ESP Glossary (Physics and IT)
Терминологический глоссарий
(Физика и Компьютерные Технологии)
1 часть
для студентов технических специальностей
Москва 2020
Работа с глоссарием (практические рекомендации студентам)
1. До заполнения колонок глоссария рекомендуем найти все термины из полученного Вами списка в тексте юнита и выделить
предложения, в которых они используются (можно в дальнейшем использовать как пример).
2. При поиске произношения и определения воспользуйтесь бесплатными англо-английскими онлайн-словарями (Oxford (содержит
более общие термины и простые определения), Merriam-Webster (содержит более узкие термины, но с более комплексными определениями и
не предоставляет произношение)).
3. В колонку Pronunciation следует занести транскрипцию слова из англо-английского словаря.
4. При работе с колонкой Definition стоит понимать, что в английском языке у многих слов есть несколько значений, но Вас
интересует только одно из них. Для сужения круга поиска нужной дефиниции стоит воспользоваться предложением из п.1 для определения
контекста.
5. В колонку Example можно занести любое предложение из учебника Thesaurus of Student-Physicist с этим термином, либо примеры
из словаря.
6. В колонку Russian внесите перевод термина. В случае, если термины были Вами проработаны на занятии, то записать стоит тот
перевод, который Вам дал преподаватель. Если термины прорабатываются Вами самостоятельно, то можно воспользоваться любым
бесплатным англо-русским онлайн-словарем. При выборе перевода также стоит опираться на предыдущие колонки. Учтите, что термины
очень точны и сильных вариаций в переводе как правило не существует. При поиске перевода рекомендуем пользоваться онлайн-словарем
Мультитран (multitran.ru)
7. Если Вам встретились термины, которые, на Ваш взгляд, представляют интерес и Вам неизвестны, рекомендуем также заносить их
в таблицу (можете добавить дополнительные строки к таблицам), что в дальнейшем поможет Вам на занятии более уверено отвечать на
вопросы преподавателя и обсуждать изучаемый материал.
8. Термины, приведенные в таблице, будут использованы при составлении заданий для контрольных мероприятий (экзамен, зачет).
Список рекомендованной литературы при работе с глоссарием:
Books, H.C., 2008. Oxford Study Science Dictionary, Revised edition. ed. Franklin Watts, Oxford.
Cambridge Dictionary | Английский словарь, переводы и тезаурус [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ru/ (accessed
9.25.20).
Concordance - most powerful corpus search | Sketch Engine, 2019. URL https://www.sketchengine.eu/guide/concordance-a-tool-to-search-a-corpus/
(accessed 9.25.20).
Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: America’s most-trusted online dictionary [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.merriam-webster.com/
(accessed 9.25.20).
Encyclopedia Britannica | Britannica [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.britannica.com/ (accessed 9.25.20).
Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries | Find definitions, translations, and grammar explanations at Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries [WWW Document], n.d.
URL https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ (accessed 9.25.20).
Term
Pronunciation
Definition
Example
Russian
quantity (n, c)
/ˈkwɒntəti/
the aspect in which a thing is measured.
In mechanics, three most
fundamental quantities are length,
mass and time.
величина
fundamental (base)
unit
/ˌfʌndəˈmentl/ A certain quantity accepted as a standart of
Fundamental unit of length is meter.
Фундаментальная
единица
Unit 1
measurement
/beɪs/
/ˈjuːnɪt/
SI (n, c)
/ˌes ˈaɪ/
A standart system of units for the
fundamental quantities of science
In System International units of
length, mass and time are the meter,
kilogram and second.
Система
Интернациональная
force (n, c)
/fɔːrs/
Physical strength or physical power
The force is a vector quantity, just
like velocity and acceleration.
сила
velocity (n, c)
/vəˈlɑːsəti/
Is a speed with direction
The average velocity…
Скорость
volume (n, c)
/ˈvɒljuːm/
The amount of space occupied by a three –
dimensional object
In SI volume is measured in cubic
meters
Объем
acceleration (n, u)
/əkˌseləˈreɪʃn/ is the rate of change of velocity
The average acceleration is relationship
of change in velocity and the time
interval of this changing
Ускорение
sine (n, c)
/saɪn/
Sine equal to zero if angle is 0
radians
синус
The relationship between the length of the
opposite side to angle and the length of the
hypotenuse in the right triangle.
cosine (n,c)
/ˈkəʊsaɪn/
The relationship between the length of the
next side to angle and the length of the
hypotenuse in the right triangle.
Cosine equal to one if angle is 0
radians
косинус
tangent (n, c)
/ˈtændʒənt/
The relationship between the length of the
opposite side to angle and the length of the
next side to angle in right triangle
Tangent equal to zero if angle is 0
radians
тангенс
Term
Pronunciation
Definition
Example
Russian
average (adj )
/ˈævərɪdʒ/
calculated by adding several amounts
The average speed of an object
together, finding a total, and dividing the total
by the number of amounts
axis (n,c)
/ˈæksɪs/
an imaginary, central line around
which an object turns
Everybody knows that our planet is
rotating on its axis continuously.
ось
deceleration (n,
u)
/ˌdiːseləˈreɪʃn/
a decreasing in the speed
The word deceleration means a
reduction in speed, a slowing down.
замедление
decrease (v)
/dɪˈkriːs/
to become smaller magnitude
The term “slowing down” refer to a
decrease in speed
Уменьшение
increase (v)
/ɪnˈkriːs/
to make something greater in magnitude
The term “speeding up” refer to an
increase in speed
Увеличение
units of measurement of quantity
Acceleration is a vector quantity that Размерность
has dimension of length divided by
the time squared
the rate at which somebody/something
moves or travels
The average speed…
Unit 2
dimension (n, c) /dɪˈmenʃn/
speed (n, c)
/spiːd/
displacement (n, /dɪsˈpleɪsmənt/
u)
the difference between the initial position of The average velocity
something (such as a body or geometric
figure) and any later position
среднее
Скорость
Смещение
Term
Pronunciation
Definition
Example
Russian
motion (n, u)
/ˈməʊʃn/
the act or process of moving
Motion in three dimensional space
is usual for us. But we can’t
imagine motion in 4d space.
Движение,
перемещение
scalar quantity
/ˈskeɪlər/
a quantity that has magnitude but no
direction
Temperature is an example of a
scalar quantity
Скалярная
величина
a quantity that has magnitude size and
direction
Displacement, velocity and
acceleration are vector quantities
Векторная
величина
If you throw an object into the air,
you will see projectile motion
Летящий предмет
Unit 3
/ˈkwɒntəti/
vector quantity
/ˈvektər/
/ˈkwɒntəti/
projectile (n, c)
/prəˈdʒektl/
an object that
is thrown or shot into the air
equation (n, c)
/ɪˈkweɪʒn/
a statement showing that quantities are equal The equation of two vectors means
that these vectors have same
magnitude and direction
Уравнение
trajectory (n,c)
/trəˈdʒektəri/
the curved path of something that has been
thrown into the air
The acceleration in the y-direction
is not zero at the top of a
projectile’s trajectory
Траектория
elevation (n, c)
/ˌelɪˈveɪʃn/
the height of the object lifted above the
ground
Its elevation is only 454 meters, but
the trail to reach the top is quite steep.
Высота, подъем
reference frame
/ˈrefrəns/
It is just coordinate system to define the
Moving of frame of reference is
Система отсчета
position of the object in space
described by Galileo
/freɪm/
Term
Pronunciation
Definition
Example
Russian
Unit 4
force (n, c)
fɔːs
physical strength
The force is a vector quantity, just
like velocity and acceleration
сила
friction (n, u)
ˈfrɪkʃn
the action of one object or surface moving
against another
Friction between moving parts cause
the overheat.
трение
static friction
ˈstætɪk
Friction between two objects that do not move
Static friction is not larger than
kinetic friction.
Трение покоя
kinetic (dynamic)
friction
kɪˈnetɪk
An object that moves over a surface
experiences resistance to its motion. This
resistance is known as kinetic friction
Kinetic friction is not smaller than
static friction
Кинетическое трение
gravitational force
ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənl
All objects having mass attract each other with
force known as the gravitational force.
We are feeling gravitational force
between us and the earth every
second.
Гравитационная
сила
weight (n, c/u)
weɪt
how heavy somebody/something is.
In SI weight is measured in
Newtons as the force
Вес
inertia (n, u)
ɪˈnɜːʃə
lack of ability to move or change
Without gravity, the sattelite’s
intertia will take it into outer space
инерция
mæs
mass (n, c/u)
масса
the amount of matter in
any solid object or in
any volume of liquid or gas:
The mass is one of the fundamental
units in Physics
Pronunciation
Definition
Example
energy (n, u)
ˈenədʒi
Energy is the one of the most
power to
do work that produces light, heat, important concepts in physics
or motion etc
Энергия
work (n, a)
wɜːk
to do something that involves physical or mental
effort
Physical definition of the work is not
the same with ordinary definition.
Работа
joule (c)
dʒuːl
a unit of energy or work
In SI power is measured in joule per
second
джоуль
potential energy
pəˈtenʃl
Is the stored energy that can be spent for
example into kinetic energy
If your elevation is one meter, mass is
70 kilograms, your potential energy is
700 joules.
Потенциальная
энергия
energy
conversion
ˈenədʒi kənˈvɜːʃn
conversion is the process of changing energy
from one form to another.
By means of waterfall we can see the
conversion of energy from potential
into kinetic
преобразование
энергии
Term
Russian
Unit 5
power (n,u)
ˈpaʊə(r)
The rate of change energy transfer with the time
In SI power is measured in joule per
second
мощность
law of
conservation of
energy
ˈenədʒi kənˈvɜːʃn
Energy can only be transformed from one form
to another. It can’t be destroyed
law of conservation of energy is
very important is solving physical
problems.
закон сохранения
энергии
Term
Pronunciation
Definition
Example
Russian
momentum (n,
u)
məˈmentəm
the quantity of movement of a moving object, The law of momentum conservation
measured as its mass multiplied by its
is useful in solving physical
velocity
problems
Импульс
product (n, c)
ˈprɒdʌkt
the result you get when two or
more quantities are multiplied together
The product of 6 and 3 is 18.
Произведение
collision (n, c)
kəˈlɪʒn
the violent coming together of two or
more moving objects
The collision involved a pickup truck
and a car
Столкновение
recoil (n, u)
rɪˈkɔɪl
to move suddenly backwards when it is fired
The recoil of a gun is dangerous
thing
Отдача
impact (n, c/u)
ˈɪmpækt
the force or action of one object hitting
another
The bullet explodes on impact
Влияние
explosion (n, c)
ɪkˈspləʊʒn
the fact of something such as a bomb
exploding
Fortunately, there was no one in the
house at the time of the explosion.
Взрыв
propulsion (n,
u)
prəˈpʌlʃn
the force that drives something forward
The fish uses its tail for propulsion
through the water.
Движущая сила
Unit 6
Term
Pronunciation
Definition
Example
Russian
circular motion
ˈsɜːkjələ(r) ˈməʊʃn
The movement of an object while rotating
along a circular path
The universe is moved with a
circular motion
Круговое движение
centripetal
force
ˌsentrɪˈpiːtl
For circular motion at constant speed, the
acceleration vector always is pointed to the
center of the circle. This acceleration is
called a centripetal acceleration
In the car the centripetal force
comes from friction between the
tires and the road.
Центростремительная
сила
escape speed
ɪˈskeɪp
Escape speed is the minimum speed needed for
a free object to escape from the gravitational
influence of a massive body
cycle (n, c)
ˈsaɪkl
When events being repeated many times,
always in the same order
The cycle of day and night is set by
nature
Цикл
satellite (n, c)
ˈsætəlaɪt
Is a natural object moving around a larger
object in space
The satellite of the Earth is the
Moon
Спутник
fictitious forces
fɪkˈtɪʃəs
is a force that appears on a mass whose
motion is described using a non-inertial
frame of reference
The centrifugal and Coriolis forces
are fictious forces
Силы инерции
radian (n, c)
ˈreɪdiən
The unit of angular measurement
The right-angle equals pi/2 radian
Радиан
Unit 7
The escape speed of the Earth
equals 11 km/s
Вторая космическая
скорость
Term
Pronunciation
Definition
Example
Russian
torque (n)
tɔːrk
a force that causes something to rotate
Opening a bottle cap is an example
of torque
Крутящий момент
right-hand rule
ˈraɪt hænd
a common mnemonic for understanding
orientation of axes in three-dimensional
space.
By the right hand rule you can
define the direction of result of
vector product
Правило правой
руки
center of gravity
ˈsentə(r)
ˈɡrævəti
the point through which the force of gravity
acts on an object or system
The center of gravity of a sphere is
its center
Центр тяжести
axis of symmetry
ˈæksɪs ˈsɪmətri
a line that divides an object into two equal
halves
The human body in general does not
have an axis of symmetry.
Ось симметрии
rigid (adj)
ˈrɪdʒɪd
very strict and difficult to change
The course of study was too narrow
and too rigid.
жесткий
angular acceleration
ˈæŋɡjələ(r)
əkˌseləˈreɪʃn
Angular Acceleration is defined as the time
rate of change of angular velocity
Every point of the rotating object
has the same angular acceleration.
Угловое ускорение
angular momentum
ˈæŋɡjələ
Angular momentum is the rotational analog
of linear momentum
Angular momentum is the product
of its moment of inertia and its
angular velocity.
Момент импульса
Unit 8
term
pronunciation
definition
example
Russian
solid (n, c)
ˈsɒl.ɪd
a body having three dimensions and rigidity
X-rays see through solid
Твердое тело
liquid (n, c)
ˈlɪkwɪd
a fluid that has no certain shape but has a
definite volume
Mercury is a liquid at room
temperature
Жидкость
gas (n, c)
ɡæs
a substance having perfect molecular
mobility and the property of indefinite
expansion
Oxygen, hydrogen,
and nitrogen are all gases.
Газ
plasma (n, u)
ˈplæzmə
a gas that contains approximately equal
numbers of positive and negative electric
charges
Plasma is used in thermonuclear
reactions
Плазма
density (n, u)
ˈdensəti
mass per unit volume.
The density of a gas less than
density of a solid
Плотность
pressure (n, u)
ˈpreʃə(r)
force per unit area
Usually, atmospheric pressure is
one hundred thousand pascals.
Давление
Archimedes’
principle
ˌɑː.kɪˈmiː.diːz the law that a body immersed in a fluid is
By means of Archimedes
Принцип
ˈprɪn.sə.pəl
forced up by force equals to the weight of the principle the boats don’t go down. архимеда
fluid displaced by the body.
surface tension
ˈsɜː.fɪs
ˈten.ʃən
Unit 9
The elastic force existing in the surface of a
body, especially a liquid, tending to
minimize the area of the surface
By means of surface tension the
soap bubble doesn’t explode.
Поверхностное
натяжение
term
pronunciation
definition
example
Russian
heat (n, u)
/hiːt/
the transfer of energy between a
system and its environment
Darker surfaces absorb heat.
Теплота
temperature scale
ˈtem.prə.tʃər
skeɪl
a way to measure temperature
relative to a starting point and a
unit of measurement.
Kelvin is a temperature scale used in some
scientific applications.
Температурная
шкала
mercury (n, u)
/ˈmɜːkjəri/
a chemical element that is a
heavy, silver metal, liquid at
normal temperatures
Mercury is used in thermometers.
Ртуть
thermometer (n, c)
/θəˈmɒmɪtə(r)/
an instrument for measuring
temperature,
Usually, thermometers include mercury.
Термометр
thermal expansion
/ˈθɜː.məl/
/ɪkˈspæn.ʃən/
the trend of an object to change
in volume by change in
temperature.
Thermal expansion is caused by increase in Тепловое
potential energy between atoms
расширение
ideal gas
/aɪˈdɪəl/
/ɡæs/
a gas in which there is no
The concept of ideal gas is commonly used Идеальный газ
attraction between the molecules in solving physical problems.
thermal equilibrium
/ˈθɜː.məl/
a state of a system in which all
/ˌek.wɪˈlɪb.ri.əm/ parts are at the same
temperature
Unit 10
Thermal equilibrium is always achieved by Тепловое
anybody in the lack of external influence.
равновесие
term
pronunciation definition
example
Russian
internal energy
/ɪnˈtɜː.nəl/
/ˈen.ə.dʒi/
the energy associated with the
microscopic components of a system.
The internal energy includes kinetic
and potential energy of the atoms and
molecules.
Внутренняя
энергия
specific heat
/spəˈsɪf.ɪk/
/hiːt/
amount of energy per units’ mass to
change the temperature of that substance
by 1.0 degree Celsius
Every substance has a unique specific
heat
Удельная
теплоемкость
calorie (n, c)
/ˈkæl.ər.i/
the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one kilogram of water one
degree Celsius
There are about 50 calories in an apple.
Калория
latent heat
/ˈleɪ.tənt/
/hiːt/
the energy that is absorbed or released
during a phase change of a substance.
The condensing water releases latent
heat energy allowing the air to rise
higher.
Скрытое тепло
phase change
/feɪz/
/tʃeɪndʒ/
is a change in the state of matter.
Phase change of any object occurs when Фазовый
internal energy of the system increases
переход
at a constant temperature
expose (v)
/ɪkˈspəʊz/
to show something that is usually hidden
The job of journalist is based on
exposing the truth.
Разоблачать
greenhouse effect
/ˈɡriːn.haʊs/
/ɪˈfekt/
warming of the surface and lower
atmosphere of a planet (such as Earth or
Venus) that is caused by conversion of
solar radiation into heat
The greenhouse effect is developed by
Joseph Fourier
Парниковый
эффект
Unit 11
Term
Pronunciation
Definition
Example
Russian
assume (v)
/əˈsjuːm/
to think that something is true but
without having proof of it
Don't always assume the worst
Предполагать
isobaric (adj)
/ˈaɪsəbɑː(r)ik/
Is the process that is characterized by
constant or equal pressure
The work in the isobaric process is Изобарный
equal to the product of the
pressure on the volume change
adiabatic (adj)
/ˌeɪ.daɪ.əˈbæt.ɪk/
Is the process when heat does
not enter or leave the system
The work in the adiabatic process
is carried out by internal energy
Адиабатный
isovolumetric (adj)
/ˈaɪsəvɒl.jəˈmet.rɪk/ Is the process that is characterized by
unchanging volume
The work in the isovolumetric
process equals zero joules.
Изохорный
isothermal (adj)
/ˈaɪ.sə.θɜːməˈl/
Is the process that is characterized by
unchanging volume
The internal energy in isothermal
process doesn’t change.
Изотермический
engine (n, c)
/ˈen.dʒɪn/
a machine for converting thermal energy
into mechanical energy.
The efficiency of the engine is
always less than 100 percent
Двигатель
entropy (n, u)
/ˈen.trə.pi/
the degree of disorder or uncertainty in a
system
As the temperature increases, the
entropy increases
Энтропия
Unit 12
Term
Pronunciation
Definition
Example
Russian
propagation (n, u) /ˌprɒpəˈɡeɪʃn/
the sending out
or spreading of light or sound.
The propagation of
electromagnetic waves occurs at a
huge speed
Распространение
spring (n, c)
/sprɪŋ/
an elastic body that recovers its original
shape when released after being twisted
I am full of energy, like a coiled
spring.
Пружина
stretch (v)
/stretʃ/
to make something longer, wider or
looser
While we stretch the spring we
raise its the energy.
Растянуть
compress (v)
/kəmˈpres/
to press something into a smaller space
While we compress the spring we
raise its the energy.
Сжимать
stiffness (n, u)
/ˈstɪfnəs/
the extent to which an object resists
deformation in response to an applied
force.
Usually, different objects have
different stiffness
Жесткость
pendulum (n, c)
/ˈpendʒələm/
something that tends to move from one
position to the opposite and then back
again
The period of a mathematical
pendulum does not depend on the
mass of a moving object
Маятник
overlap (v)
/ˌəʊvəˈlæp/
to cover part of the same space:
Interference of the waves is based
on their overlapping
Перекрываться
Unit 13
Term
Pronunciation
Definition
Example
Russian
Unit 14
longitudinal (adj)
/ˌlɒŋ.ɡɪˈtʃuː.dɪ.nəl/ Means that the wave that is propagated in
the same direction as the displacement of
the transmitting matter.
Sound is longitudinal wave
Продольный
rarefaction (n, u)
/ˌreərɪˈfækʃn/
a decrease in the density of air or a gas
Rarefaction feels at higher levels
in the atmosphere
Разрежение
audible (adj)
/ˈɔːdəbl/
that can be heard clearly
My voice is not audible
sometimes
Слышимый
ultrasonic (adj)
/ˌʌltrəˈsɒnɪk/
having a frequency above the human ear's Ultrasonic waves start at 20,000
audibility limit
Hertz
Ультразвуковая
intensity (n, u)
/ɪnˈtensəti/
the magnitude of energy per unit of area
The intensity of solar radiation
near the Earth’s surface equals
1000 Watt/m^2
Интенсивность
the Doppler effect
/ˈdɒplə ɪˈfekt/
a change in the frequency of wave by
movement of source or receiver of this
wave
By means of the Doppler effect
we know that our universe is
expanding
Эффект
Допплера
resonance (n, u)
/ˈrezənəns/
An abnormal increase in the amplitude of
oscillations when the frequency of
external force equals to the resonant one.
The resonance is very dangerous
thing because this phenomenon
can destroy any buildings.
Резонанс
General terms - Mathematics
№
term
pronunciation
1
add (v)
æd
2
subtract səbˈtrækt
(v)
3
multiply
(v)
ˈmʌltɪplaɪ
to add a number to itself a particular number of
times
4
divide
(v)
dɪˈvaɪd
to separate into parts; to make something separate
into parts
5
fraction
(n, c)
ˈfrækʃn
a small part or amount of something
6
angle
(n, c)
ˈæŋɡl
the space between two lines or surfaces that join,
measured in degrees
7
equal
(v)
ˈiːkwəl
the same in size, quantity, value, etc. as something
else
8
ratio
(n,c)
ˈreɪʃiəʊ
the relationship between two groups of people or
things that is represented by two numbers
showing how much larger one group is than the
other
definition
example
to put something together with something else so
as to increase the size, number, amount, etc.
As an added bonus, the book
includes many black-and-white
photographs.
to take a number or an amount away from another
number or amount
6 subtracted from 9 is 3
Multiply the length by the width.
Russian
Добавить
вычесть
умножать
divide up After lunch we divided up делить
for group discussions.
Only a small fraction of a bank's
total deposits will be withdrawn at
any one time.
the rocket’s angle of descent
There is an equal number of boys
and girls in the class.
ratio of A to B What is the ratio of
men to women in the department?
дробная часть
угол
равный
соотношение