Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
Answer Key
UNIT 1
Reading 1: A Natural Way to Run
Reading Preview
Exercise A, page 4
1. Answers will vary.
2. The shoe on the left has a gel-padded heel
and the shoe on the right is a minimalist
foot-like running shoe. It allows for more
natural running.
3. Answers will vary.
4. b
5. a, b
6. c
7. a, c
8. b, c
9. a, b
10. b
Exercise B, page 4
1. arch, heel, sole
2. athlete, barefoot, distance, marathon,
stride
3. absorb, force, motion
Reading Skill
Connecting Visual Materials to a Text
Exercise A, page 10
1. Paragraph 3
2. Paragraph 7 and Paragraph 8 3. Paragraph 5
4. Paragraph 6
Exercise C, page 4
Answers will vary.
Exercise B, page 10
Answers will vary.
Reading Comprehension
Big Picture
Exercise A, page 9
1. Some of the world’s best endurance
runners do not wear running shoes.
2. Landing on your heels can slow you
down and cause injury.
5. Running barefoot – or almost barefoot –
is better for your body.
7. A natural stride – that is, landing on the
middle of the foot – is faster and healthier.
Vocabulary Practice
Academic Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 11
1. f
2. e
3. d
4. h
5. c
6. g
7. b
8. a
Exercise B, page 9
5. Running barefoot-or almost barefoot-is
better for your body.
Exercise B, page 11
1. impact
2. traced
3. distinct
4. reinforced
5. fundamental
6. transferred
7. collapsed
8. terrain
Close-Up
Exercise A, page 9
1. b, c
2. c
3. a
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Exercise C, page 12
Answers will vary.
Exercise C, page 14
Answers will vary.
Multiword Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 12
1. b
2. h
3. g
4. e
5. c
6. f
7. d
8. a
Reading Comprehension
Big Picture
Exercise A, page 17
1. 2
2. 3
3. 5
4. X
5. 1
6. 4
Exercise B, page 12
1. has an advantage over
2. Over the years
3. on the market
4. not … at all
5. are known for
6. In an effort to
7. in the first place
8. in shape
Use the Vocabulary, page 13
Answers will vary.
Think and Discuss, page 13
Answers will vary.
Reading 2: The Runner’s High
Reading Preview
Exercise A, page 14
1. A runner’s high is a feeling of extreme
happiness, or euphoria, after intense
physical activity.
2. Humans can run about 20 mph.
3. Dr. Raichlen is an anthropology professor
at the University of Arizona.
Exercise B, page 14
1. ancestor, hunting, mammals, prey,
survival
2. endurance, exercise, exhausted, speed,
sweat
3. advantage, boost
Exercise B, page 17
3. Long-distance running helped early
humans survive, and it continues to be a
beneficial activity today.
Close-Up
Exercise A, page 18
1. F
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. T
6. F
7. T
8. F
9. T
10. F
Exercise B, page 18
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. Running a marathon is likely to result in a
runner’s high.
2. The brain’s response to running helped
early humans survive.
3. T
4. Human’s cannot run as fast as cheetahs or
bears.
5. T
6. Early humans could hunt animals that
were big, strong, and fast.
7. T
8. Ferrets sleep more than they run.
9. T
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
10. Endurance running can improve your
heart condition.
Reading Skill
Connecting Ideas with Signal Words: this,
these, and such
Exercise A, page 18
1. All of these are examples of intense
physical exercise.
2. This is a feeling of extreme happiness, or
euphoria.
3. Why do humans have such a response?
4. Scientists think this may be the case.
5. They believe that this response to
exercise may have helped early humans
to survive.
6. Fast human runners can only manage
around 20 mph (32 kph), and they can
only run this fast for a short distance.
7. In this way, they were able to hunt
animals that were bigger, stronger, and
faster.
8. Even when they were exhausted, this kept
them going until they captured their prey.
9. He wanted to confirm that this
response—the runner’s high—is
characteristic of such mammals.
10. He wanted to confirm that this
response—the runner’s high—is
characteristic of such mammals.
11. The ferrets’ brains showed no such
change.
Exercise B, page 19
Signal Word
What does the signal
word refer to?
1. these (Par. 1)
2. this (Par. 1)
3. such a (Par. 2)
running fast, swimming far,
biking hard
runner’s high
5. this (Par. 2)
releasing certain chemicals
increase your energy and
put you in a good mood
it gave humans some
advantage
releasing certain chemicals
6. this (Par. 2)
20 mph
7. this (Par. 3)
Their strategy was to
separate one animal from a
herd. Then they would
follow the animal until it
collapsed from exhaustion.
necessary energy and
motivation
releasing certain chemicals
4. this (Par. 2)
8. this (Par. 3)
9. this (Par. 4)
10. such (Par. 4)
11. such (Par. 4)
mammals for whom
running was once a survival
strategy
an increase in the brain
chemicals that create “the
runner’s high”
Vocabulary Practice
Academic Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 19
1. d
2. a
3. e
4. f
5. h
6. c
7. b
8. g
Exercise B, page 20
1. optimal
2. strategy
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
intense
confirm
persistent
motivation
stability
sensation
Multiword Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 20
1. mood
2. the case
3. an edge over
4. period of time
5. this way
6. study
7. feedback
8. role in
Exercise B, page 20
1. b
2. a
3. a
4. a
5. b
6. b
7. a
8. b
10. positive feedback
Exercise B, page 22
Answers will vary.
Exercise C, page 23
Answers will vary.
Exercise D, page 23
Answers will vary.
Connect the Readings
Exercise A, page 23
1. positive feedback after intense exercise in
form of euphoria
2. efficient leg muscles
3. sweat glands cool us down
4. broad shoulders keep us stable
Exercise B, page 23
Use the Vocabulary, page 21
Answers will vary.
Think and Discuss, page 21
Answers will vary.
Unit Review
Vocabulary Review
Exercise A, page 22
1. motivation to continue
2. have an edge over
3. an extended period of time
4. are known for
5. Over the years
6. rough terrain
7. optimal conditions
8. in shape
9. play a role
Reading 1
Reading 2
1. What
question(s)
were the
researchers
trying to
answer?
What is the physics
of running barefoot
and with shoes?
How does
the brain
respond to
intense
exercise?
2. Who were
the subjects
in the study?
3. What did
the subjects
do in the
study?
Runners, barefoot
and with shoes
Humans,
dogs, ferrets
Run
Run
4. What did
the
researchers
find out?
The stride and
distribution of force
and energy are
different in barefoot
runners and runners
with shoes. Barefoot
stride is more
energy-efficient and
less stressful on the
body.
Human and
dog brains
release
chemicals
after intense
exercise that
elevate
mood. Ferret
brains do not
do this.
Exercise C, page 23
Answers will vary.
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
UNIT 2
Reading 1: Spring Forward, Fall Back
Reading Preview
Exercise A, page 26
1. Daylight Saving Time
2. Answers will vary.
3. Answers will vary.
Exercise B, page 26
1. candles, curtains, sunrise, sunset
2. coal, electricity, generate, airconditioning
3. adjust, adopt
Exercise C, page 26
Answers will vary.
Reading Comprehension
Big Picture
Exercise A, page 30
1. b
2. c
3. b
4. b
5. a
6. b
Exercise B, page 31
2. To question the reasons for DST.
Close-Up
Exercise A, page 31
Answer will vary. Possible answers:
Energy conservation, increased traffic safety,
lower crime, increased evening activity,
increase in business, improve health
Exercise B, page 31
Answers will vary.
Reading Skill
Understanding the Writer’s Perspective
Exercise A, page 32
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. Question: paragraph 5
But does shifting our clocks
during summer really still save
energy?
Question: paragraph 7
• If the impact on energy
conservation is uncertain, why do
so many countries continue to
observe DST?
Question: Paragraph 8
• But are these claims valid?
2. Evidence for the opposite view:
paragraph 6
• However, several other studies
contradict these findings. A team
of environmental economists
found that in Australia, DST
reduced energy consumption in
the evening because sunset was
later. But with sunrise also
coming later, DST resulted in
higher electricity use during the
dark mornings. A study in the
United States found that although
use of lights decreased as a result
of DST, the use of airconditioning rose because the
extra hour in the summer evening
is hotter.
Evidence for the opposite view:
paragraph 8
• Although the evidence does point
to a beneficial increase in evening
physical activity, several studies
also reveal negative health effects.
3. Quotations that support the writer’s point
of view: paragraph 9
• It is said that when one Native
American heard about this
practice, he laughed and asked
this question: “If you cut a piece
off the top of a blanket, sew it to
the bottom, is the blanket longer?”
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
•
4. Evaluative words and expressions:
paragraph 9
• These conflicting claims have led
many people to wonder whether
the extra hour of light in the
evening is worth all the trouble.
Exercise B, page 33
2. The writer questions the benefits of DST.
Vocabulary Practice
Academic Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 33
1. d
2. g
3. f
4. a
5. h
6. c
7. e
8. b
Exercise B, page 33
1. promote
2. justification
3. mandatory
4. valid
5. contradict
6. conserve
7. equivalent
8. consumption
Exercise C, page 33
1. equivalent amount
2. contradict the findings
3. promote the development/growth
4. valid points/claims
5. conserve energy
6. primary justification
7. food consumption
8. mandatory meeting/test
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
on a national scale
followed suit
the year during
commit crimes
are at a higher risk of
is worth all the trouble
No matter what
Exercise B, page 34
1. all year round
2. be at a higher risk of
3. No matter what
4. commit a crime
5. make a proposal
6. on a national scale
7. worth all the trouble
8. followed suit
Use the Vocabulary, page 35
Answers will vary.
Think and Discuss, page 35
Answers will vary.
Reading 2: In Search of an Accurate
Calendar
Reading Preview
Exercise A, page 36
1. The reading describes the historical
problem with finding an accurate
calendar because of the actual time it
takes the Earth to revolve around the sun.
2. Answers will vary.
Exercise B, page 36
1. lunar, century, decades, harvest, festival,
annual
2. ancient, culture, harvest, modern
3. astronomers, revolve, lunar
Exercise C, page 36
Answers will vary.
Multiword Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 34
1. make a proposal
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Reading Comprehension
Big Picture
Activity A, page 41
1. 4
2. 7
3. 5
4. 6
5. 3
Exercise B, page 41
The process of aligning the calendar
precisely with Earth’s revolution around the
sun has been long and complicated.
Close-Up
Exercise A, page 41
1. c
2. a
3. a
4. b
5. a
6. a
7. c
8. b
Exercise B, page 42
1. 2100
2. 2400
Reading Skill
Creating Time Lines
Exercise A, page 42
1. 4
2. 3
3. 1
4. 5
5. 2
Exercise B, page 42
Answers in chronological order:
1. ancient times – Calendar based on lunar
months
2. 700BCE – Romans added two months to
improve accuracy of calendar
3. 300BCE – Egypt adopted leap-year
4. 46BCE – Julius Caesar adopted leap-year
5. 1582 – Pope Gregory made important
change to calendar
Vocabulary Practice
Academic Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 43
1. f
2. b
3. e
4. h
5. c
6. a
7. d
8. g
Exercise B, page 43
1. b
2. a
3. a
4. b
5. a
6. b
7. b
8. a
Multiword Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 44
1. b
2. a
3. a
4. a
5. b
6. b
7. a
8. a
Exercise B, page 44
1. is a step forward
2. making up for lost time
3. prison sentence
4. fell in love
5. have something in common
6. all at once
7. consists of
8. leap year
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Use the Vocabulary, page 45
Answers will vary.
Think and Discuss, page 45
Answers will vary.
Unit Review
Vocabulary Review
Exercise A, page 46
1. precise measurement
2. consisted of
3. in common with
4. followed suit
5. on a large scale
6. major flaw
7. leap year
8. align with
9. revolution around
10. slowly drifted
Exercise B, page 46
Answers will vary.
Exercise C, page 46
Answers will vary.
Exercise D, page 47
Answers will vary.
Connect the Readings
Exercise A, page 47
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
Invention
What are the potential
or Idea
benefits?
Accurate Can accurately
calendars collect/determine rent on
property, interest on loans,
and prison sentences. Help
businesses and government.
Accurate holidays/harvests.
Accurate Schedule daily meetings and
clocks
events. Have everyone
functioning with the same
idea of time.
Daylight
Energy conservation, boost
savings
in business, promote safety
time
by reducing crime and traffic
accidents, and promote a
healthier lifestyle by
encouraging people to be
more active in the evening.
Leap year Accurate seasons and harvest
holidays.
Exercise B, page 47
Answers will vary.
Exercise C, page 47
Answers will vary.
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
UNIT 3
Reading 1: Drinking Water
Reading Preview
Exercise A, page 50
Answers will vary
Exercise B, page 50
1. accessible, fetch, shallow, well
2. construction, drill, machinery
3. accessible, crucial, overwhelming,
precious, productive, shallow, sustainable
Exercise C, page 50
Answers will vary.
Reading Comprehension
Big Picture
Exercise A, page 55
1. c
2. a
3. c
4. b
5. a
Exercise B, page 55
Access to clean water can change lives, and
is possible with community involvement.
5. T
6. Aid organizations have found their
projects are most successful when the
community aids in construction and
maintenance.
Reading Skill
Recognizing Implicit Conditions
Exercise A, page 56
After big storms, people often have to
live without power for a while. Whenever
storms cause a lot of wind damage, large
branches of trees are likely to break and fall.
When they fall on the wires and cables that
carry electricity, the result is often a loss of
electrical power. Even in major cities, it can
often take days or even weeks before these
services are restored. After Hurricane Sandy
hit the east coast of the United States in 2012,
many people continued to live in their cold,
dark homes for weeks. They said it was
difficult to live with no power. However,
they said water was even more important.
Without water, it is impossible to live a
normal life.
Close-Up
Exercise A, page 55
1. F
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. T
6. F
Exercise B, page 55
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. Almost half of the world’s population
lacks running water in their homes.
2. T
3. T
4. Most water projects built by aid groups
have fallen into disrepair.
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Exercise B, page 56
Signal
Word
Where
With
With
When
When
Without
Condition
water is scarce
if people have
easy access to
water
if people could
use all the hours
they previously
spent fetching
water on other
activities
if the
communities
participate in a
project from the
beginning
if residents feel
that the project
belongs to them
if there is no
community
involvement
Vocabulary Practice
Academic Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 57
1. b
2. a
3. a
4. a
5. b
6. a
7. a
8. a
Exercise B, page 57
1. sparingly
2. participate
Event or
Action That
May Occur
Under This
Condition
fetching water
takes a lot of
time and
energy (par. 3)
people’s lives
can change
(par. 5)
people can
grow more
food (par. 5)
people feel a
sense of
ownership
(par. 7)
people work
to maintain
the project
(par. 7)
projects are
not
sustainable
(par. 7)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
financial
expertise
feasible
obstacle
sanitation
charity
Exercise C, page 58
Answers will vary.
Multiword Vocabulary
Activity A, page 58
1. g
2. h
3. f
4. c
5. d
6. e
7. a
8. b
Exercise B, page 59
1. spare parts
2. running water
3. came to a similar conclusion
4. in part
5. was on board with
6. fell into disrepair
7. make do with
8. fall to
Use the Vocabulary, page 59
Answers will vary.
Think and Discuss, page 59
Answers will vary.
Reading 2: The Bottled-Water Debate
Exercise A, page 60
1. J.B. is against the production of bottledwater, while A.R. supports the production of
bottled-water.
2. Answers will vary.
3. Answers will vary.
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Exercise B, page 60
1. costs, consumers, tax
2. landfill, recycled, plastic, waste
3. benefits, convenient, healthy, refreshing,
reliable
Exercise C, page 60
Answers will vary.
Reading Comprehension
Big Picture
Exercise A, page 63
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. Paragraph 1: The increase in bottled
water consumption has fueled public
debate.
2. Paragraph 3: Tap water is safe and
inexpensive.
3. Paragraph 4: Bottled water has hidden
environmental costs.
4. Paragraph 5: Bottled water has
advantages including portability.
5. Paragraph 6: Bottled water is healthier
than sweet drinks.
6. Paragraph 7: Water bottles can be
recycled.
Exercise B, page 63
There are persuasive arguments on both sides
of the bottled-water debate.
Close-Up
Exercise A, page 64
1. 91 billion gallons
2. Mexico and China
3. One billion
4. 25 percent
5. Three liters
6. Park benches, playground equipment,
textiles
Exercise B, page 64
Answers will vary.
Reading Skill
Supporting Details in a Persuasive Text
Exercise A, page 64
1. F
2. S
3. I
4. F
5. F
6. S
7. X
Exercise B, page 65
J.B.
For tap water:
1. It is healthy. (F)
2. It is cheap: you will pay 2900 times more
for bottled water than for the same
amount of tap water. (S)
Against bottled water:
1. Transportation of one billion bottles uses
a lot of fuel. (S)
2. It wastes water; it takes three liters of
water to produce one liter of bottled water.
(S)
3. It is environmentally damaging—only 25
percent of bottles are recycled. (S)
A.R.:
For bottled water:
1. It is portable. (F)
2. It is healthy; it contains no sugar. (F)
3. Bottles can be recycled into useful
products. (I)
Vocabulary Practice
Academic Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 65
1. e
2. g
3. f
4. h
5. c
6. d
7. b
8. a
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Exercise B, page 66
1. smoking
2. devices
3. goods, supplies
4. level
5. help, support
6. exercise
10. make do with
Multiword Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 66
1. pros
2. sides
3. worst
4. light
5. health
6. quench
7. take up
8. up to
Exercise D, page 68
Answers will vary.
Exercise B, page 66
1. took up space
2. pros and cons
3. worst of all
4. health food
5. take sides
6. be up to
7. In this light
8. quench your thirst
Exercise B, page 68
Answers will vary.
Exercise C, page 68
Answers will vary.
Connect the Readings
Exercise A, page 69
1. Half of the people do not have access to
running water, and the Djalita Water
Company is shipping this resource
overseas, also, in the writer’s country
most water bottles end up in landfills.
2. Answers will vary.
Exercise B, page 69
Answers will vary.
Exercise C, page 69
Answers will vary.
Use the Vocabulary, page 67
Answers will vary.
Think and Discuss, page 67
Answers will vary.
Unit Review
Vocabulary Review Exercise A, page 68
1. quench their thirst
2. alarming rate
3. Worst of all
4. running water
5. In part
6. technical expertise
7. major obstacles
8. economically feasible
9. use sparingly
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
UNIT 4
Reading 1: Extreme Diving
Reading Preview
Exercise A, page 72
Answers will vary.
Exercise , page 72
1. ascent, caves, currents, depth, descent,
oxygen, surface
2. adventure, stunning, risk
3. currents, risk, sharks, suffer
Exercise C, page 72
Answers will vary.
Reading Comprehension
Big Picture
Exercise A, page 77
1. Paragraph 6
2. Paragraph 9
3. Paragraph 8
4. Paragraph 3
5. Paragraph 10
Exercise B, page 78
Answers will vary. Sample answer:
Paragraph 4: Deep cave dives are particularly
dangerous because ascending from a deep
dive too quickly can cause injury.
Close-Up
Exercise A, page 78
1. T
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. T
6. T
7. F
8. T
Exercise B, page 78
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. T
2. In penetration diving, divers enter and
leave the water at the same point.
3. The biggest risk in cave dives is that
divers may run out of oxygen.
4. T
5. T
6. T
7. Diving with sharks is the safest of the
three extreme dives.
8. T
Reading Skill
Finding Out Why
Exercise A, page 79
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. Why do some people include an element
of risk in their vacations? Find one reason.
They want adventure and even danger.
Signal word: so
2. Why is cave diving dangerous?
a. It is a form of penetration diving.
Signal word: because
b. The diver may run out of oxygen.
Signal word: because
c. Many caves have unpredictable
currents.
Signal word: because
3. Why do divers need to carry extra oxygen
in caves?
a. A problem may delay the diver’s
ascent.
Signal word: since
4. Why is polar diving risky?
a. Pieces of ice my break off and block
the surface opening.
Signal word: because
b. Not a single part of the divers body
can touch the frigid water.
Signal word: because
5. What makes diving with sharks so
dangerous?
a. Some sharks are unpredictable. Signal
word: since
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
b. A diver may try to grab the sharks tail
or fin and it can bite.
Signal word: because
6. common
7. comes to mind
8. comes with the territory
Exercise B, page 79
Answers will vary.
Use the Vocabulary, page 81
Answers will vary.
Vocabulary Practice
Academic Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 79
1. a
2. b
3. a
4. b
5. a
6. a
7. a
8. b
Think and Discuss, page 81
Answers will vary.
Exercise B, page 80
1. fragile
2. thrill
3. fatalities
4. option
5. lure
6. frigid
7. emerged
8. duration
Multiword Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 80
1. b
2. d
3. h
4. a
5. c
6. f
7. g
8. e
Exercise B, page 81
1. run out of
2. Not a single
3. body of water
4. in the event of
5. nothing beats
Reading 2: Disaster Tourism
Reading Preview
Exercise A, page 82
Answers will vary.
Exercise B, page 82
1. beach, tours, crowds, vacation
2. damage, flood, destruction, tsunami
3. bargain, value, economy, fortune
Exercise C, page 82
Answers will vary.
Reading Comprehension
Big Picture
Exercise A, page 85
1. Paragraph 2
2. Paragraph 3 and 4
4. Paragraph 5
6. Paragraph 1 and 2
Exercise B, page 86
2. To offer information that may be new to
readers
Close-Up
Exercise A, page 86
1. c
2. b
3. c
4. a
5. c
6. c
Exercise B, page 86
Answers will vary.
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Reading Skill
Understanding Connectors of Contrast
Exercise A, page 87
1. Paragraph 2:
a. Sentence connector: Instead
b. What doesn’t happen?: Visitors don’t
add to the suffering.
c. What does happen?: They promote
education
2. Paragraph 3:
a. Sentence connector: Instead
b. What is not true?: Tourists are less
interested in witnessing damage.
c. What is true? Tourists are motivated
by desire to help those in need.
3. Paragraph 4:
a. Sentence connector: on the other
hand
b. What contrasting information or
alternative is offered?: If disaster
tours are not well organized they are
not successful for voluntourists nor
the people they have come to help.
4. Paragraph 5:
a. Sentence connector: nevertheless
b. What is the reader’s expectation?:
Some fears about disaster vacations
may be justified.
c. How is the expectation contradicted?:
Travel professionals say tourists
should still consider disaster vacations.
Exercise B, page 88
1. firsthand
2. enticed
3. aftermath
4. patronize
5. injected
6. cater
Exercise B, page 87
Answers will vary.
Think and Discuss, page 89
Answers will vary.
Vocabulary Practice
Academic Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 88
1. h
2. a
3. g
4. d
5. b
6. e
7. c
8. f
Unit Review
Vocabulary Review
Exercise A, page 90
1. resist the lure
2. fragile
3. in short supply
4. best option
5. All in all
6. come with the territory
7. cater to
8. common sense
Multiword Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 88
1. about
2. coming
3. steer
4. need
5. service
6. short
7. all
8. give
Exercise B, page 89
1. out of service
2. All in all
3. steer clear of
4. those in need
5. How about
6. came face-to-face with
7. give it a try
8. in short supply
Use the Vocabulary, page 89
Answers will vary.
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
9. patronize
10. steer clear of
Exercise B, page 90
Answers will vary.
Exercise C, page 90
Answers will vary.
Exercise D, page 90
Answers will vary.
Connect the Readings
Exercise A, page 91
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
Question
What
locations
(city,
country, or
continent)
are
mentioned
in the
reading?
What
motivates
people to
take the
kind of
vacation
described in
the reading?
What
dangers or
discomforts
might the
visitor
experience?
Extreme
Diving
Mount
Everest,
Mexico,
Belize, the
Bahamas,
North Pole,
South Pole,
Antarctica, the
Caribbean
The rush of
adrenaline, a
personal
challenge,
unique
experience,
beauty
Disaster
Tourism
Southeast
Asia, New
Orleans,
Thailand, Sri
Lanka, Gulf of
Mexico, Haiti
Running out of
oxygen, injury
from too-rapid
ascent,
frostbite, shark
attack
Lack of full
tourist
services,
danger from
disaster
Educational
value, desire
to help others,
desire to
witness
destruction
Exercise B, page 91
Answers will vary.
Exercise C, page 91
Answers will vary.
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
UNIT 5
Reading 1: Humans and Cattle: A Shared
History
Reading Preview
Exercise A, page 94
Answers will vary.
Exercise B, page 94
1. agriculture, fertilizer, graze, herd,
domestication, plow
2. ancestors, archeological, evidence
3. evidence, coexist, protein, characteristics,
domestication
Exercise C, page 94
Answers will vary.
Reading Comprehension
Big Picture
Exercise A, page 99
1. c
2. b
3. b
4. a
5. c
Exercise B, page 99
The history and development of humans and
cattle are deeply connected.
Close-Up
Exercise A, page 99
1. b
2. a, b
3. a
4. a
5. a
6. b
7. b
8. a
9. a
10. b
Reading Skill
Inferring Meaning from the Text
Exercise A, page 100
1. Some ancient walls and caves have
paintings and drawings that show humans
living with cows.
2. Explanations (only need 3)
a. They have a flight response: They
would run away every time a human
approached and would be hard to
control.
b. They grow very slowly: It might not
be worthwhile. Animals are more
valuable if they grow quickly and
provide a regular source of food.
c. They cannot breed in captivity: To
provide a regular source of food, a
new generation would be necessary.
Otherwise, humans would have to
keep capturing wild animals as they
do in hunting.
d. They have very specific, inflexible
requirements for food and living
conditions: It might be difficult to
meet those requirements. They might
need some food or living conditions
that humans could not provide.
e. They are very aggressive or likely to
attack: They might be dangerous.
3. They expected to find much more genetic
diversity.
4. The people who could drink milk had a
lot of children. Those children grew up
to be adults and have their own children,
so the genes for digesting milk were
distributed widely.
Exercise B, page 101
Answers may vary. Possible answer:
Wild cows were more likely to die earlier
than domesticated cows. Domesticated cows
were healthier and probably fatter.
Exercise B, page 100
Answers will vary.
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Vocabulary Practice
Academic Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 101
1. b
2. a
3. b
4. a
5. a
6. a
7. b
8. a
Exercise B, page 101
Answers will vary.
Multiword Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 102
1. pride
2. dates
3. paved, for
4. out
5. conditions
6. in, of
7. the bill
8. win-win
Exercise B, page 102
1. fits the bill
2. ruled out
3. a source of pride
4. living conditions
5. a win-win situation
6. dated back to
7. in the presence of
8. paved the way for
Use the Vocabulary, page 103
Answers will vary.
Think and Discuss, page 103
Answers will vary.
Reading 2: Taming the Wild
Reading Preview
Exercise A, page 104
1. Foxes are wild animals but can be
domesticated.
2. The reading describes the domestication
process via selective breeding of foxes.
3. When an animal becomes domesticated,
they are smaller than their counterparts,
with floppy ears and curly tails, and often
have spotted coats. They are also
friendlier towards humans.
Exercise B, page 104
1. breeding, cages, foxes, wild, behavior,
species
2. breeding, genes, behavior, contact,
selective, generation, wild
3. genes, breeding, experiment, selective,
hypothesized, species
Exercise C, page 104
Answers will vary.
Reading Comprehension
Big Picture
Exercise A, page 108
1. Paragraph 5
2. Paragraph 8
3. Paragraph 6
4. Paragraph 3
5. Paragraph 7
Exercise B, page 108
2. Physical, behavioral, and genetic traits
accompany domestication.
Close-Up
Exercise A, page 108
1. T
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. T
6. F
7. F
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
8. T
9. F
10. T
Reading Skill
Understanding Processes
Exercise A, page 109
Domestication
Evidence from
the Reading
Exercise B, page 108
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. T
2. T
3. Tame animals’ offspring will be just as
wild as its ancestors.
4. It is not possible to domesticate an
individual animal.
5. T
6. The domestication of the foxes occurred
over a few generations.
7. Domestic animals usually have floppy
ears and curly tails.
8. T
9. Belyaev hypothesized that a collection of
genes was responsible for domestication.
10. T
1. Does the
author give
a
definition?
2. Does the
author
describe
the steps in
the
process?
3. What is
the process
contrasted
with?
Yes: A process
that occurs
through many
generations, in
which wild
animals
gradually
become
comfortable
living in close
proximity to
humans.
No
Taming
Exercise B, page 109
Answers will vary.
Vocabulary Practice
Academic Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 109
1. a
2. b
3. b
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Selective
Breeding
Evidence from
the Reading
No
Yes: They
selected the
most docile
ones to breed
for the next
generation.
They continued
this process
generation
after
generation.
The
researchers did
not attempt to
tame them.
Natural
Domestication
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
a
a
a
a
b
Exercise B, page 110
1. benefits
2. produce
3. exhibit
4. behavior
5. the process
6. into
Multiword Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 110
1. voice
2. hands
3. proximity
4. bond
5. wild
6. turned
7. work
8. road
Exercise B, page 110
1. hands him over
2. in close proximity to
3. in the wild
4. at work
5. down the road
6. turned out to be
7. tone of voice
8. bond with
Use the Vocabulary
Answers will vary.
Think and Discuss
Answers will vary.
4. dates back to
5. in the presence of
6. accelerate the process
7. down the road
8. acknowledged that
9. undergo a complete transformation
10. win-win situation
Exercise B, page 112
Answers will vary.
Exercise C, page 112
Answers will vary.
Exercise D, page 112
Answers will vary.
Connect the Readings
Exercise A, page 113
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
Wild Animals
Domesticated
Animals
Gray Wolf: packs,
Dog: friendly,
follows leader
spotted coat, curly
tail, floppy ears
Wild sheep: herds,
Sheep: docile,
grazers, horns
spotted coats, no
horns
Cougar: ferocious,
Cat: spotted fur,
docile
Exercise B, page 113
Answers will vary.
Exercise C, page 113
Answers will vary.
Unit Review
Vocabulary Review
Exercise A, page 112
1. bond with
2. affectionate behavior
3. potential benefit
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
UNIT 6
Reading 1: Safer Homes in Earthquake Zones
Reading Preview
Exercise A, page 116
1. Answers will vary.
2. Asia, west coast of the Americas
3. China, Haiti, Indonesia, Japan, present day
Turkmenistan, Italy, and Pakistan
Exercise B, page 116
1. brick, concrete, construction, straw
2. collapse, earthquakes, fatalities, shaking,
shock, tremors, tumbling
3. collapse, earthquakes, shaking, tremors
Exercise C, page 116
Answers will vary.
Reading Comprehension
Big Picture
Exercise A, page 121
1. c
2. b
3. c
4. b
Exercise B, page 121
1. Paragraph 3: Plastic mesh is an
inexpensive way to make buildings more
earthquake-resistant.
2. Paragraph 4: Bamboo and old tires are
inexpensive and can make buildings more
earthquake-resistant.
3. Paragraph 5: Straw is an inexpensive
material that can be used to make
buildings more earthquake-resistant.
Close-Up
Exercise A, page 121
1. There was more earthquake-resistant
construction in Chile than in Haiti.
2. Mesh prevents walls from crumbling and
falling on people.
3. They are inexpensive, flexible, and
available.
4. It is resilient.
5. Even these ideas are too expensive for
some communities.
Exercise B, page 122
Light roofs, light walls, small windows
Reading Skill
Understanding Information in Tables
Example A, page 122
1. It was the sixth most powerful earthquake
on record. There was extensive damage.
Yet, the death toll—521—was relatively
low. Haiti also experienced a strong
earthquake in 2010. Although the one in
Chile was 500 times more powerful, the
Haiti quake killed at least 223,000 people.
2. The earthquake in Chile in 2010 had a
magnitude of 8.8. The earthquake in Haiti
had a magnitude of 7.0.
Example B, page 122
1. The earthquake in 1948 had more
fatalities because it occurred in a more
densely populated area.
2. They happened in remote areas.
3. The earthquake in Indonesia in 2004.
Some of the earthquakes with the highest
magnitude were in remote areas so they
didn’t have a high number of fatalities.
4. Location, the economic situation of the
countries, resources
5. Possible answers: China, Indonesia,
Chile, Japan, Alaska, USA; high fatalities,
China, Indonesia
Vocabulary Practice
Academic Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 123
1. f
2. h
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
g
e
a
c
b
d
Exercise B, page 123
1. resilient
2. innovative
3. elaborate
4. occupants
5. withstand
6. discouraging
7. brittle
8. safeguards
Multiword Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 124
1. g
2. f
3. a
4. d
5. h
6. c
7. b
8. e
Exercise B, page 125
1. to say nothing of
2. death toll
3. beyond our means
4. a matter of life and death
5. don’t stand a chance of
6. pay off
7. a fact of life
8. are prone to
Use the Vocabulary
Answers will vary.
Think and Discuss
Answers will vary.
Reading 2: Urban Architecture in the 21st
Century
Reading Preview
Exercise A, page 126
Answers will vary.
Exercise B, page 126
1. design, style, materials, high-rise, steel,
tile, screens
2. sunlight, breezes
3. heritage, identities, tradition
Exercise C, page 126
Answers will vary.
Big Picture
Exercise A, page 131
2. Some traditional homes can keep
occupants comfortable without a lot of
technology.
4. Some traditional designs can save energy,
even in modern buildings.
6. Many recent architectural designs
combine local traditions with modern
ideas.
8. People are beginning to question the
destruction of old buildings and their
replacement with modern ones.
Exercise B, page 131
6. Many recent architectural designs
combine local traditions with modern
ideas.
Close-Up
Exercise A, page 131
1. filter light and heat, provide privacy
2. natural light, ventilation
3. heating, ventilation
Exercise B, page 131
Answers will vary.
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Reading Skill
Taking Notes
Exercise A, page 132
Main Idea: A group of people in the
Philippines decided to build a school entirely
of bamboo.
Supporting details: Bamboo is more resilient
than wood or steel. The bamboo can easily be
replaced because forests of bamboo grow in
close proximity to the school.
Exercise B, page 133
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. By the end of the 20th Century, most
cities were identical. Many residents
wondered if cities had to give up their
individual identities.
2. Modern tube houses. Using mashraliya in
skyscrapers to conserve energy and
include tradition.
Vocabulary Practice
Academic Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 133
1. b
2. c
3. e
4. f
5. h
6. a
7. d
8. g
Exercise B, page 133
1. blends
2. element
3. inspiration
4. filters
5. incorporate
6. apparent
7. ventilation
8. updates
Multiword Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 134
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
make ___ for
turn of the
at the
fresh air
keep
family
get, with
in, with
Exercise B, page 134
1. At the turn of the century
2. get in touch with
3. keep this in mind
4. in keeping with
5. a breath of fresh air
6. At the same time
7. make way for
8. extended family
Use the Vocabulary, page 135
Answers will vary.
Think and Discuss, page 135
Answers will vary.
Unit Review
Vocabulary Review
Exercise A, page 136
1. a breath of fresh air
2. At the same time
3. in keeping with
4. elaborate system
5. adequate ventilation
6. withstand extreme temperatures
7. occupants of the building
8. innovative idea
9. paid off
10. get in touch with
Exercise B, page 136
Answers will vary.
Exercise C, page 136
Answers will vary.
Exercise D, page 137
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Answers will vary.
Connect the Readings
Exercise A, page 137
1. The effect of
materials on
construction
2. Construction that
keeps occupants safe
3. Respecting cultural
tradition
4. Using locally
available or affordable
materials
5. Construction that
keeps occupants
comfortable
6. Contrast between
modern, high-tech
construction and lowtech solution
7. Building projects in
Asia
8. Innovations in
architecture and
construction
Reading 1
ü
Reading 2
ü
ü
ü
ü
ü
ü
ü
ü
ü
ü
ü
Exercise B, page 137
Answers will vary.
Exercise C, page 137
Answers will vary.
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
UNIT 7
Reading 1: Sibling Personalities
Reading Preview
Exercise A, page 140
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
2, 4, 5, 6
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Exercise B, page 140
1. siblings, childhood, marriage
2. childhood, circumstances, competition,
expectations, praise
3. attention, personality, theory, research,
factors
Vocabulary Practice
Academic Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 146
1. e
2. g
3. c
4. f
5. a
6. d
7. b
Exercise C, page 140
Answers will vary.
Reading Comprehension
Big Picture
Exercise A, page 143
1. Paragraph 2
2. Paragraphs 4, 5, 6
3. Paragraph 1
4. Paragraph 3
Exercise B, page 143
2. Genes and environment alone cannot
explain the differences between siblings.
Close-Up
Exercise A, page 143
1. c
2. b
3. b
4. c
5. a
Reading Skill
Analyzing Sentence Purpose
Exercise A, page 145
1. b
2. c
3. a
4. e
5. d
Exercise B, page 145
c
d
b
a
Exercise B, page 146
1. next
2. with
3. from
4. in
5. only
Multiword Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 146
1. c
2. a
3. d
4. h
5. f
6. b
7. g
8. e
Exercise B, page 147
1. an only child
2. draw distinctions
3. at random
4. get into trouble
5. In this respect
6. on their own
7. peer groups
8. fall apart
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Use the Vocabulary, page 147
Answers will vary.
Reading 2: Epigenetics
Reading Preview
Exercise A, page 148
Answers will vary.
Exercise B, page 153
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. Identical twins differ in many ways.
2. T
3. T
4. Epigenetics can alter your genes.
5. T
6. The Swedish study showed that
epigenetic changes can be passed through
many generations.
Exercise B, page 148
1. twins, generation, grandchildren
2. cancer, development, diet, toxins
3. biochemical, cell, DNA, genetic, process,
toxins
Reading Skill
Relating Supplementary Material to the
Text
Exercise A, page 154
Scientific Study
Exercise C, page 148
Answers will vary.
Exercise B, page 154
1. Twins share virtually the same genes.
3. Scientists believe that your behavioral
choices can lead to epigenetic changes.
4. What has astonished scientists is that
these effects could be passed on to the
next generation.
Think and Discuss, page 147
Answers will vary.
Reading Comprehension
Big Picture
Exercise A, page 153
1. b
2. a
3. c
4. a
5. a
Exercise B, page 153
1. 1
2. 4
3. 3
4. 2
Close-Up
Exercise A, page 153
1. F
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. T
6. F
Vocabulary Practice
Academic Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 155
1. h
2. d
3. c
4. g
5. c
6. g
7. a
8. b
Exercise B, page 155
1. stress
2. obesity
3. complementary
4. untangle
5. isolated
6. radical
7. suppress
8. alter
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Multiword Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 156
1. the cutting
2. comes
3. in this
4. anything
5. impact on
6. passed
7. to conclude
8. after
Exercise B, page 156
1. on the cutting edge
2. have a negative impact on
3. was forced to conclude
4. after all
5. come into play
6. anything but
7. pass on to
8. in this case
Use the Vocabulary, page 156
Answers will vary.
Think and Discuss, page 157
Answers will vary.
Unit Review
Vocabulary Review
Exercise A, page 158
1. fundamentally alter
2. inherit from
3. were forced to conclude
4. next phase
5. consistent with
6. after all
7. complementary roles
8. pass on
9. comes into play
10. radical changes
Exercise B, page 158
Answers will vary.
Exercise C, page 158
Answers will vary.
Exercise D, page 159
Answers will vary.
Connect the Readings
Exercise A, page 159
Identical
Twins
S
Genes
contribute to…
The
environment
contributes to…
Epigenetic
processes
contribute to…
Non-Twin
Siblings
D
ü
S
D
ü
ü
ü
ü
ü
Exercise B, page 159
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. Contributing factors
a. diet
b. parental situation
c. school environment
d. social group
e. work
2. Explanation
a. Diet is in important
environmental factor. For
example, a twin who has an
unhealthy diet may die long
before his or her twin who has
a healthy diet.
b. Parental situation is an
important environmental
factor. For example, a sibling
may be treated differently by
his or her parents depending
on their levels of work or
stress when the specific child
is born.
c. School environment is an
important environmental
factor. For example, if two
twins or siblings are in
different classes and may be
challenged in intellectually
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
different ways and may have
different likes in school.
d. Social groups are an important
environmental factor. If two
twins or siblings have different
social groups, they may make
different social choices.
e. Work is an important
environmental factor. One twin
or sibling may choose a high
stress job, while the other may
choose a low stress job, having
different impacts on their lives.
Exercise C, page 159
Answers will vary.
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
UNIT 8
Reading 1: The Golden Age of Islamic
Invention
Reading Preview
Exercise A, page 162
Answers will vary
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Exercise B, page 162
1. discovery, method, techniques
2. astronomy, chemistry, gasoline, optics,
machines
3. They are all related to beauty and
cleanliness. They are all made by
chemists.
Reading Skill
Scanning
Exercise A, page 168
Exercise C, page 162
Answers will vary
Reading Comprehension
Big Picture
Exercise A, page 166
1. a. MI
b. SD
c. SD
2. a. SD
b. MI
c. SD
3. a. SD
b. SD
c. MI
4. a. MI
b. SD
c. SD
5. a. SD
b. MI
c. SD
Exercise B, page 167
a. SD
b. SD
c. MI
Close-Up
Exercise A, page 167
1. F
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
T
T
F
T
F
Questions
1. Who invented Post-it
notes?
Clue
names
Answer
Spencer
Silver
2. When was the glue for
Post-it notes invented?
dates
1968
3. What company sells
them?
names
3M
4. Why were the first
Post-it notes yellow?
key
words
5. In how many
countries is the product
sold?
numbers
They had
a lot of
left over
yellow
paper.
Over 150
countries
Exercise B, page 169
Exercise B, page 170
1. d
2. f
3. a
4. h
5. g
6. c
7. b
8. e
Question
1. When was the
Renaissance?
Clue
Dates
Answer
1300-1600 CE
2. What were some
important cities in the
Islamic world during
the Golden Age?
Names
Baghdad,
Cairo, Tripoli,
Cordoba
3. Who was AlJazari?
Key
words
4. What was one
important advance in
chemistry at the
time?
Key
words
Inventor of the
crankconnecting
rod system
Distillation
Exercise C, page 170
1. convert…into
2. key component
3. massive amount
4. chemical compound
5. tackle the problem
6. personal hygiene
7. vibrant colors.
8. sustain the growth
5. Why was soap
different from early
forms of personal
hygiene?
Key
words
It was watersoluble
compound
6. Which western
scholars based some
of their work on ideas
from the Golden Age
of Islam?
Names
Roger Bacon,
Nicolaus
Copernicus,
Leonardo da
Vinci, Isaac
Newton
Multiword Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 170
1. f
2. c
3. b
4. d
5. g
6. e
7. h
8. a
Vocabulary Practice
Academic Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 169
1. components
2. hygiene.
3. sustained
4. converts
5. massive
6. tackle
7. compound
8. vibrant
Exercise B, page 171
1. lays the foundation for
2. at the heart of
3. it comes as no surprise that
4. make their mark
5. at a right angle
6. draw on
7. At the height of its power
8. from far and wide
Use the Vocabulary, page 171
Answers will vary
Think and Discuss, page 171
Answers will vary
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Reading 2: Origami: The Practical
Applications of a Familiar Art
Reading Preview
Exercise A, page 172
Answers will vary
Exercise B, page 172
1. craft, design, expression, model,
sculpture
2. complex, mathematical, model,
researcher, technology, telescope
3. insight, inspired, expression
Exercise C, page 172
Answers will vary
Reading Comprehension
Big Picture
Exercise A, page 176
1. Paragraph 5
2. Paragraph 2
3. Paragraph 1
4. Paragraph 3
5. Paragraph 4
Exercise B, page 176
2. Origami has moved from an art form to
high technology.
Close-Up
Exercise A, page 176
1. b
2. a
3. c
4. a
5. b
6. a
Exercise B, page 177
Answers will vary
Reading Skill
Cohesion: Following Topic Chains
Exercise A, page 178
1. Origami experts:
a. origami experts
b. origami experts
c. they
d. these artists
e. them
2. This insight:
a. this insight
b. it
c. this insight
d. it
Exercise B, page 179
Start of Topic
Topic Chain References
telescope lens
this; It; telescope lens
tiny origami
these tiny tubes; they; they;
stents
the stents; these devices
researchers
they
Exercise C, page 179
1. Personal pronouns and possessive
adjectives
Vocabulary Practice
Exercise A, page 179
1. h
2. g
3. c
4. e
5. f
6. a
7. d
8. b
Exercise B, page 180
1. diagnose
2. enchanted
3. sphere
4. lens
5. elevated
6. manual
7. quit
8. exhibited
Multiword Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 180
1. these days
2. end up
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
came to the realization that
do the trick
practical application
a pad of paper
some sort of
has the potential
Exercise B, page 180-181
1. these days
2. has the potential to
3. came to the realization that
4. pad of paper
5. did the trick
6. ended up
7. some sort of
8. practical application
Use the Vocabulary, page 181
Answers will vary
Think and Discuss, page 181
Answers will vary
Exercise D, page 182
Answers will vary
Connect the Readings
Exercise A, page 183
Technique
Practical Applications in
Reading 1 or 2
Distillation Create perfumes, vinegar,
alcohol; gasoline, plastic, and
medicine production
Paper
Air bag manufacturing;
folding
telescope lens; origami stents
to support damaged arteries;
a pad of paper for diagnosing
patients; self-folding DNA
Exercise B, page 183
Answers will vary
Exercise C, page 183
Answers will vary
Unit Review
Vocabulary Review
Exercise A, page 182
1. at the height of its power
2. sustained the growth
3. practical applications
4. made a mark
5. ended up
6. laid the foundation for
7. elevate the level
8. key components
9. It comes as no surprise
10. from far and wide
Exercise B, page 182
Answers will vary
Exercise C, page 182
Answers will vary.
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
UNIT 9
Reading 1: Robots to the Rescue
Reading Preview
Exercise A, page 186
1. Robots that put out fires; robots that
deactivate bombs; robots that rescue and
identify wounded soldiers; cockroach
robots that enter disaster zones.
2. The photos show different robots with
real-life purposes.
3. Answers will vary
Exercise B, page 186
1. bombs, earthquake, explosives, hazardous,
toxic, trapped, wounded
2. firefighters, soldiers
3. rescue, search, survivors
Exercise C, page 186
Answers will vary
Reading Comprehension
Big Picture
Exercise A, page 191
Functions of the Paragraph
1. Describes and explains the
abilities of today’s robots
2. Describes and explains the
potential abilities of robots in
the future
3. Gives example(s) of
dangerous situation in which
robots could be useful
4. Gives example(s) of
situations in which robots
provide information from a
remote location
5. Describes situation(s) in
which robots would help
rescue people who are injured
Exercise B, page 191
Answers will vary
Close-Up
Exercise A, page 191
Answers will vary.
Exercise B, page 191
Answers will vary
Reading Skill
Reading as Test Preparation
Exercise A, page 192
1. combine the advanced technology of
robots with the advantages of real robots;
The cockroaches natural abilities allow
them to move around and survive almost
anywhere.
2. help people who are in life-threatening
situations
Exercise B, page 192
Answers will vary
Paragraph
Number
2, 3, 6
4, 5, 7, 8
2, 3, 5, 6
3, 5, 6
4, 5
Vocabulary Practice
Academic Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 193
1. a
2. b
3. b
4. a
5. a
6. a
7. b
8. b
Exercise B, page 193
1. hoping
2. totally
3. changes
4. carefully
5. situation
6. locations
7. quickly
8. crowd
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Multiword Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 194
1. c
2. a
3. h
4. e
5. g
6. b
7. d
8. f
Exercise B, page 194
1. be on the safe side.
2. rested on the shoulders of
3. from a vantage point
4. Hazardous materials
5. a close call.
6. out of harm’s way.
7. comes to the rescue of
8. a false alarm
Use the Vocabulary, page 195
Answers will vary
Think and Discuss, page 195
Answers will vary
4. a
5. b
Exercise B, page 201
Robots are becoming more humanlike with
improvements in technology.
Close-Up
Exercise A, page 201
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. The robots should be physically similar to
humans in their appearance and
movements.
2. The robots must behave like humans.
3. The robots must learn like humans.
4. The robots must think like humans.
5. The robots must be able to recognize key
features in an unpredictable environment
and then respond in any number of ways.
Exercise B, page 201
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
1. Some humans feel uncomfortable if the
robots are too human.
2. Some humans feel close to the humanoids
if the robot isn’t “too human.”
Reading 2: Humanoids
Reading Preview
Exercise A, page 196
Answers will vary
Exercise B, page 196
1. expressive; observe; recognize; scowl
2. gesture; interact; react; respond
3. identical; model; resemble; similar
Exercise C, page 196
Answers will vary
Reading Comprehension
Big Picture
Exercise A, page 200
1. a
2. b
3. b
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Reading Skill
Active Reading
Exercise A, page 202
Cue
many
challenges
higher
aspirations
key
features
a variety
of tasks
Action
Ask: What
are they?
Scan to
find them.
Ask:
Higher
than what?
Review
prior text.
Ask: What
are they?
Will the
text tell
me?
Ask: What
are they?
Ask: What
are they?
Will the
text tell
me?
Response
One challenge is to
design robots that are
like human in
appearance and
movement.
These robotics experts
don’t just want to
make robots that are
physically similar to
us. They want to
create humanoids that
behave, learn, and
think like humans and
relate to us in familiar
ways.
Key features that
humanoids need to
recognize include
things like human
voice, movements, and
expressions.
Not included in the
text.
Exercise B, page 202
Answers will vary. Example answer:
P#
4
Cue
Action
Response
a range of
advance
technology
Ask: What
are they?
Will the text
tell me?
One model is
the Telenoid, a
small robot that
allows complex
interaction
through cellular
phones.
Vocabulary Practice
Academic Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 203
1. mimics
2. aspirations
3. versions
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
miniature
convincing
protested
paradox
approximate
Exercise B, page 203
1. c
2. e
3. a
4. f
5. d
6. b
Exercise C, page 203
1. protest against
2. mimic the behavior
3. have convincing evidence
4. have high aspirations
5. closely approximate
6. an apparent paradox
Multiword Vocabulary
Exercise A, page 204
1. d
2. f
3. g
4. c
5. a
6. h
7. e
8. b
Exercise B, page 204
1. from head to toe
2. put this idea to the test
3. a measure of success
4. spent his life
5. are after
6. crosses the line
7. a long way to go
8. key features
Use the Vocabulary, page 205
Answers will vary
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Think and Discuss, page 205
Answers will vary
Connect the Readings
Exercise A, page 207
Unit Review
Vocabulary Review
Exercise A, page 206
1. mimic the behavior
2. detect changes
3. higher aspirations
4. protest against
5. cross the line
6. key feature
7. apparent paradox
8. rests on the shoulders of
9. comes to the rescue
10. a close call
Approximatio
n to human
form and
behavior
Functions
Exercise B, page 206
Answers will vary
Designers’
goals in
creating them
Exercise C, page 207
Answers will vary.
Exercise D, page 207
Answers will vary
Potential for
future benefit
to humans
Robots in
Reading 1
These robots
are not
meant to
approximate
human form
or behavior
Deal
remotely
with
dangerous
situations;
save people
in danger;
remotely
gather
information
To keep
humans out
of danger
while still
allowing
them to tend
to dangerous
situations.
These robots
can
potentially
help people
in dangerous
situations.
Exercise B, page 207
Answers will vary
Exercise C, page 207
Answers will vary
Answer Key for Reading and Vocabulary Focus 3
© National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning.
Robots in
Reading 2
Very similar in
form and
behavior to
humans
To mimic
human
behavior and
appearance; to
interact with
humans
To reveal what
is
fundamentally
human about
us
Humanoids
will be able to
interact, learn,
and behave
like humans
and provide
insight into
what makes us
human.