i
Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Home Appliances Industry in Egypt
Submitted for Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
of Master of Business Administration
By: Group (3), 60C
Mohamed Adel
Mohamed Nabil
Mohamed Medhat
Nader Makram
Peter Sokar
Supervised by: Dr. Adel Sakr
ESLSCA Business School
January, 2020
ii
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... III
CHAPTER (1): INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1
1.1. PROBLEM DEFINITION ............................................................................................. 4
1.2. OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................. 4
1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER (2): LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 6
2.1. INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE ................................................................................ 6
2.2. IMPACT OF AI ON INDUSTRIES, EMPLOYMENT RATES AND WAGES ......................... 7
2.3. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 16
CHAPTER (3): METHODOLOGY .............................................................................. 17
3.1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................................... 17
3.2. RESEARCH DESIGN .................................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER (4): FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ...................................................... 31
CHAPTER (5): CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................. 34
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 35
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................ 38
APPENDIX (A): INTERVIEW WITH GAS COOKER FACTORY MANAGER FRESH CO.... 38
APPENDIX (B): INTERVIEW WITH R&D MANAGER FRESH CO. ................................ 38
APPENDIX (C): INTERVIEW WITH R&D MANAGER UNIVERSAL CO. ........................ 38
APPENDIX (D): INTERVIEW WITH MARKETING MANAGER FRESH CO. .................... 38
APPENDIX (E): INTERVIEW WITH MARKETING MANAGER LG CO........................... 38
APPENDIX (F): INTERVIEW WITH ASSEMBLY MANAGER FRESH CO. ....................... 38
APPENDIX (G): INTERVIEW WITH COATING MANAGER FRESH CO. ......................... 38
APPENDIX (H): FOCUS GROUP INTERVIEW WITH WORKERS ..................................... 38
APPENDIX (I): TABLE OF VARIABLES AND RELATIONS ............................................ 38
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Abstract
Although all industries worldwide are currently turning towards the application of
Artificial Intelligence (AI) in all fields for the sake of: High quality - High productivity Minimum defects, AI has a negative consequence on the general levels of Employment.
Many Developed Countries, having Large-Scale Developed Industries, have tended to
generalize AI and reduce employment due to their high labors’ prices. In case of effective
introduction and expansion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Home Appliances’ Industry
in Egypt, despite of the relatively low labors’ prices; AI shall certainly affect the general
levels of employment/unemployment.
Methodology is divided into two parts. The first is the theoretical framework,
which is the way of thinking about inferring the hypothesis by reviewing all the variables
obtained from the literature review, then making an inventory of all these variables,
defining each variable separately, and discussing the relationships between these
variables through a special view of the author Depending on logic in explaining his point
of view and then making an inventory of propositions, the solution models are discussed
through it. The second part is design, which is concerned with discussing the form of
research in terms of defining and defining the population, the purpose of the study and
determining the unit of analysis. Conclusion The jobs performed by low qualified labors
will be affected compared to those performed by high-qualified workers. The use of
technological advance in work will increase the polarization of work between jobs
performed by low qualified labors and jobs performed by high-qualified labors. The use
of AI in manufacturing will reduce the demand on traditional labor and will lead to job
losses in the short term affecting the career sustainability of traditional labor and as a
result the unemployment rate will increase so the AI will change the world of work and
the distribution of income. This will be faced by labor through increase their productivity
to compete with automated machines also, training of labors will raise their qualifications
to meet the new requirements of labor market after AI application on work.
Keywords
Artificial Intelligence, Automation, productivity, employment, Innovation, Income.
1
Chapter (1): Introduction
Artificial Intelligence (AI) or simply Automation is an idea that has inspired
science fiction writers and futurologists for more than a century. Today it is no longer
fiction, as companies increasingly use AI in different disciplines and specifically robots
on production lines or algorithms to optimize their logistics, manage inventory, and carry
out other core business functions.
AI is not a new phenomenon, and fears about its transformation of the workplace
and effects on employment date back centuries, even before the Industrial Revolution in
the 18th and 19th centuries. In the 1960s, US President Lyndon Johnson empaneled a
“National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress.” Among its
conclusions was “the basic fact that technology destroys jobs, but not work.” Fast
forward and rapid recent advances in artificial intelligence technologies and robotics are
now raising the fears anew and with new urgency.
Jerry A. Jacobs and Rachel Karen described in their book (Technology-Driven
Task Replacement and The Future of Employment, Chapter 2) that there is a great deal of
attention has been devoted to the specter of a “jobless future.” Carl Frey and Michael
Osborne’s (2017) prediction that 47 percent of jobs in the US (and 2 billion jobs
internationally) are vulnerable to automation spawned many headlines, and a small
industry of follow-up studies. While Frey and Osborne’s work has been particularly
influential, a wide spectrum of other authors have also grappled with the future of work
and its impact on society (e.g., Brynjolfsson & McAffee, 2011, 2014; Ford, 2015;
Mindell, 2015), as have a number of prominent white-paper reports (Executive Office of
the President, 2016; OECD, 2016).
Actually, the predictions of a jobless future have reached far beyond the websites
of labor market specialists. Yuval Harari (2017), following Ray Kurzweill (2005), has
perhaps gone the furthest, suggesting that technology is allowing humans to try to
“upgrade themselves into gods.”
2
In the short term, more conservative commentators (e.g., Cohn & Taylor, 2016)
have suggested that the specter of automation represents a compelling case for keeping
wages low and benefits few, lest employers have a greater incentive to hasten their
adoption of robotic technologies. Perhaps as a result of powerful headlines, historical
examples, the rapid diffusion of cellphones, or a combination of factors, the American
public has accepted many of the key tenants of the automated future scenario.
We are rapidly approaching a tipping point where technology will dramatically
reduce the need for human labor. Many technologies expand human capabilities and
generate new types of employment as corollary developments. And sometimes even
labor-saving technologies end up producing more work. The empirical analysis of the
rate of occupational change spanning the period 1870–2015 shows the technological
change trends over the decades.
The results indicate that the rate of occupational shifts peaked during the Second
World War and declined slowly but steadily in the second-half of the twentieth century.
This highly aggregated measure no doubt misses much of the occupational shifts that
have occurred during this time period. As noted above, the principal virtue of this
approach is that it provides a consistent baseline for comparisons over time.
In January 2017, according to (US Bureau of Labor Statistics; McKinsey Global
Institute Analysis) report on automation, a future that works: Automation, employment,
and productivity; it was clearly shown that the automation potential of the global
economy, the timelines over which the phenomenon could play out, and the powerful
productivity boost that automation adoption could deliver. The results reveal a rich
mosaic of potential shifts in occupations in the years ahead, with important implications
for workforce skills and wages.
Obviously new technology and AI robots in industrial environment is invading
and now the culture of all manufacturing organizations is moving into have more robots
and automation to have long term investment while decreasing the total cost of
production.
3
This definitely has huge impact on the employment rate because some labors are
being replaced by robots, which might lead of having high rate of unemployment.
According to a study by McKinsey Global Institute, 30 percent of work tasks
across 60 percent of occupations could be automated, while between 400 and 800 million
people may need to find new work due to automation by 2030. ... The report estimates the
resulting job losses could be as high as 44 percent in many countries.
Robotic automation is growing at a whopping rate of 60%. Fears that automation
will kill more jobs continues to grow. Now, the world is dealing not only with robots that
do physical labor but with Artificial Intelligence that does mental labor as well.
According to study by the year 2030 AI will have an impact in the global industry
as it will lead to a new phase of production and around 375 million people will have to
learn a new profession, this won’t just impact those who perform (Simple) tasks it could
also affect such as (doctors and engineers).
Through AI most tasks can be automated, Machines could not only perform these
activities but also complete them better and faster than human can, AI will be a threat to
people whom are not willing to develop themselves as it will need more digital skills
noting that the employees with low level of digital skills could experience the largest
decline as a share of total employment to around 30% by 2030 from 40% on the other
hand the high level of digital skills could increase from 40% to more than 50%. not only
that as it could impact their wages in a positive and negative way for example the
category with high digital skills their incomes could rise while workers in low digital
skills category could be damaged by cutting their wages. AI might not have a significant
impact on the employment for the time being but could be slightly have a negative impact
on jobs by 2030. Hence new jobs driven by investment in AI could increase the
employment rate by 5% in 2030 and the total productivity effect could be a positive
contribution by 10%.
Also, AI will have a positive contribution in the companies’ performance by
increasing their profits and on the economy level it will increasing the GDP due to a
higher level of production.
4
1.1.Problem Definition
Although all industries worldwide are currently turning towards the application of
Artificial Intelligence (AI) in all fields for the sake of: High quality - High productivity Minimum defects, AI has a negative consequence on the general levels of Employment.
Many Developed Countries, having Large-Scale Developed Industries, have
tended to generalize AI and reduce employment due to their high labors’ prices.
In case of effective introduction and expansion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in
Home Appliances’ Industry in Egypt, despite of the relatively low labors’ prices; AI shall
certainly affect the general levels of employment/unemployment.

The research examines this effect in terms of:

To what extent does the AI affect the Employment Levels?

What types of work/activities that could be substituted by AI?

Is there any possibility for New Jobs Creation because of AI in Home Appliances’
Industry in Egypt?
1.2.Objectives

Examine the impact of AI robotics technology on the labor market.

Draws insights from earlier periods of technological change and the more recent
evidence on the impact of digital technology.

Presents what claims have been made about the potential consequences of AI for the
future of work,

Assess the risk of occupations and tasks to be automated in the next decades
because of AI systems.
5
1.3.Research Questions

Will the AI/robots really disrupt the labor market?

How AI Will Transform Manufacturing and the Workforce of the Future

What is AI be capable of doing and how will that change in the next 5-10 years?

How will AI be used to produce goods and services?

How will the use of AI change the productivity of workers and capital?

How will any additional income generated by AI be spent?

Who will work, how many hours will they work for, under what conditions, and for
what wage?

How quickly will changes happen? If change is faster than in the recent past, will this
be a one-time adjustment or will change be ‘the new normal’?

If a significant number of workers are displaced, what impact will this have on their
earnings and on their wellbeing?
6
Chapter (2): Literature Review
2.1. Introduction to Literature
Automation is not a new phenomenon, and fears about its transformation of the
workplace and effects on employment date back centuries, even before the Industrial
Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the 1960s, US President Lyndon Johnson
empaneled a “National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic
Progress.” Among its conclusions was “the basic fact that technology destroys jobs, but
not work.” Fast forward and rapid recent advances in automation technologies, including
artificial intelligence, autonomous systems, and robotics are now raising the fears anew—
and with new urgency.
A great deal of attention has been devoted to the specter of a “jobless future.” Carl
Frey and Michael Osborne’s (2017) prediction that 47 percent of jobs in the US (and 2
billion jobs internationally) are vulnerable to automation spawned many headlines, and a
small industry of follow-up studies. While Frey and Osborne’s work has been particularly
influential, a wide spectrum of other authors have also grappled with the future of work
and its impact on society (e.g., Brynjolfsson & McAffee, 2011, 2014; Ford, 2015;
Mindell, 2015), as have a number of prominent white-paper reports (Executive Office of
the President, 2016; OECD, 2016). The predictions of a jobless future have reached far
beyond the websites of labor market specialists. Yuval Harari (2017), following Ray
Kurzweill (2005), has perhaps gone the furthest, suggesting that technology is allowing
humans to try to “upgrade themselves into gods.” Others are taking the jobless future as a
starting point in designing the university of the future (Aoun, 2017) and the healthcare
system of tomorrow (Darzi, 2018).
The idea here is that if only a small fraction of society is employed, there must be
a mechanism other than wages for enabling members of society to purchase the goods
and services being produced by robots and to share in the prosperity the sophisticated
machines are capable of producing. In the short term, more conservative commentators
(e.g., Cohn & Taylor, 2016) have suggested that the specter of automation represents a
compelling case for keeping wages low and benefits few, lest employers have a greater
7
incentive to hasten their adoption of robotic technologies. Perhaps as a result of powerful
headlines, historical examples, the rapid diffusion of cellphones, or a combination of
factors, the American public has accepted many of the key tenants of the automated
future scenario.
2.2. Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Industries, Employment Rates and Wages
This literature concludes a number of thirteen (13) variables related to the
research topic and the impact of the Artificial Intelligence on the Industries generally,
besides the Employment Rates and Wages. The Variable of ‘Automation’ comes on the
top of all variables surveyed in the correlation of research topic and among the inventory
of the independent variables.
Critics of the ‘Future Employment Rates’ based on the current recorded
expansion rates in ‘Automation’ in different intensive-labor industries show a (31%)
possible negative influence or potential risk to lay-off the amount of labor with traditional
and minimum level of digitalization skills worldwide by 2033 (Jerry A. Jacobs and
Rachel Karen, 2019).
Luis F. Alvarez León (2019) has studied the impact of ‘Automation’ on Macro
and Micro ‘Employment Rates’ and argues not only the negative side of it, but also the
possible positive macro changes in Economy and General Employment Growth Rates
due to the development of the GDP and CAGR based on the productivity enhancement.
John Chelliah (2017) had the same studies outcome, but with a different
perspective about the General Wages Level. ‘Automation’ shall possibly have a relative
positive influence on the Macro Economic State of Nations, but on the other hand should
be challenging in terms of the General Wages Level which is expected to decline due to
the definite expansion in ‘Automation’ in different types of Industries.
The digitalization skills development is also one of the impacts of ‘Automation’
expansion (Tachia Chin and Genyi Li , Hao Jiao, Frederick Addo & I.M. Jawahar, 2019).
The general demand of labor will be changing towards the need of better digitalization
8
skills and accordingly the general direction of the labor force will be aligned with that
demand which is considered a potential of development for the labor skills worldwide.
Paul Lewis, Kate Bell (2018) shares the same study outcome, but with different
perspective in terms of the global development rates. The study conducted by Paul and
Kate argues that the digitalization skills should vary according to the industrial
development rates among the countries worldwide which shall not influence the expected
‘Automation’ expansion rates within the same period.
The studies of (Martha Garcia-Murillo and Ian MacInnes, 2018), (Peter Hogg,
2019), (Tom Coupe, 2019), (He Ping, Gao Yao ying, 2018) claims that the Industrial
‘Automation’ has the major influence and share on Employment Rates and Wages Level
among all other Variables and Types of the Artificial Intelligence, especially in
Industries. Industrial Automation Trends are picking up rapidly in Intensive-Labor
Industries for the sake of cutting down costs and goring towards lean setup for the sake of
competitiveness.
Michael Webb (2019) shows in his study that ‘Automation’ trends are different
from type of industry to another and the impact on the Employment Rates differs as well.
There are certain industries that despite of its development towards ‘Automation’ will
remain in high needs for intensive labor rates, however Wages should be affected.
In contrast, the report conducted on the Socio-Economical Implications of the
‘Automation’ and Employment Rates (Neha Soni, Enakshi Khular Sharma, Narotam
Singh & Amita Kapoor, 2019) shows a different level of attention to the ‘Automation’ in
industries and the direct and indirect consequences on even the social level due to the
declination in the Employment Rates.
The studies conducted by (David Chrisinger, 2019) and (Debora Card and Craig
Nelson, 2019) indicates that the Job Creation Opportunities due to the expansion in
‘Automation’ may have more positive effect on the medium term for specialized types of
Digitalization Skills and related jobs of programming and specialized installation and
maintenance tasks than the negative impact of the direct Employment Declination in the
9
Industry itself. The studies argue that the overall positive impact will sustain on the micro
and macro-economic levels.
Georgios Petropoulos (2016) sees the Job Creation Opportunities, as well, due the
expansion in the Industrial ‘Automation’. More than 3,800 International and Local
Specialized Automation Companies in Digitalization and Programming have been
established in the OECD countries within the period of (2010 to 2015) with more than
30,000 job opportunity created accordingly to serve this business line with a positive
future perspective of the annual growth on this track, which gives the positive outlook for
job creation more than the negative impact on the direct demand of the industries for
labor.
In line with the Automation Trends, the ‘Robots’ as a part of the Artificial
Intelligence (AI) trend, was the actual start of the AI specifically in Industries and its
significant expansion over the last three decades. The studies of Jerry A. Jacobs and
Rachel Karen (2019) and Richard B. Freeman (2018) discuss the impact of ‘Robots’
development led by Japanese and American firms on Employment Rates globally with
negative perspective. Robots have substitutes millions of jobs in Electronics and
Automobile Manufacturing Firms all over the globe and this trend is picking up rapidly
due to the need for precision and hazardous tasks in different types of industries.
The impact of ‘Robots’ on the Education Courses and Institutes was quite
remarkable due to the nature of Industrial demand starting from the new millennium
(John Chelliah, 2017). The study argues the development trends of the ‘Robots’ on the
skills required of the new shape of labors serving this trend and the tasks related.
The studies show a high risk on Wages Level Declination over the period from
2020 to 2030 due to the expansion in ‘Robots’ as a part from the AI trends (Szufang
Chuang and Carroll Marion Graham, 2018), (Jean Paul Simon, 2018) and (Martha
Garcia-Murillo and Ian MacInnes, 2018). The studies discuss the direct impact of the
expansion in ‘Robots’ on the challenging environment created in labor market and the
nature of jobs accordingly, which reflects on the Wages Level in different industries due
10
to the declining demand for labor substituted by ‘Robots’ based on the feasibility studies
related.
Polls indicate that large majorities of survey respondents believe we in the midst
of a profound wave of technological change; that new technologies are inevitable and
irresistible, and that significant economic displacement is likely (Facilityexecutive.com,
2017; Pew Research Center, 2017).1 There is of course a debate about the extent and
speed of job displacement, but in our view this debate remains unsatisfactory. Critics of
the “jobless future” (e.g., Bessen, 2015; Mishel & Bivens, 2017; Palvi & Vemuri, 2016;
Trilling; 2017) stress the empirical fact that large-scale job displacement has not yet
occurred, but the theoretical and methodological underpinnings of the job-loss
predictions have not been systematically examined.
Technology does not always replace tasks, since many technologies are designed
to work with, rather than instead of, people and the relationship between technological
advancement and employment is far from a one-to-one substitution. Many technologies
expand human capabilities and generate new types of employment as corollary
developments and sometimes even labor-saving technologies end up producing more
work.
‘Robots’ are considered an Industry with a quite attractive growth rates on itself
(Tom Coupe, 2019) and (He Ping, Gao Yao ying, 2018). The studies argue the potential
positive impact on Employment due the need for the ‘Robots’ industry itself versus the
negative impact of ‘Robots’ created in other Industries due to labor substitution because
of the expansion in depending on robots instead of labor.
Neha Soni, Enakshi Khular Sharma, Narotam Singh & Amita Kapoor (2019)
studies the Potential Growth of ‘Robots’ in Industries and see a great potential by 2040
that has a direct negative impact on Employment Rates, especially for Traditional Labor
with low Digitalization Skills. Developed Labor Workforce shall not have the same risk
level of substitution but in counter, they may have a great opportunity of development
and demand.
11
Studies conducted by (Jerry A. Jacobs and Rachel Karen, 2019) and (John
Chelliah, 2017) show a potential ‘Task Replacement’ in Industries due to the expansion
of the Artificial Intelligence (AI). It depends on the type and nature of the task; the
potential replacement is evaluated and studied. However, all tasks that in nature related to
or in need of precision or hazardous or in hazardous environment, have a high potential
of replacement.
The impact of Artificial Intelligence on ‘Task Replacement’ is not just laying off
the human resources completely from the Industrial Process or Task, it is expected to
change the way of doing things not just the concept of substitution (Szufang Chuang and
Carroll Marion Graham, 2018), (Martha Garcia-Murillo and Ian MacInnes, 2018) and
(Peter Hogg, 2019). The Process Planning in different industries shall be influenced by
the AI and accordingly the labor related with the process or task should develop new
skills and methods to follow such possible changes in job nature.
He Ping, Gao Yao ying (2018) and Michael Webb (2019) argue the effect of
Artificial Intelligence and ‘Task Replacement’ from the perspective of replacing the task
itself or the way of doing the task and the skills needed. They see that the main change
will be in the way of undertaking the task, from both planning and execution aspects. The
involvement of AI in industries change the whole process scheme and accordingly
require a change in the way of doing the tasks more than replacing the tasks themselves.
Another perspective of study was tackled for the ‘Task Replacement’ from the
perspective of the time needed for each task and the effect of the AI on each task in the
process; so due to the potential task replacement in the process, the time needed for each
task and accordingly the whole process should differ (David Chrisinger, 2019) and
(Georgios Petropoulos, 2016). This also should reflect on the whole process planning and
a potential of substitution and replacement are created accordingly.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has influenced the ‘Technological Advance’ of the
Industries themselves and should have a great potential to develop new industries in the
upcoming two decades (Jose´ David Vicente-Lorente & Jose´ A´ ngel Zu´n˜iga-Vicente,
2012). Due to solving the complications in tasks and processes within the industry itself;
AI has paved the way to sophisticated industries to be created and developed due to the
easiness of handling and undertaking the activities with such harsh nature.
Studies undertaken on the same track by (Luis F. Alvarez León, 2019), (John
Chelliah, 2017) and (Tachia Chin and Genyi Li , Hao Jiao and Frederick Addo , I.M.
Jawahar, 2019) show that there is direction towards new sophisticated Electronics and
Bio-generic Industries due to the breakthrough created of the ‘Technological Advance’ in
industrial processes and nature of industries as well by the expansion and development of
(AI) that made things possible that were not possible before such trend.
Michael Webb (2019) and Neha Soni, Enakshi Khular Sharma, Narotam Singh &
Amita Kapoor (2019) as well as Debora Card and Craig Nelson (2019) show in their
studies that the ‘Technological Advance’ created by the expansion of (AI) in industries
has a high positive impact on the macro-economic scale globally with a positive
perspective for the future trends on this track in different types of industries.
Georgios Petropoulos (2016) shows in his study the ‘Technological Advance’ is
closely related to the rate of development of Artificial Intelligence in different aspects of
each industry. So, the higher the AI trends get; the faster the ‘Technological Advance’
will develop and this is what is aimed by Governments and Investors to enhance the
financial performance and specifically the GDP and CAGR.
Studies also conducted on the importance of the ‘Training’ programs needed for
the existing and new labor on the deployed (AI) techniques in the Industry itself so as to
maximize the benefit and outcome out of the Investment done (Jerry A. Jacobs and
Rachel Karen, 2019), (Tachia Chin and Genyi Li , Hao Jiao and Frederick Addo , I.M.
Jawahar,
2019), (Paul Lewis, Kate Bell, 2018) and (Martha Garcia-Murillo and Ian
MacInnes, 2018).
13
Peter Hogg (2019) and Michael Webb (2019) study the impact of ‘Training’
programs that should be conducted on (AI) techniques in certain industry on the labor
themselves, from performance – satisfaction – skills development perspectives. The
studies approached the ‘Training’ factor not only from the effect on the industry itself but
also from the possible effects on the labor and human resources related to the process as
an essential part of the targeted development and growth.
The results of the studies show a high positive influence of the conducting the
needed ‘Training’ programs prior the execution of the (AI) techniques themselves on the
labor with different levels of skills and their acceptance level of development and process
improvement accordingly. The outcomes of those studies are mostly aligned with the
studies conducted by David Chrisinger (2019) and Debora Card and Craig Nelson (2019)
who spot the light on the direct effect on the socio-economic impacts of skills
development on labor and accordingly on the macro-economic level.
The studies have also tackled the ‘Training’ from the perspective of creating new
job opportunities by developing the business line of Training Institutes that should be
specialized from different aspects to formulate the comprehensive courses needed and fit
the skills and educational levels of each segment of the targeted labor in each industry
that may differ in needs from industry to another and accordingly customized training
plans are needed.
What is highly related to the outcome of earlier studies conducted on training
effects and parameters, is the effect of the (AI) on the ‘Career Sustainability of the
Traditional Labor’. The studies show that the degree of career sustainability is highly
effected by the expansion of (AI) in the industries, specially the Traditional Labor with
low level of Digitalization Skills (Jerry A. Jacobs and Rachel Karen, 2019), (Tachia Chin
and Genyi Li , Hao Jiao and Frederick Addo , I.M. Jawahar, 2019) and (Szufang Chuang
and Carroll Marion Graham, 2018).
Martha Garcia-Murillo and Ian MacInnes (2018) and Tom Coupe (2019) argue
the impact of (AI) on the ‘Career Sustainability of the Traditional Labor’. They see that
the Traditional Labor will definitely got affected by the expansion of AI in the manner of
14
cutting down the growth rates of Employment as new hires, however the existing labor
should not be affected too much or will not be in the risk lay-off in case of FamilyOwned Firms against a high-risk rate in case of Multi-Nationals.
Michael Webb (2019) studied the effect of AI on ‘Career Sustainability of the
Traditional Labor’ and sees that mainly the Wages Level is parameter which will affected
rather than the Potential risk of laying-off. The AI trends should limit the demand for new
hires and accordingly a declining effect should be reflected on the expected growth of
wages level in the next decade.
In line with those studies, Luis F. Alvarez León (2019), Tachia Chin and Genyi Li
, Hao Jiao and Frederick Addo , I.M. Jawahar (2019) and Jean Paul Simon (2018) studied
the effect of the expansion in Artificial Intelligence in Industries on the ‘Demand for
Traditional Labor’ and the studies show a severe declining demand trends due to the
possible substitutes and task replacements of the AI techniques.
In counter, studies by (Richard B. Freeman, 2018), (Jose´ David Vicente-Lorente
& Jose´ A´ ngel Zu´n˜iga-Vicente, 2012) and (Michael Webb, 2019) were conducted on
the effect of expansion in Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Industries and showed a
great positive effect on the ‘Demand for High-Tech/High-Digitalization Skills Labor’ and
the related possible career development due to the high demand in the upcoming two
decades. This also will definitely influence the Educational and Training trends, as new
courses and programs should be developed in order to match between the industries
demand and the available labor with the targeted level of skills and educational
background of the AI aspects.
From the production perspective in different industries; several studies have
tackled the Expansion of applying Artificial Intelligence Techniques on different aspects
of the production in the industry itself: Productivity – Process Innovation – Lead Time –
Efficient Utilization of Resources – Scale of Production.
Studies conducted by (Jerry A. Jacobs and Rachel Karen, 2019), (Richard B.
Freeman, 2018), (Paul Lewis, Kate Bell, 2018) and (Martha Garcia-Murillo and Ian
MacInnes, 2018) show a great positive impact of the expansion of applying (AI) in
15
industries on ‘Productivity’ rates from different disciplines due to achieving high-level of
Standardization and Precision and minimizing on the other hand the Down-Time,
Preparation and Handling Time during the Production process itself, which vary from
industry to another, but overall (AI) techniques contributes very positively in improving
the general levels of productivity.
In line with the above studies, applying (AI) techniques in Industries has a
significant positive impact on ‘Process Innovation’ due to the positive add value of the
(AI) on rationalizing the industrial processes and eliminating all low-productivity tasks
across the whole industrial process in different types of industries (Jose´ David VicenteLorente & Jose´ A´ ngel Zu´n˜iga-Vicente, 2012), (Tachia Chin and Genyi Li , Hao Jiao
and Frederick Addo , I.M. Jawahar, 2019), (He Ping, Gao Yao ying, 2018) and (Neha
Soni, Enakshi Khular Sharma, Narotam Singh & Amita Kapoor, 2019).
From the ‘Lead Time’ perspective, studies by (Richard B. Freeman, 2018),
(Tachia Chin and Genyi Li , Hao Jiao and Frederick Addo , I.M. Jawahar, 2019), (Martha
Garcia-Murillo and Ian MacInnes, 2018) and (Peter Hogg, 2019) showed a significant
impact of (AI) on reducing the lead time of process in different industries, yet with
various effects from industry to another, depending on the nature of industry itself and
how much it depends on technology, automation and robotics versus the dependency
level on labor.
Szufang Chuang and Carroll Marion Graham (2018) has studied the effect of (AI)
on the ‘Scale of Production’ and found a positive effect of improvement on different
industries due to the application of (AI). AI can in role contribute to the increase of the
‘Scale of Production’ and accordingly the business scale.
The studies conducted by (Jose´ David Vicente-Lorente & Jose´ A´ ngel
Zu´n˜iga-Vicente, 2012), (Tachia Chin and Genyi Li , Hao Jiao and Frederick Addo ,
I.M. Jawahar, 2019), (Martha Garcia-Murillo and Ian MacInnes, 2018) and (Michael
Webb, 2019) have also concluded a high-impact of applying Artificial Intelligence
Techniques in industries on the ‘Efficient Utilization of Resources’. AI does not support
16
only on the Human Resource Optimal Utilization, but also positively influence the whole
Resource Planning in terms of materials, utilities and other types of resources as well.
2.3. Conclusion
The reviewed literature with the thirteen (13) discussed Variables has concluded
fourteen (14) Relations, six (6) Relations have been tested among the reviewed literature.
A Positive Relation has been tested between ‘Automation’, ‘Robots’,
‘Technology Advance’ and ‘Productivity’ by (Jerry A. Jacobs and Rachel Karen, 2019),
(Richard B. Freeman, 2018), (Martha Garcia-Murillo and Ian MacInnes, 2018) and (Peter
Hogg, 2019).
On the other hand, a Negative Relation has been tested between ‘Automation’,
‘Robots’ and ‘Employment’ by (Jerry A. Jacobs and Rachel Karen, 2019), (Richard B.
Freeman, 2018), (Luis F. Alvarez León
, 2019), (John Chelliah, 2017), (Szufang
Chuang and Carroll Marion Graham, 2018), (Paul Lewis, Kate Bell, 2018), (Jean Paul
Simon, 2018), (Martha Garcia-Murillo and Ian MacInnes, 2018), (Peter Hogg, 2019),
(Tom Coupe, 2019), (Michael Webb, 2019), (Debora Card and Craig Nelson, 2019) and
(Georgios Petropoulos, 2016).
Also, a Negative Relation has been tested between ‘Automation’, ‘Robots’ and
‘Wages’ by (Jerry A. Jacobs and Rachel Karen, 2019), (Richard B. Freeman, 2018) and
(Jose´ David Vicente-Lorente & Jose´ A´ ngel Zu´n˜iga-Vicente, 2012).
The arguments concluded based on the reviewed literature can be concluded
between two sides, One and the majority of tested relations and discussions shows a
Negative Impact of (AI) on Employment Rates – Wages Levels – Career Sustainability.
The Second side is a Positive Impact of (AI) on Productivity – Process Innovation – Lead
Time – Efficient Utilization of Resources.
17
Chapter (3): Methodology
Methodology is divided into two parts. The first is the theoretical framework,
which is the way of thinking about inferring the hypothesis by reviewing all the variables
obtained from the literature review, then making an inventory of all these variables,
defining each variable separately, and discussing the relationships between these
variables through a special view of the author Depending on logic in explaining his point
of view and then making an inventory of propositions, the solution models are discussed
through it. The second part is design, which is concerned with discussing the form of
research in terms of defining and defining the population, the purpose of the study and
determining the unit of analysis
3.1. Theoretical Framework
All the variables obtained are defined, the relationships between them determined,
and the direction of each relationship, whether positive or negative, is used, using logic in
analyzing each relationship, and then providing a list of propositions, through which
models of solutions are discussed.
3.1.1. The inventory of Variables
Defining variables is done in two ways. The first, which is conceptual definition,
which is the method agreed upon by any person in any place without there being a
difference in opinion on it, and the second method is the operational definition, which
differs from one person to another according to the requirements of each population. In
the coming lines, each variable will be defined separately
18
Artificial Intelligence.
The theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally
requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decisionmaking, and translation between languages. This definition is also extending to use the
automation in production lines in factories and the use of digital machines that do not
need traditional labor as an alternative to obtain high quality and productivity at the same
time ... This definition in the latter is the subject of this study.
Productivity
The effectiveness of productive effort, especially in industry, as measured in
terms of the rate of output per unit of input. Another definition is: A measure of the
efficiency of a person, machine, factory, system, etc., in converting inputs into useful
outputs.
Productivity is computed by dividing average output per period by the total costs
incurred or resources (capital, energy, material, personnel) consumed in that period.
Productivity is a critical determinant of cost efficiency.
In macroeconomics, a common partial productivity measure is labor productivity.
Labor productivity is a revealing indicator of several economic indicators as it offers a
dynamic measure of economic growth, competitiveness, and living standards within an
economy
Fixed Scale of Production
It is the stability of the production level due to the absence of typical or wasteful
problems in the time or process. There are many factors that affect the stability of
production, most notably the breakdowns that may occur for machines and equipment as
a result of the lack of preventive maintenance for them. Several strategies have emerged
that help in maintaining the stability of production, most notably what was invented by
the Japanese company Toyota, which is the lean manufacture system, which performs an
19
integrated system between Production and maintenance as well as the flow of operations
inside the factory to reach the Fixed Scale of Production as one of the objectives of the
lean manufacture system.
Process innovation
Means the implementation of a new or significantly improved production or
delivery method (including significant changes in techniques, equipment and/or
software). the process innovation is used in the event of a problem in the current process
or even with no problem, but also with the intention of developing the process in order to
obtain the best outputs from this process at the lowest possible cost and in most cases,
modern technology is used to make this development despite the initial cost To use this
technology is initially high, but the return on investment as a result of this development
covers these costs in addition to the benefits that accrue to the system.
Resource efficiency
The maximizing of the supply of money, materials, staff, and other assets that can
be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively, with minimum
wasted resource expenses. Efficient use of resources is among the competitive advantages
that ensure companies are distinguished from others by increasing profitability as a result
of good use of resources without any waste.
Lead Time (Timing)
The time between the initiation and completion of a production process. For
example, the lead time between the placement of an order and delivery of new cars by a
given manufacturer might be between 2 weeks and 6 months, depending on various
particularities. One business dictionary defines "manufacturing lead time" as the total
time required to manufacture an item, including order preparation time, queue time, setup
time, run time, move time, inspection time, and put-away time.
Task replacement
20
It is the process of switching tasks between resources to get better performance.
As a replacement for the tasks performed by human labors with other tasks that perform
the same purpose through the use of machines, the aim of which is to reduce defects,
increase productivity and raise the level of quality.
Career Sustainability
A sustainable career is built upon the ability to show that you can fill a need that
someone is willing to pay for. This holds not only when you're starting a business or
looking for a new job; it's also an important springboard for refining your current job and
your career trajectory to make it more ideal
Demand of labor forces
In economics, the labor demand of an employer is the number of labor-hours that
the employer is willing to hire based on the various exogenous (externally determined)
variables it is faced with, such as the wage rate, the unit cost of capital, the marketdetermined selling price of its output, etc. But the demand for labor varies depending on
its type. There are traditional and high-tech labors, and the demand for both types is
completely different depending on the nature of the industry.
Training
Training is teaching, or developing in oneself or others, any skills and knowledge
or fitness that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals of
improving one's capability, capacity, productivity and performance.
3.1.2. Direction of Relationships
The relationships between the variables and each other is explained, is it a
positive or negative relationship based on the point of view of the author, using logic to
explain this relationship and analyze its direction based on the population chosen by the
author under study.
21
Relation between Artificial Intelligence (A.I) and Task Replacement
The relationship between artificial intelligence and task replacement is a positive
relationship. Depending on logic, it found that by using automation lines in factories that
manufacture home appliances, this will lead to the replacement of many tasks that were
mainly dependent on human labors. As a result of the automation lines doing this
substitution for tasks that humans perform and replace them with other tasks performed
by machines, as a result of this, the defects is reduced and the quality level is increased in
addition to reducing the cost in the long run.
Relation between Task Replacement and Career Sustainability for Traditional
Labors.
The relationship between task replacement and the career sustainability of
traditional labors is negative relationship. Using the logic, it found that the replacement
of tasks as a result of the introduction of artificial intelligence for home appliances
factories will lead to the substitution of machines for human labor in many of the tasks
that they were doing before and this is considered a direct threat to the stability of these
labors in their company and also affects the career sustainability of labors.
Relation between Artificial Intelligence (A.I) and the Lead Time Improvement.
The relationship between artificial intelligence and lead time improvement is a
positive relationship. Using the logic in studying the introduction of automation lines to
home appliances factories, this directly affects the reduction in production time, so the
lead time will decrease accordingly as the production processes when working with
manual labor were taking a lot of time and this was in turn increasing the lead time for
the product.
Relation between the Lead Time Improvement and Career Sustainability for
Traditional Labors.
22
The relationship between the lead time and the career sustainability of traditional
workers is a negative relationship. By using logic, improving the lead time for products
will lead to a reduction in overtime for traditional labors, and it is also possible to lay off
some of them as a result of this improvement in the lead time of the product. Thus, this
affects their career sustainability.
Relation between Artificial Intelligence (A.I) and Process Innovation
The relationship between artificial intelligence (A.I) and process innovation is
positive. Using logic, introducing automation lines in home appliances factories results in
developing production processes inside the factory and this in itself is considered an
innovation of production processes as it was transformed from the traditional ways that
was done in a manual methods to the direction to automatic methods that depend on the
automation which will lead To raise the level of quality and productivity.
Relation between Process Innovation and Career Sustainability for Traditional
Labors Moderating by Training.
The relationship between the innovation of processes and the career sustainability
of traditional labors is originally a negative relationship and this is due to the inefficiency
of traditional labors to deal with automatic lines as a result of the introduction of
automation to home appliances factories and therefore this is a threat to their career
sustainability. But with the introduction of the training variable in the equation, the
relationship changes to the positive result of training these traditional labors and transfer
them to high tech labors, and here they feel stable at work.
Relation between Artificial Intelligence (A.I) and the Productivity
The relationship between artificial intelligence (A.I) and productivity is positive.
When automation is introduced to home appliances factories, the use of automatic lines to
produce parts, this doubles production and reducing the labors in the same time
A practical example of this is when producing one of the parts used in the cooker
industry in a home appliance factory by traditional methods, the production rate is 1,200
23
parts per 12 hours, but with the use of automation to produce this part it found that the
production rate is 1,200 parts per hour.
Relation between Productivity and the Fixed Scale of Production
The relationship between productivity and the fixed production scale is a positive
relationship, as high productivity is an indicator of the health of problem-free production,
and therefore with high productivity, the factory gets a stable production level at the level
of the production plan without entering into the stage of production deficit, which may
lead to the loss of many selling opportunities
Relation between Fixed Scale of Production and Demand of Traditional Labors
The relationship between fixed scale of production and the demand for traditional
labors is negative relationship because access to the stability of production always
requires the use of modern technology and here the need for traditional labors is
unnecessary. In some cases, maintaining a steady production requires no sudden
breakdowns in machines, and therefore there is a demand for highly efficient
maintenance technicians and they do not classify these technicians as traditional labors
too.
Relation between Fixed Scale of Production and Demand of High Tech Labors
The relationship between the fixed scale of production and demand for high-tech
labors is a positive relationship. Where access to productive stability is mostly done using
high technology such as using modern digital machines that give high productivity and
accuracy and therefore production with high stability and to operate these machines there
is always a need and demand for high-tech labors.
24
Relation between Artificial Intelligence (A.I) and Resource efficiency
The relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and resource efficiency is a
positive relationship because the introduction of automation to factories that manufacture
home appliances improves the production process and therefore the utilization of
resources such as raw materials and labor as a result of the use of this modern technology
will improve significantly and this is due to minimize the waste of time In addition to
reducing the proportion of defects to a large extent and exploited the labors by
appropriate way.
Relation between Resource efficiency and Demand of High Tech labors
The relationship between efficient resource use and the demand for high-tech
employment is a positive relationship. This is due to the fact that efficient use of
resources takes place through the use of high technology and therefore the demand for
qualified labors to deal with this technology is high.
Relation between Resource efficiency and Demand of Traditional labors
The relationship between efficient resource use and the demand for traditional
labors is a negative relationship. This is due to the fact that efficient resource use is often
dependent on high technology and that does not require traditional labors in dealing with
it. Therefore, the demand for traditional labors decreases in the case of a factory that has
efficient use of resources.
25
Table 1. Explanation of all variables, the relationships between them, and the direction of each
relationship
Relation
Variable 1
Variable 2
Direction
R1
R2
A.I.
A.I.
Task Replacement
Lead Time
Positive
Positive
R3
A.I.
Process Innovation
Positive
R4
A.I.
Resource efficiency
Positive
R5
A.I.
Productivity
Positive
R6
Productivity
Fixed Scale of Production
Positive
R7
Fixed Scale of
Production
Demand of labor forces (Traditional labors)
Negative
R8
Resource efficiency
Demand of labor forces (Traditional labors)
Negative
R9
Fixed Scale of
Production
Demand of labor forces (High Tech labors)
Positive
R10
Resource efficiency
Demand of labor forces (High Tech labors)
Positive
R11
Process Innovation
Career Sustainability(Traditional labors)
Negative
R13
Lead Time
Career Sustainability(Traditional labors)
Negative
R14
Task replacement
Career Sustainability(Traditional labors)
Negative
26
The inventory of proposition
The solution will build on these points.
Test the relationship between the introduction of automation in a home appliance
industry and the impact of that on productivity and then to reach high productivity it
should studying the impact of that on a traditional labor demand or high tech labors
demand and these relationships will be tested through personal interviews with industry
experts and industry professionals in home appliances industry.
Test the relationship between the introduction of automation and modern
technology on the career sustainability of traditional current labors by testing the
relationship between automation on the task replacement and then on the career
sustainability, and that will be relied upon on the focus group of traditional workers as
well as industry experts interviews to discuss All views of the two parties.
Study the effect of training traditional labors on the relationship between process
innovation resulting from the introduction of automation for home appliances factories
and the career sustainability of traditional labors and this will be done through a focus
group of labors as well as personal interviews with home appliance industry experts.
Study of the effect of introducing the automation and modern technology on the
lead time and the effect of this on canceling many other jobs as a result of saving
industrial time and of course the effect of that on career sustainability of labors .and this
will be done through a focus group of labors as well as personal interviews with home
appliance industry experts.
27
Schematic Diagram
In this diagram all the variables are linked together and all the relationships
between the variables are shown to each other and from this diagram the hypotheses are
founded and these are represented in every relationship between two variables.
28
Hypotheses
(H1) Automation affects the demand of traditional labors negatively
The Automation increase the productivity inside home appliances factories.
The productivity increasing affect the fixed scale of production positively.
The fixed scale of production affect the demand of traditional labors negatively
The technological advance affect the Resource efficiency positively
The resource efficiency increasing affect the demand of traditional labors negatively
(H2) Automation affects the demand of High Tech Labors Positively
The resource efficiency increasing affect the demand of High Tech Labors Positively.
The fixed scale of production affect the demand of High Tech Labors Positively.
(H3) Automation affects negatively the career sustainability for traditional labors inside
home appliances factories
The Automation increase the Tasks Replacement inside home appliances factories
The Tasks Replacement affect negatively the career sustainability for traditional labors
inside home appliances factories
The Automation decrease the lead time for the manufacturing process.
29
Decrease the Lead Time affect negatively the career sustainability for traditional labors
inside home appliances factories.
The technological advances affect the process innovation positively
Process innovation has negative effect on career sustainability for traditional labors inside
home appliances factories.
If the labors inside home appliances factories got a training this will affect the relation
between Process innovation and career sustainability for traditional labors inside home
appliances factories positively
3.2. Research Design
In this section, the design of the research will be discussed in terms of the
definition of population as well as the purpose of study, the unit of analysis and the data
collection method
3.2.1. Population Definition
According to the title “The effect of A.I. in home appliances industry in Egypt”
firstly it should be define the Artificial intelligence as the theory and development of
computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as
visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between
languages.
And for The home appliance industry it is defined as the industry which includes
electrical or mechanical devices used in a household – is a multi-billion dollar industry,
with consumption of household appliances worldwide forecasted to generate nearly 590
billion U.S. dollars in revenues by 2020.
And for The home appliance industry in Egypt it is defined as the industry which
contains a lot of national and international companies in Egypt like : Toshiba El Araby ,
Samsung , LG, Sony , Fresh, Universal , Union Air.
30
3.2.2. Purpose of Study
The study consider Descriptive Study as There are 17 Hypotheses , so all of these
17 Hypotheses will be test on the target population to filter these hypotheses and choose
the appropriate ones (Exploratory Study ) and after filtration it will be determine The
effect of each hypothesis and its direction positive or negative (Descriptive Study).
3.2.3. Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis in this study considered” Analyze Firms” where the effect of
artificial intelligence on employment is analyzed in companies that produce home
appliances, so the companies here are the subject of study.
3.2.4. Data Collection Method
Personal interviews will be conducted with experts in the field of home appliances
industry as follow:
Interview with Gas cooker factory manager Fresh Group
Interview with R&D manager Fresh Group
Interview with R&D manager universal Group
Interview with Marketing manager Fresh Group
Interview with Marketing manager LG Group
Interview with Assembly manager Fresh Group
Interview with Coating manager Fresh Group
31
And will make a focus Group with the labors of Enameled department in Fresh
Group
Chapter (4): Findings and Discussions

This research provides initial findings where additional theoretical and empirical
work is needed.

The interviews conducted and articles we reviewed are useful in setting and testing
the relation between various variables to find if these relations are existing or not;

There is 100 % agreement of different interviews conducted with expert’s, there is
strong relation between automation and productivity whereas if application of
automation is implemented. the productivity will increase.

There is 100 % agreement of different interviews conducted with expert’s, there is
strong relation between productivity and fixed scale of production whereas if the
application of automation is implemented, the productivity will increase so, the
production will become more stable.

There is 100 % agreement of different interviews conducted with expert’s, there is
strong relation between fixed scale of production and demand of traditional labor
whereas if application of automation is implemented. the productivity will increase
leading to stability of production and as a result the demand of traditional labor will
decrease.

There is 100 % agreement of different interviews conducted with expert’s that the
technological advance influences the efficient use of resources whereas after applying
the technological advance, the resources will be used efficiently.
32

There is 62.5 % agreement of different interviews conducted with expert’s that the
efficient use of resources affects the demand of traditional labor and 37.5 % said no
relation between the 2 variables, so it is a weak relation between the 2 variables.

There is 100 % agreement of different interviews conducted with expert’s that the
demand of high-tech labor affects the efficient use of resources whereas the efficient
use of resources increases the demand of high-tech labor.

There is 50 % agreement of different interviews conducted with expert’s that the
demand of high-tech labor affects the fixed scale of production and 50 % said no
relation between the 2 variables.so it is a weak relation between the 2 variables.

There is 87.5 % agreement of different interviews conducted with expert’s that the
automation have a great effect on the task replacement process and 12.5% said no
relation so the relation is existing whereas the automation have a positive effect on
the task replacement process as it can assign and replace tasks to the suitable
resources efficiently.

There is 12.5 % agreement of different interviews conducted with expert’s that the
task replacement affects the career sustainability of traditional labor and 87.5 % said
no relation between the 2 variables.so it is a very weak relation between the 2
variables and instead suggests the process innovation will have a great effect on the
career sustainability of traditional labor whereas the process innovation will be done,
this will lead to decrease the career sustainability of traditional labor.

There is 100 % agreement of different interviews conducted with expert’s that there is
big relation between automation and lead time because automation will decrease the
lead time by increasing the productivity and decreasing the delivery time.
33

There is 50 % agreement of different interviews conducted with expert’s that the lead
time affect the career sustainability of traditional labor and 50 % said no relation
between the 2 variables.so it is a weak relation between the 2 variables.so it may act
as moderator between the automation and career sustainability of traditional labor.

There is 100 % agreement of different interviews conducted with expert’s that there is
big relation between technological advance and process innovation whereas the
implementation of technological advance will enhance the creativity for better
process improvement and once applied it will create innovative solution to improve
different industrial processes.

There is 87.5 % agreement of different interviews conducted with expert’s that the
process innovation have a great effect on the career sustainability of traditional labor
and 12.5% said no relation so the relation is existing whereas implementing process
innovation will decrease the career sustainability of traditional labor.

There is 100 % agreement of different interviews conducted with expert’s that
training affect the relation between process innovation and career sustainability of
traditional labor whereas training will raise the qualification of the low skilled labor
to become highly skilled labor which will affect the process innovation positively.
34
Chapter (5): Conclusion and Recommendations

The jobs performed by low qualified labors will be affected compared to those
performed by high-qualified workers.

The use of technological advance in work will increase the polarization of work
between jobs performed by low qualified labors and jobs performed by high-qualified
labors.

The use of AI in manufacturing will reduce the demand on traditional labor and will
lead to job losses in the short term affecting the career sustainability of traditional
labor and as a result the unemployment rate will increase so the AI will change the
world of work and the distribution of income

This will be faced by labor through increase their productivity to compete with
automated machines also, training of labors will raise their qualifications to meet the
new requirements of labor market after AI application on work.

One of the benefits of AI that it will decrease the need of workers to perform
dangerous physical tasks, another benefit is gaining more income from investment on
AI through ownership of robots
35
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38
List of Appendices

Appendix (A): Interview with Gas cooker factory manager Fresh Co.

Appendix (B): Interview with R&D manager Fresh Co.

Appendix (C): Interview with R&D manager universal Co.

Appendix (D): Interview with Marketing manager Fresh Co.

Appendix (E): Interview with Marketing manager LG Co.

Appendix (F): Interview with Assembly manager Fresh Co.

Appendix (G): Interview with Coating manager Fresh Co.

Appendix (H): Focus group interview with workers

Appendix (I): Table of Variables and Relations
39
Appendix (A): Interview with Gas cooker factory manager Fresh Co.
40
1. What is the effect of automation on the productivity?
Automation will have a great effect on the productivity due to removing
any type waste can occur because of human, so automation of different
operations inside the factory will lead to productivity increase and cutoff
some fixed costs leading to increase in the profit of the company
2. Is productivity affects fixed scale of production?
As the productivity increases, the production become more stable without
any problem due to applying automation
3. Is the fixed scale of production affects the demand of traditional labor?
As the production become more stable it will decrease the demand of
traditional labor as you have a better productivity due to application of
automation
4. Do you think that technological advance influences the efficient use of
resources?
The use of technological advances in the industrial processes will use the
resources efficiently because you can reach your target effectively with
using unnecessary resources, but it is not sufficient you need to be
efficient without wasting time, materials and energy which represent your
resources
41
5. Do you think that efficient use of resources affects the demand of
traditional labor?
The positive effect of using the technological advance on the using
resources efficiently will decrease the demand of traditional labor
6. Do you think that the demand of high-tech labor affects the efficient use of
resources?
To use your resources efficiently, you need highly skilled labor trained on
using automated machines that will use the resources efficiently
7. Do you think that the demand of high-tech labor affects the fixed scale of
production?
The use of the highly skilled labor will lead the production to become
stable without any type waste that occurs due to using of low skilled labor
8. What is the effect of automation on the task replacement?
The applying of automation have a positive effect on the task replacement
process as it can assign and replace tasks to the suitable resources
efficiently
9. Do you think that the task replacement affects the career sustainability of
traditional labor?
As the task replacement process will be done efficiently by applying
automation this will lead to decrease the career sustainability of traditional
labor
42
10. Do you think there are relation between automation and lead time?
There is big relation between automation and lead time because
automation will decrease the lead time by increasing the productivity and
decreasing the delivery time
11. Is there any effect of lead time on the career sustainability of traditional
labor?
As the lead time will decrease by automation so, the career sustainability
of traditional labor will decrease because traditional labor will not be able
to satisfy the need to decrease the lead time for more sales
12. What is the effect of technological advance on the process innovation?
The implementation of technological advance will enhance the creativity
for better process improvement and once applied it will create innovative
solution to improve different industrial processes
13. Do you think that process innovation affects the career sustainability of
traditional labor?
Once you apply the innovative solutions in your process leading to better
process performance, the career sustainability of traditional labor will
decrease
14. Could training affect the relation between process innovation and career
sustainability of traditional labor?
Training will have a great effect on the career sustainability of traditional
labor because this will raise the qualification of the low skilled labor to
43
become highly skilled labor which will affect the process innovation
positively
Appendix (B): Interview with R&D manager Fresh Co.
44
1. What is the effect of automation on the productivity?
Automation will have a great effect on the productivity due to removing
any type waste can occur because of human, so automation of different
operations inside the factory will lead to productivity increase and cutoff
some fixed costs leading to increase in the profit of the company
2. Is productivity affects fixed scale of production?
As the productivity increases, the production become more stable without
any problem due to applying automation
3. Is the fixed scale of production affects the demand of traditional labor?
As the production become more stable it will decrease the demand of
traditional labor as you have a better productivity due to application of
automation
4. Do you think that technological advance influences the efficient use of
resources?
The use of technological advances in the industrial processes will use the
resources efficiently because you can reach your target effectively with
using unnecessary resources, but it is not sufficient you need to be
efficient without wasting time, materials and energy which represent your
resources
5. Do you think that efficient use of resources affects the demand of
traditional labor?
45
There is no relation between using resources efficiently and the demand of
traditional labor.
6. Do you think that the demand of high-tech labor affects the efficient use of
resources?
To use your resources efficiently, you need highly skilled labor trained on
using automated machines that will use the resources efficiently
7. Do you think that the demand of high-tech labor affects the fixed scale of
production?
There is no relation between the use of the highly skilled labor and fixed
scale of production,
8. What is the effect of automation on the task replacement?
The applying of automation have a positive effect on the task replacement
process as it can assign and replace tasks to the suitable resources
efficiently
9. Do you think that the task replacement affects the career sustainability of
traditional labor?
There is no relation between task replacement process and the career
sustainability of traditional labor.
10. Do you think there are relation between automation and lead time?
46
There is big relation between automation and lead time because
automation will decrease the lead time by increasing the productivity and
decreasing the delivery time
11. Is there any effect of lead time on the career sustainability of traditional
labor?
As the lead time will decrease by automation so, the career sustainability
of traditional labor will decrease because traditional labor will not be able
to satisfy the need to decrease the lead time for more sales
12. What is the effect of technological advance on the process innovation?
The implementation of technological advance will enhance the creativity
for better process improvement and once applied it will create innovative
solution to improve different industrial processes
13. Do you think that process innovation affects the career sustainability of
traditional labor?
Once you apply the innovative solutions in your process leading to better
process performance, the career sustainability of traditional labor will
decrease
14. Could training affect the relation between process innovation and career
sustainability of traditional labor?
Training will have a great effect on the career sustainability of traditional
labor because this will raise the qualification of the low skilled labor to
become highly skilled labor which will affect the process innovation
positively
47
Appendix (C): Interview with R&D manager universal Co.
48
1. What is the effect of automation on the productivity?
Automation will have a great effect on the productivity due to removing any type
waste can occur because of human, so automation of different operations inside the
factory will lead to productivity increase and cutoff some fixed costs leading to
increase in the profit of the company
2. Is productivity affects fixed scale of production?
As the productivity increases, the production become more stable without any
problem due to applying automation
3. Is the fixed scale of production affects the demand of traditional labor?
As the production become more stable it will decrease the demand of traditional labor
as you have a better productivity due to application of automation
4. Do you think that technological advance influences the efficient use of resources?
The use of technological advances in the industrial processes will use the resources
efficiently because you can reach your target effectively with using unnecessary
resources, but it is not sufficient you need to be efficient without wasting time,
materials and energy which represent your resources
5. Do you think that efficient use of resources affects the demand of traditional labor?
There is no relation between using resources efficiently and the demand of traditional
labor.
49
6. Do you think that the demand of high-tech labor affects the efficient use of resources?
To use your resources efficiently, you need highly skilled labor trained on using
automated machines that will use the resources efficiently
7. Do you think that the demand of high-tech labor affects the fixed scale of production?
The use of the highly skilled labor will lead the production to become stable without
any type waste that occurs due to using of low skilled labor
8. What is the effect of automation on the task replacement?
The applying of automation have a positive effect on the task replacement process as
it can assign and replace tasks to the suitable resources efficiently
9. Do you think that the task replacement affects the career sustainability of traditional
labor?
There is no relation between task replacement process and the career sustainability of
traditional labor.
10. Do you think there are relation between automation and lead time?
There is big relation between automation and lead time because automation will
decrease the lead time by increasing the productivity and decreasing the delivery time
11. Is there any effect of lead time on the career sustainability of traditional labor?
There is no relation between lead time and the career sustainability of traditional
labor.
50
12. What is the effect of technological advance on the process innovation?
The implementation of technological advance will enhance the creativity for better
process improvement and once applied it will create innovative solution to improve
different industrial processes
13. Do you think that process innovation affects the career sustainability of traditional
labor?
Once you apply the innovative solutions in your process leading to better process
performance, the career sustainability of traditional labor will decrease.
14. Could training affect the relation between process innovation and career sustainability
of traditional labor?
Training will have a great effect on the career sustainability of traditional labor
because this will raise the qualification of the low skilled labor to become highly
skilled labor which will affect the process innovation positively
51
Appendix (D): Interview with Marketing manager Fresh Co.
52
1. What is the effect of automation on the productivity?
Automation will have a great effect on the productivity due to removing any type
waste can occur because of human, so automation of different operations inside the
factory will lead to productivity increase and cutoff some fixed costs leading to
increase in the profit of the company
2. Is productivity affects fixed scale of production?
As the productivity increases, the production become more stable without any
problem due to applying automation
3. Is the fixed scale of production affects the demand of traditional labor?
As the production become more stable it will decrease the demand of traditional labor
as you have a better productivity due to application of automation
4. Do you think that technological advance influences the efficient use of resources?
The use of technological advances in the industrial processes will use the resources
efficiently because you can reach your target effectively with using unnecessary
resources, but it is not sufficient you need to be efficient without wasting time,
materials and energy which represent your resources
5. Do you think that efficient use of resources affects the demand of traditional labor?
There is no relation between using resources efficiently and the demand of traditional
labor.
53
6. Do you think that the demand of high-tech labor affects the efficient use of resources?
To use your resources efficiently, you need highly skilled labor trained on using
automated machines that will use the resources efficiently
7. Do you think that the demand of high-tech labor affects the fixed scale of production?
The use of the highly skilled labor will lead the production to become stable without
any type waste that occurs due to using of low skilled labor
8. What is the effect of automation on the task replacement?
The applying of automation have a positive effect on the task replacement process as
it can assign and replace tasks to the suitable resources efficiently
9. Do you think that the task replacement affects the career sustainability of traditional
labor?
There is no relation between task replacement process and the career sustainability of
traditional labor.
10. Do you think there are relation between automation and lead time?
There is big relation between automation and lead time because automation will
decrease the lead time by increasing the productivity and decreasing the delivery time
11. Is there any effect of lead time on the career sustainability of traditional labor?
There is no relation between lead time and the career sustainability of traditional
labor.
54
12. What is the effect of technological advance on the process innovation?
The implementation of technological advance will enhance the creativity for better
process improvement and once applied it will create innovative solution to improve
different industrial processes
13. Do you think that process innovation affects the career sustainability of traditional
labor?
Once you apply the innovative solutions in your process leading to better process
performance, the career sustainability of traditional labor will decrease
14. Could training affect the relation between process innovation and career sustainability
of traditional labor?
Training will have a great effect on the career sustainability of traditional labor
because this will raise the qualification of the low skilled labor to become highly
skilled labor which will affect the process innovation positively
55
Appendix (E): Interview with Marketing manager LG Co.
56
1. What is the effect of automation on the productivity?
Automation will have a great effect on the productivity due to removing any type
waste can occur because of human, so automation of different operations inside the
factory will lead to productivity increase and cutoff some fixed costs leading to
increase in the profit of the company
2. Is productivity affects fixed scale of production?
As the productivity increases, the production become more stable without any
problem due to applying automation
3. Is the fixed scale of production affects the demand of traditional labor?
As the production become more stable it will decrease the demand of traditional labor
as you have a better productivity due to application of automation
4. Do you think that technological advance influences the efficient use of resources?
The use of technological advances in the industrial processes will use the resources
efficiently because you can reach your target effectively with using unnecessary
resources, but it is not sufficient you need to be efficient without wasting time,
materials and energy which represent your resources
5. Do you think that efficient use of resources affects the demand of traditional labor?
Thee positive effect of using the technological advance on the using resources
efficiently will decrease the demand of traditional labor
57
6. Do you think that the demand of high-tech labor affects the efficient use of resources?
To use your resources efficiently, you need highly skilled labor trained on using
automated machines that will use the resources efficiently
7. Do you think that the demand of high-tech labor affects the fixed scale of production?
There is no relation between the use of the highly skilled labor and fixed scale of
production, but I believe efficient use of resources will affect positively on the fixed
scale of production
8. What is the effect of automation on the task replacement?
The applying of automation have a positive effect on the task replacement process as
it can assign and replace tasks to the suitable resources efficiently
9. Do you think that the task replacement affects the career sustainability of traditional
labor?
There is no relation between task replacement process and the career sustainability of
traditional labor
10. Do you think there are relation between automation and lead time?
There is big relation between automation and lead time because automation will
decrease the lead time by increasing the productivity and decreasing the delivery time
11. Is there any effect of lead time on the career sustainability of traditional labor?
There is no relation between lead time and the career sustainability of traditional
labor, but I believe process innovation will lead to decrease the career sustainability
of traditional labor
58
12. What is the effect of technological advance on the process innovation?
The implementation of technological advance will enhance the creativity for better
process improvement and once applied it will create innovative solution to improve
different industrial process
13. Do you think that process innovation affects the career sustainability of traditional
labor?
Once you apply the innovative solutions in your process leading to better process
performance, the career sustainability of traditional labor will decrease
14. Could training affect the relation between process innovation and career sustainability
of traditional labor?
Training will have a great effect on the career sustainability of traditional labor
because this will raise the qualification of the low skilled labor to become highly
skilled labor which will affect the process innovation positively
59
Appendix (F): Interview with Assembly manager Fresh Co.
60
1. What is the effect of automation on the productivity?
Automation will have a great effect on the productivity due to removing any type
waste can occur because of human, so automation of different operations inside the
factory will lead to productivity increase and cutoff some fixed costs leading to
increase in the profit of the company
2. Is productivity affects fixed scale of production?
As the productivity increases, the production become more stable without any
problem due to applying automation
3. Is the fixed scale of production affects the demand of traditional labor?
As the production become more stable it will decrease the demand of traditional labor
as you have a better productivity due to application of automation
4. Do you think that technological advance influences the efficient use of resources?
The use of technological advances in the industrial processes will use the resources
efficiently because you can reach your target effectively with using unnecessary
resources, but it is not sufficient you need to be efficient without wasting time,
materials and energy which represent your resources
5. Do you think that efficient use of resources affects the demand of traditional labor?
The positive effect of using the technological advance on the using resources
efficiently will decrease the demand of traditional labor
61
6. Do you think that the demand of high-tech labor affects the efficient use of resources?
To use your resources efficiently, you need highly skilled labor trained on using
automated machines that will use the resources efficiently
7. Do you think that the demand of high-tech labor affects the fixed scale of production?
There is no relation between the use of the highly skilled labor and fixed scale of
production
8. What is the effect of automation on the task replacement?
The applying of automation have a positive effect on the task replacement process as
it can assign and replace tasks to the suitable resources efficiently
9. Do you think that the task replacement affects the career sustainability of traditional
labor?
There is no relation between task replacement process and the career sustainability of
traditional labor.
10. Do you think there are relation between automation and lead time?
There is big relation between automation and lead time because automation will
decrease the lead time by increasing the productivity and decreasing the delivery time
11. Is there any effect of lead time on the career sustainability of traditional labor?
There is no relation between lead time and the career sustainability of traditional
labor.
62
12. What is the effect of technological advance on the process innovation?
The implementation of technological advance will enhance the creativity for better
process improvement and once applied it will create innovative solution to improve
different industrial processes
13. Do you think that process innovation affects the career sustainability of traditional
labor?
Once you apply the innovative solutions in your process leading to better process
performance, the career sustainability of traditional labor will decrease
14. Could training affect the relation between process innovation and career sustainability
of traditional labor?
Training will have a great effect on the career sustainability of traditional labor
because this will raise the qualification of the low skilled labor to become highly
skilled labor which will affect the process innovation positively
63
Appendix (G): Interview with Coating manager Fresh Co.
64
1. What is the effect of automation on the productivity?
Automation will have a great effect on the productivity due to removing any type
waste can occur because of human, so automation of different operations inside the
factory will lead to productivity increase and cutoff some fixed costs leading to
increase in the profit of the company
2. Is productivity affects fixed scale of production?
As the productivity increases, the production become more stable without any
problem due to applying automation
3. Is the fixed scale of production affects the demand of traditional labor?
As the production become more stable it will decrease the demand of traditional labor
as you have a better productivity due to application of automation
4. Do you think that technological advance influences the efficient use of resources?
The use of technological advances in the industrial processes will use the resources
efficiently because you can reach your target effectively with using unnecessary
resources, but it is not sufficient you need to be efficient without wasting time,
materials and energy which represent your resources
5. Do you think that efficient use of resources affects the demand of traditional labor?
The positive effect of using the technological advance on the using resources
efficiently will decrease the demand of traditional labor
65
6. Do you think that the demand of high-tech labor affects the efficient use of resources?
To use your resources efficiently, you need highly skilled labor trained on using
automated machines that will use the resources efficiently
7. Do you think that the demand of high-tech labor affects the fixed scale of production?
There is no relation between the use of the highly skilled labor and fixed scale of
production
8. What is the effect of automation on the task replacement?
The applying of automation have a positive effect on the task replacement process as
it can assign and replace tasks to the suitable resources efficiently
9. Do you think that the task replacement affects the career sustainability of traditional
labor?
There is no relation between task replacement process and the career sustainability of
traditional labor.
10. Do you think there are relation between automation and lead time?
There is big relation between automation and lead time because automation will
decrease the lead time by increasing the productivity and decreasing the delivery time
11. Is there any effect of lead time on the career sustainability of traditional labor?
There is no relation between lead time and the career sustainability of traditional
labor.
66
12. What is the effect of technological advance on the process innovation?
The implementation of technological advance will enhance the creativity for better
process improvement and once applied it will create innovative solution to improve
different industrial processes
13. Do you think that process innovation affects the career sustainability of traditional
labor?
Once you apply the innovative solutions in your process leading to better process
performance, the career sustainability of traditional labor will decrease
14. Could training affect the relation between process innovation and career sustainability
of traditional labor?
Training will have a great effect on the career sustainability of traditional labor
because this will raise the qualification of the low skilled labor to become highly
skilled labor which will affect the process innovation positively
67
Appendix (H): Focus group interview with workers
68
1. What is the effect of automation on the task replacement?
The applying of automation have a positive effect on the task replacement process as
but not as much as labor which can do it better than if it automated
2. Do you think that the task replacement affects the career sustainability of traditional
labor?
There is no relation between task replacement process and the career sustainability of
traditional labor.
3. What is the effect of technological advance on the process innovation?
The implementation of technological advance will enhance the creativity for better
process improvement and once applied it will create innovative solution to improve
different industrial processes.
4. Do you think that process innovation affects the career sustainability of traditional
labor?
There is no relation between the 2 variables because the labor is a key factor which is
required for creating ideas and in providing innovative solution to improve the
process
.
5. Could training affect the relation between process innovation and career sustainability
of traditional labor?
Training will have a great effect on the career sustainability of traditional labor
because this will raise the qualification of the low skilled labor to become highly
skilled labor which will affect the process innovation positively.
69
Appendix (I): Table of Variables and Relations
i
Table of Variables
Authors
Jerry A. Jacobs and Rachel Karen
Richard B. Freeman
Luis F. Alvarez León
John Chelliah
Jose´ David Vicente-Lorente & Jose´ A´ ngel Zu´n˜iga-Vicente
Tachia Chin and Genyi Li , Hao Jiao and Frederick Addo , I.M. Jawahar
Szufang Chuang and Carroll Marion Graham
Paul Lewis, Kate Bell
Jean Paul Simon
Martha Garcia-Murillo and Ian MacInnes
Peter Hogg
Tom Coupe
He Ping, Gao Yao ying
Michael Webb
Neha Soni, Enakshi Khular Sharma, Narotam Singh & Amita Kapoor
David Chrisinger
Debora Card and Craig Nelson
Georgios Petropoulos
Weight
V3 - Career
V1 - Demand V2 - Demand Sustainability
V5 - AI
Date of Traditional of High Tech
for
V4 - Training
(Automation)
Labors
Labors
Traditional
Labors
2019
*
*
*
2018
*
2019
*
*
2017
*
2012
*
2019
*
*
*
*
2018
*
2018
*
*
2018
*
2018
*
*
*
2019
*
*
2019
*
*
2018
*
2019
*
*
*
*
2019
*
2019
*
*
2019
*
*
2016
*
3
3
6
8
14
V6 - AI
(Robots)
V7 - AI
V8 - Task
(Technologic
Replacement
al Advances)
*
*
*
V9 - Lead
Time
V11 V13 - Fixed
V10 - Process
V12 Efficient Use
Scale of
Innovation
Productivity
of Resources
Product
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
9
*
*
8
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
9
4
4
4
4
1
ii
Table of Relations (1/2)
Authors
Jerry A. Jacobs and Rachel Karen
Richard B. Freeman
Luis F. Alvarez León
John Chelliah
Jose´ David Vicente-Lorente & Jose´ A´ ngel Zu´n˜iga-Vicente
Tachia Chin and Genyi Li , Hao Jiao and Frederick Addo , I.M. Jawahar
Szufang Chuang and Carroll Marion Graham
Paul Lewis, Kate Bell
Jean Paul Simon
Martha Garcia-Murillo and Ian MacInnes
Peter Hogg
Tom Coupe
He Ping, Gao Yao ying
Michael Webb
Neha Soni, Enakshi Khular Sharma, Narotam Singh & Amita Kapoor
David Chrisinger
Debora Card and Craig Nelson
Georgios Petropoulos
Weight
Date
2019
2018
2019
2017
2012
2019
2018
2018
2018
2018
2019
2019
2018
2019
2019
2019
2019
2016
R3 - AI with
R1 - AI with Task R2 - AI with Lead
Process
Replacement Time
Innovation
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
R4 - AI with
Efficient use of
resources
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
R5 - Productivity
+ve relation with technology
+Ve relation with robots
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
+ve relation with technology
+ve relation with AI
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
R10 - Efficient
R6 - Productivity R7 - Fixed Scale R8 - Efficient use R9 - Fixed Scale
R11 - Process
R12 - Training
use of resources
with Fixed Scale of Product with of resources with of Product with
Innovation with with Traditional
with High Tech
of Product
Traditional labors Traditional Labors High Tech Labors
Traditional Labors Labors
labors
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
R14 - Task
R13 - Lead Time
Replacement
with Traditional
with Traditional
Labors
Labors
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
Not Tested
iii
Table of Relations (2/2)
Authors
Jerry A. Jacobs and Rachel Karen
Richard B. Freeman
Luis F. Alvarez León
John Chelliah
Jose´ David Vicente-Lorente & Jose´ A´ ngel Zu´n˜iga-Vicente
Tachia Chin and Genyi Li , Hao Jiao and Frederick Addo , I.M. Jawahar
Szufang Chuang and Carroll Marion Graham
Paul Lewis, Kate Bell
Jean Paul Simon
Martha Garcia-Murillo and Ian MacInnes
Peter Hogg
Tom Coupe
He Ping, Gao Yao ying
Michael Webb
Neha Soni, Enakshi Khular Sharma, Narotam Singh & Amita Kapoor
David Chrisinger
Debora Card and Craig Nelson
Georgios Petropoulos
Weight
Date
R15 - Employment
R16- Wages
2019
-ve relation with technology
-ve relation with technology
2018
-ve with robotization
-Ve relation with robotization
2019
-ve relation with robotics
2017
-ve relation with technology
2012
-ve relation with technology
2019 -ve with manufacturing automation
2018
-ve relation with robotics
2018
-ve relation with automation
2018
-ve relation with automation
2018
-ve relation with automation
2019
2019
-ve relation with automation
2018
-ve relation with robots
2019
-ve relation with AI
-ve relation with AI "automation"
2019
2019
2019
-ve relation with automation
2016
-ve relation with AI
R17 - elasticity of substitution
R18 - Blue Collars
R-19 Career Path
-ve relation with technology
R20 - New nature of jobs
R21 - Economy
R22- Work life balance
+ve relation with automation
+Ve relation with robots
+ve relation with robotics
-ve relation with new technology
-ve relation with manufacturing innovation
+ve relation with technology
+ve relation with automation
+ve relation with computers
+ve relation with technology
+ve relation with technology
+ve relation with automation
+ve relation with technology
+ve relation with innovation
+ve relation with AI
+ve relation with AI
+ve relation with automation
+ve relation with automation