WHAT IS A FIRE?
WHAT ARE THE
AND
OF
FIRE?
WHAT ARE THE PROS AND
CONS OF FIRE?
FIRE HAZARD
 Fire hazards include all types of live flames, causes
of sparks, hot objects, and chemicals that are
potential for ignition, or that can aggravate a fire to
become large and uncontrolled.
What are the most
common fire hazards ?
What are the common causes
of fire hazards at home ?
Human Negligence
WHAT ARE THE
THINGS NEEDED TO
GENERATE FIRE?
Oxygen
Heat
Fuel
Causes of Fire
 The BFP Operational Procedures Manual has list
down the causes of fire as follows.
 There are 16 identified causes of fire.
Causes of Fire
A. Faulty electrical wiring or connection
B. LPG-related
C. Neglected cooking or stove
D. Cigarette butt
E. Unattended open flame: torch or sulo
F. Unattended open flame: candle or gasera
G. Matchstick or lighter
H. Direct flame contact or static electricity
Causes of Fire
I. Neglected electrical appliances or devices
J. Electrical machineries
K. Chemicals
L. Incendiary device or ignited flammable liquid
M. Spontaneous combustion
N. Pyrotechnics
O. Bomb explosion
P. Lightning
Q. Others (forest fire, vehicular fire, etc.)
FAULTY ELECTRICAL WIRING
LPG-RELATED
NEGLECTED COOKING STOVE
CIGARETTE BUTT
UNATTENDED OPEN-FLAME: TORCH
UNATTENDED OPEN-FLAME: GASERA
MATCHSTICK OR LIGHTER
DIRECT FLAME CONTACT OR STATIC
ELECTRICITY
NEGLECTED ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES OR
DEVICES
ELECTRICAL MACHINERIES
CHEMICALS
INDENCIARY DEVICE OR IGNITABLE
FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION
PYROTECHNICS
BOMB EXPLOSION
LIGHTNING
FOREST FIRE
VEHICULAR FIRE
5 CLASSES OF FIRE
CLASS A
CLASS B
CLASS C
CLASS D
CLASS K
5 CLASSES OF FIRE
Class A – fuels are ordinary combustibles such as
wood, paper, plastic, or anything that leaves ash.
5 CLASSES OF FIRE
Class B – fuels are flammable or combustible liquids
like petroleum oil, gasoline, paint, and flammable
gasses such as propane and butane.
5 CLASSES OF FIRE
Class C – fuels are energized electrical fires like
motors, transformers, and appliances.
5 CLASSES OF FIRE
Class D – fuels are combustible metals like
potassium, sodium, aluminum, titanium, and
magnesium.
5 CLASSES OF FIRE
Class K – fuels are cooking oils, grease such as
animal fat and vegetable fats.
1. Ignition
2. Growth
3. Fully Developed
4. Decay
IGNITION
I. Ignition – First stage: heat, oxygen, and fuel source combine
and have a chemical reaction (fire triangle is complete).
A. Also known as incipient
B. 2 types: Piloted ignition and auto ignition
IGNITION
C. Piloted ignition = fuel + oxygen + external heat
source (spark)
D. Auto ignition = combustion by heat without spark or
flame
E. Smoke and heat is produced.
IGNITION
F. Oxygen supply = 21%
G. Does not have high temperatures
GROWTH
II. Growth – Expansion of fire, depletion of oxygen
supply, and increase in temperature
A. Also known as free burning phase
B. Oxygen supply is less than 21%
C. Temperatures reach between 640° to 870°F
FULLY DEVELOPED
III. Fully Developed – All fuels have been ignited and
burning.
A. Hottest phase of a fire
B. Fire is now dependent on the amount of oxygen.
C. Spread of flammable gases within the area
D. Oxygen supply < 16%
E. Too much carbon monoxide is present
DECAY
IV. Decay – Fire starts to diminish as fuel and/or oxygen
is consumed
A. Also known as smoldering phase
B. Usually the longest stage of a fire
C. Characterized by significant decrease in oxygen and
fuel
D. Backdraft could potentially occur.
Basic Response
Procedures to Fires
1. IF INSIDE A BURNING AREA
A. Once you hear the fire alarm, evacuate to a safe
area right away.
B. If you see fires, pull fire alarms as you exit the area.
Inform other people present in the area of the fire
that is occurring.
1. IF INSIDE A BURNING AREA
C. If the fire is still small and can be extinguished, use
an appropriate fire extinguisher (recall the different
classes of fire). Usually, normal fire extinguishers do
the job, but if unavailable, buckets of water or damp
cloths would do.
1. IF INSIDE A BURNING AREA
Note: One should only fight a fire if the fire department
has been notified, the fire is small, fire is confined to its
point of origin, an escape route is available, and one
can fight the fire with their back to the exit.
1. IF INSIDE A BURNING AREA
D. If the fire is already large and is rapidly spreading
(growth phase), immediately find the nearest exit
and exit the area.
E. Touch doors first to check if they are warm before
opening them. If they are warm, do not attempt to
open and proceed to a different route.
1. IF INSIDE A BURNING AREA
F. Use the stairs not elevators.
G. Close all windows and doors that you can reach as
you exit.
H. If there is smoke, stay as low as possible. Also, try to
cover your nose to prevent inhalation.
I. Once outside, move away from the exits and
assemble in a safe area designated by the
evacuation plan of the area or by emergency
response teams.
2. IF OUTSIDE A BURNING AREA
A. Do not attempt to go inside the burning area.
B. Immediately contact the nearest fire station and other
emergency response numbers.
C. Listen and follow orders of the emergency response
teams.
2. IF OUTSIDE A BURNING AREA
D. Organize/Participate in a bucket relay. Bucket relay
is when people help the fire fighters by passing buckets
full of water either to try to extinguish the fire or to
prevent the fire from further spreading.
3. IF YOU CATCH FIRE, DO THE
“STOP, DROP, AND ROLL”
RIGHT AWAY.
4. IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO
LEAVE THE AREA UNSCATHED
OR YOU HAVE SUFFERED
BURNS, IMMEDIATELY ATTEND
TO THEM DEPENDING ON THE
DEGREE OF BURN.
WILDFIRE
A wildfire is any natural or anthropogenic
caused uncontrolled fire in remote areas where
there is extensive combustible vegetation
and/or organic material like forests, grasslands,
shrublands, bushlands, scrublands and
peatlands.
WILDFIRE
A wildfire can spread out from the source of
ignition very quickly and can change direction
unexpectedly.
Strong winds can blow burning debris which
may trigger fires in other places. It can spread
despite of the gaps in combustible materials
such as rivers, streams.
TYPES OF WILDFIRE
There are 3 basic types of wildfires: GROUND
FIRES, SURFACE FIRES and CROWN FIRES.
These are classified depending on two factors:
 The vertical position of the fuel and
burning;
 The type of fuel being burned.
GROUND FIRES
Ground fire involve burning of buried
decomposed organic matter and extensive tree
root systems.
The smoldering fire on the burning roots are
dangerous since it can last for days or months
underground.
SURFACE FIRES
This is the most common type of wildfire, it
involve the burning of fuel scattered on the
surface like fallen leaves, branches, bark,
stems, tree cuttings and dried-up low lying
vegetation like shrubs and gasses.
CROWN FIRES
Crown fires burn tree canopies, other higher
parts of trees, and suspended materials like
vines.
This type of wildfire spreads very rapidly
because of the strong winds which supply more
and more oxygen.
CROWN FIRES
The extent and intensity of a crown fire is
controlled by:
 the density of the suspended material,
 the height and continuity of the canopies,
and
 the intensity of ground and/or surface fires
which may spread upward.
LADDER FUELS
 Ladder fuels are any combustible material
found between the ground and the tree tops
which allow fire to climb up all the way to the
canopies.
CAUSES OF WILDFIRE
Wildfires are mainly caused by 2 entities:
Natural causes
Human activities
NATURAL CAUSES
 Lightning strikes
 Lava flows during volcanic eruption
 Spontaneous combustion
 Wildfires can proliferate during dry spells,
droughts or heatwave
 Rockfalls
HUMAN ACTIVITIES
Kaingin
Charcoal production
Improperly extinguished bonfire in campsites
within forest
Leaving lighted cigarettes
CONTROLLING AND
PREVENTING WILDFIRES
Grazing
Sanitation
Thinning
Pruning
Removal of cuttings
Firebreaks
Community participation
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
Fire extinguishers can put out several classes
of fire while others can be dangerous when
used for a certain fire class.
Once the fire class has been identified, the
most appropriate type of fire extinguisher can
be chosen.
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
Using the incorrect type of fire extinguisher can
also allow the fire to start again even if it may
appear that the fire was already extinguished.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOME COMMERCIALLYAVAILABLE FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS
WATER AND FOAM
Water and foam extinguishers both isolate the
heat element while foam extinguishers block
oxygen to prevent it from interacting with other
elements in the fire triangle.
WATER AND FOAM
It should only be used for class A fires and
NOT on Class B or C fires because these could
cause a Class B fire to spread and a Class C
fire to create an electric shock hazard.
CARBON DIOXIDE
CO2 extinguishers isolate oxygen from the fuel
in the fire triangle and also reduce the heat due
to the very cold emission.
CO2 extinguishers can be used to put out
Class B and C fires but are ineffective in
putting out Class A fire.
DRY CHEMICAL
Dry chemical extinguishers put out fire mainly
by breaking the continuity of the chemical
reaction of the fire triangle.
A multi-purpose dry chemical extinguishers is
the most widely used extinguishers which can
be used to put out Class A, B, and C fires.
WET CHEMICAL
Wet chemical removes the heat in the fire triangle and
prevent the fire from starting again by preventing the
oxygen and fuel from interacting.
These are used to extinguish class K fires, especially
commercial cooking equipment like deep fryers.
These can also be used to put out class A fires in
kitchen.
CLEAN AGENT
 Also known as halogenated extinguishers,
contain halo agents and halocarbon agents
(which are less harmful to the ozone).
 These put out the fire mainly by breaking the
continuity of the chemical reaction of the fire
triangle and are used commonly for class B
and C fires.
DRY POWDER
Dry powder extinguishers put out only class D
fires by preventing the oxygen and fuel from
interacting or by removing the heat in the fire
triangle.
WATER MIST
Water mist extinguishers put out primarily class
A fires, but could work as well for class C fires
by isolating the heat element from the other
elements of the fire triangle.
PASS!!
P – ULL THE PIN
A – IM THE NOZZLE
S – QUEEZE THE LEVER
S – WEEP THE NOOZLE