ROUNDWORMS
Intestinal Nematodes/Soil
Helminthiasis
Ascaris lumbricoides(Giant
roundworm)
Mode of transmission: Ingestion of embryonated egg
Infective stage: Embryonated egg in the soil
Diagnostic stage: Ova or egg present in the stool
Treatment: Mebendazole
Preventive measures: Personal hygiene, avoid in direct
contact with the soil.
Necator americanus/Ancylostoma
doudenale (Hookworm)
Mode of transmission: Direct contact with the soil
containing Filariform larvae
Infective stage: Filarifirm larvae in the soil
Diagnostic stage: Ova or egg present in the stool
Treatment: Mebendazole
Preventive measures: Personal hygiene, avoid in direct
contact with the soil.
Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
Mode of transmission: Ingestion of embryonated egg
Infective stage: Embryonated egg in the soil
Diagnostic stage: Ova or egg present in the stool
Treatment: Mebendazole
Preventive measures: Personal hygiene, avoid in direct
contact with the soil.
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
Mode of transmission: Ingestion of embryonated egg
Infective stage: Embryonated egg
Diagnostic stage: Ova or egg present using scotch tape
method or larvae in the stool or urine sample.
Treatment: Mebendazole
Preventive measures: Personal hygiene and
environmental sanitation
Trichinella spiralis (Trichinosis)
Mode of transmission: Ingestion of undercooked pork
meat containing encysted larvae in striated muscle
Infective stage: Encysted larvae in striated muscle
Diagnostic stage: Muscle Biopsy showing Encysted
larvae in striated muscle
Treatment: Mebendazole, Albendazole, thiabendazole
Preventive measures: Cook meat properly
Blood and Tissue nematodes
Filarial parasites of Human beings
2 species endemic in the Philippines
Wuchereia bancrofti and Brugia malayi
Wuchereia bancrofti(bancroftian
filariasis, Elephantiasis
Mode of transmission: mosquitoe bites
Infective stage: larvae in the mosquitoe
Diagnostic stage: microfilariae larvae seen in blood
smear
Intermediate host: Mosquitoe ( Culex quinquefasciatus)
Definitive host: Human
Treatment: Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)
Preventive measures: Spraying or the use of insecticides,
use of bednets, protective clothings and Health
teaching.
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
Taenia saginata (Beef tapeworm)
Mode of transmission: ingestion of undercooked meat
Infective stage: cysticerci in muscle
Diagnostic stage: recovery of the gravid proglottides or
eggs from the feces
Intermediate host: pig or cow
Definitive host: Human
Treatment: Praziquantrel or Distocide
Preventive measures: Cook meat properly
Schistosoma japonicum(Snail fever)
Mode of transmission: skin penetration of cercaria in the
water(Swimmers itch)
Infective stage: cercariae
Diagnostic stage: eggs in the stool/ rectal biopsy
Intermediate host: snail(Oncomelania quadrasi)
Definitive host: Human
Treatment: Praziquantrel or Distocide
Preventive measures: Avoid in contact with water
infested with cercaria
Paragonimus westermani (Lung
fluke)
Mode of transmission: Ingestion of uncook crustacaeans
( river shrimps/crab) containing metacercariae
Infective stage: Metacercariae
Diagnostic stage: eggs in the stool/sputum
Intermediate host: Snail (1st)crustaceans ( river shrimps/
crabs)2nd
Definitive host: Human
Treatment: Praziquantrel or Distocide
Preventive measures: Cook food properly, Health
teaching
Fasciola hepatica (Liver fluke)
Mode of transmission: Ingestion of aquatic vegetation
infested containing metacercariae
Infective stage: Metacercariae
Diagnostic stage: eggs in the stool
Intermediate host: snail ( lymnaea truncatula)1st and
aquatic vegetataion 2nd intermediate host
Definitive host: Human
Treatment: Praziquantrel or Distocide
Preventive measures: Cook food properly like aquatic
vegetation (kangkong), Health teaching