10
Science
Quarter 1 - Module 1
Volcano and Its Relation
to Plate Tectonics
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines
Science- Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 1: Volcano and Its Relation to Plate Tectonics
First Edition, 2020
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10
Science
Quarter 1 – Module 1
Volcano and its Relation
to Plate Tectonics
This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed
by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
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Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines
Table of Contents
COVER PAGE
COPYRIGHT PAGE
TITLE PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
WHAT THIS MODULE IS ALL ABOUT
HOW TO LEARN THIS MODULE
GUIDLEINES AND REMINDERS
Lesson 1: Plate Tectonic Theory
What I Need to Know
What I Know
What’s In
What’s New
What Is It
What’s More
What I Have Learned
What I Can Do
Assessment
Additional Activity
Lesson 2: Kinds of Volcanoes
What I Need to Know
What I Know
What’s In
What’s New
What Is It
What’s More
What I Have Learned
What I Can Do
Assessment
Additional Activity
Lesson 1: Distribution of Volcanoes
What I Need to Know
What I Know
What’s In
What’s New
What Is It
What’s More
What I Have Learned
What I Can Do
Assessment
Additional Activity
Unit Assessment
Answer Key
References
Page
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25
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What This Module is About
Introductory Message
Welcome to the Science 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Volcano and Its
Relation to Plate Tectonics.
To the facilitator:
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from
public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners
meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and
economic constraints in schooling.
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also
need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning.
Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks
included in the module.
To the parents:
As vital partners in education, your support to your children’s learning at home is a great factor
to ensure that they will become successful in what they do. As parents, you are expected to
monitor your children’s progress while they are accomplishing the tasks in this module while
at the same time, ensuring that they learn independently.
The objectives set for this learning material will be certainly accomplished with your steadfast
guidance and support.
To the learner:
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning
activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the
needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.
Furthermore, it is our objective that you will have fun while going through this material. Take
charge of your learning pace and in no time, you will successfully meet the targets and
objectives set in this module which are intended for your ultimate development as a learner
and as a person.
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
•
Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
•
Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
•
Answer all the given tests and exercises.
Icons of this Module
What I Need to
This part contains learning objectives that
Know
are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.
What I know
This is an assessment as to your level of
knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
What’s In
What’s New
Knowledge
This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.
An introduction of the new lesson through
various activities, before it will be presented
to you
What is It
These are discussions of the activities as a
way to deepen your discovery and understanding of the concept.
What’s More
These are follow-up activities that are intended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.
What I Have
Learned
Activities designed to process what you
have learned from the lesson
What I can do
These are tasks that are designed to showcase your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.
What I Can Do
This section provides an activity which will help you
transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.
Assessment
This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of
mastery in achieving the learning competency.
Additional Activities
In this portion, another activity will be given to you to
enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned.
This also tends to retention of learned concepts.
Answer Key
This contains answers to all activities in the module.
At the end of this module you will also find:
References
This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.
Guidelines and Reminders
The following are some guidelines and reminders to remember when using this module:
1. Use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module.
Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Do not forget to answer the What I Know section before moving on to the next activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks found in this module, do not hesitate
to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep
understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
-
From the Science 10 Module Development
Team
This page is intentionally left blank
Lesson
1
EARTH AND SPACE
Plate Tectonic Theory
What I Need to Know
Have you ever wondered how the land masses, the islands and continents, were
formed? Did they just exist the way they are now or the results of a long process and
sequential events?
In this lesson, you will learn about the Plate Tectonic Theory. Specifically, you will:
a. Identify the tectonic plates of the world; and,
b. Describe how these tectonic plates behave.
What I Know
Matching Type: Relate each statement in column A to the options in column B.
Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
_____ 1. The formation of new crust on the ocean floor
a. Pangaea
_____ 2. A long narrow chain of underwater hills or
mountains
_____ 3. Boundary formed where two plates bump into
each other
_____ 4. Boundary found where plates are moving
apart at mid-ocean ridges
_____ 5. Wegner’s large continent
b. Gondwanaland
_____ 6. A theory stating that the Earth’s surface is
composed of broken pieces
_____ 7. Melted material that rises from the mantle
f.
_____ 8. The single continent million years ago made
up of the southern continents
_____ 9. Forces responsible for the movement of
plates
_____ 10. The northern continental group formed
million years ago
h. Ridge
1
c. Convection currents
d. Plate tectonic theory
e. Laurasia
Colliding boundary
g. Magma
i.
spreading boundary
j.
rift
_____ 11. The first layer of the lithosphere
k. seafloor spreading
_____ 12. The Earth layer where magma come from
l.
_____ 13. The cyclic movement of molten rock in the
mantle
_____ 14. Currently the biggest continent
m. core
_____ 15. The innermost layer of the lithosphere
o. Asia
convection cell
n. crust
p. mantle
What’s In
The lithosphere (solid part of the Earth) is composed of three major layers, the crust
(outermost layer), the mantle (the middles layer), and the core (the innermost layer). The Earth’s
crust is composed of several broken plates that move continuously. These movements are
caused by the properties and processes that occur in the Earth’s interior. Due to intense heat in
the Earth’s interior, the molten rock (magma) in the mantle moves in a cyclic pattern forming
convection cells (Figure 1.1). In the cell, the warmer material from the lower layer of the mantle
near the core rises. As it rises, moving away from the core, it slowly cools down and eventually
sinks again and is replaced by the rising warmer material forming a never-ending cycle. This
movement is extremely slow that its effects can only be discerned after thousands or millions of
years.
Figure 1.1. The Convection Cell
2
What’s New
It was Alfred Wegener, an Austrian climatologist, who first noted the theory on the
movement of the Earth’s land masses and is known today as the modern Plate Tectonic Theory
(Oskin, 2017). This theory states that the Earth’s crust is composed of several broken plates that
continuously move either away, past, or towards each other.
In the early 1900s, Alfred Wegener observed that the coastal areas of the continents today
seemed to look like jigsaw puzzle pieces that fit to each other. With this observation, he inferred
that the Earth could have once been composed of only one continent and was split into several
smaller continents due to lithospheric processes through time.
What Is It
Theories on the movement of the lithosphere:
1. Continental Drift theory (Alfred Wegener) (Oskin, 2017)
- This theory states that the Earth was once composed of only one
supercontinent called Pangaea. Through time, this supercontinent split into
two sub-continents, Laurasia and Gondwanaland. Million years further,
Laurasia split into a few smaller continents forming the continents in the
northern hemisphere of the Earth. This includes Asia, Europe, North America,
South America, and Africa. On the other hand, the continents of the southern
hemisphere, Australia and Antarctica, are the two continents divided from
Gondwanaland.
2. Seafloor Spreading Theory (www.divediscover.whoi.edu)
- Proposed by Harry Hess of Princeton University
- States that the seafloor is continuously spreading and the extra crust gets
recycled into the mantle
3. Plate Tectonics Theory (www.ck12.org; Oskin, 2017)
- States that the crust is composed of different plates which move either towards,
away or past each other.
- The modern version of the Continental Drift Theory of Alfred Wegener
We already learned that the mantle is composed of semifluid molten rock that
moves constantly in a cyclic pattern forming convection cells. As the molten rock moves
in the mantle, with the extreme pressure, some of the molten rock escapes through the
3
cracks in the crust and along the boundaries of the tectonic plates resulting in earthquakes
and volcanic activities (National Geographic, 2014).
Perhaps, the most known tectonic boundaries that consist of many active
volcanoes and where frequent earthquakes occur is the Pacific Ring of Fire. The “ring” is
composed of the boundaries of the Pacific Plate, Philippine Plate, Eurasian Plate, Juan
de Fuca and Cocos plates, and the Nazca Plate.
What’s More
In the figure below, identify and list down the different tectonic plates in the world
(15 points).
Figure 1.2. The Tectonic Plate of the World (Source: http://pubs.usgs.gov)
4
What I Have Learned
Describe what is shown in the figure below. Identify the plates that move away, past, or
towards each other.
Source: https://www.ck12.org/earth-science/earths-tectonic-plates/lesson/Earths-Tectonic-Plates-HS-ES/
What I Can Do
Putting Back Together
Instructions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Print a world map.
Cut out the continents.
Like the jigsaw puzzle pieces, fit the cutout land masses to form the Pangaea.
Show it to your facilitator.
5
Assessment
Matching Type: Relate each statement in column A to the options in column B. Write the
letter of your answer in your sheet of paper.
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
_____ 1. The first layer of the lithosphere
a. convection cell
_____ 2. The Earth layer where magma come from
b. core
_____ 3. The cyclic pattern of the molten rock in the
mantle
_____ 4. Currently the biggest continent
c. crust
_____ 5. The innermost layer of the lithosphere
e. mantle
_____ 6. The formation of new crust on the ocean floor
f.
_____ 7. A long narrow chain of underwater hills or
mountains
_____ 8. Boundary formed where two plates bump into
each other
_____ 9. Boundary found where plates are moving
apart at mid-ocean ridges
_____ 10. Wegner’s large continent
g. Gondwanaland
_____ 11. A theory stating that the Earth’s surface is
broken into many pieces
_____ 12. Melted material that rises from the mantle
k. colliding boundary
_____ 13. The single continent million years ago made
up of the southern continents
_____ 14. Forces responsible for the movement of
plates
_____ 15. The northern continental group formed
million years ago
m. ridge
d. Asia
Pangaea
h. convection currents
i.
Plate Tectonic theory
j.
Laurasia
l.
magma
n. spreading boundary
o. rift
p. seafloor spreading
6
Additional Activity
The Plate Tectonic states that there was once a supercontinent, Pangaea, that broke into
smaller continents of today. Identify the numbered pieces as to what continent or land mass it is
today.
7
Lesson
2
EARTH AND SPACE
Kinds of Volcanoes
What I Need to Know
In this lesson, you will learn about volcanoes and their major types. You are
expected to identify the different major types of volcanoes in terms of morphology and
volcanic activity.
What I Know
Multiple Choice. Select the correct from the given choices. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What is a volcano?
A. A large storm with very high-speed winds.
B. A large cloud that generates rain, hail, and lighting.
C. An opening in the Earth’s crust where magma erupts to the surface.
D. A violent shaking of the Earth that occurs when two tectonic plates bump into each
other.
2. How many major types of volcanoes are there?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
C. Lava
D. Shield
3. Which volcano is the least explosive?
A. Composite
B. Cinder cone
4. What type of volcano has a very broad shape with gentle slopes?
A. Composite
B. Cinder cone
C. Lava
D. Shield
C. Lava
D. Shield
5. Which type of volcano is the most explosive?
A. Composite
B. Cinder cone
8
6. What type of volcanoes form from wide thin layers of lava?
A. Composite
B. Cinder cone
C. Lava
D. Shield
7. What type of volcanoes are formed over many years and can grow to mountains of over
8,000 feet tall?
A. Composite
B. Cinder cone
C. Lava
D. Shield
9. Which of the following best describes a volcano?
A. It is a mountain.
B. It is conical in shape.
C. It causes earthquakes.
D. It causes earthquakes and produces lava during volcanic eruptions.
10. What is a volcanic lava?
A. Gas clouds created by volcanoes.
B. Molten rock deep in the Earth’s crust.
C. Ash that is spewed out onto Earth’s surface.
D. Magma bursts through into Earth’s surface as a bright angle liquid.
11. Which of the following is the most active in the Philippines?
A. Arayat
B. Hibok-Hibok
C. Kanlaon
D. Mayon
12. What do we call molten hot liquid rock once it erupts to the Earth’s surface?
A. Cinder
B. Igneous
C. Lava
D. Magma
13. What do we call molten hot liquid while it is still below the Earth’s surface?
A. Cinder
B. Igneous
C. Lava
D. Magma
14. Which type of volcano is characterized by tall, cone-shaped mountains in which layers of
lava alternate with layers of ash.
A. Cinder-cone volcano
B. Composite volcano
C. Shield volcano
D. Stratovolcano
15. Which of the following DOES NOT belong to the group?
A. Apo
B. Kilauea
C. Mayon
9
D. Pinatubo
What’s In
Volcanoes are generally described as mountains that emit volcanic products like lava,
rocks, ashes, and gases from the interior of the Earth through its vents. It is also described as
mountains that are formed through the deposit of these volcanic products (Bagley, 2018).
Volcanoes have different characteristics. They are categorized based on their shape and structure
and their volcanic activity.
What’s New
There are three major types of volcanoes based on their shapes and structure. In your
own perspective, characterize the different volcanic structures below.
Volcanic Structures
Characterization
10
What Is It
The three major categories of volcanoes based on structure (Bagley, 2018):
Types of Volcanoes in Terms of Structure
Cinder Cone Volcano
Shield Volcano
Characteristics
-
Steep slope
Emits ash during eruption
-
Wide base
Emits lava
Looks like a shield hence
the name
Half way of having steep
slope and wide base
Emits both ash and lava
Composite Volcano or Stratovolcano
-
11
Moreover, volcanoes are also classified based on volcanic activity. Here are the types of
volcanoes based on its behavior.
Types of Volcanoes in Terms of Activity
Characteristics
-
These are volcanoes that are
“currently erupting or are
expected to erupt in the near
future”
-
These are “not currently erupting
but have erupted within
recordable history and are
expected to erupt again in the
future.”
-
“These volcanoes are considered
as dead and are not expected to
erupt in the future.”
Active Volcano
Dormant Volcano
Extinct Volcano
What’s More
Characterize the type of volcano shown in the picture below in terms of its morphology.
Identinfy whether it is active, dormant, or extinct. Defend your answer.
12
What I Have Learned
Identify the different types of volcanoes in terms of morphology and in terms of volcanic
activity. Illustrate each type of volcano.
What I Can Do
Identify at least five volcanoes in the Philippines. Classify each of these volcanoes in terms
of morphology and volcanic activity.
Assessment
Multiple Choice: Select the correct from the given choices.
1. Which of the following is the most active in the Philippines?
A. Arayat
B. Hibok-Hibok
C. Kanlaon
D. Mayon
2. What do we call molten hot liquid rock once it erupts to the Earth’s surface?
A. Cinder
B. Igneous
C. Lava
D. Magma
3. What do we call molten hot liquid while it is still below the Earth’s surface?
A. Cinder
B. Igneous
C. Lava
D. Magma
4. Which of the following is a composite type of volcano?
A. Hibok-Hibok
B. Kanlaon
C. Mayon
D. Taal
5. Which of the following DOES NOT belong to the group?
A. Apo
B. Kilauea
C. Mayon
13
D. Pinatubo
6. What is a volcano?
A. A large storm with very high-speed winds.
B. A large cloud that generates rain, hail, and lighting.
C. An opening in the Earth’s crust where magma erupts to the surface.
D. A violent shaking of the Earth that occurs when two tectonic plates bump into each
other.
7. How many major types of volcanoes are there?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
C. Shield
D. Stratovolcano
8. Which volcano is the least explosive?
A. Composite
B. Cinder cone
9. What type of volcano has a very broad shape with gentle slopes?
A. Composite
B. Cinder cone
C. Lava
D. Shield
C. Lava
D. Shield
10. Which type of volcano is the most explosive?
A. Composite
B. Cinder cone
11. What type of volcanoes form from wide thin layers of lava?
A. Composite
B. Cinder cone
C. Lava
D. Shield
12. What type of volcanoes are formed over many years and can grow to mountains of over
8,000 feet tall?
A. Composite
B. Cinder cone
C. Lava
D. Shield
13. Which type of volcano is characterized by tall, cone-shaped mountains in which layers of
lava alternate with layers of ash.
E. Cinder-cone volcano
F. Composite volcano
G. Shield volcano
H. Stratovolcano
14. Which of the following best describes a volcano?
A. It is a mountain.
B. It is conical in shape.
C. It causes earthquakes.
D. It causes earthquakes and produces lava during volcanic eruptions.
14
15. What is volcanic lava?
A. Ash that is spewed out onto Earth’s surface.
B. Gas clouds created by volcanoes.
C. Molten rock deep in the Earth’s crust.
D. Magma bursts through into Earth’s surface as a bright angle liqui
Additional Activity
In a separate sheet of paper, illustrate each type of volcano. For each illustration, give:
a. the type of eruptions
b. the materials ejected
c. an example of this type of volcano
CHARACTERISTICS
ILLUSTRATION
1. composite volcano
a. ___________________
b. ___________________
c. ___________________
2. shield volcano
a. ___________________
b. ___________________
c. ___________________
15
3. cinder volcano
a. __________________
b. __________________
c. __________________
16
Lesson
3
EARTH AND SPACE
Distribution of Volcanoes
What I Need to Know
Formation of volcanoes indicates activities along the boundaries of tectonic plates.
Accordingly, most volcanoes are located along the converging and diverging boundaries of
tectonic plates. In this lesson, you will learn about the distribution of volcanoes in the Philippines
and around the world. Moreover, you will be able to relate its distribution to Plate Tectonic Theory.
What I Know
Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer among the given options on each item. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following theories states that the Earth’s outer layer is broken into large
slowly moving pieces?
a. Big Bang Theory
b. Gravitational Theory
c. Plate Tectonics Theory
d. Theory of Relativity
2. Which two continents can fit like a puzzle?
a. Africa and South America
b. Asia and North America
c. Asia and South America
d. Australia and South Africa
3. The theory of plate tectonics combines which two other theories?
a. Continental Drift and Big Bang Theory
b. Continental Drift and Fossil Theory
c. Seafloor Spreading and Continental Drift
d. Seafloor Spreading and Tidal Theory
17
4. The theory of plate tectonics helps explain which of the following?
a. extinction of dinosaurs
b. layers of the atmosphere
c. symbiotic relationship of plants and animals
d. movement of continents and occurrence of volcanoes and earthquakes
5. How are plate tectonics and volcanoes related?
a. They have nothing to do with one another.
b. Volcanoes are formed near where plates collide and in the ocean.
c. Volcanoes are not formed where plates collide, but do form in the oceans.
d. Volcanoes are formed near where plates collide and are not formed anywhere else.
True or False: Identify whether the statement is true or false. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Mt. Apo is considered an active volcano.
2. Mt. Pulag is the highest peak in the Philippines.
3. Mt. Mayon is considered one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines
4. Mt. Pinatubo eruption is the most destructive volcanic eruption recorded in the Philippines.
5. Among the major islands in the Philippines, Luzon has the greatest number of volcanoes.
6. Volcanoes can be formed anywhere.
7. Volcanoes can be formed in tectonic plate boundaries.
8. Volcanoes are evenly distributed across the globe.
9. Volcanoes are formed only in the continental crust.
10. More than a quarter of the total active volcanoes on Earth are found along the Pacific Ring
of Fire.
What’s In
We learned that the crust is composed of tectonic plates that move either away,
past, or towards each other. Since most volcanoes are formed along the plate boundaries,
it is expected that many active volcanoes are formed along with them (National
Geographic, 2014).
18
We are very familiar with the Pacific Ring of Fire. The Pacific Ring of Fire where
the Philippines is situated along with, comprises the tectonic boundaries of Pacific Plate,
Philippine Plate, Eurasian Plate, Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates, and the Nazca Plate.
What’s New
When the tectonic plates move apart (diverge), magma will ooze out from the
cracks and fissures of the crust that are moving apart forming vents. These will then lead
to formation of new land masses, volcanoes and volcanic activities. On the other hand,
when the plates move towards each other (converge), upon collision, the plate that sinks
(subducts) will melt in the mantle. And where there is melting of the plates, formation of
volcanoes occurs.
In the Philippines, volcanoes and volcanic activities are classified and monitored
by the Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). PHIVOLCS
classified the volcanoes in the Philippines according to its eruptive history. There are three
classifications of volcanoes in the Philippines according to PHIVOLCS.
1. Active Volcanoes – Erupted within historic times (within the last 600 years).
Accounts of these eruptions were documented by man. Erupted within the last
10,000 years based on the analyses of materials from young volcanic deposits.
2. Potentially Active Volcanoes – Morphologically young-looking but with no
historical or analytical records of eruption.
3. Inactive Volcanoes – No recorded eruptions. Physical form has been
intensively weathered and eroded, bearing deep and long gullies.
Delos Reyes et. al. (2018) listed twenty-four active volcanoes in the Philippines.
The rest are considered potentially active and/or inactive.
19
What Is It
When plates converge, one of the plates sinks to the mantle. As a result,
trenches are formed. Parallel to the trench is an array of volcanoes formed from the melted
plate (magma) that escaped from the mantle. The figure below shows the formation of
volcanoes along the converging plates.
Figure 3.1 Formation of Volcanoes Along the Converging Plates
20
In divergent boundaries, when the plates move apart, magma rises, solidifies, and
forms new land masses.
Figure 3.2. Diverging Plates
In the Philippines, there are twenty-four active volcanoes as listed by Delos Reyes et. al.
(2018). The list is shown below.
Item No.Name of Volcano
Latitude Longitude
1
Babuyan Claro
19.52408 121.95005
2
Banahaw
14.06038 121.48803
3
4
5
6
7
Biliran (Anas)
Bud Dajo
Bulusan
Cabalian
Cagua
11.63268
6.01295
12.76853
10.27986
18.22116
8
Camiguin de Babuyanes
18.83037 121.86280
9
Didicas
19.07533 122.20147
10
11
Hibok-hibok
Iraya
9.20427 124.67115
20.46669 122.01078
124.47162
121.05772
124.05445
125.21598
122.1163
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Province
Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan in
Luzon
Boundaries of Laguna and Quezon in
Luzon
Leyte in Visayas
Sulu in Mindanao
Sorsogon, Bicol Region in Luzon
Southern Leyte in Visayas
Cagayan in Luzon
Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan in
Luzon
Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan in
Luzon
Camiguin in Mindanao
Batan Island, Batanes in Luzon
Item No.Name of Volcano
12 Iriga
13 Isarog
14 Kanlaon
15 Leonard Kniaseff
16 Makaturing
17 Matutum
18 Mayon
19 Musuan (Calayo)
Latitude
13.45606
13.65685
10.41129
7.39359
7.64371
6.36111
13.25519
7.87680
Longitude
123.45479
123.38087
123.13243
126.06418
124.31718
125.07603
123.68615
125.06985
124.88879
20
Parker
6.10274
21
Pinatubo
15.14162 120.35084
22
Ragang
7.69066
23
Smith
19.53915 121.91367
24
Taal
14.01024 120.99812
124.50639
22
Province
Camarines Sur in Luzon
Camarines Sur in Luzon
Negros Oriental
Davao del Norte
Lanao del Sur
Cotabato in Mindanao
Albay, Bicol Region in Luzon
Bukidnon in Mindanao
South Cotabato/General Santos/ North
Cotabato/Sarangani Provinces in
Mindanao
Boundaries of Pampanga, Tarlac and
Zambales in Luzon
Lanao del Sur and Cotabato in
Mindanao
Babuyan Island Group, Cagayan in
Luzon
Batangas in Luzon
What’s More
In the figure below, trace where most volcanoes are located. Also identify which plate
tectonic boundaries display most of volcanic formations.
Source: www.researchgate.com
23
Identify the active and potentially active volcanoes located in Luzon, Visayas, and
Mindanao.
24
What I Have Learned
1. Identify the active volcanoes across the Philippine archipelago. Which among the
three major island groups in the Philippines (Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao) has the
greatest number of active volcanoes? Potentially active volcanoes?
2. In the global scale, is there a relationship between the formation of volcanoes and the
tectonic plates? Briefly describe their relationship.
What I Can Do
1. Identify the top 10 most active volcanoes in the Philippines. Cite where each of these
volcanoes are located.
2. Identify at least 10 active volcanoes across the globe (exclude Philippine volcanoes).
Identify the specific tectonic plate or boundary it is located.
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer among the given options on each item. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following theories states that the Earth’s outer layer is broken into large
slowly moving pieces?
a. Big Bang Theory
b. Gravitational Theory
c. Plate Tectonics Theory
d. Theory of Relativity
2. Which two continents can fit like a puzzle?
a. Africa and South America
b. Asia and North America
c. Asia and South America
d. Australia and South Africa
25
3. The theory of plate tectonics combines which two other theories?
a. Continental Drift and Big Bang Theory
b. Continental Drift and Fossil Theory
c. Seafloor Spreading and Continental Drift
d. Seafloor Spreading and Tidal Theory
4. The theory of plate tectonics helps explain which of the following?
a. extinction of dinosaurs
b. layers of the atmosphere
c. symbiotic relationship of plants and animals
d. movement of continents and occurrence of volcanoes and earthquakes
5. How are plate tectonics and volcanoes related?
a. They have nothing to do with one another.
b. Volcanoes are formed near where plates collide and in the ocean.
c. Volcanoes are not formed where plates collide, but do form in the oceans.
d. Volcanoes are formed near where plates collide and are not formed anywhere
else.
True or False: Identify whether the statement is true or false. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Mt. Apo is considered an active volcano.
2. Mt. Pulag is the highest peak in the Philippines.
3. Mt. Mayon is considered one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines
4. Mt. Pinatubo eruption is the one of the most destructive volcanic eruptions recorded
in the Philippines.
5. Among the major islands in the Philippines, Luzon has the greatest number of
volcanoes.
6. Volcanoes can be formed anywhere.
7. Volcanoes can be formed in tectonic plate boundaries.
8. Volcanoes are evenly distributed across the globe.
9. Volcanoes are formed only in the continental crust.
10. More than a quarter of the total active volcanoes on Earth are found along the Pacific
Ring of Fire.
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Additional Activity
On the world map, mark at least ten locations where notable volcanoes are found across
the globe. Use your own printed world map.
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mercator_Blank_Map_World.png
27
Unit Assessment
1. Which of the following is expected to form parallel to a trench?
a. hot spot
b. ocean ridge
c. rift valley
d. volcanic arc
2. Which type of volcano is characterized by tall, cone-shaped mountains in which layers of
lava alternate with layers of ash.
a. Cinder-cone volcano
b. Composite volcano
c. Shield volcano
d. Stratovolcano
3. Which of the following theories states that the Earth’s outer layer is broken into large
slowly moving pieces?
a. Big Bang Theory
b. Gravitational Theory
c. Plate Tectonics Theory
d. Theory of Relativity
4. What is the name of the Mesozoic supercontinent that consisted of all the present
continents?
a. Eurasia
b. Gondwanaland
c. Laurasia
d. Pangaea
5. Which two continents can fit like a puzzle?
a. Africa and South America
b. Asia and North America
c. Asia and South America
d. Australia and South Africa
6. Earthquakes and volcanoes are most likely found in which location?
a. In the oceans
b. At plate boundaries
c. In the middle of plates
d. In the middle of the continents
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7. What evidence did Alfred Wegener have for his theory of Continental Drift?
a. He had no evidence.
b. Through observations.
c. He explained how continents moved apart.
d. He knew that plant and animal fossils, as well as rock layers, matched on the two
continents of Africa and South America.
8. The theory of plate tectonics combines which two other theories?
a. Continental Drift and Big Bang Theory
b. Continental Drift and Fossil Theory
c. Seafloor Spreading and Continental Drift
d. Seafloor Spreading and Tidal Theory
9. Which of the following describes the Pacific Ring of Fire?
a. Mr. Wegener’s favorite Song
b. Any area on a plate boundary with a volcano
c. The cause of most of the Earthquakes on the world
d. An area with lots of seismic and volcanic activities around the Pacific Plate
10. The theory of plate tectonics helps explain which of the following?
a. extinction of dinosaurs
b. layers of the atmosphere
c. symbiotic relationship of plants and animals
d. movement of continents and occurrence of volcanoes and earthquakes
11. What is Pangaea?
a. A deep-ocean trench
b. The name a dinosaur fossil
c. A microorganism that grows at hydrothermal vents
d. A single continent that existed 250 million years ago
12. What are tectonic plates composed of?
a. Oceanic crust and mountains
b. The outer core and the mantle
c. Continental crust and the upper mantle
d. Continental and/oceanic crust plus a small part of the upper mantle
29
13. Which of the following describes the convection current?
a. Hot magma rises and is cooled and sinks again to be heated.
b. Cold magma rises and is heated and sinks again to be cooled.
c. Volcanoes pull the magma out of the Earth and it becomes lava.
d. The Earth spins and not all of the magma spins at the same rate.
14. What is volcanic lava?
a. Ash that is spewed out onto Earth’s surface.
b. Gas clouds created by volcanoes.
c. Molten rock deep in the Earth’s crust.
d. Magma bursts through into Earth’s surface as a bright angle liquid.
15. How are plate tectonics and volcanoes related?
a. They have nothing to do with one another.
b. Volcanoes are formed near where plates collide and in the ocean.
c. Volcanoes are not formed where plates collide, but do form in the oceans.
d. Volcanoes are formed near where plates collide and are not formed anywhere else.
30
Lesson1
1. c
2. e
3. a
4. d
5. b
6. p
7. m
8. k
9. n
10. f
11. i
12. l
13. g
14. h
15. j
Lesson 2
1. D
2. C
3. D
4. C
5. B
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. D
10. A
11. D
12. B
13. A
14. D
15. D
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Lesson 3
Multiple Choice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
14. D
4. D
13. A
3. C
12. D
2. A
11. D
1. D
C
A
C
D
B
True or False
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True
6. False
7. True
8. False
9. False
10. True
UNIT ASSESSMENT
15. B
5. A
6. B
7. D
8. C
9. D
10. D
Answer Key
References
Bagley, Mary. 2018. Volcano Facts and Types of Volcanoes. Accessed Online, Available at:
https://www.livescience.com/27295-volcanoes.html, Accessed 22 June 2020
Delos Reyes, Perla J., et. al. 2017. A Synthesis and Review of Historical Eruption at Taal
Volcano, Southern Luzon, Philippines. Accessed Online, Available at
2020:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825216304068, Accessed
22 June 2020
Dorward, Lisa. 2018. Classification of Volcanoes. Accessed Online, Available at
https://sciencing.com/classification-volcanoes-8442589.html, Accessed 22 June 2020
Oskin, Becky. 2017. Continental Drift: Theory and Definition. Accessed Online, Available at:
https://www.livescience.com/37529-continentaldrift.html#:~:text=Continental%20drift%20was%20a%20theory,are%20found%20on%20
different%20continents. Accessed 22 June 2020
"Continental Drift And Seafloor Spreading - Dive & Discover". 2020. Dive & Discover. Accessed
Online, Available at https://divediscover.whoi.edu/history-of-oceanography/continentaldrift-and-seafloor-spreading/. Accessed 22 June 2020
Dive & Discover. 2020. Continental Drift And Seafloor Spreading - Dive & Discover. [online]
Available at: <https://divediscover.whoi.edu/history-of-oceanography/continental-driftand-seafloor-spreading/> Accessed 26 June 2020
n.d. [online] Available at https://divediscover.whoi.edu/history-of-oceanography/continental-driftand-seafloor-spreading/, Accessed 22 June 2020
n.d. [online] Available at https://www.ck12.org/earth-science/theory-of-platetectonics/lesson/Theory-of-Plate-Tectonics-MS-ES/ , Accessed 22 June 2020
n.d. [online] Available at https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ringfire/#:~:text=Ring%20of%20Fire,along%20the%20Ring%20of%20Fire. Accessed 22
June 2020
n.d. [online] Available at https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/plate-tectonics-volcanicactivity/#:~:text=Sometimes%2C%20the%20plates%20collide%20with,boundaries%20a
nd%20convergent%20plate%20boundaries. Accessed 22 June 2020
n.d. [online] Available at https://courses.lumenlearning.com/geophysical/chapter/wherevolcanoes-are-located/, Accessed 22 June 2020
n.d. [online] Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov, Accessed 22 June 2020
n.d. [online] Available at
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mercator_Blank_Map_World.png, Accessed 22
June 2020
n.d [online] Available at https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcanoesof-the-philippines, Accessed 22 June 2020
32
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Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex
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Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985
Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph
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