rents
3. Such segregation allows local authorities to better manage parking and
traffic.
Drawbacks of land zoning
1. It encourages the use of cars because people have to cover long distances.
This also means children and people spend more time travelling and this
limits the time they can spend with family.
2. Mixed use enhances the vitality and security of an area by increasing the
number and activity of people on the street. In other words, there might
be increased house robberies and burglaries, when residential areas are
isolated.
Vocabulary check
Segregation: separation
Vitality: the state of being strong and active
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In some cities, there are few controls on the design and construction of homes
and office buildings, and the owners can decide on the styles of their houses.
Do the advantages of this outweigh its drawbacks?
Advantages of regulations on the design and construction of buildings
1. Lack of regulations may affect the uniformity of the community or the city.
For example, if a street is known for its traditionally designed houses, a
modern house may reduce the aesthetics of the whole neighbourhood.
2. Lack of design regulations can compromise the safety of the residents as
home designers might not be aware of the area's vulnerability to potential
natural disasters.
3. Having design restrictions is necessary because new constructions may
obstruct the light and ventilation of the older houses, which may lead to
bitterness among societies. Rules ensure that everyone can enjoy decent
living conditions.
4. Lack of design requirements can also lead to encroachments onto public
property. To cite an example, many people in India have extended their
front porches and gardens onto roads, constricting traffic flow.
Disadvantages of regulations/Advantages of freedom
1. It gives owners an opportunity to design houses according to their
personal preferences which may vary significantly from person to person.
For example, people who prefer spending time with nature might want a
bigger lawn and less built up space.
2. Eclectic neighbourhoods with diverse building designs have their own
charm and beauty.
Vocabulary check
Aesthetics: pleasing in appearance
Vulnerability: the quality or state of being exposed to
the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either
physically or emotionally.
Eclectic: selecting from various sources
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There are more new towns being built nowadays. It is more important to
include public parks and sports facilities than shopping centres for individuals
to spend their free time. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
It is important for all towns and cities to have large public outdoor places like
squares and parks. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Arguments for parks and sports facilities instead of shopping centres in new
towns
1. These facilities have a major role in improving the overall health and
wellness of the individuals and the community. People with easy access
to these facilities are physically more active and tend to spend more time
outdoors breathing the fresh air.
2. They create a healthy environment as plants and trees reduce pollution
and improve air quality.
3. These green spaces in the middle of a congested urban landscape provide
a connection to nature which relieves stress and improves mental health.
4. These facilities create safe neighbourhoods with fewer violent and
property crimes as more people are out on the street and neighbours tend
to support and protect one another.
5. Parks and open spaces facilitate social interaction and increase the
solidarity within communities. People get to know one another, learn
about one another’s cultures, and discuss common interests, concerns,
and goals.
6. They also add identity to a place and tend to attract tourists from all over
the world. Tourism in turn increases income for the businesses
surrounding these spaces like hotels and restaurants.
7. Youth also have the opportunity to use their endless energies in sports
and so are less likely to be involved in delinquent acts.
8. These parks, sports stadiums, and squares boost the economy of the
towns and cities. These spaces can earn revenue for the town by hosting
musical concerts, farmer’s markets, local games, art shows, etc.
9. People are embracing the convenience offered by online shopping and
this has made retail stores inside the city centres redundant.
10. Having a few shopping centres in the suburban areas are enough for any
shopping needs that virtual stores cannot fulfil.
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Nowadays, some buildings, such as offices and schools have open-space
designs instead of separate rooms. Why is it so? Do you think it is a positive or
a negative development?
Advantages / Reasons of open-space designs
1. The cost of land has increased a lot in recent years, especially in urban
areas. Having an open design is a lot cheaper. In addition, without doors
and walls, a lot more students and staff can be accommodated in the
same space.
2. Openness promotes sharing and this in effect promotes cooperation and
productivity. In open offices, employees have to share equipment like
stationery, which leads to more communication.
3. There is better collaboration in open spaces.
4. In open classrooms, children can see each other’s progress and help each
other. For example, children who are strong in mathematics can help
other students with difficult concepts like calculus, algebra, etc.
Drawbacks of open-space designs
1. The high levels of noise in open offices can be very distracting.
Teachers/Employees may have to shout to express themselves.
2. The lack of privacy can decrease comfort levels and impact performance.
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Miscellaneous
Essays
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Tomorrow is the most important thing in our life." However, some people
think that the present time is more important. How important is it for
individuals and the country to think and do something for the future?
Why should individuals think about the future
1. The mortality rate has come down and the span of life is generally longer,
but the period of earning is comparatively limited. Therefore, during one’s
earning span, one has to put aside enough money for the later years,
when it will be impossible to work anymore.
2. The requirements in old age are sometimes more than a person's needs
during the period of his youth. Deteriorating health translates into higher
medical bills and hospital charges.
3. A person has to provide for the education and marriage expenses of the
dependent members of the family, like children and even grandchildren.
4. One may incur extra expenditure on leisure activities. People generally
travel more after retirement to meet their relatives and friends who may
be settled and staying far away from them.
5. There would also be the usual expenses on house maintenance and
repair, and the payment of personal and property taxes.
Why should countries think about the future?
1. Cities should be planned nicely.
2. Government needs to plan to support the rising elderly population.
3. Good educational institutes and health centres should be there in all
areas.
4. If only today is looked into and no planning is done for tomorrow then
crime and violence would increase in society and everyone would suffer.
5. Relations with other countries should also be maintained. After all, we all
live in a well-connected global village today.
Why is present important
People should not live the present in a miserly way and save everything for the
future. A person should spend on the basic necessities of life and provide good
education and healthcare to his family. Spending extravagantly is bad, but a
frugal life can be led, which will definitely not spoil the present.
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People’s shopping habits depend more on the age group they belong to than
other factors. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Besides age, there are numerous other factors, which have an equal impact on
how and why people buy things.
Effect of age on shopping habits
During his life, a consumer could change his diet from unhealthy products, such
as fast foods, to a healthier diet to avoid health problems. His clothing
preferences also would change with age. Therefore, age does affect shopping
habits.
Effect of gender
In general, men have a different attitude about shopping than women do. In
fact, women are responsible for two-thirds of all household product purchases,
whereas men buy about three-quarters of all alcoholic beverages. Their personal
needs are also different. The clothes, toiletries, accessories, etcetera all
requirements are different.
Effect of socio-economic status
The upper strata of society is very brand conscious. The middle- and lowerincome groups have to see their budget and spend accordingly.
Peer pressure
If one friend has an iPhone, the other also buys the same. Advertisements, which
keep bombarding people with info about any product, also affect consumerism.
Individual differences
Two consumers can be similar in age, personality, gender, and so on but still,
purchase very different products. On top of that biological and chronological age
are very different. A 60-year-old may be young at heart and buy clothes, which
a 20-year-old may find too flamboyant.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
429
Throughout history, male leaders have always led us to violence and conflict.
If female leaders govern a society, it will be more peaceful. To what extent do
you agree or disagree with this opinion?
Why the belief that women leaders would lead to less violence, is wrong
1. People think that women are soft-hearted, patient, compassionate, and
more pliable than men. However, I think that such women would not get
a chance to lead a society in the first place. Only women who are strongwilled, objective and confident would get the opportunity to head a
nation or society.
2. To prove they are strong, women sometimes follow a policy of more
aggression than normal. History has examples of such leaders like
Margaret Thatcher whose policies were very aggressive and not at all
peace oriented.
3. The policy a country follows depends upon the situation a country faces
rather than the gender of the leader.
4. If people want to really prove that women leaders would lead to less
violence, firstly women should be given more opportunities in leadership
positions. History has very few examples of women in leadership
positions.
Vocabulary check
Pliable: easily influenced
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
430
Intelligence is the most important quality for a leader. Do you agree or
disagree?
Why is intelligence not the most important quality in a leader
Intelligence is not the most important quality needed by a good leader because
any single trait is not enough to be a good leader. It has to be a blend of many
traits.
1. Some abilities like good interpersonal skills, communication, and
oratorical skills are essential, as it is only through these abilities that a
leader can inspire, motivate and encourage his/her team or followers on
the path of success or progress.
2. Integrity and optimism are the foundation of a good leader. People seek
honesty, integrity, and positivity in a leader, be it a politician, a team
manager, or a project leader. If any of these attributes are missing in a
person, he/she cannot be an effective leader.
3. One more important skill is to be able to identify the strengths and
weaknesses in the team members. By doing this very good results can be
achieved by the appropriate assignment of work to the team members,
as per their caliber.
4. He/she should be a visionary. A leader should be able to envision the best
way to achieve the goal and how to make it work effectively for many
years to come.
Leaders become great, not because of their power,
but because of their ability to empower others
John Maxwell
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
431
Ambition is an important character for people who want to be successful in
life. How important is it? Is it a positive or negative characteristic?
How important is ambition
1. Ambition provides the energy required to achieve goals. Life is full of
challenges and things are not handed out, but rather require significant
hard work and effort.
2. Ambitious people do not lose spirit when facing challenges and remain
motivated even during tough times.
3. Ambition makes people confident. When people achieve goals, they gain
the confidence to take on even more difficult tasks.
4. Ambitious people are happier. There is no greater joy or happiness in life
than the satisfaction of achieving goals and ambition makes this possible.
Negatives of ambition
As such there are no negatives of ambition. Some people manipulate and harm
others to achieve their goals. This is bad, but I think it is not the ambition to
blame. It is the lack of moral values and ethics in those people.
Positives of ambition
People without ambition take very little risk in life and as a result achieve
nothing. They have no dreams, no vision, no direction, and, therefore, they get
nowhere.
The people who are crazy enough to think they can
change the world are the ones who do.
Steve Jobs
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
432
Some people think that politicians have the greatest influence on the world.
Other people, however, believe that scientists have the greatest influence.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Why politicians have more influence on the world
1. Politicians enforce laws to maintain social harmony in the country. These
legislators represent the common man and do their best so that no one is
devoid of their fundamental rights.
2. They represent their countries in matters where global cooperation is
needed. They have the power to change the standing of their nation in
the whole world.
Why scientists have more influence on the world
1. They have bettered our life through research in different fields like
medicine, electricity, automobiles, etc.
2. It would not be wrong to say that today, the impact of scientists is there
in every field. The contribution of scientists in the field of communication
has shrunk the whole planet Earth into a global village.
3. Because of scientists, education has reached the remotest corners of the
world.
Own View: The role of both is equal but incomparable
To do their jobs well, scientists and politicians must operate in very different
settings, but it is also important that they act together to improve the lives of
people. In many ways their roles are interdependent. Scientists may not have
been able to achieve all that much without the funding from the government.
Similarly, the politicians decide which research should be funded more than
others. So, the roles of both are equally important and incomparable.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
433
Most countries want to improve their standard of living through economic
development. However, others think social values are lost as a result. Do you
think the advantages of economic development outweigh the disadvantages?
Advantages of economic development
1. Due to economic development businesses earn more revenues and
profits and they also pay higher taxes to the government. In effect, the
government is able to spend more on services like healthcare and
education, and thus it raises literacy rates and increases people’s life
expectancy.
2. More tax revenues also mean that the government is able to spend more
on social welfare measures and bring more people out of poverty.
3. As people become more affluent, they consume more products and
services and this directly enhances their quality of life.
4. As people buy more products, firms also hire more employees to meet
the increased demands. This leads to a reduction in unemployment.
5. Economic development increases the status of the country, in terms of its
political clout and trading power. A good example is the rise of China in
the past two decades.
Disadvantages of economic development
1. In the quest for raising their living standard, people fail to maintain work
life balance and this not only affects family relationships but also social
harmony.
2. Economic development is also associated with a rise in materialism and
consumerism. In effect, people start defining success from a financial
standpoint and material possessions rather than one’s impact on society.
This means that people stop caring about social welfare or helping the
poor and focus only on getting rich.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
434
The number of people interested in cosmetic surgery is increasing in order to
improve their physical appearance. Why do people go for operations to change
the way they look? Do you think it is a positive or a negative development?
Why do people go for cosmetic surgeries?
1. Movies and celebrities have set impossible beauty standards, and these
are nearly impossible to achieve without plastic surgery.
2. Bullying and body-shaming by peers: Bullying has an effect on the
psychological functioning of people and this in turn increases their desire
for cosmetic surgeries.
Advantages of cosmetic surgeries
1. It increases people’s self-confidence and esteem. In other words, when
individuals think they look good, they become more outgoing and social.
2. Cosmetic surgery can have health benefits as well. For example, there are
circumstances where rhinoplasty not only improves the appearance of a
patient’s nose but also makes it much easier for the individual to breathe
by clearing the air passages of the nasal cavity.
Disadvantages of cosmetic surgeries
1. Cosmetic surgeries are expensive, and this means that they are
unaffordable for many people. In effect, this leads to people taking loans
for such surgeries and going into debt.
2. Cosmetic surgeries are addictive, and some people go for multiple
surgeries in a quest to achieve their perfect body shape. Multiple
procedures can have negative effects on an individual's muscles and skin.
3. Such surgeries are creating a culture of vanity. The young generation
today has a very limited perception of beauty, and they forget that inner
beauty is what actually matters.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
435
Today, many people rely on the internet to diagnose and cure their own health
problems instead of seeing a doctor. Why is this happening? Is it a positive or
negative development?
Why do people use the internet to diagnose and cure their own health
problems – web diagnosis
1. It’s a much cheaper way of getting a diagnosis. Doctor appointments cost
more money than what millions of people can afford and may involve
unnecessary tests which are also very expensive.
2. Seeing a doctor is time-consuming, so people prefer finding information
on the internet rather than waiting hours in clinics and hospitals.
3. Modern technologies like search engines, smartphones, social networks,
etc. have made it very convenient to get this information.
Why Web diagnosis is a negative development
1. Information on the internet is not regulated and some websites can have
inaccurate or outdated information.
2. Some people intentionally post manipulative information on the internet
for their benefit. Vulnerable people can trust these misleading sites and
adopt beliefs that not only conflict with regular medical practices but do
nothing to improve their health.
3. After researching their symptoms online people may develop
unnecessary fears which is not good for their mental health.
4. Improper self-treatment or wrong diagnosis can aggravate the situation
and people may get even sicker.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
436
Spoken communication is always more powerful than written communication.
Do you agree or disagree?
Where spoken communication is more powerful
1. Oral communication is more effective when an instant response is
required as it establishes direct contact between the sender and the
receiver.
2. Unlike written communication, verbal communication does not require
any pen, paper, or computer.
3. Besides words, gestures, body language and variations in the intensity of
voice can be used to convey meaning to an audience. Because of this,
there are less chances of misunderstanding in case of verbal
communication.
Where written communication is more powerful
1. Written words can be chosen with great deliberation and thought. One
can write and rewrite to get the message perfect, but spoken words
cannot be retracted, although one can apologise for a mistake.
2. Written communication is preferred where a permanent record is needed
for future reference. For example, in case of business dealings, it is better
to communicate in writing from a legal perspective.
Vocabulary check
Retract: draw back
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
437
Some people think residents should keep their streets clean and tidy while
others say it is the government’s responsibility. Discuss both views and give
your opinion.
Why should governments be responsible for keeping the streets
1. People have already paid a lot of taxes and so it is the onus of the
government to maintain a city’s streets. Part of the tax money should be
allocated for providing public waste bins on every street, collecting and
disposing this waste properly on time.
2. It’s the government’s responsibility to enforce strict laws and punish
people who are found littering. For example, Singapore one of the
cleanest cities in the world imposes a penalty of up to 1000 SGD on people
if caught dropping litter.
Why should results be responsible for keeping the streets
1. It’s the people that need to take personal responsibility and pride in
keeping their neighbourhood clean.
2. Government can provide public trash bins but it’s the responsibility of the
citizens to make sure that they use them. If people can keep the inside of
their houses clean, then why not the outside? Habits like spitting in the
open and throwing cigarette butts on the road need to be changed.
3. There is not enough money or manpower to keep the city clean if the
citizens are unwilling to do their part. So, people should make a conscious
effort to properly dispose of their trash and train their children to do the
same rather than expecting the government to do it for them.
Own view
It should be a joint effort
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
438
Some people think there is no need of professional photographers as they
can click Photographs themselves very easily. Do you agree or disagree?
Why are professional photographers needed even today
1. For important milestones like weddings, anniversaries, and birthday
parties, it is important to have something to look back at, years later.
Having a professional photographer do this job ensures that one gets time
to enjoy such events without having to worry about juggling a camera and
trying to get nonblurry shots of all the party guests. A professional
photographer is able to slip unnoticeably around the party and get the
best candid shots.
2. Professional photographers are experts at touching up the images,
editing, and removing any unwanted objects.
3. Professional photographers are also very important for businesses as
high-quality images add to the success of a business. They have a lot of
gear like lights and tripods and can use skills like staging, lighting,
positioning, etc to highlight the best bits and make an ordinary product
look spectacular. For example, in real estate photography, it’s important
to highlight the interior and exterior and a good professional photograph
can make a property sell much faster.
Some people believe that hobbies need to be difficult to be enjoyable. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
Why hobbies do not need to be difficult to be enjoyable
1. People follow hobbies for relaxation and enjoyment, and different people
enjoy different hobbies. Some people pursue easy hobbies, such as
watching movies, listening to music, or playing some easy games like
angry birds or snakes and ladders, which do not involve much difficulty.
2. Some activities which can be very tough for one person can be easy for
the other. So, I believe it is not the degree of difficulty which makes a
hobby more interesting or enjoyable but the interest people take in it.
3. There are some hobbies that involve some challenges and can give people
a sense of satisfaction or sense of achievement, and this sense of
achievement makes them enjoy those hobbies. But it would be wrong to
say that only difficult hobbies are enjoyable.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
439
Some shops are open 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. Do you think it is a
good thing for the customers, shop staff and company as a whole?
Advantages of shops being open 24/7
Advantages to customers
1. These shops offer flexible shopping times as people are working day and
night in today’s globalised world.
2. 24-hour stores also benefit those with more urgent needs, such as
patients released from hospitals during the night in need of pain
medication, and parents whose sick child needs a prescription. These
allow parents to shop after children go to bed and this doesn’t interrupt
crucial time with children.
3. Such stores are a boon for those who do not like to shop during the day
because it is too busy and overcrowded.
Advantages to job seekers
1. Plenty of jobs have been created and there are more choices for people
to apply for evening work as there are vacancies for late evenings and
early mornings. The option of night shifts is possible for those who have
commitments during the day, such as students.
2. The pay for evening work can sometimes be more than that during the
day.
3. There are staff discounts on the goods sold within such shops as well as
other company benefits which is why working in such supermarkets is
very popular among many job seekers.
Advantages to companies
1. It enables them to get more business as shoppers are welcome to shop
and purchase whenever they want and whatever they want.
2. They will also be able to take on staff specifically for stacking and filling
shelves because during the day there will be too many customers around
to be able to fill the shelves properly.
3. 24 hour supermarkets also enable deliveries at any time of day and night
without the need of worrying about late deliveries due to the store having
to close.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
440
In many countries around the world, shopping has turned into a form of
entertainment rather than a way of getting what people need. Discuss the
reasons for this trend. Is it a positive or a negative development?
Why has shopping turned into an entertainment
1. As online sales have increased, the malls that don’t use entertainment are
striving more and more to survive the competition.
2. The increased number of restaurants and cafes can improve the mood
and induce the shopper’s buying behaviour.
3. The longer people stay in the building, the more potential customers
these outlets can entice with their product range.
Advantages
1. Consumers get to do multitasking, which means they combine
entertainment with shopping. This is very important as people are
suffering from a lack of time in this highly competitive era.
2. This trend has given employment to many. For instance, people are
working in the food and entertainment outlets in addition to the retail
outlets.
3. The best way to cope with stress or any kind of strong and negative
emotion is to hit the malls and do retail therapy and boost it up with other
ways of entertainment too.
Disadvantages
1. When shopping malls include entertainment to lure customers, the small
shopkeeper suffers. Now he not only has to compete with online shops,
but he also has to compete with these malls.
2. The attractive discounts they offer makes people pile up things in the
home that they don’t even need. It also leads to a use-and-throw society
which is detrimental to the environment
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
441
Wearing fashionable clothes is becoming important today. Is the attitude to
wearing fashionable clothes a positive development or a negative
development
Advantages of following fashion in clothes
1. It makes people feel confident. Whatever people wear, if they think that they
are looking good, they will feel a great sense of confidence. They feel less
stressed and happier. On the whole, it helps to maintain positive self-esteem.
2. Fashion helps people connect with other people of the same interests, and
leads to bonding with like-minded people.
3. Fashion plays a crucial role in giving the first impression of a person. It is a
non-verbal form of communication.
4. It also adds variety to life when people try out new apparel to satisfy the
creative urge in them.
Disadvantages of following fashion in clothes
1. It creates a sharp divide between the haves and the have-nots because the
rich have the means and the resources to indulge in this luxury. This in turn
creates a psychological imbalance in the youth. They try to ape their affluent
friends, but in the absence of means, resort to petty crime.
2. Some youth become so obsessed with fashion that whole day they think only
about fashion and waste useful time which they should be spending on
studies.
3. They may feel anxiety, depression, or eating disorders when they are not
dressed up to the mark.
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams
442
It is a fact that people nowadays are under a lot of pressure and their lives
are becoming increasingly stressful. What could be the possible reasons for
this? What are some solutions to address this issue?
Causes of Stress
1. Workers are given unrealistic deadlines and everybody has to strive to
survive in this time of cut-throat competition.
2. There are stresses even at home. The demands of children are rocketing
in this era of consumerism. Inflation is going higher and higher.
3. Children and teenagers also have their own share of stress in this highly
competitive era.
4. Lack of communication between parents and children leads to a
generation gap which causes more stress.
Solutions
1. One should do a stress audit. By identifying the stresses which are
overwhelming, one can look at prevention as well as cure.
2. People should set realistic goals. Trying to make big changes usually
results in failure and disappointment. By lowering one’s standards, one can
create far more 'wins' for oneself, and 'wins' make everyone feel great.
3. As misunderstandings are another big cause of stress, anything that
improves communication will reduce pressure.
4. Regular physical exercise also helps in relieving stress. Exercising releases
endorphins, which give a good feeling. Physical activity will also make the
person tired enough to sleep well, and a good night’s sleep is very important
to alleviate stress.
The greatest weapon against stress is our ability to
choose one thought over another.
William James
Ideas for Essays – Kiran Makkar English for Exams