Meteorology
METEOROLOGY
11 NOV 16
EH-I
METEOROLOGY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Limited or special coverages may not contain all items, but that material which is included should be arranged
in the order outlined.
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... EH-I
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION - ANNEX 3
CHAPTER 1 – DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Definitions ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Terms used with a limited Meaning............................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 2 – GENERAL PROVISIONS ........................................................................................................... 1
2.1 Objective, Determination and Provision of Meteorological Service .............................................. 1
2.2 Supply, Use and Quality Management of Meteorological Information .......................................... 1
2.3 Notifications required from Operators........................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 3 – WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEM AND METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES ........................... 2
3.1 Objective of the World Area Forecast System .............................................................................. 3
3.2 World Area Forecast Centers ....................................................................................................... 3
3.3 Meteorological Offices .................................................................................................................. 3
3.4 Meteorological Watch Offices ....................................................................................................... 3
3.5 Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers..................................................................................................... 4
3.6 State Volcano Observatories ........................................................................................................ 4
3.7 Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centers ............................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 4 – METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS .......................................................... 5
4.1 Aeronautical Meteorological Stations and Observations .............................................................. 5
4.2 Agreement between Air Traffic Services Authorities and Meteorological Authorities.................... 6
4.3 Routine Observations and Reports .............................................................................................. 6
4.4 Special Observations and Reports ............................................................................................... 6
4.5 Contents of Reports...................................................................................................................... 6
4.6 Observing and Reporting Meteorological Elements ..................................................................... 7
4.7 Reporting of Information from Automatic Observing Systems...................................................... 8
4.8 Observation and Reports of Volcanic Activity ............................................................................... 8
CHAPTER 5 – AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS .......................................................................... 8
5.1 Obligations of States..................................................................................................................... 8
5.2 Types of Aircraft Observations ...................................................................................................... 8
5.3 Routine Aircraft Observations - Designation................................................................................. 8
5.4 Routine Aircraft Observations - Exemptions ................................................................................. 9
5.5 Special Aircraft Observations ....................................................................................................... 9
5.6 Other Non-Routine Aircraft Observations ..................................................................................... 9
5.7 Reporting of Aircraft Observations during Flight........................................................................... 9
5.8 Relay of Air-Reports by ATS Units ................................................................................................ 9
5.9 Recording and Post-Flight Reporting of Aircraft Observations of Volcanic Activity ...................... 9
CHAPTER 6 – FORECASTS ............................................................................................................................. 9
6.1 Use of Forecasts........................................................................................................................... 9
6.2 Aerodrome Forecasts ................................................................................................................... 9
6.3 Landing Forecasts ...................................................................................................................... 10
6.4 Forecasts for Take-Off................................................................................................................. 10
6.5 Area Forecasts for Low-Level Flights.......................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER 7 – SIGMET AND AIRMET INFORMATION, AERODROME
WARNINGS AND WIND SHEAR WARNINGS AND ALERTS................................................. 10
7.1 SIGMET Information .................................................................................................................. 11
7.2 AIRMET Information ................................................................................................................... 11
7.3 Aerodrome Warnings.................................................................................................................. 11
7.4 Wind Shear Warnings and Alerts................................................................................................ 11
CHAPTER 8 – AERONAUTICAL CLIMATOLOGICAL INFORMATION ............................................................ 11
8.1 General Provisions ..................................................................................................................... 12
8.2 Aerodrome Climatological Tables ............................................................................................... 12
8.3 Aerodrome Climatological Summaries ....................................................................................... 12
8.4 Copies of Meteorological Observational Data ............................................................................ 12
© JEPPESEN, 1995, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
EH-II
METEOROLOGY
11 NOV 16
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 9 – SERVICE FOR OPERATORS AND FLIGHT CREW MEMBERS............................................. 12
9.1 General Provisions ..................................................................................................................... 12
9.2 Briefing, Consultation and Display .............................................................................................. 13
9.3 Flight Documentation.................................................................................................................. 14
9.4 Automated Pre-Flight Information Systems for Briefing,
Consultation, Flight Planning and Flight Documentation ............................................................ 14
9.5 Information for Aircraft in Flight................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER 10 – INFORMATION FOR AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES, SEARCH AND RESCUE
SERVICES AND AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION SERVICES............................................ 14
10.1 Information for Air Traffic Services Units..................................................................................... 15
10.2 Information for Search and Rescue Services Units .................................................................... 15
10.3 Information for Aeronautical Information Services Units............................................................. 15
CHAPTER 11 – REQUIREMENTS FOR AND USE OF COMMUNICATIONS................................................. 15
11.1 Requirements for Communications............................................................................................. 15
11.2 Use of Aeronautical Fixed Service Communications and the Public Internet Meteorological Bulletins.............................................................................................................. 16
11.3 Use of Aeronautical Fixed Service Communications World Area Forecast System Products....................................................................................... 16
11.4 Use of Aeronautical Mobile Service Communication.................................................................. 16
11.5 Use of Aeronautical Data Link Service - Contents of D-VOLMET .............................................. 16
11.6 Use of Aeronautical Broadcast Service - Contents of VOLMET Broadcasts.............................. 16
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION / MODEL CHARTS AND FORMS
- ANNEX 3
Appendix 1 – Flight Documentation - Model Charts and Forms....................................................................... 21
Appendix 1 – Model A - OPMET Information.................................................................................................... 22
Appendix 1 – Model IS - Upper Wind and Temperature Chart for Standard Isobaric Surface - Example 1 ..... 23
Appendix 1 – Model IS - Upper Wind and Temperature Chart for Standard Isobaric Surface - Example 2 ..... 24
Appendix 1 – Model SWH - Significant Weather Chart (High Level) ................................................................ 25
Appendix 1 – Model SWM - Significant Weather Chart (Medium Level) .......................................................... 26
Appendix 1 – Model SWL - Significant Weather Chart (Low Level) Example 1................................................ 27
Appendix 1 – Model SWL - Significant Weather Chart (Low Level) Example 2................................................ 28
Appendix 1 – Model TCG - Cyclone Advisory Information in Graphical Format............................................... 29
Appendix 1 – Model VAG - Volcanic Ash Advisory Information in Graphical Format........................................ 30
Appendix 1 – Model STC - SIGMET for Tropical Cyclone in Graphical Format................................................ 31
Appendix 1 – Model SVA - SIGMET for Volcanic Ash in Graphical Format...................................................... 32
Appendix 1 – Model SGE - SIGMET for Phenomena other than Tropical Cyclone and Volcanic Ash in
Graphical Format ......................................................................................................................... 33
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION / SIGMET NOTATIONS - ANNEX 3
Appendix 1 – Model SN - Sheet of Notations used in Flight Documentation.................................................... 35
1.
2.
3.
4.
Symbols for Significant Weather................................................................................................. 35
Fronts and Convergence Zones and other Symbols used.......................................................... 36
Abbreviations used to describe Clouds ...................................................................................... 36
3.1 Type ................................................................................................................................... 36
3.2 Amount............................................................................................................................... 36
3.3 Heights............................................................................................................................... 36
Depicting of Lines and Systems on Specific Charts ................................................................... 37
4.1 SWH and SWM - Significant Weather Charts (High and Medium) .................................... 37
4.2 SWL - Significant Weather Chart (Low Level).................................................................... 37
4.3 Arrows, Feathers and Pennants......................................................................................... 37
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION / WORLD AREA FORECAST ANNEX 3
Appendix 2 – Technical Specifications related to World Area Forecast System and Meteorological Offices ... 41
Table A2-1 - Template for Advisory Message for Volcanic Ash ............................................................. 41
Example A2-1 - Advisory Message for Volcanic Ash ............................................................................ 45
Table A2-2 - Template for Advisory Message for Tropical Cyclones ..................................................... 45
Example A2-2 - Advisory Message for Tropical Cyclones .................................................................... 47
© JEPPESEN, 1995, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
11 NOV 16
EH-III
METEOROLOGY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION / METAR AND SPECI - ANNEX 3
Appendix 3 – Technical Specifications related to Meteorological Observations and Reports .......................... 51
Table A3-1 - Template for Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special (SPECIAL) Reports ...... 51
Table A3-2 - Template for METAR and SPECI ...................................................................................... 57
Table A3-3 - Use of Change Indicators in Trend Forecast .................................................................... 61
Table A3-4 - Ranges and Resolutions for the Numerical Elements included in Local Reports............. 61
Table A3-5 - Ranges and Resolutions for the Numerical Elements included in METAR and SPECI .... 62
Example A3-1 - Routine Report ............................................................................................................ 63
Example A3-2 - Special Report ............................................................................................................ 63
Example A3-3 - Volcanic Activity Report............................................................................................... 63
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION / AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS ANNEX 3
Appendix 4 – Technical Specifications related to Aircraft Observations and Reports ...................................... 71
1.
2.
Contents of Air-reports ............................................................................................................... 71
1.1 Routine Air-reports by Air-ground Data Link ...................................................................... 71
1.2 Special Air-reports by Air-ground Data Link....................................................................... 71
1.3 Special Air-reports by Voice Communications ................................................................... 71
Criteria for Reporting .................................................................................................................. 72
2.1 General .............................................................................................................................. 72
2.2 Wind Direction.................................................................................................................... 72
2.3 Wind Speed ....................................................................................................................... 72
2.4 Wind Quality Flag............................................................................................................... 72
2.5 Air Temperature.................................................................................................................. 72
2.6 Turbulence.......................................................................................................................... 72
2.7 Humidity ............................................................................................................................. 72
Table A4-1 - Template for Special Air-reports (Downlink) ..................................................................... 72
Table A4-2 - Time of Occurrence of the Peak Value to be reported...................................................... 73
Table A4-3 - Ranges and Resolutions for the Meteorological Elements included in Air-reports ........... 74
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR TRAFFIC / FORECAST - ANNEX 3
Appendix 5 – Technical Specifications related to Forecasts ............................................................................. 81
1.
2.
3.
4.
Criteria related to TAF................................................................................................................. 81
1.1 TAF Format ........................................................................................................................ 81
1.2 Inclusion of Meteorological Elements in TAF ..................................................................... 81
1.3 Use of Change Groups ...................................................................................................... 81
1.4 Use of Probability Groups .................................................................................................. 83
1.5 Numbers of Change and Probability Groups ..................................................................... 83
1.6 Dissemination of TAF ......................................................................................................... 83
Criteria related to Trend Forecasts ............................................................................................. 83
2.1 Format of Trend Forecasts ................................................................................................. 83
2.2 Inclusion of Meteorological Elements in Trend Forecasts .................................................. 83
2.3 Use of Change Groups ...................................................................................................... 84
2.4 Use of the Probability Indicator .......................................................................................... 85
Criteria related to Forecasts for Take-off..................................................................................... 85
3.1 Format of Forecasts for Take-off ........................................................................................ 85
3.2 Amendments to Forecasts for Take-off .............................................................................. 85
Criteria related to Area Forecasts for Low-level Flights .............................................................. 85
4.1 Format and Content of GAMET Area Forecasts ................................................................ 85
4.2 Amendments to GAMET Area Forecasts........................................................................... 85
4.3 Content of Area Forecasts for Low-level Flights in Chart Form ......................................... 85
4.4 Exchange of Area Forecasts for Low-level Flights ............................................................. 86
Table A5-1 - Template for TAF............................................................................................................... 86
Table A5-2 - Use of Change and Time Indicators in TAF ...................................................................... 89
Table A5-3 - Template for GAMET ........................................................................................................ 89
Table A5-4 - Ranges and Resolutions for the Numerical Elements included in TAF............................. 93
Example A5-1 - TAF.............................................................................................................................. 94
Example A5-2 - Cancellation of TAF ..................................................................................................... 94
Example A5-3 - GAMET Area Forecast ............................................................................................... 94
© JEPPESEN, 1995, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
METEOROLOGY
EH-IV
11 NOV 16
TABLE OF CONTENTS
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR TRAFFIC / SIGMET, AIRMET, WSW - ANNEX 3
Appendix 6 – Technical Specifications related to SIGMET and AIRMET Information, Aerodrome
Warnings and Wind Shear Warnings and Alerts ...................................................................... 101
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Specifications related to SIGMET Information.......................................................................... 101
1.1 Format of SIGMET Messages ......................................................................................... 101
1.2 Dissemination of SIGMET Messages .............................................................................. 101
Specifications related to AIRMET Information .......................................................................... 101
2.1 Format of AIRMET Messages.......................................................................................... 101
2.2 Dissemination of AIRMET Messages .............................................................................. 103
Specifications related to Special Air-reports ............................................................................. 103
Detailed Criteria related to SIGMET and AIRMET Messages and Special Air-reports
(Uplink) ..................................................................................................................................... 103
4.1 Identification of the Flight Information Region.................................................................. 103
4.2 Criteria related to Phenomena included in SIGMET and AIRMET Messages and
Special Air-reports (Uplink) .............................................................................................. 103
Specifications related to Aerodrome Warnings......................................................................... 104
5.1 Format and Dissemination of Aerodrome Warnings ........................................................ 104
5.2 Quantitative Criteria for Aerodrome Warnings ................................................................. 104
Specifications related to Wind Shear Warnings........................................................................ 104
6.1 Detection of Wind Shear .................................................................................................. 104
6.2 Format and Dissemination of Wind Shear Warnings and Alerts...................................... 104
Table A6-1A - Template for SIGMET and AIRMET Messages ............................................................ 105
Table A6-1B - Template for Special Air Reports (Uplink) .................................................................... 113
Table A6-2 - Template for Aerodrome Warnings ................................................................................. 114
Table A6-3 - Template for Wind Shear Warnings ................................................................................ 115
Table A6-4 - Ranges and Resolutions for the Numerical Elements included in Volcanic
Ash and Tropical Cyclone Advisory Messages, SIGMET/AIRMET Messages
and Aerodrome and Wind Shear Warnings.................................................................... 116
Example A6-1 - SIGMET and AIRMET Message and the Corresponding Cancellations ................... 117
Example A6-2 - SIGMET Message for Tropical Cyclone .................................................................... 117
Example A6-3 - SIGMET Message for Volcanic Ash .......................................................................... 118
Example A6-4 - SIGMET Message for Radioactive Cloud.................................................................. 118
Example A6-5 - SIGMET Message for Severe Turbulence ................................................................. 118
Example A6-6 - AIRMET Message for Moderate Mountain Wave ...................................................... 118
ENCODING SCHEME FOR RUNWAY CONDITIONS DISSEMINATED THROUGH EUR-RODEX.............. 201
AERODROME PAVEMENT CONDITION REPORTS THROUGH SNOWTAM / RODEX .............................. 205
AERODROME WEATHER REPORT - METAR AND SPECI DECODE......................................................... 211
AERODROME WEATHER FORECAST - TAF DECODE .............................................................................. 221
METEOROLOGICAL DATA - AFRICA
Availability of VOLMET Broadcasts - Africa .........................................................................................A-5
METEOROLOGICAL DATA - ATLANTIC
Availability of VOLMET Broadcasts - Atlantic......................................................................................AT-5
METEOROLOGICAL DATA - CHINA
Availability of VOLMET Broadcasts - China ...................................................................................... CH-5
METEOROLOGICAL DATA - EUROPE
National Differences to ICAO Annex 3 - Europe ..................................................................................E-1
Availability of VOLMET Broadcasts - Europe.......................................................................................E-5
METEOROLOGICAL DATA - EASTERN EUROPE
National Differences to ICAO Annex 3 - Eastern Europe.................................................................. EE-1
Availability of VOLMET Broadcasts - Eastern Europe ...................................................................... EE-5
METEOROLOGICAL DATA - MIDDLE EAST/SOUTH ASIA
Availability of VOLMET Broadcasts - Middle East/South Asia ..........................................................ME-5
© JEPPESEN, 1995, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
11 NOV 16
METEOROLOGY
1
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION - ANNEX 3
In this part of the METEOROLOGY section, selected Chapters and paragraphs have been extracted from
ICAO Annex 3 – Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation. Chapter and paragraph numbers
reflect those contained in the Annex.
CHAPTER 1 – DEFINITIONS
1.1
DEFINITIONS
Refer to INTRODUCTION/GLOSSARY.
1.2
TERMS USED WITH A LIMITED
MEANING
For the purpose of Annex 3, the following terms are
used with a limited meaning as indicated below:
a. to avoid confusion in respect of the term “service” between the meteorological service considered as an administrative entity and the service which is provided, “meteorological authority” is used for the former and “service” for the
latter;
b. “provide” is used solely in connection with the
provision of service;
“issue” is used solely in connection with cases
where the obligation specifically extends to
sending out the information to a user;
c. “make available” is used solely in connection
with cases where the obligation ends with making the information accessible to a user;
d. “supply” is used solely in connection with cases
where either c) or d) applies.
CHAPTER 2 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
2.1
OBJECTIVE, DETERMINATION AND
PROVISION OF METEOROLOGICAL
SERVICE
2.1.1
The objective of meteorological service
for international air navigation shall be to contribute
towards the safety, regularity and efficiency of international air navigation.
2.1.2
This objective shall be achieved by supplying the following users: operators, flight crew members, air traffic services units, search and rescue services units, airport managements and others concerned with the conduct or development of international air navigation, with the meteorological information necessary for the performance of their respective
functions.
2.1.3
Each Contracting State shall determine
the meteorological service which it will provide to
meet the needs of international air navigation. This
determination shall be made in accordance with
the provisions of this Annex and with due regard to
regional air navigation agreements; it shall include
the determination of the meteorological service to be
provided for international air navigation over international waters and other areas which lie outside the
territory of the State concerned.
2.1.4
Each Contracting State shall designate
the authority, hereinafter referred to as the meteorological authority, to provide or to arrange for the
provision of meteorological service for international
air navigation on its behalf. Details of the meteorological authority so designated shall be included
in the State aeronautical information publication, in
accordance with Annex 15, Appendix 1, GEN 1.1
(not published herein).
2.1.5
Each Contracting State shall ensure that
the designated meteorological authority complies
with the requirements of the World Meteorological
Organization in respect of qualifications and training
of meteorological personnel providing services for
international air navigation.
2.2
SUPPLY, USE AND
QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF
METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
2.2.1
Close liaison shall be maintained between
those concerned with the supply and those concerned with the use of meteorological information on
matters which affect the provision of meteorological
service for international air navigation.
2.2.2
Each Contracting State should ensure
that the designated meteorological authority referred
to in 2.1.4 establishes and implements a properly
organized quality system comprising procedures,
processes and resources necessary to provide for
the quality management of the meteorological information to be supplied to users listed in 2.1.2.
2.2.3
Recommendation – The quality system established in accordance with 2.2.2 should
be in conformity with the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) 9000 series of quality
assurance standards, and certified by an approved
organization.
NOTE: International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) 9000 series of quality assurance standards provide a basic framework for the development of a quality assurance programme. The details of a successful
programme are to be formulated by each State and
in most cases are unique to the State organization.
Guidance on the establishment and implementation
of a quality system is given in the Manual on the Quality Management System for the provision of Meteorological Service to International Air Navigation (Doc
9873).
2.2.4
Recommendation – The quality system
should provide the users with assurance that the
meteorological information supplied complies with
the stated requirements in terms of the geographical
and spatial coverage, format and content, time and
frequency of issuance and period of validity, as well
as the accuracy of measurements, observations and
forecasts. Where the quality system indicates that
the meteorological information to be supplied to the
users does not comply with the stated requirements,
and automatic error correction procedures are not
appropriate, such information should not be supplied
to the users unless it is validated with the originator.
NOTE: Requirements concerning the geographical
and spatial coverage, format and content, time and
frequency of issuance and period of validity of meteorological information to be supplied to aeronautical
users are given in Chapters 3, 4, 6 to 10 and Appendices 2, 3, 5 to 9 of Annex 3 and the relevant regional
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2
METEOROLOGY
11 NOV 16
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION - ANNEX 3
air navigation plans. Guidance concerning the accuracy of measurement and observation, and accuracy
of forecasts is given in Attachments A and B respectively to Annex 3.
2.2.5
Recommendation – In regard to the
exchange of meteorological information for operational purposes, the quality system should include
verification and validation procedures and resources
for monitoring adherence to the prescribed transmission schedules for individual messages and/or
bulletins required to be exchanged, and at the times
of their filing for transmission. The quality system
should be capable of detecting excessive transit
times of messages and bulletins received.
NOTE: Requirements concerning the exchange of
operational meteorological information are given in
Chapter 11 and Appendix 10 (not published herein)
of Annex 3.
2.2.6
Demonstration of compliance of the quality system applied should be by audit. If non-conformity of the system is identified, action should be initiated to determine and correct the cause. All audit
observations should be evidenced and properly documented.
2.2.7
Owing to the variability of meteorological
elements in space and time, to limitations of observing techniques and to limitations caused by the definitions of some of the elements, the specific value of
any of the elements given in a report shall be understood by the recipient to be the best approximation of
the actual conditions at the time of observation.
NOTE: Guidance on the operationally desirable
accuracy of measurement or observation is given in
Attachment A.
2.2.8
Owing to the variability of meteorological
elements in space and time, to limitations of forecasting techniques and to limitations caused by the definitions of some of the elements, the specific value
of any of the elements given in a forecast shall be
understood by the recipient to be the most probable
value which the element is likely to assume during
the period of the forecast. Similarly, when the time
of occurrence or change of an element is given in a
forecast, this time shall be understood to be the most
probable time.
NOTE: Guidance on the operationally desirable accuracy of forecasts is given in Attachment B.
2.2.9
The meteorological information supplied
to the users listed in 2.1.2 shall be consistent with
Human Factors principles and shall be in forms which
require a minimum of interpretation by these users,
as specified in the following chapters.
NOTE: Guidance material on the application of
Human Factors principles can be found in the
Human Factors Training Manual (Doc 9683).
2.3
NOTIFICATIONS REQUIRED
FROM OPERATORS
required shall be as agreed between the meteorological authority or aerodrome meteorological office and
the operator.
2.3.2
The meteorological authority shall be notified by the operator requiring service when:
a. new routes or new types of operations are
planned;
b. changes of a lasting character are to be made
in scheduled operations; and
c. other changes, affecting the provision of meteorological service, are planned.
Such information shall contain all details necessary
for the planning of appropriate arrangements by the
meteorological authority.
2.3.3
The operator or a flight crew member shall
ensure that, where required by the meteorological
authority in consultation with users, the aerodrome
meteorological office concerned, is notified:
a. of flight schedules;
b. when non-scheduled flights are to be operated;
c. when flights are delayed, advanced or cancelled.
2.3.4
Recommendation – The notification
to the aerodrome meteorological office of individual
flights should contain the following information except
that, in the case of scheduled flights, the requirement
for some or all of this information may be waived by
agreement between the aerodrome meteorological
office and the operator concerned:
a. aerodrome of departure and estimated time of
departure;
b. destination and estimated time of arrival;
c. route to be flown and estimated times of arrival
at, and departure from, any intermediate aerodrome(s);
d. alternate aerodromes needed to complete the
operational flight plan and taken from the relevant list contained in the regional air navigation
plan;
e. cruising level;
f. type of flight, whether under visual or instrument
flight rules;
g. type of meteorological information requested for
a flight crew member, whether flight documentation and/or briefing or consultation; and
h. time(s) at which briefing, consultation and/or
flight documentation are required.
CHAPTER 3 – WORLD AREA
FORECAST SYSTEM AND
METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES
NOTE: Technical specifications and detailed criteria
related to this Chapter are given in Appendix 2.
2.3.1
An operator requiring meteorological service or changes in existing meteorological service
shall notify, sufficiently in advance, the meteorological authority or the aerodrome meteorological office
concerned. The minimum amount of advance notice
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METEOROLOGY
3
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION - ANNEX 3
3.1
OBJECTIVE OF THE WORLD AREA
FORECAST SYSTEM
The objective of the world area forecast system
shall be to supply meteorological authorities and
other users with global aeronautical meteorological
en-route forecasts in digital form. This objective shall
be achieved through a comprehensive, integrated,
worldwide and, as far as practicable, uniform system,
and in a cost-effective manner, taking full advantage
of evolving technologies.
3.2
WORLD AREA FORECAST
CENTERS
3.2.1
A Contracting State, having accepted the
responsibility for providing a WAFC within the framework of the world area forecast system, shall arrange
for that center:
a. to prepare gridded global forecasts of:
1. upper wind;
2. upper-air temperature and humidity;
3. geopotential altitude of flight levels;
4. flight level and temperature of tropopause;
5. direction, speed and flight level of maximum wind;
6. cumulonimbus clouds;
7. icing; and
8. turbulence;
b. to prepare global forecasts of significant weather
(SIGWX) phenomena;
c. to issue the forecasts referred to in a) and b)
in digital form to meteorological authorities and
other users, as approved by the Contracting
State on advice from the meteorological authority;
d. to receive information concerning the release
of radioactive materials into the atmosphere,
from its associated WMO Regional Specialized
Meteorological Center (RSMC) for the provision
of transport model products for radiological
environmental emergency response, in order to
include the information in SIGWX forecasts; and
e. to establish and maintain contact with VAACs for
the exchange of information on volcanic activity
in order to coordinate the inclusion of information on volcanic eruptions in SIGWX forecasts.
3.2.2
In case of interruption of the operation of
a WAFC, its functions should be carried out by the
other WAFC.
NOTE: Back-up procedures to be used in case of
interruption of the operation of a WAFC are updated
by the Meteorology Panel (METP) as necessary; the
latest revision can be found on the ICAO METP website.
3.3
AERODROME METEOROLOGICAL
OFFICES
3.3.1
Each Contracting State shall establish
one or more aerodrome and/or meteorological office
which shall be adequate for the provision of meteorological service required to satisfy the needs of
international air navigation.
3.3.2
An aerodrome meteorological office shall
carry out all or some of the following functions as
necessary to meet the needs of flight operations at
the aerodrome:
a. prepare and/or obtain forecasts and other relevant information for flights with which it is concerned; the extent of its responsibilities to prepare forecasts shall be related to the local availability and use of en-route and aerodrome forecast material received from other offices;
b. prepare and/or forecasts of local meteorological
conditions;
c. maintain a continuous survey of meteorological
conditions over the aerodromes for which it is
designated to prepare forecasts;
d. provide briefing, consultation and flight documentation to flight crew members and/or flight
operations personnel;
e. supply other meteorological information to aeronautical users;
f. display the available meteorological information;
g. exchange meteorological information with other
meteorological offices; and
h. supply information received on pre-eruption volcanic activity, a volcanic eruption or volcanic
ash cloud, to its associated air traffic services
unit, aeronautical information service unit and
meteorically watch office as agreed between the
meteorological, aeronautical information service
and ATS authorities concerned.
3.3.3
The aerodromes for which landing forecasts are required shall be determined by regional air
navigation agreement.
3.3.4
For an aerodrome without aerodrome
meteorological office located at the aerodrome:
a. the meteorological authority concerned shall
designate one or more aerodrome meteorological office(s) to supply meteorological information as required;
b. the competent authorities shall establish means
by which such information can be supplied to the
aerodromes concerned.
3.4
METEOROLOGICAL WATCH
OFFICES
3.4.1
A Contracting State, having accepted the
responsibility for providing air traffic services within a
flight information region (FIR) or a control area (CTA),
shall establish, in accordance with regional air navigation agreement, one or more MWOs, or arrange for
another Contracting State to do so.
3.4.2
An MWO shall:
a. maintain continuous watch over meteorological
conditions affecting flight operations within its
area of responsibility;
b. prepare SIGMET and other information relating
to its area of responsibility;
c. supply SIGMET information and, as required,
other meteorological information to associated
air traffic services units;
d. disseminate SIGMET information;
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e. when required by regional air navigation agreement, in accordance with 7.2.1:
1. prepare AIRMET information related to its
area of responsibility;
2. supply AIRMET information to associated
air traffic services units; and
3. disseminate AIRMET information.
f. supply information received on pre-eruption volcanic activity, a volcanic eruption and volcanic
ash cloud for which a SIGMET has not already
been issued, to its associated area control
center (ACC)/flight information center (FIC), as
agreed between the meteorological and ATS
authorities concerned, and to its associated
VAAC as determined by regional air navigation
agreement; and
g. supply information received concerning release
of radioactive materials into the atmosphere,
in the area for which it maintains watch or
adjacent areas, to its associated ACC/FIC, as
agreed between the meteorological and ATS
authorities concerned, and to aeronautical information service units, as agreed between the
meteorological and appropriate civil aviation
authorities concerned. The information shall
comprise location, date and time of the release,
and forecast trajectories of the radioactive materials.
NOTE: The information is provided by RSMCs for the
provision of transport model products for radiological
environmental emergency response, at the request
of the delegated authority of the State in which the
radioactive material was released into the atmosphere, or the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA). The information is sent by the RSMC to a
single contact point of the national meteorological
service in each State. This contact point has the
responsibility of redistributing the RSMC products
within the State concerned. Furthermore, the information is provided by IAEA to RSMC co-located
with VAAC London (designated as the focal point)
which in turn notifies the ACCs concerned about the
release.
3.4.3
Recommendation – The boundaries of
the area over which meteorological watch is to be
maintained by an MWO should be coincident with the
boundaries of an FIR or a CTA or a combination of
FIRs and/or CTAs.
3.5
VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY
CENTERS
3.5.1
A Contracting State, having accepted the
responsibility for providing a VAAC within the framework of the international airways volcano watch, shall
arrange for that center to respond to a notification that
a volcano has erupted, or is expected to erupt or volcanic ash is reported in its area of responsibility, by:
a. monitoring
relevant
geostationary
and
polar-orbiting satellite data and, where available, relevant ground-based and airborne data,
to detect existence and extent of volcanic ash
in the atmosphere in the are concerned;
NOTE: Relevant ground-based and airborne
data include data derived from Doppler weather
radar, ceilometers, lidar and passive infrared
sensors.
b. activating the volcanic ash numerical trajectory/
dispersion model in order to forecast the movement of any ash ‘cloud’ which has been detected
or reported;
NOTE: The numerical model may be its own or,
by agreement, that of another VAAC.
c. issuing advisory information regarding the
extent and forecast movement of the volcanic
ash ‘cloud’ to:
1. MWOs, ACCs and FICs serving FIRs in
its area of responsibility which may be
affected;
2. other VAACs whose areas of responsibility
may be affected;
3. WAFCs, international OPMET databanks,
international NOTAM offices, and centers designated by regional air navigation
agreement for the operation of aeronautical fixed service Internet-based services;
and
4. airlines requiring the advisory information
through the AFTN address provided specifically for this purpose; and
NOTE: The AFTN address to be used by
the VAACs is given in the Handbook on
the International Airways Volcano Watch
(IAVW) — Operational Procedures and
Contact List (Doc 9766) which is available
on the ICAO website.
d. issuing updated advisory information to the
MWOs, ACCs, FICs and VAACs referred to in
c). as necessary, but at least six hours until
such time as:
1. the volcanic ash "cloud" is no longer identifiable from satellite data and, where available, ground-based and airborne data;
2. no further reports of volcanic ash are
received from the area; and
3. no further eruptions of the volcano are
reported.
3.5.2
VAACs shall maintain a 24-hour watch.
3.5.3
In case of interruption of the operation of
a VAAC, its functions shall be carried out by another
VAAC or another meteorological center, as designated by the VAAC Provider State concerned.
NOTE: Back-up procedures to be used in case of
interruption of the operation of a VAAC are included
in Doc 9766.
3.6
STATE VOLCANO OBSERVATORIES
Contracting States with active or potentially active volcanoes shall arrange that State volcano observatories monitor these volcanoes and when observing:
a. significant pre-eruption volcanic activity, or a
cessation thereof;
b. a volcanic eruption, or a cessation thereof;
and/or
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c. volcanic ash in the atmosphere
shall send this information as quickly as practicable
to their associated ACC/FIC, MWO and VAAC.
NOTE 1: Pre-eruption volcanic activity in this context means unusual and/or increasing volcanic activity which could presage a volcanic eruption.
NOTE 2: Doc 9766 contains guidance material about
active and potentially active volcanoes.
3.7
TROPICAL CYCLONE ADVISORY
CENTERS
A Contracting State having accepted, by regional air
navigation agreement, the responsibility for providing
a TCAC shall arrange for that center to:
a. monitor the development of tropical cyclones
in its area of responsibility, using geostationary
and polar-orbiting satellite data, radar data and
other meteorological information;
b. issue advisory information concerning the position of the cyclone center, its direction and speed
of movement, central pressure and maximum
surface wind near the center, in abbreviated
plain language to:
1. MWOs in its area of responsibility;
2. other TCACs whose area of responsibility
may be affected; and
3. WAFCs, international OPMET databanks,
and centers designated by regional air navigation agreement for the operation of aeronautical fixed service Internet-based services; and
c. issue updated advisory information to MWOs for
each tropical cyclone, as necessary, but at least
every 6 hours.
CHAPTER 4 – METEOROLOGICAL
OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS
NOTE: Technical specifications and detailed criteria
related to this Chapter are given in Appendix 3.
4.1
AERONAUTICAL
METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS
AND OBSERVATIONS
4.1.1
Each Contracting State shall establish, at
aerodromes in its territory; such aeronautical meteorological stations as it determines to be necessary.
An aeronautical meteorological station may be a separate station or may be combined with a synoptic station.
NOTE: Aeronautical meteorological stations may
include sensors installed outside the aerodrome,
where considered justified, by the meteorological
authority to ensure the compliance of meteorological service for international air navigation with the
provisions of Annex 3.
4.1.2
Recommendation – Each Contracting
State should establish, or arrange for the establishment of, aeronautical meteorological stations
on off-shore structures or at other points of significance in support of helicopter operations to off-shore
structures, if required by regional air navigation
agreement.
4.1.3
Aeronautical meteorological stations
shall make routine observations at fixed intervals.
At aerodromes, the routine observations shall be
supplemented by special observations whenever
specified changes occur in respect of surface wind,
visibility, runway visual range, present weather,
clouds and/or air temperature.
4.1.4
Each Contracting State should arrange
for its aeronautical meteorological stations to be
inspected at sufficiently frequent intervals to ensure
that a high standard of observations is maintained,
that instruments and all their indicators are functioning correctly, and that the exposure of the instruments
has not changed significantly.
NOTE: Guidance on the inspection of aeronautical
meteorological stations including the frequency of
inspections is given in the Manual on Automatic
Meteorological Observing Systems at Aerodromes
(Doc 9837).
4.1.5
At aerodromes, with runways intended for
Category II and III instrument approach and landing
operations, automated equipment for measuring
or assessing, as appropriate, and for monitoring
and remote indicating of surface wind, visibility,
runway visual range, height of cloud base, air and
dew-point temperatures and atmospheric pressure
shall be installed to support approach and landing
and take-off operations. These devices shall be integrated automatic systems for acquisition, processing,
dissemination and display in real time of the meteorological parameters affecting landing and take-off
operations. The design of integrated automatic systems shall observe human factors principles and
include back-up procedures.
NOTE 1: Categories of precision approach and landing operations are defined in Annex 6, Part I.
NOTE 2: Guidance material on the application of
human factors principles can be found in the Human
Factors Training Manual (Doc 9683).
4.1.6
Recommendation – At aerodromes, with
runways intended for Category I instrument approach
and landing operations, automated equipment for
measuring or assessing, as appropriate, and for
monitoring and remote indicating of surface wind,
visibility, runway visual range, height of cloud base,
air and dew-point temperatures and atmospheric
pressure should be installed to support approach
and landing and take-off operations. These devices
should be integrated automatic systems for acquisition, processing, dissemination and display in real
time of the meteorological parameters affecting landing and take-off operations. The design of integrated
automatic systems should observe human factors
principles and include back-up procedures.
4.1.7
Recommendation – Where an integrated
semi-automatic system is used for the dissemination/display of meteorological information, it should
be capable of accepting the manual insertion of data
covering those meteorological elements which cannot be observed by automatic means.
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4.1.8
The observations shall form the basis for
the preparation of reports to be disseminated at the
aerodrome of origin and for reports to be disseminated beyond the aerodrome of origin.
4.2
AGREEMENT BETWEEN AIR
TRAFFIC SERVICES AUTHORITIES
AND METEOROLOGICAL
AUTHORITIES
Recommendation – An agreement between the
meteorological authority and the appropriate ATS
authority should be established to cover, amongst
other things:
a. the provision in air traffic services units of displays related to integrated automatic systems;
b. the calibration and maintenance of these displays/instruments;
c. the use to be made of the displays/instruments
by air traffic services personnel;
d. as and where necessary, supplementary visual
observations (e.g. of meteorological phenomena of operational significance in the climb-out
and approach areas) if and when made by air
traffic services personnel to update or supplement the information supplied by the meteorological station;
e. meteorological information obtained from aircraft taking off or landing (e.g. on wind shear);
and
f. if available, meteorological information obtained
from ground weather radar.
NOTE: Guidance on the subject of coordination
between ATS and meteorological services is contained in the Manual on Coordination between Air
Traffic services, Aeronautical Information Services
and Aeronautical Meteorological Services (Doc
9377).
4.3
ROUTINE OBSERVATIONS
AND REPORTS
4.3.1
At aerodromes, routine observations shall
be made throughout the 24 hours each day, except
as otherwise agreed between the meteorological
authority, the appropriate ATS authority and the
operator concerned. Such observations shall be
made at intervals of one hour or, if so determined
by regional air navigation agreement, at intervals of
one half-hour. At other aeronautical meteorological
stations, such observations shall be made as determined by the meteorological authority taking into
account the requirements of air traffic services units
and aircraft operations.
4.3.2
Reports of routine observations shall be
issued as:
a. local routine reports only for dissemination at the
aerodrome of origin (intended for arriving and
departing aircraft); and
b. METAR for dissemination beyond the aerodrome of origin (mainly intended for flight planning, VOLMET broadcasts and D-VOLMET).
NOTE: Meteorological information used in ATIS
(voice-ATIS and D-ATIS) is to be extracted from the
local routine report, in accordance with Annex 11,
4.3.6.1 g).
4.3.3
At aerodromes that are not operational
throughout 24 hours in accordance with 4.3.1,
METAR shall be issued prior to the aerodrome
resuming operations in accordance with regional air
navigation agreement.
4.4
SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS AND
REPORTS
4.4.1
A list of criteria for special observations
shall be established by the meteorological authority, in consultation with the appropriate ATS authority,
operators and others concerned.
4.4.2
Reports of special observations shall be
issued as:
a. local special reports, only for dissemination at
the aerodrome of origin (intended for arriving
and departing aircraft); and
b. SPECI for dissemination beyond the aerodrome
of origin (mainly intended for flight planning,
VOLMET broadcasts and D-VOLMET) unless
METAR are issued at half-hourly intervals.
NOTE: Meteorological information used in ATIS
(voice-ATIS and D-ATIS) is to be extracted from the
local special report, in accordance with Annex 11,
4.3.6.1 g).
4.4.3
At aerodromes that are operational
throughout 24 hours in accordance with 4.3.1, following the resumption of the issuance of METAR,
SPECI shall be issued, as necessary.
4.5
CONTENTS OF REPORTS
4.5.1
Local routine and special reports and
METAR and SPECI shall contain the following elements in the order indicated:
a. identification of the type of report;
b. location indicator;
c. time of the observation;
d. identification of an automated or missing report,
when applicable;
e. surface wind direction and speed;
f. visibility;
g. runway visual range, when applicable;
h. present weather;
i. cloud amount, cloud type (only for cumulonimbus and towering cumulus clouds) and height of
cloud base or, where measured, vertical visibility;
j. air temperature and dew-point temperature; and
k. QNH and, when applicable, QFE (QFE included
only in local routine and special reports).
NOTE: The location indicators referred to under b.
and their significations are published in Location Indicators Doc 7910).
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4.5.2
Recommendation – In addition to elements listed under 4.5.1 a) to k) local routine and
special reports and METAR and SPECI should contain supplementary information to be placed after
element k).
4.5.3
Optional elements included under supplementary information shall be included in METAR and
SPECI in accordance with regional air navigation
agreement.
4.6
OBSERVING AND REPORTING
METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS
4.6.1
Surface Wind
4.6.1.1
The mean direction and the mean
speed of the surface wind shall be measured, as well
as significant variations of wind direction and speed,
and reported in degrees true and meters per second
(or knots), respectively.
4.6.1.2
Recommendation – When local routine and special reports are used for departing aircraft, the surface wind observations for these reports
should be representative of conditions along the runway; when local routine and special reports are used
for arriving aircraft, the surface wind observations for
these reports should be representative of the touchdown zone.
4.6.1.3
Recommendation – For METAR and
SPECI, the surface wind observations should be
representative of conditions above the whole runway
where there is only one runway and the whole runway complex where there is more than one runway.
4.6.2
Visibility
4.6.2.1
The visibility as defined in Chapter
1 shall be measured or observed, and reported in
meters or kilometers.
4.6.2.2
Recommendation – When local
routine and special reports are used for departing
aircraft, the visibility observations for these reports
should be representative of conditions along the
runway; when local routine and special reports are
used for arriving aircraft, the visibility observations
for these reports should be representative of the
touchdown zone of the runway.
a. precision approach runways intended for Category I instrument approach and landing operations; and
b. runways used for take-off and having high-intensity edge lights and/or center line lights.
NOTE: Precision approach runways are defined in
Annex 14, Volume I, Chapter 1, under ‘Instrument
runway’.
4.6.3.3
The runway visual range, assessed
in accordance with 4.6.3.1 and 4.6.3.2, shall be
reported in meters throughout periods when either
the visibility or the runway visual range is less than
1500m.
4.6.3.4
Runway visual range assessments
shall be representative of:
a. the touchdown zone of the runway intended
for non-precision or Category I instrument
approach and landings operations;
b. the touchdown zone and the mid-point of the
runway intended for Category II instrument
approach and landing operations; and
c. the touchdown zone, the mid-point and stop-end
of the runway intended for Category III instrument approach and landing operations.
4.6.3.5
The units providing air traffic service and aeronautical information service for an
aerodrome shall be kept informed without delay of
changes in the serviceability status of the automated
equipment used for assessing runway visual range.
4.6.4
Present Weather
4.6.4.1
The present weather occurring at the
aerodrome vicinity shall be observed and reported as
necessary. The following present weather phenomena shall be identified, as a minimum: rain, dizzle,
snow and freezing precipitation (including intensity
thereof), haze, mist, fog, freezing fog and thunderstorms (including thunderstorms in the vicinity).
4.6.4.2
Recommendation – For local routine
and special reports, the present weather information
should be representative of conditions at the aerodrome.
4.6.2.3
Recommendation – For METAR and
SPECI the visibility observations should be representative of the aerodrome.
4.6.4.3
Recommendation – For METAR and
SPECl, the present weather information should be
representative of conditions at the aerodrome and, for
certain specified present weather phenomena, in its
vicinity.
4.6.3
Runway Visual Range
NOTE: Guidance on the subject of runway visual
range is contained in the Manual of Runway Visual
Range Observing and Reporting Practices (Doc
9328).
4.6.3.1
Runway visual range as defined in
Chapter 1 shall be assessed on all runways intended
for Category II and III instrument approach and landing operations.
4.6.5
Clouds
4.6.5.1
Cloud amount, cloud type and height
of cloud base shall be observed, and reported as necessary to describe the clouds of operational significance. When the sky is obscured, vertical visibility
shall be observed and reported, where measured, in
lieu of cloud amount, cloud type and height of cloud
base. The height of cloud base and vertical visibility
shall be reported in meters (or feet).
4.6.3.2
Recommendation – Runway visual
range as defined in Chapter 1 should be assessed
on all runways intended for use during periods of
reduced visibility, including:
4.6.5.2
Recommendation – Cloud observations for local routine and special reports should be
representative of the runway threshold(s) in use.
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4.6.5.3
Recommendation – Cloud observations for METAR and SPECI should be representative
of the aerodrome and its vicinity.
4.6.6
Air Temperature and Dew-point
Temperature
4.6.6.1
The air temperature and the dew-point
temperature shall be measured and reported in
degrees Celsius.
4.6.6.2
Recommendation – Observation of
air temperature and dew-point temperature for local
routine and special reports and METAR and SPECI
should be representative for the whole runway complex.
4.6.7
Atmospheric Pressure
The atmospheric pressure shall be measured,
and QNH and QFE values shall be computed and
reported in hectopascals.
4.6.8
Supplementary Information
Recommendation – Observations made at aerodromes should include the available supplementary
information concerning significant meteorological
conditions, particularly those in the approach and
climb-out areas. Where practicable, the information
should identify the location of the meteorological
condition.
4.7
REPORTING METEOROLOGICAL
INFORMATION FROM AUTOMATIC
OBSERVING SYSTEMS
4.7.1
Recommendation – METAR and SPECI
from automatic observing systems should be used by
States in a position to do so during non-operational
hours of the aerodrome, and during operational hours
of the aerodrome as determined by the meteorological authority in consultation with users based on the
availability and efficient use of personnel.
NOTE: Guidance on the use of automatic meteorological observing systems is given in the Manual
on Automatic Meteorological Observing Systems at
Aerodromes Doc 9837.
4.7.2
Recommendation – Local routine and
special reports from automatic systems should be
used by States in a position to do so during operational hours of the aerodrome as determined by the
meteorological authority in consultation with users
based on the availability and efficient use of personnel.
4.7.3
Local routine and special reports and
METAR and SPECI from automatic observing systems shall be identified with the word "AUTO".
4.8
OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS
OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
Recommendation – The occurrence of pre-eruption
volcanic activity, volcanic eruptions and volcanic ash
cloud should be reported without delay to the associated air traffic services unit, aeronautical information
services unit and meteorological watch office. The
report should be made in the form of a volcanic activity report comprising the following information in the
order indicated:
a. message type, VOLCANIC ACTIVITY REPORT;
b. station identifier, location indicator or name of
station;
c. date/time of message;
d. location of volcano and name, if known; and
e. concise description of event including, as appropriate, level of intensity of volcanic activity,
occurrence of an eruption and its date and time
and the existence of a volcanic ash cloud in
the area together with direction of ash cloud
movement and height.
NOTE: Pre-eruption volcanic activity in this context
means unusual and/or increasing volcanic activity
which could presage a volcanic eruption.
CHAPTER 5 – AIRCRAFT
OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS
NOTE: Technical specifications and detailed criteria
related to this Chapter are given in Appendix 4.
5.1
OBLIGATIONS OF STATES
Each Contracting State shall arrange, according to
the provisions of this chapter, for observations to be
made by aircraft of its registry operating on international air routes and for the recording and reporting of
these observations.
5.2
TYPES OF AIRCRAFT
OBSERVATIONS
The following aircraft observations shall be made:
a. routine aircraft observations during en-route and
climb-out phases of the flight; and
b. special and other non-routine aircraft observations during any phase of the flight.
5.3
ROUTINE AIRCRAFT
OBSERVATIONS – DESIGNATION
5.3.1
Recommendation – When air-ground
data link is used and automatic dependent Surveillance — contract (ADS-C) or secondary surveillance
radar (SSR) Mode S is being applied, automated routine observations should be made every 15 minutes
during the en-route phase and every 30 seconds
during climb-out phase for the first 10 minutes of the
flight.
5.3.2
Recommendation – For helicopter operations to and from aerodromes on off-shore structures, routine observations should be made from helicopters at points and times as agreed between the
meteorological authorities and the helicopter operators concerned.
5.3.3
In the case of air routes with high density
traffic (e.g. organized tracks), an aircraft from among
the aircraft operating at each flight level shall be designated, at approximately hourly intervals, to make
routine observations in accordance with 5.3.1. The
designation procedures shall be subject to regional
air navigation agreement.
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5.3.4
In the case of the requirement to report
during the climb-out phase, an aircraft shall be designated, at approximately hourly intervals, at each
aerodrome to make routine observations in accordance with 5.3.1.
5.4
ROUTINE AIRCRAFT
OBSERVATIONS – EXEMPTIONS
Aircraft not equipped with air-ground data link shall be
exempted from making routine aircraft observations.
5.5
SPECIAL AIRCRAFT
OBSERVATIONS
Special observations shall be made by all aircraft
whenever the following conditions are encountered or
observed:
a. moderate or severe turbulence; or
b. moderate or severe icing; or
c. severe mountain wave; or
d. thunderstorms, without hail, that are obscured,
embedded, widespread or in squall lines; or
e. thunderstorms, with hail, that are obscured,
embedded, widespread or in squall lines; or
f. heavy duststorm or heavy sandstorm; or
g. volcanic ash cloud; or
h. pre-eruption volcanic activity or a volcanic eruption.
NOTE: Pre-eruption volcanic activity in this context means unusual and/or increasing volcanic
activity which could presage a volcanic eruption.
i. runway braking action encountered is not as
good as reported.
5.6
OTHER NON-ROUTINE AIRCRAFT
OBSERVATIONS
When other meteorological conditions not listed
under 5.5, e.g. wind shear, are encountered and
which, in the opinion of the pilot-in-command, may
affect the safety or markedly affect the efficiency of
other aircraft operations, the pilot-in-command shall
advise the appropriate air traffic services unit as
soon as practicable.
NOTE: Icing, turbulence and, to a large extent, wind
shear, are elements which, for the time being, cannot
be satisfactorily observed from the ground and for
which in most cases aircraft observations represent
the only available evidence.
5.7
REPORTING OF AIRCRAFT
OBSERVATIONS DURING FLIGHT
5.7.1
Aircraft observations shall be reported
by air-ground data link. Where air-ground data link
is not available or appropriate, special and other
non-routine aircraft observations during flight shall
be reported by voice communications.
5.7.2
Aircraft observations shall be reported
during flight at the time the observation is made or
as soon thereafter as is practicable.
5.7.3
Aircraft observations shall be reported as
air-reports.
5.8
RELAY OF AIR-REPORTS BY AIR
TRAFFIC SERVICES UNITS
The meteorological authority concerned shall make
arrangements with the appropriate ATS authority to
ensure that, on receipt by the ATS units of:
a. special air-reports by voice communications,
the ATS units relay them without delay to their
associated meteorological watch office; and
b. routine and special air-reports by data link communications, the ATS units relay them without
delay to their associated meteorological watch
office, the WAFCs and the centers designated
by regional air navigation agreement for the
operation of aeronautical fixed service Internet-based services.
5.9
RECORDING AND POST-FLIGHT
REPORTING OF AIRCRAFT
OBSERVATIONS OF VOLCANIC
ACTIVITY
Special aircraft observations of pre-eruption volcanic
activity, a volcanic eruption or volcanic ash cloud shall
be recorded on the special air-report of volcanic activity form. A copy of the form shall be included with
the flight documentation provided to flights operating
on routes which, in the opinion of the meteorological authority concerned, could be affected by volcanic
ash clouds.
CHAPTER 6 – FORECASTS
NOTE: Technical specifications and detailed criteria
related to this Chapter are given in Appendix 5.
6.1
USE OF FORECASTS
The issue of a new forecast by an aerodrome meteorological office, such as a routine aerodrome forecast, shall be understood to cancel automatically any
forecast of the same type previously issued for the
same place and for the same period of validity or part
thereof.
6.2
AERODROME FORECASTS
6.2.1
An aerodrome forecast shall be prepared,
on the basis of regional air navigation agreement, by
the aerodrome meteorological office designated by
the meteorological authority concerned.
NOTE: The aerodromes for which aerodrome forecasts are to be prepared and the period of validity of
these forecasts are listed in the relevant facilities and
services implementation document (FASID).
6.2.2
An aerodrome forecast shall be issued at
a specified time not earlier than 1 hour prior to the
beginning of its validity period and consist of a concise statement of the expected meteorological conditions at an aerodrome for a specified period.
6.2.3
Aerodrome forecasts and amendments
thereto shall be issued as TAF and include the following information in the order indicated:
a. identification of the type of forecast;
b. location indicator;
c. time of issue of forecast;
d. identification of a missing forecast, when applicable;
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e. date and period of validity of forecast;
f. identification of a cancelled forecast, when applicable;
g. surface wind;
h. visibility;
i. weather;
j. cloud; and
k. expect significant changes to one or more of
these elements during the period of validity.
Optional elements shall be included in TAF in accordance with regional air navigation agreement.
NOTE: The visibility included in TAF refers to the forecast prevailing visibility.
6.2.4
Aerodrome meteorological offices preparing TAF shall keep the forecasts under continuous
review and, when necessary, shall issue amendments promptly. The length of the forecast messages
and the number of changes indicated in the forecast
shall be kept to a minimum.
NOTE: Guidance on methods to keep TAF under continuous review is given in Chapter 3 of the Manual of
Aeronautical Meteorological Practice (Doc 8896).
6.2.5
TAF that cannot be kept under continuous
review shall be cancelled.
6.2.6
Recommendation – The period of validity of routine TAF should be not less than 6 hours
nor more than 30 hours; this period of validity should
be determined by regional air navigation agreement.
Routine TAF valid for less than 12 hours should be
issued every 3 hours and those valid for 12 to 30
hours should be issued every 6 hours.
6.2.7
When issuing TAF, aerodrome meteorological offices shall ensure that not more than one
TAF is valid at an aerodrome at any given time.
6.3
LANDING FORECASTS
6.3.1
A landing forecast shall be prepared by
the aerodrome meteorological office designated by
the meteorological authority concerned as determined by regional air navigation agreement; such
forecasts are intended to meet requirements of local
users and of aircraft within about one hour’s flying
time from the aerodrome.
6.3.2
Landing forecasts shall be prepared in the
form of a trend forecast.
6.3.3
A trend forecast shall consist of a concise statement of expected significant changes in the
meteorological conditions at that aerodrome to be
appended to a local routine or local special report, or
a METAR or SPECI. The period of validity of a trend
forecast shall be 2 hours from the time of the report
which forms part of the landing forecast.
6.4
FORECASTS FOR TAKE-OFF
6.4.1
A forecast for take-off shall be prepared by
the aerodrome meteorological office designated by
the meteorological authority concerned d, if required
by agreement between the meteorological authority
and operators.
6.4.2
Recommendation – A forecast for
take-off should refer to a specified period of time
and should contain information on expected conditions over the runway complex in regard to surface
wind direction and speed and any variations thereof,
temperature, pressure (QNH), and any other elements as agreed locally.
6.4.3
Recommendation – A forecast for takeoff should be supplied to operators and flight crew
members on request within the 3 hours before the
expected time of departure.
6.4.4
Recommendation – Aerodrome meteorological offices preparing forecasts for take-off
should keep the forecasts under continuous review
and, when necessary, should issue amendments
promptly.
6.5
AREA FORECASTS FOR
LOW-LEVEL FLIGHTS
6.5.1
When the density of traffic operating
below flight level 100 (or up to flight level 150 in
mountainous areas, or higher, where necessary)
warrants the routine issue and dissemination of
area forecasts for such operations, the frequency of
issue, the form and the fixed time or period of validity
of those forecasts and the criteria of amendments
thereto shall be determined by the meteorological
authority in consultation with the users.
6.5.2
When the density of traffic operating
below flight level 100 warrants the issuance of
AIRMET information in accordance with 7.2.1, area
forecasts for such operations shall be prepared in
a format agreed upon between the meteorological
authorities concerned. When abbreviated plain language is used, the forecast shall be prepared as a
GAMET area forecast, employing approved ICAO
abbreviations and numerical values; when chart
form is used, the forecast shall be prepared as a
combination of forecasts of upper wind and upper-air
temperature, and of SIGWX phenomena. The area
forecasts shall be issued to cover the layer between
ground and flight level 100 (or up to flight level 150 in
mountainous areas, or higher, where necessary) and
shall contain information on en-route weather phenomena hazardous to low-level flights, in support of
the issuance of AIRMET information, and additional
information required by low-level flights.
6.5.3
Area forecasts for low-level flights prepared in support of the issuance of AIRMET information shall be issued every 6 hours for a validity
of 6 hours and transmitted to meteorological watch
offices and/or aerodrome meteorological offices concerned not later than one hour prior to the beginning
of their validity period.
CHAPTER 7 – SIGMET AND AIRMET
INFORMATION, AERODROME
WARNINGS AND WIND SHEAR
WARNINGS AND ALERTS
NOTE: Technical specifications and detailed criteria
related to this Chapter are given in Appendix 6.
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7.1
SIGMET INFORMATION
7.1.1
SIGMET information shall be issued by a
meteorological watch office and shall give a concise
description in abbreviated plain language concerning
the occurrence and/or expected occurrence of specified en-route weather phenomena, which may affect
the safety of aircraft operations, and of the development of those phenomena in time and space.
7.1.2
SIGMET information shall be cancelled
when the phenomena are no longer occurring or are
no longer expected to occur in the area.
7.1.3
The period of validity of a SIGMET message shall be not more than 4 hours. In the special
case of SIGMET messages for volcanic ash cloud
and tropical cyclones, the period of validity shall be
extended up to 6 hours.
7.1.4
Recommendation – SIGMET messages
concerning volcanic ash cloud and tropical cyclones
should be based on advisory information provided
by VAACs and TCACs, respectively, designated by
regional air navigation agreement.
7.1.5
Close coordination shall be maintained
between the meteorological watch office and the
associated area control center/flight information
center to ensure that information on volcanic ash
included in SIGMET and NOTAM messages is consistent.
7.1.6
SIGMET messages shall be issued not
more than 4 hours before the commencement of the
period of validity. In the special case of SIGMET messages for volcanic ash cloud and tropical cyclones,
these messages shall be issued as soon as practicable but not more than 12 hours before the commencement of the period of validity. SIGMET messages for
volcanic ash and tropical cyclones shall be updated
at least every 6 hours.
7.2
AIRMET INFORMATION
7.2.1
AIRMET information shall be issued
by a meteorological watch office in accordance
with regional air navigation agreement, taking into
account the density of the air traffic operating below
flight level 100. AIRMET information shall give a
concise description in abbreviated plain language
concerning the occurrence and/or expected occurrence of specified en-route weather phenomena,
which have not been included in Section I of the area
forecast for low-level flights issued in accordance
with Chapter 6, section 6.5 and which may affect the
safety of low-level flights, and of the development of
those phenomena in time and space.
which could adversely affect aircraft on the ground,
including parked aircraft, and the aerodrome facilities
and services.
7.3.2
Recommendation – Aerodrome warnings should be cancelled when the conditions are no
longer occurring and/or no longer expected to occur
at the aerodrome.
7.4
WIND SHEAR WARNINGS AND
ALERTS
NOTE: Guidance on the subject is contained in the
Manual on Low-level Wind Shear (Doc 9817). Wind
shear alerts are expected to complement wind shear
warnings and together are intended to enhance situational awareness of wind shear.
7.4.1
Wind shear warnings shall be prepared
by the aerodrome meteorological office designated
by the meteorological authority concerned for aerodromes where wind shear is considered a factor,
in accordance with local arrangements with the
appropriate ATS unit and operators concerned. Wind
shear warnings shall give concise information on the
observed or expected existence of wind shear which
could adversely affect aircraft on the approach path
or take-off path or during circling approach between
runway level and 500m (1600ft) above that level
and aircraft on the runway during the landing roll
or take-off run. Where local topography has been
shown to produce significant wind shears at heights
in excess of 500m (1600ft) above runway level, then
500m (1600ft) shall not be considered restrictive.
7.4.2
Recommendation – Wind shear warnings for arriving aircraft and/or departing aircraft
should be cancelled when aircraft reports indicate
that wind shear no longer exists or, alternatively, after
an agreed elapsed time. The criteria for the cancellation of a wind shear warning should be defined
locally for each aerodrome, as agreed between the
meteorological authority, the appropriate ATS authority and the operators concerned.
7.4.3
At aerodromes where wind shear is
detected by automated, ground-based, wind shear
remote-sensing or detection equipment, wind shear
alerts generated by these systems shall be issued.
Wind shear alerts shall give concise, up-to-date
information related to the observed existence of
wind shear involving a headwind/tailwind change of
7.5m/s (15kt) or more which could adversely affect
aircraft on the final approach path or initial take-off
path and aircraft on the runway during the landing
roll or take-off run.
7.2.2
AIRMET information shall be cancelled
when the phenomena are no longer occurring or are
no longer expected to occur in the area.
7.4.4
Recommendation – Wind shear alerts
should be updated at least every minute. The wind
shear alert should be cancelled as soon as the
headwind/tailwind change falls below 7.5m/s (15kt).
7.2.3
The period of validity of an AIRMET message shall be not more than 4 hours.
CHAPTER 8 – AERONAUTICAL
CLIMATOLOGICAL INFORMATION
7.3
AERODROME WARNINGS
7.3.1
Aerodrome warnings shall be issued by
the aerodrome meteorological office designated by
the meteorological authority concerned and shall
give concise information of meteorological conditions
NOTE: Technical specifications and detailed criteria
related to this Chapter are given in Appendix 7.
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8.1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
NOTE: In cases where it is impracticable to meet the
requirements for aeronautical climatological information on a national basis, the collection, processing
and storage of observational data may be affected
through computer facilities available for international
use, and the responsibility for the preparation of
required aeronautical climatological information may
be delegated by agreement between the meteorological authorities concerned.
8.1.1
Aeronautical climatological information
required for the planning of flight operations shall
be prepared in the form of aerodrome climatological
tables and aerodrome climatological summaries.
Such information shall be supplied to aeronautical
users agreed between the meteorological authority
and the user concerned.
NOTE: Climatological data required for aerodrome
planning purposes are set out in Annex 14, Volume
I, 3.1.4.
8.1.2
Recommendation – Aeronautical climatological information should normally be based on
observations made over a period of at least 5 years
and the period should be indicated in the information
supplied.
8.1.3
Recommendation – Climatological data
related to sites for new aerodromes and to additional
runways at existing aerodromes should be collected
starting as early as possible before commissioning of
those aerodromes or runways.
8.2
AERODROME CLIMATOLOGICAL
TABLES
Recommendation – Each Contracting State should
made arrangements for collecting and retaining the
necessary observational data and have the capability:
a. to prepare aerodrome climatological tables for
each regular and alternate international aerodrome within its territory; and
b. to make available such climatological tables to
an aeronautical user within a time period as
agreed between the meteorological authority
and the user concerned.
8.3
AERODROME CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARIES
Recommendation – Aerodrome climatological summaries should follow the procedures prescribed
by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
Where computer facilities are available to store,
process and retrieve the information, the summaries
should be published, or otherwise made available to
aeronautical users on request. Where such computer
facilities are not available, the summaries should be
prepared using the models specified by WMO, and
should be published and kept up to date as necessary.
8.4
COPIES OF METEOROLOGICAL
OBSERVATIONAL DATA
Each meteorological authority, on request and to the
extent practicable, shall make available to any other
meteorological authority, to operators and to others
concerned with the application of meteorology to
international air navigation, meteorological observational data required for research, investigation or
operational analysis.
CHAPTER 9 – SERVICE FOR
OPERATORS AND FLIGHT
CREW MEMBERS
NOTE: Technical specifications and detailed criteria
related to this Chapter are given in Appendix 8 (not
herein published).
9.1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
9.1.1
Meteorological information shall be supplied to operators and flight crew members for:
a. pre-flight planning by operators;
b. in-flight replanning by operators using centralized operational control of flight operations;
c. use by flight crew members before departure;
and
d. aircraft in flight.
9.1.2
Meteorological information supplied to
operators and flight crew members shall cover the
flight in respect of time, altitude and geographical
extent. Accordingly, the information shall relate to
appropriate fixed times, or periods of time, and shall
extent to the aerodrome of intended landing, also
covering the meteorological conditions expected
between the aerodrome of intended landing and
alternate aerodromes designated by the operator.
9.1.3
Meteorological information supplied to
operators and flight crew members shall be up to
date and include the following information, as established by meteorological authority in consultation
with operators concerned:
a. forecasts of:
1. upper wind and upper-air temperature;
2. upper-air humidity;
3. geopotential altitude of flight levels;
4. flight level and temperature of tropopause;
5. direction, speed and flight level of maximum wind; and
6. SIGWX phenomena; and
7. cumulonimbus clouds, icing and turbulence;
NOTE 1: Forecasts of upper-air humidity and
geopotential altitude of flight levels are used only
in automatic flight planning and need not be displayed.
NOTE 2: Forecasts of cumulonimbus clouds,
icing and turbulence are intended to be processed and, if necessary, visualized according
to the specific thresholds relevant to user operations.
b. METAR or SPECI (including trend forecasts as
issued in accordance with regional air navigation agreement) for the aerodromes of departure
and intended landing, and for take-off, en-route
and destination alternate aerodromes;
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c. TAF or amended TAF for the aerodromes of
departure and intended landing, and for take-off,
en-route and destination alternate aerodromes;
d. forecasts for take-off;
e. SIGMET information and appropriate special
air-reports relevant to the whole route;
NOTE: Appropriate special air-reports will be
those not already used in the preparation of SIGMET.
f. volcanic ash and tropical cyclone advisory information relevant to the whole route;
g. subject to regional air navigation agreement,
GAMET area forecast and/or area forecasts
for low-level flights in chart form prepared in
support of the issuance of AIRMET information,
and AIRMET information for low-level flights
relevant to the whole route;
h. aerodrome warnings for the local aerodrome;
i. meteorological satellite images; and
j. ground-based weather radar information.
9.1.4
Forecasts listed under 9.1.3 a) shall
be generated from the digital forecasts provided
by the WAFCs whenever these forecasts cover
the intended flight path in respect of time, altitude
and geographical extent, unless otherwise agreed
between the meteorological authority and the operator concerned.
9.1.5
When forecasts are identified as being
originated by the WAFCs, no modifications shall be
made to their meteorological content.
9.1.6
Charts generated from the digital forecasts provided by the WAFCs shall be made available, as required by operators, for fixed areas of
coverage as shown in Appendix 8, Figures A8-1,
A8-2 and A8-3 (not published herein).
9.1.7
When forecasts of upper wind and upperair temperature listed under 9.1.3 a) 1) are supplied in
chart form, they shall be fixed time prognostic charts
for flight levels as specified in Appendix 2, 1.2.2 a).
When forecasts of SIGWX phenomena listed under
9.1.3 a) 6) are supplied in chart form, they shall be
fixed time prognostic charts for an atmospheric layer
limited by flight levels as specified in Appendix 2,
1.3.2 and Appendix 5, 4.3.2.
9.1.8
The forecasts of upper wind and upper-air
temperature and of SIGWX phenomena above flight
level 100 requested for pre-flight planning and in-flight
replanning by the operator shall be supplied as soon
as they become available, but not later than 3 hours
before departure. Other meteorological information
requested for pre-flight planning and in-flight replanning by the operator shall be supplied as soon as is
practicable.
9.1.9
Where necessary, the meteorological
authority of the State providing service for operators
and flight crew members shall initiate coordinating
action with the meteorological authorities of other
States with a view to obtaining from them reports
and/or forecasts required.
9.1.10
Meteorological information shall be supplied to operators and flight crew members at the
location to be determined by the meteorological
authority, after consultation with the operators and at
the time to be agreed upon between the aerodrome
meteorological office and the operator concerned.
The service for pre-flight planning shall be confined
to flights originating within the territory of the State
concerned. At an aerodrome without an aerodrome
meteorological office at the aerodrome, arrangements for the supply of meteorological information
shall be as agreed upon between the meteorological
authority and the operator concerned.
9.2
BRIEFING, CONSULTATION
AND DISPLAY
NOTE: The requirements for the use of automated
pre-flight information systems in providing briefing,
consultation and display are given in 9.4.
9.2.1
Briefing and/or consultation shall be provided, on request, to flight crew members and/or
other flight operations personnel. Its purpose shall
be to supply the latest available information on existing and expected meteorological conditions along
the route to be flown, at the aerodrome of intended
landing, alternate aerodromes and other aerodromes
as relevant, either to explain and amplify the information contained in the flight documentation or, if so
agreed between the meteorological authority and the
operator, in lieu of flight documentation.
9.2.2
Meteorological information used for briefing and consultation shall include any or all of the
information listed in 9.1.3.
9.2.3
If the aerodrome meteorological office
expresses an opinion on the development of the
meteorological conditions at an aerodrome which
differs appreciably from the aerodrome forecast
included in the flight documentation, the attention
of flight crew members shall be drawn to the divergence. The portion of the briefing dealing with the
divergence shall be recorded at the time of briefing
and this record shall be made available to the operator.
9.2.4
The required briefing, consultation, display and/or flight documentation shall normally be
provided by the aerodrome meteorological office
associated with the aerodrome of departure. At an
aerodrome where these services are not available,
arrangements to meet the requirements of flight
crew members shall be as agreed upon between
the meteorological authority and the operator concerned. In exceptional circumstances, such as an
undue delay, the aerodrome meteorological office
associated with the aerodrome shall provide or, if that
is not practicable, arrange for the provision of a new
briefing, consultation and/or flight documentation as
necessary.
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9.2.5
Recommendation – The flight crew
member or other flight operations personnel for
whom briefing, consultation and/or flight documentation has been requested should visit the aerodrome meteorological office at the time agreed upon
between the aerodrome meteorological office and
the operator concerned. Where local circumstances
at an aerodrome make personal briefing or consultation impracticable, the aerodrome meteorological
office should provide those services by telephone or
other suitable telecommunication facilities.
9.3
FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION
NOTE: The requirements for the use of automated
pre-flight information systems in providing flight documentation are given in 9.4.
9.3.1
Flight documentation to be made available
shall comprise information listed under 9.1.3 a) 1)
and 6), b), c), e), f) and, if appropriate, g). However,
flight documentation for flights of two hours’ duration
or less, after a short stop or turnaround, shall be limited to the information operationally needed, but in all
cases the flight documentation shall at least comprise
information on 9.1.3 b), c), e), f) and, if appropriate,
g).
9.3.2
Whenever it becomes apparent that the
meteorological information to be included in the flight
documentation will differ materially from that made
available for pre-flight planning and in-flight re-planning, the operator shall be advised immediately and,
if practicable, be supplied with the revised information
as agreed between the operator and the aerodrome
meteorological office concerned.
9.3.3
Recommendation – In cases where a
need for amendment arises after the flight documentation has been supplied, and before take-off of the
aircraft, the aerodrome meteorological office should,
as agreed locally, issue the necessary amendment or
updated information to the operator or to the local air
traffic services unit, for transmission to the aircraft.
9.3.4
The meteorological authority shall retain
information supplied to flight crew members, either as
printed copies or in computer files, for a period of at
least 30 days from the date of issue. This information shall be made available, on request, for inquiries
or investigations and, for these purposes, shall be
retained until the inquiry or investigation is completed.
9.4
AUTOMATED PRE-FLIGHT
INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR
BRIEFING, CONSULTATION,
FLIGHT PLANNING AND FLIGHT
DOCUMENTATION
9.4.1
Where the meteorological authority uses
automated pre-flight information systems to supply
and display meteorological information to operators
and flight crew members for self-briefing, flight planning and flight documentation purposes, the information supplied and displayed shall comply with the relevant provisions in 9.1 to 9.3 inclusive.
tion and aeronautical information services information by operators, flight crew members and other
aeronautical personnel concerned should be as
agreed between the meteorological authority and
the civil aviation authority or the agency to which the
authority to provide service has been delegated in
accordance with Annex 15, 2.1.1 c).
NOTE: The meteorological and aeronautical information services information concerned is specified in 9.1
to 9.3 and Appendix 8 (not published herein) and in
Annex 15, 8.1 and 8.2 respectively.
9.4.3
Where automated pre-flight information
systems are used to provide a harmonized, common point of access to meteorological information
and aeronautical information services information
by operators, flight crew members and other aeronautical personnel concerned, the meteorological
authority concerned shall remain responsible for the
quality control and quality management if meteorological information by means of such systems in
accordance with Chapter 2, 2.2.2.
NOTE: The responsibilities relating to aeronautical
information services information and the quality
assurance of the information is given in Annex 15,
Chapter 1, 2 and 3.
9.5
INFORMATION FOR AIRCRAFT
IN FLIGHT
9.5.1
Meteorological information for use by
aircraft in flight shall be supplied by an aerodrome
meteorological office or meteorological watch office
to its associated air traffic services unit and through
D-VOLMET or VOLMET broadcasts as determined
by regional air navigation agreement. Meteorological
information for planning by the operator for aircraft
in flight shall be supplied on request, as agreed
between the meteorological authority or authorities
and the operator concerned.
9.5.2
Meteorological information for use by aircraft in flight shall be supplied to air traffic services
units in accordance with specifications of Chapter 10.
9.5.3
Meteorological information shall be supplied through D-VOLMET or VOLMET broadcast in
accordance with the specifications of Chapter 11.
CHAPTER 10 – INFORMATION FOR
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES, SEARCH
AND RESCUE SERVICES AND
AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION
SERVICES
NOTE: Technical specifications and detailed criteria
related to this Chapter are given in Appendix 9 (not
published herein).
9.4.2
Recommendation – Automated pre-flight
information systems providing for a harmonized,
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10.1
INFORMATION FOR AIR TRAFFIC
SERVICES UNITS
10.1.1
The meteorological authority shall designate an aerodrome meteorological office or meteorological watch office to be associated with each air
traffic services unit. The associated aerodrome meteorological office or meteorological watch office shall,
after coordination with air traffic services unit, supply,
or arrange for the supply of, up-to-date meteorological information to the unit necessary for the conduct
of its functions.
10.1.2
Recommendation – An aerodrome
meteorological office should be associated with an
aerodrome control tower or approach control unit for
the provision of meteorological information.
10.1.3
A meteorological watch office shall be
associated with a flight information center for the
provision of meteorological information.
10.1.4
Recommendation – Where, owing to
local circumstances, it is convenient for the duties
of an associated aerodrome meteorological office or
meteorological watch office to be shared between
two or more aerodrome meteorological offices or
meteorological watch offices, the division of responsibility should be determined by the meteorological
authority in consultation with the appropriate ATS
authority.
10.1.5
Any meteorological information requested
by an air traffic services unit in connection with an aircraft emergency shall be supplied as rapidly as possible.
10.2
INFORMATION FOR SEARCH AND
RESCUE SERVICES UNITS
Aerodrome meteorological offices or meteorological watch offices designated by the meteorological
authority in accordance with regional air navigation
agreement shall supply search and rescue services
units with the meteorological information they require
in a form established by mutual agreement. For that
purpose, the designated aerodrome meteorological
office or meteorological watch office shall maintain
liaison with the search and rescue services unit
throughout a search and rescue operation.
10.3
INFORMATION FOR
AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION
SERVICES UNITS
The meteorological authority, in coordination with the
appropriate civil aviation authority, shall arrange for
the supply of up-to-date meteorological information
to relevant aeronautical information services units, as
necessary, for the conduct of their functions.
CHAPTER 11 – REQUIREMENTS FOR
AND USE OF COMMUNICATIONS
NOTE 1: Technical specification and detailed criteria
related to this Chapter are given in Appendix 10 (not
published herein).
NOTE 2: It is recognized that it is for each Contracting State to decide upon its own internal organization
and responsibility for implementing the telecommunication facilities referred to in this Chapter.
11.1
REQUIREMENTS FOR
COMMUNICATIONS
11.1.1
Suitable telecommunications facilities
shall be made available to permit aerodrome meteorological offices and, as necessary, aeronautical
meteorological stations to supply the required meteorological information to air traffic services units on
the aerodromes for which those offices and stations
are responsible, and in particular to aerodrome
control towers, approach control offices and the
aeronautical telecommunications stations serving
these aerodromes.
11.1.2
Suitable telecommunications facilities
shall be made available to permit meteorological
watch offices to supply the required meteorological
information to air traffic services and search and rescue services units in respect of the flight information
regions, control areas and search and rescue regions
for which those offices are responsible, and in particular to flight information centers, area control centers
and rescue coordination centers and the associated
aeronautical telecommunications stations.
11.1.3
Suitable telecommunication facilities shall
be made available to permit world area forecast centers to supply the required world area forecast system
products to aerodrome meteorological offices, meteorological authorities and other users.
11.1.4
Telecommunication facilities between
aerodrome meteorological offices and, as necessary,
aeronautical meteorological stations and aerodrome
control towers or approach control units shall permit
communications by direct speech, the speed with
which the communications can be established being
such that required points may normally be contacted
within approximately 15 seconds.
11.1.5
Recommendation – Telecommunication
facilities between aerodrome meteorological offices
or meteorological watch offices and flight information centers, area control centers, rescue coordination centers and aeronautical telecommunication stations should permit:
a. communications by direct speech, the speed
with which the communications can be established being such that the required points may
normally be contacted within approximately 15
seconds; and
b. printed communications, when a record is
required by the recipient; the message transmit time should not exceed 5 minutes.
NOTE: In 11.1.4 and 11.1.5 ‘approximately 15 seconds’ refers to telephony communications involving
switchboard operation and ‘5 minutes’ refer to printed
communications involving retransmission.
11.1.6
Recommendation – The telecommunication facilities required in accordance with 11.1.4 and
11.1.5 should be supplemented, as and where necessary, by other forms of visual or audio communications, for example, closed-circuit television or separate information processing systems.
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11.1.7
Recommendation – As agreed between
the meteorological authority and the operators
concerned, provision should be made to enable
operators to establish suitable telecommunications
facilities for obtaining meteorological information
from aerodrome meteorological offices or other
appropriate sources.
11.1.8
Suitable telecommunications facilities
shall be made available to permit meteorological
offices to exchange operational meteorological information with other meteorological offices.
11.1.9
Recommendation – The telecommunications facilities used for the exchange of operational
meteorological information should be the aeronautical fixed service or, for the exchange of non-time critical operational meteorological information, the public Internet, subject to availability, satisfactory operation and bilateral/multilateral and/or regional air navigation agreements.
NOTE 1: Aeronautical fixed service Internet-based
services, operated by the world area forecast centers,
providing for global coverage are used to support the
global exchanges of operational meteorological information.
NOTE 2: Guidance material on non-time-critical
operational meteorological information and relevant
aspects of the public Internet is provided in the
Guidelines on the Use of the Public Internet for
Aeronautical Applications (Doc 9855).
11.2
USE OF AERONAUTICAL FIXED
SERVICE COMMUNICATIONS
AND THE PUBLIC INTERNET –
METEOROLOGICAL BULLETINS
11.5
USE OF AERONAUTICAL DATA
LINK SERVICE – CONTENTS
OF D-VOLMET
D-VOLMET shall contain current METAR and SPECI
together with trend forecasts where available, TAF
and SIGMET, special air-reports not covered by SIGMET and, where available, AIRMET.
NOTE: The requirement to provide METAR and
SPECI may be met by the data link-flight information
service (D-FIS) application entitled ‘Data link-aerodrome routine meteorological report (D-METAR)
service’; the requirement to provide TAF may be
met by the D-FIS application entitled ‘Data link-aerodrome forecast (D-TAF) service’; and the requirement
to provide SIGMET and AIRMET messages may be
met by the D-FIS application entitled ‘Data link-SIGMET (D-SIGMET) service’. The details of these data
link services are specified in the Manual of Air Traffic
Services Data Link Applications (Doc 9694).
11.6
USE OF AERONAUTICAL
BROADCAST SERVICE –
CONTENTS OF VOLMET
BROADCASTS
11.6.1
Continuous VOLMET broadcasts, normally on very high frequencies (VHF) shall contain
current METAR and SPECI, together with trend forecasts where available.
11.6.2
Scheduled VOLMET broadcasts, normally on high frequencies (HF), shall contain current
METAR and SPECI, together with trend forecasts
where available and, where so determined by
regional air navigation agreement, TAF and SIGMET.
Meteorological bulletins containing operational meteorological information to be transmitted via aeronautical fixed service or the public Internet shall be
originated by the appropriate meteorological office
or aeronautical meteorological station.
NOTE: Meteorological bulletins containing operational meteorological information authorized for
transmission via aeronautical fixed service are listed
in Annex 10, Volume II, Chapter 4, together with the
relevant priorities and priority indicators.
11.3
USE OF AERONAUTICAL FIXED
SERVICE COMMUNICATIONS
– WORLD AREA FORECAST
SYSTEM PRODUCTS
Recommendation – World area forecast system
products in digital form should be transmitted using
binary data communication techniques. The method
and channels used for dissemination of the products
should be as determined by regional air navigation
agreement.
11.4
USE OF AERONAUTICAL MOBILE
SERVICE COMMUNICATION
The content and format of meteorological information
transmitted to aircraft and by aircraft shall be consistent with the provisions of this Annex.
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METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION /
MODEL CHARTS AND FORMS - ANNEX 3
Appendix 1. Flight Documentation
– Model Charts and Forms
MODEL A
MODEL IS
MODEL SWH
MODEL SWM
MODEL SWL
MODEL
MODEL
MODEL
MODEL
MODEL
TCG
VAG
STC
SVA
SGE
MODEL SN
OPMET information
Upper wind and temperature chart for standard isobaric surface
Example 1 - Arrows, feathers and pennants (Mercartor projection)
Example 2 - Arrows, feathers and pennants (Polar stereographic projection)
Significant weather chart (high level)
Example - Polar stereographic projection (showing the jet stream vertical extent)
Significant weather chart (medium level)
Significant weather chart (low level)
Example 1
Example 2
Tropical cyclone advisory information in graphical format
Volcanic ash advisory information in graphical format
SIGMET for tropical cyclone in graphical format
SIGMET for volcanic ash in graphical format
SIGMET for phenomena other than tropical cyclone and volcanic ash in graphical
format
Sheet of notations used in flight documentation
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METEOROLOGY
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MODEL CHARTS AND FORMS - ANNEX 3
Appendix 1. Model A – OPMET
Information
1477991981104
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METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION
/ MODEL CHARTS - ANNEX 3
Appendix 1. Model IS – Upper
Wind and Temperature Chart for
Standard Isobaric Surface
EXAMPLE 1
ARROWS, FEATHERS AND PENNANTS (MERCATOR PROJECTION)
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EXAMPLE 2
ARROWS, FEATHERS AND PENNANTS (POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION)
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/ MODEL CHARTS - ANNEX 3
q$i
Appendix 1. Model SWH – Significant
Weather Chart (High Level)
EXAMPLE
POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION (SHOWING THE JET STREAM VERTICAL EXTEND)
1477654242697
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/ MODEL CHARTS - ANNEX 3
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Appendix 1. Model SWM – Significant
Weather Chart (Medium Level)
1477654242697
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Appendix 1. Model SWL – Significant
Weather Chart (Low Level)
EXAMPLE 1
1405085603759
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EXAMPLE 2
1407483376484
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/ MODEL CHARTS - ANNEX 3
Appendix 1. Model TCG – Tropical
Cyclone Advisory Information in
Graphical Format
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q$i
Appendix 1. Model VAG – Volcanic
Ash Advisory Information in
Graphical Format
1290420286000
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/ MODEL CHARTS - ANNEX 3
Appendix 1. Model STC – SIGMET for
Tropical Cyclone in Graphical Format
1290674883000
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Appendix 1. Model SVA – SIGMET for
Volcanic Ash in Graphical Format
1290418759000
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/ MODEL CHARTS - ANNEX 3
q$i
Appendix 1. Model SGE – SIGMET
for Phenomena other than Tropical
Cyclone and Volcanic Ash in
Graphical Format
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METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION
/ SIGMET NOTATIONS - ANNEX 3
Appendix 1. Model SN – Sheet
of Notations used in Flight
Documentation
1. SYMBOLS FOR SIGNIFICANT
WEATHER
NOTE: Height indications between which phenomena
are expected, top above base as per chart legend.
Tropical cyclone
1145640356000
Drizzle
1145640356000
Severe squall line1
Rain
1145640356000
1145640356000
Moderate turbulence
Snow
1145640356000
1145640356000
Severe turbulence
Hail
Shower
1145640356000
1145640356000
1145640356000
Mountain waves
Widespread blowing snow
1145640356000
1145640356000
Moderate aircraft icing
1145640356000
Severe sand or dust haze
1145640356000
Widespread sandstorm or duststorm
Severe aircraft icing
1145640356000
1145640356000
Widespread fog
1145640356000
Radioactive materials in the
atmosphere2
Widespread haze
1207059668000
Widespread mist
1207059692000
1145640356000
Volcanic eruption3
Widespread smoke
1207059732000
1145640356000
Mountain obscuration
Freezing precipitation4
1207059780000
1145640356000
1
In flight documentation for flights operating up to FL100, this symbol refers to “squall line”.
2
The following information should be included at the side of the chart: radioactive materials symbol; latitude/longitude
of accident site; date and time of accident; check NOTAM for further information.
3
The following information should be included at the side of the chart: volcanic eruption symbol; name and
international number of volcano (if known); latitude/longitude; date and time of the first eruption (if known);
check SIGMETS and NOTAM or ASHTAM for volcanic ash.
4
This symbol does not refer to icing due to precipitation coming into contact with an aircraft which is at a very low temperature.
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2. FRONTS AND CONVERGENCE
ZONES AND OTHER SYMBOLS
USED
Position, speed and level of
max. wind
Cold front at the surface
1348478584082
1228309653000
Warm front at the surface
Convergence line
1348478584082
1207060097000
Occluded front at the
surface
Freezing level
1348478584082
1145640356000
Quasi-stationary front at the
surface
Intertropical convergence
zone
1348478584082
1145640356000
Tropopause high
State of the sea
1145640356000
1348478584082
Tropopause low
1348478584082
Sea surface temperature
1145640356000
Widespread strong surface
wind1
Tropopause level
1348478584082
1145640356000
1348478584082
Wind arrows indicate the maximum wind in jet and the flight level at which it occurs. If the maximum wind
speed is 60m/s (120kt) or more, the flight levels between which winds are greater than 40m/s (80kt) is placed
below the maximum wind level. In the example, winds are greater than 40m/s (80kt) between FL220 and
FL400. The heavy line delineating the jet axis begins/ends at the points where a wind speed of 40m/s (80kt)
is forecast. Symbol used whenever the height of the jet axis changes by +/-3000ft or the speed changes
by +/-20kt.
1
This symbol refers to widespread surface wind speeds exceeding 15m/s (30kt).
3. ABBREVIATIONS USED TO
DESCRIBE CLOUDS
3.1
TYPE
CI = Cirrus
CC = Cirrocumulus
CS = Cirrostratus
AC = Altocumulus
3.2
AS = Altostratus
NS = Nimbostratus
SC = Stratocumulus
AMOUNT
Clouds except CB:
FEW = few (1/8 to 2/8);
SCT = scattered (3/8 to 4/8);
BKN = broken (5/8 to 7/8);
OVC = overcast (8/8ths).
CB only:
ISOL = individual CBs (isolated);
OCNL = well separated CBs (occasional);
FRQ = CBs with little or no separation (frequent);
ST = Stratus
CU = Cumulus
CB = Cumulonimbus
EMBD = CBs embedded in layers of other clouds
or concealed by haze (embedded).
3.3
HEIGHTS
Heights are indicated on SWH and SWM charts in
flight levels (FL), top over base. When XXX is used,
tops or bases are outside the layer of the atmosphere
to which the chart applies.
In SWL charts:
a. Heights are indicated as altitudes above mean
sea level.
b. The abbreviation SFC is used to indicate ground
level.
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/ SIGMET NOTATIONS - ANNEX 3
4. DEPICTING OF LINES AND
SYSTEMS ON SPECIFIC CHARTS
4.1
SWH AND SWM – SIGNIFICANT
WEATHER CHARTS (HIGH
AND MEDIUM)
Scalloped line
Heavy broken line
Heavy solid line interrupted by wind
arrow and flight level
=
=
=
Flight levels inside small rectangles
=
demarcation of areas of significant weather
delineation of area of CAT
position of jet stream axis with indication of wind direction, speed
in kt or km/h and height in flight levels. The vertical extent of the jet
stream is indicated (in flight levels), e.g. FL270 accompanied by
240/290 indicates that the jet extends from FL240 to FL290.
height in flight levels of tropopause at spot locations; e.g.,
. Low and High points of the tropopause topography are
indicated by the letters L or H respectively inside a pentagon with
the height in flight levels.
Display explicit FL for JET dephts and tropopause height even if
outside forecast bounds.
1276588679000
4.2
SWL – SIGNIFICANT WEATHER
CHART (LOW LEVEL)
=
=
=
=
=
position of pressure centers given in hectopascals
center of low pressure
center of high pressure
demarcation of area of significant weather
altitude of 0°C isotherm in feet (hectofeet) or meters
Figures on arrows
=
Figure inside the state of the sea
symbol
Figure inside the sea surface
temperature symbol
Figures inside the strong surface
wind symbol
=
NOTE: 0°C level may also be indicated by;
i.e., 0°C
level is at an altitude of 6000ft.
speed in kt or km/h of movement of frontal systems, depressions
or anticyclones
total wave height in feet or meters
=
sea surface temperature in °C
=
wind in kt or km/h
X
L
H
Scalloped lines
Dashed lines
4.3
ARROWS, FEATHERS AND
PENNANTS
Arrows indicate direction. Number of pennants and/or
feathers correspond to speed.
EXAMPLE:1
1405091356951
1
270°/115kt (equivalent to 57.5m/s).
Pennants correspond to 50kt or 25m/s.
Feather correspond to 10kt or 5m/s.
Half-feather correspond to 5kt or 2.5m/s.
A conversion factor of 1 to 2 is used.
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METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION
/ WORLD AREA FORECAST - ANNEX 3
Appendix 2. Technical Specifications
related to World Area Forecast
System and Meteorological Offices
Table A2-1. Template for Advisory Message for Volcanic Ash
Key:
M
O
=
=
=
=
inclusion mandatory, part of every message
inclusion optional
a double line indicates that the text following it should be placed on the subsequent line
NOTE 1: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in advisory messages for volcanic ash are shown in Appendix 6, Table A6-4.
NOTE 2: The explanations for the abbreviations can
be found in the Procedures for Air Navigation Services - ICAO Abbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC,
Doc 8400).
NOTE 3: Inclusion of a "colon" after each element
heading is mandatory.
NOTE 4: The numbers 1 to 18 are included only for
clarity and they are not part of the advisory message,
as shown in the example.
Table A2-1. Template for Advisory Message for Volcanic Ash
Element
Detailed Content
Template(s)
1 Identification
Type of message
VA ADVISORY
of the type of
message (M)
2 Time of origin (M) Year, month, day, time in DTG:
nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ
UTC
nnnnnnnnnnnn
3 Name of VAAC
Name of VAAC
VAAC:
(M)
4 Name of volcano Name and IAVCEI1
VOLCANO: nnnnnnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnn
(M)
number of volcano
[nnnnnn]
or UNKNOWN or
UNNAMED
5 Location of
Location of volcano in
PSN:
Nnnnn or Snnnn
volcano (M)
degrees and minutes
Wnnnnn or
Ennnnn or
UNKNOWN
nnnnnnnnnn
6 State or region
State, or region if ash is AREA:
(M)
not reported over a State
nnnnnn
7 Summit elevation Summit elevation in m
nnnnM (or
SUMMIT
nnnnnFT)
(or ft)
ELEV:
8 Advisory number Advisory number: year in ADVISORY nnnn/nnnn
(M)
full and message number NR:
(separate sequence for
each volcano)
9 Information
Free text up to 32
Information source using INFO
source (M)
free text
SOURCE: characters
10 Colour code (O)
Aviation colour code
11 Eruption details
(M)
Eruption details
(including date/time
of eruption(s))
12 Time of
observation (or
estimation) of
ash (M)
Day and time (in UTC)
of observation (or
estimation) of volcanic
ash
AVIATION
COLOUR
CODE:
Examples
VA ADVISORY
DTG:
VAAC:
VOLCANO:
KARYMSKY
1000-13
VOLCANO:
UNNAMED
PSN:
N5403
E15927
PSN:
AREA:
UNKNOWN
RUSSIA
SUMMIT
ELEV:
ADVISORY
NR:
1536M
INFO
SOURCE:
MTSAT-1R
KVERT
KEMSD
RED
RED or ORANGE
or YELLOW
or GREEN or
UNKNOWN or
NOT GIVEN or
NIL
ERUPTION Free text up to
DETAILS: 64 characters or
UNKNOWN
AVIATION
COLOUR
CODE:
OBS (or
EST) VA
DTG:
OBS VA
DTG:
nn/nnnnZ
20080923/
0130Z
TOKYO
ERUPTION
DETAILS:
2008/4
ERUPTION
AT 20080923/
0000Z FL300
REPORTED
23/0100Z
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/ WORLD AREA FORECAST - ANNEX 3
Table A2-1. Template for Advisory Message for Volcanic Ash (continued)
Element
13 Observed or
estimated ash
cloud (M)
Detailed Content
Horizontal (in degrees
and minutes) and vertical
extent at the time
of observation of the
observed or estimated
ash cloud or, if the base
is unknown, the top of the
observed or estimated
ash cloud;
Movement of the
observed or estimated
ash cloud
OBS VA
CLD or
EST VA
CLD:
Template(s)
Examples
OBS VA
FL250/300
TOP FLnnn or
CLD:
SFC/FLnnn or
N5400
FLnnn/nnn
E15930 [nnKM WID LINE2
N5400
BTN [nnNM WID
E16100 LINE BTN)]
N5300
Nnn[nn] or
E15945 Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
MOV SE
or Ennn[nn] 20KT
Nnn[nn] or
SFC/FL200
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
N5130
or Ennn[nn] E16130 Nnn[nn] or
N5130
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
E16230 or Ennn[nn][ N5230
Nnn[nn] or
E16230 Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
N5230
or Ennn[nn] E16130 Nnn[nn] or
MOV SE
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
15KT
or Ennn[nn]] TOP FL240
MOV N nnKMH
MOV W
(or KT) or
40KMH
MOV NE nnKMH
VA NOT
(or KT) or
IDENTIFIMOV E nnKMH
ABLE FM
(or KT) or
SATELLITE
MOV SE nnKMH
DATA WIND
(or KT) or
FL050/070
MOV S nnKMH
180/12MPS
(or KT) or
MOV SW nnKMH
(or KT) or
MOV W nnKMH
(or KT) or
MOV NW nnKMH
(or KT)3 or
VA NOT
IDENTIFIABLE
FM
SATELLITE DATA
WIND
FLnnn/nnn
nnn/nn[n]MPS (or
KT)4 or
WIND FLnnn/nnn
VRBnnMPS (or
KT) or WIND
SFC/FLnnn
nnn/nn(n)MPS
(or KT) or
WIND SFC/FLnnn
VRBnnMPS (or
KT)
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Table A2-1. Template for Advisory Message for Volcanic Ash (continued)
Element
14 Forecast height
and position of
the ash clouds
(+6HR) (M)
15 Forecast height
and position of
the ash clouds
(+12HR) (M)
Template(s)
FCST VA
nn/nnnnZ
CLD +6HR: SFC or FLnnn/
[FL]nnn
[nnKM WID LINE2
BTN (nnNM WID
LINE BTN)]
Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn] Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn][ Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn] Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn] Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn]] 3 or
NO VA EXP or
NOT AVBL or
NOT PROVIDED
Day and time (in UTC)
FCST
nn/nnnnZ
(12 hours from the “Time VA CLD
SFC or FLnnn/
of observation of ash”
+12HR:
[FL]nnn
given in Item 12);
[nnKM WID LINE2
Forecast height and
BTN (nnNM WID
position (in degrees and
LINE BTN)]
minutes) for each cloud
Nnn[nn] or
mass for that fixed valid
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
time
or Ennn[nn] Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn][ Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn] Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn] Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn]] 3 or
NO VA EXP or
NOT AVBL or
NOT PROVIDED
Detailed Content
Day and time (in UTC)
(6 hours from the “Time
of observation of ash”
given in Item 12);
Forecast height and
position in degrees and
minutes) for each cloud
mass for that fixed valid
time
Examples
FCST VA
23/0700Z
CLD +6HR: FL250/350
N5130
E16030N5130
E16230 N5330
E16230 N5330
E16030 SFC/FL180
N4830
E16330 N4830
E16630 N5130
E16630 N5130
E16330
NO VA EXP
NOT AVBL
NOT
PROVIDED
FCST VA
23/1300Z
CLD +12HR: SFC/FL270
N4830
E16130 N4830
E16600 N5300
E16600 N5300
E16130 NO VA EXP
NOT AVBL
NOT
PROVIDED
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/ WORLD AREA FORECAST - ANNEX 3
Table A2-1. Template for Advisory Message for Volcanic Ash (continued)
Element
16 Forecast height
and position of
the ash clouds
(+18HR) (M)
Template(s)
Examples
Detailed Content
Day and time (in UTC)
FCST
nn/nnnnZ
FCST VA
23/1900Z
(18 hours from the
VA CLD
CLD +18HR: NO VA EXP
SFC or FLnnn/
“Time of observation (or +18HR:
[FL]nnn
NOT AVBL
estimation) of ash” given
[nnKM WID LINE2
NOT
in Item 12);
BTN (nnNM WID
PROVIDED
Forecast height and
LINE BTN)]
position (in degrees and
Nnn[nn] or
minutes) for each cloud
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
mass for that fixed valid
or Ennn[nn] time
Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn][ Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn] Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn] Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn]]3 or
NO VA EXP or
NOT AVBL or
NOT PROVIDED
17 Remarks (M)
Remarks, as necessary RMK:
Free text up to 256 RMK:
LATEST REP
characters
FM KVERT
(0120Z)
or
INDICATES
NIL
ERUPTION HAS
CEASED.
TWO DISPERSING
VA CLD ARE
EVIDENT ON
SATELLITE
IMAGERY
NIL
18 Next advisory (M) Year, month, day and
NXT ADVI- nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ NXT
20080923/
time in UTC
SORY:
ADVISORY:
0730Z
or
NO LATER
NO LATER THAN
THAN
nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ
nnnnnnnn/
or
nnnnZ
NO FURTHER
NO
ADVISORIES
FURTHER
or
ADVISORIES
WILL BE ISSUED
WILL BE
BY
ISSUED BY
nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ
nnnnnnnn/
nnnnZ
1
International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI).
2
A straight line between two points drawn on a map in the Mercator projection or a straight line between
two points which crosses lines of longitude at a constant angle.
3
Up to 4 selected layers.
4
If ash reported (e.g. AIREP) but not identifiable from satellite data.
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2014. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
22 AUG 14
METEOROLOGY
45
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION
/ WORLD AREA FORECAST - ANNEX 3
Example A2-1. Advisory Message for Volcanic Ash
FVFE01 RJTD 230130
VA ADVISORY
DTG:
VAAC:
VOLCANO:
PSN:
AREA:
SUMMIT ELEV:
ADVISORY NR:
INFO SOURCE:
AVIATION COLOUR CODE:
ERUPTION DETAILS:
OBS VA DTG:
OBS VA CLD:
FCST VA CLD +6HR:
FCST VA CLD +12HR:
FCST VA CLD +18HR:
RMK:
NXT ADVISORY:
20080923/0130Z
TOKYO
KARYMSKY 1000-13
N5403 E15927
RUSSIA
1536M
2008/4
MTSAT-1R KVERT KEMSD
RED
ERUPTION AT 20080923/0000Z FL300 REPORTED
23/0100Z
FL250/300 N5400 E15930 - N5400 E16100 - N5300 E15945 MOV
SE 20KT
SFC/FL200 N5130 E16130 - N5130 E16230 - N5230 E16230 - N5230
E16130 MOV SE 15KT
23/0700Z FL250/350 N5130 E16030 - N5130 E16230 - N5330 E16230
- N5330 E16030 SFC/FL180 N4830 E16330 - N4830 E1660 - N5130
E16630 - N5130 E16330
23/1300Z SFC/FL270 N4830 E16130 - N4830 E16600 - N5300 E16600
- N5300 E1630
23/1900Z NO VA EXP
LATEST REP FM KVERT (0120Z) INDICATES ERUPTION HAS
CEASED. TWO DISPERSING VA CLD ARE EVIDENT ON SATELLITE
IMAGERY
20080923/0730Z
Table A2-2. Template for Advisory Message for Tropical Cyclones
Key:
=
=
a double line indicates that the text following it should be placed on the subsequent line
NOTE 1: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in advisory messages for tropical cyclones are shown in Appendix 6, Table A 6-4.
NOTE 2: The explanations for the abbreviations can
be found in the Procedures for Air Navigation Services - ICAO Abbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC,
Doc 8400).
NOTE 3: All the elements are mandatory.
NOTE 4: Inclusion of a "colon" after each element
heading is mandatory.
NOTE 5: The numbers 1 to 19 are included only for
clarity and they are not part of the advisory message,
as shown in the example.
Table A2-2. Template for Advisory Message for Tropical Cyclones
Element
Detailed Content
Template(s)
1 Identification
Type of message
TC ADVISORY
of the type of
message (M)
2 Time of origin (M) Year, month, day, time in DTG:
nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ
UTC of issue
3 Name of TCAC
Name of TCAC (location TCAC: nnnn or nnnnnnnnnn
indicator or full name)
4 Name of tropical Name of tropical cyclone TC:
cyclone
or “NN” for unnamed
tropical cyclone
5 Advisory number Advisory number
NR:
(starting with “01” for
each cyclone)
6 Position of the
Position of the centre of PSN:
centre
the tropical cyclone (in
degrees and minutes)
Examples
TC ADVISORY
DTG:
20040925/1600Z
TCAC:
TCAC:
TC:
YUFO1
MIAMI
GLORIA
nn
NR:
01
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn]
PSN:
N2706 W07306
nnnnnnnnnnnn or
NN
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2014. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
46
METEOROLOGY
22 AUG 14
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION
/ WORLD AREA FORECAST - ANNEX 3
Table A2-2. Template for Advisory Message for Tropical Cyclones (continued)
Element
7 Direction and
speed of
movement
Template(s)
N nnKMH (or KT) or MOV:
NNE nnKMH (or KT)
or
NE nnKMH (or KT)
or
ENE nnKMH (or KT)
or
E nnKMH (or KT) or
ESE nnKMH (or KT)
or
SE nnKMH (or KT)
or
SSE nnKMH (or KT)
or
S nnKMH (or KT) or
SSW nnKMH (or
KT) or
SW nnKMH (or KT)
or
WSW nnKMH (or
KT) or
W nnKMH (or KT) or
WNW nnKMH (or
KT) or
NW nnKMH (or KT)
or
NNW nnKMH (or
KT) or
SLW or
STNR
8 Central pressure Central pressure (in hPa) C:
nnnHPA
C:
9 Maximum
MAX
Maximum surface wind MAX
nn[n]MPS
surface wind
near the centre (mean
WIND: (or nn[n]KT)
WIND:
over 10 minutes, in m/s
(or kt))
10 Forecast of
Day and time (in UTC)
FCST nn/nnnnZ
FCST
centre postion
(6 hours from the “DTG” PSN
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] PSN
(+6HR)
given in Item 2);
+6HR: Wnnn(nn) or
+6HR:
Forecast position (in
Ennn[nn]
degrees and minutes) of
the centre of the tropical
cyclone
11 Forecast of
Forecast of maximum
FCST nn[n]MPS
FCST
maximum
surface wind (6 hours
MAX
MAX
(or nn[n]KT)
surface wind
after the “DTG” given in WIND
WIND
(+6HR)
Item 2)
+6HR:
+6HR:
12 Forecast of
Day and time (in UTC)
FCST nn/nnnnZ
FCST
centre postion
(12 hours from the “DTG” PSN
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] PSN
(+12HR)
given in Item 2);
+12HR: Wnnn(nn) or
+12HR:
Forecast position (in
Ennn[nn]
degrees and minutes) of
the centre of the tropical
cyclone
Detailed Content
Direction and speed
of movement given
in sixteen compass
points and km/h (or kt),
respectively, or moving
slowly (< 6km/h (3kt))
or stationary (< 2km/h
(1kt))
MOV:
Examples
NW 20KMH
965HPA
22MPS
25/2200Z
N2748 W07350
22MPS
26/0400Z
N2830 W07430
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2014. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
22 AUG 14
METEOROLOGY
47
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION
/ WORLD AREA FORECAST - ANNEX 3
Table A2-2. Template for Advisory Message for Tropical Cyclones (continued)
Element
13 Forecast of
maximum
surface wind
(+12HR)
14 Forecast of
centre postion
(+18HR)
15 Forecast of
maximum
surface wind
(+18HR)
16 Forecast of
centre postion
(+24HR)
17 Forecast of
maximum
surface wind
(+24HR)
18 Remarks
Detailed Content
Forecast of maximum
surface wind (12 hours
after the “DTG” given in
Item 2)
Day and time (in UTC)
(18 hours from the “DTG”
given in Item 2);
Forecast position (in
degrees and minutes) of
the centre of the tropical
cyclone
Forecast of maximum
surface wind (18 hours
after the “DTG” given in
Item 2)
FCST
MAX
WIND
+12HR:
FCST
PSN
+18HR:
FCST
MAX
WIND
+18HR:
Day and time (in UTC)
FCST
(24 hours from the “DTG” PSN
given in Item 2);
+24HR:
Forecast position (in
degrees and minutes) of
the centre of the tropical
cyclone
Forecast of maximum
FCST
surface wind (24 hours MAX
after the “DTG” given in WIND
Item 2)
+24HR:
Remarks, as necessary RMK:
19 Expected time of Expected year, month,
NXT
issuance of next day and time (in UTC) of MSG:
issuance of next advisory
advisory
1
Template(s)
nn[n]MPS
(or nn[n]KT)
nn/nnnnZ
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]
Wnnn(nn) or
Ennn[nn]
nn[n]MPS
(or nn[n]KT)
nn/nnnnZ
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]
Wnnn(nn) or
Ennn[nn]
nn[n]MPS
(or nn[n]KT)
Free text up to 256
characters or NIL
[BFR] nnnnnnnn/
nnnnZ
or
NO MSG EXP
Examples
FCST
22MPS
MAX
WIND
+12HR:
FCST
26/1000Z
PSN
N2852 W07500
+18HR:
FCST
21MPS
MAX
WIND
+18HR:
FCST
26/1600Z
PSN
N2912 W07530
+24HR:
FCST
20MPS
MAX
WIND
+24HR:
RMK:
NIL
NXT
MSG:
20040925/2000Z
Fictitious location.
Example A2-2. Advisory Message for Tropical Cyclones
TC ADVISORY
DTG:
TCAC:
TC:
NR:
PSN:
MOV:
C:
MAX WIND:
FCST PSN +6HR
FCST MAX WIND +6HR
FCST PSN +12HR:
FCST MAX WIND +12HR:
FCST PSN +18HR:
FCST MAX WIND +18HR:
FCST PSN +24HR:
FCST MAX WIND +24HR:
RMK
NXT MSG:
19970925/1600Z
YUFO
GLORIA
01
N2706 W07306
NW 20KMH
965HPA
22MPS
25/2200Z N2748 W07350
22MPS
26/0400Z N2830 W07430
22MPS
26/1000Z N2852 W07500
21MPS
26/1600Z N2912 W07530
20MPS
NIL
19970925/2000Z
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2014. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
11 NOV 16
METEOROLOGY
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METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION
/ METAR AND SPECI - ANNEX 3
Appendix 3. Technical Specifications
related to Meteorological
Observations and Reports
Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special (SPECIAL) Reports
Key:
M
C
O
=
=
=
inclusion mandatory, part of every message
inclusion conditional, dependent on meteorological conditions
inclusion optional
NOTE 1: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in the local routine and special
reports are shown in Table A3-4 of this Appendix.
NOTE 2: The explanations for the abbreviations used
can be found in the Procedures for Air Navigation Services - ICAO Abbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC,
Doc 8400).
Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special (SPECIAL) Reports
Element as
specified in
Chapter 4
Identification of the
type of
report (M)
Location
indicator
(M)
Time of the
observation
(M)
Identification of an
automated
report (C)
Surface
wind (M)
Detailed
Content
Template(s)
Examples
Type of report MET REPORT or SPECIAL
MET REPORT
SPECIAL
ICAO location nnnn
indiactor (M)
YUDO1
Day and
actual time
of the
observation
in UTC
Automated
report
identifier (C)
nnnnnnZ
221630Z
AUTO
AUTO
Name of the
element (M)
WIND
WIND 240/4MPS
(WIND 240/8KT)
Runway (O)2
Runway
section (O)3
RWY nn[L] or RWY nn[C] or RWY nn[R]
TDZ
WIND RWY 18 TDZ
190/6MPS
(WIND RWY 18 TDZ
190/12KT)
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
52
METEOROLOGY
11 NOV 16
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION
/ METAR AND SPECI - ANNEX 3
Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special
(SPECIAL) Reports (continued)
Element as
specified in
Chapter 4
Detailed
Content
Template(s)
Wind direction nnn/
(M)
Examples
VRB BTN nnn/ AND nnn/
or
VRB
CALM
Wind speed
[ABV]n[n][n]MPS (or [ABV]n[n]KT)
(M)
MAX[ABV]nn[n] MNMn[n]
Significant
speed
variations (C)4
Significant
VRB BTN nnn/ —
directional
AND nnn/
variations (C)5
Runway
sections (O)3
MID
Wind direction nnn/
(O)3
Wind speed
(O)3
Significant
speed
variations (C)4
Significant
directional
variations (C)5
Runway
section (O)3
Wind direction
(O)3
VRB BTN nnn/ AND nnn/
or
VRB
CALM
WIND
WIND
VRB1MPS
CALM
(WIND
VRB2KT)
WIND
VRB BTN
350/ AND
050/1MPS
(WIND
VRB BTN
350/ AND
050/2KT)
WIND 270/ABV49MPS
(WIND 270/ABV99KT)
WIND 120/3MPS MAX9
MNM2
(WIND 120/6KT MAX18
MNM4)
WIND 020/5MPS VRB
BTN 350/ AND 070/
(WIND 020/10KT VRB
BTN 350/ AND 070/)
WIND RWY 14R MID
140/6MPS
(WIND RWY 14R MID
140/12KT)
WIND RWY 27 TDZ
240/8MPS
MAX14 MNM5 END
250/7MPS
(WIND RWY 27 TDZ
240/16KT
MAX28 MNM10 END
250/14KT)
[ABV]n[n][n]MPS (or [ABV]n[n]KT)
MAX[ABV]nn[n] MNMn[n]
VRB BTN nnn/ —
AND nnn/
END
nnn/
VRB BTN nnn/ AND nnn/
or
VRB
[ABV]n[n][n]MPS (or [ABV]n[n]KT)
CALM
Wind speed
(O)3
MAX[ABV]nn[n] MNMn[n]
Significant
speed
variations (C)4
Significant
VRB BTN nnn/ —
directional
AND nnn/
variations (C)5
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
11 NOV 16
METEOROLOGY
53
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION
/ METAR AND SPECI - ANNEX 3
Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special
(SPECIAL) Reports (continued)
Element as
Detailed
specified in
Content
Chapter 4
Visibility (M) Name ot the
element (M)
RVR (C)6
Present
weather
(C)9, 10
Template(s)
Examples
VIS
Runway (O)2
RWY nn[L] or RWY nn[C] or RWY nn[R]
Runway
section (O)3
Visibilty (M)
Runway
section (O)3
Visibility (O)3
Runway
section (O)3
Visibility (O)3
Name of the
element (M)
Runway (C)7
Runway
section (C)8
RVR (M)
Runway
section (C)8
RVR (C)8
TDZ
Runway
section (C)8
RVR (C)8
Intensity
of present
weather (C)9
Characteristics and type
of present
weather (C)9,
END
11
CAVOK VIS 350M
CAVOK
VIS 7KM
VIS 10KM
VIS RWY 09 TDZ 800M
END 1200M
VIS RWY 18C TDZ 6KM
RWY 27 TDZ 4000M
n[n][n][n]M or n[n]KM
MID
n[n][n][n]M or n[n]KM
END
n[n][n][n]M or n[n]KM
RVR
RWY nn[L] or RWY nn[C] or RWY nn[R]
TDZ
[ABV or BLW] nn[n][n]M
MID
[ABV or BLW] nn[n][n]M
RVR RWY 32 400M
RVR RWY 20 1600M
RVR RWY 10L BLW 50M
RVR RWY 14 ABV 2000M
RVR RWY 10 BLW 150M
RVR RWY 12 ABV 1200M
RVR RWY12 TDZ 1100M
MID ABV 1400M
RVR RWY 16 TDZ 600M
MID 500M END 400M
RVR RWY 26 500M RWY
20 800M
[ABV or BLW] nn[n][n]M
FBL or MOD or —
HVY
DZ or RA or
SN or SG or
PL or DS or
SS or FZDZ or
FZUP12 or FC13
or
FZRA or SHGR
or
SHGS or
SHRA or
SHSN or
SHUP12 or
TSGR or TSGS
or
TSRA or TSSN
or
TSUP12 or
UP12
FG or BR or
SA or DU or
HZ or FU or
VA or SQ or
PO or TS or
BCFG or BLDU or
BLSA or BLSN or
DRDU or DRSA or
DRSN or FZFG or
MIFG or PRFG or
//12
MOD RA
HVY TSRA
HVY DZ
FBL SN
HZ
FG
VA
MIFG
HVY TSRASN
FBL SNRA
FBL DZ FG
HVY SHSN BLSN
HVY TSUP
//
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
54
METEOROLOGY
11 NOV 16
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION
/ METAR AND SPECI - ANNEX 3
Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special
(SPECIAL) Reports (continued)
Element as
Detailed
specified in
Content
Chapter 4
Cloud (M)14 Name of the
element (M)
Runway (O)2
Cloud amount
(M) or vertical
visibility (O)9
Cloud type
(C)9
Height of
cloud base
or the value
of vertical
visibility (C)9
Air
Name of the
temperature element (M)
(M)
Air
temperature
(M)
Dew-point
Name of the
temperature element (M)
(M)
Dew-point
temperature
(M)
Pressure
Name of the
values (M) element (M)
QNH (M)
Name of the
element (O)
QFE (O)
Template(s)
Examples
CLD
RWY nn[L] or RWY nn[C] or RWY nn[R]
FEW or SCT or OBSC
NSC or NCD12
BKN or OVC or
///12
—
CB or TCU or
12
///
n[n][n][n] M (or [VER VIS
n[n][n][n] FT) or n[n][n]M
///M (or ///FT)12 (or VER
VIS
n[n][n][n]
FT)] or
VER VIS
///M (or
VER VIS
///FT)12
T
CLD NSC
CLD SCT 300M OVC
600M
(CLD SCT 1000FT OVC
2000FT)
CLD OBSC VER VIS
150M
(CLD OBSC VER VIS
500FT)
CLD BKN TCU 270M
(CLD BKN TCU 900FT)
CLD RWY 08R BKN 60M
RWY 26 BKN 90M)
(CLD RWY 08R BKN
200FT RWY 26 BKN
300FT)
CLD /// CB ///M (CLD ///
CB ///FT)
CLD /// CB 400M (CLD ///
CB 1200FT)
CLD NCD
T17
TMS08
[MS]nn
DP
DP15
DPMS18
[MS]nn
QNH
QNH 0995HPA
QNH 1009HPA
nnnnHPA
QFE
[RWY nn[L] or RWY nn[C] or RWY nn[R]] nnnnHPA
[RWY nn[L] or RWY nn[C] or RWY nn[R] nnnnHPA]
QNH 1022HPA QFE
1001HPA
QNH 0987HPA QFE RWY
18 0956HPA RWY 24
0955HPA
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
11 NOV 16
METEOROLOGY
55
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION
/ METAR AND SPECI - ANNEX 3
Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special
(SPECIAL) Reports (continued)
Element as
Detailed
specified in
Content
Chapter 4
Supplemen- Significant
tary informeteorologmation (C)9 ical phenomena (C)9
Location
of the
phenomenon
(C)9
Recent
weather (C)9,
10
Trend
forecast16
Name of the
element (M)
Change
indicator (M)17
Period of
change (C)9
Wind (C)9
Visibility (C)9
Weather
phenomenon
intensity (C)9
Template(s)
Examples
CB or TS or MOD TURB or SEV TURB or WS or GR FC IN APCH
or SEV SQL or MOD ICE or SEV ICE or FZDZ or
WS IN APCH 60M-WIND
FZRA or SEV MTW or SS or DS or BLSN or FC15
360/13MPS
WS RWY 12
IN APCH [n[n][n][n]M-WIND nnn/n[n]MPS] or IN
CLIMB-OUT [n[n][n][n]M-WIND nnn/n[n]MPS]
(IN APCH [n[n][n][n]FT-WIND nnn/n[n]KT] or IN
CLIMB-OUT [n[n][n][n]FT-WIND nnn/n[n]KT] or RWY
nn[L] or RWY nn[C] or RWY nn[R]
REFZRA
REFZDZ or REFZRA or REDZ or RE[SH]RA or
RE[SH]SN or RESG or RESHGR or RESHGS or
CB IN CLIMB-OUT
REBLSN or RESS or REDS or RETSRA or RETSSN RETSRA
or RETSGR or RETSGS or REFC or REPL or
REUP12 or REFZUP12 or RETSUP12 or RESHUP12
or REVA or RETS
TREND
TREND NOSIG
TREND BECMG FEW
600M
(TREND BECMG FEW
2000FT)
NOSIG
BECMG or TEMPO
TREND TEMPO
250/18MPS MAX25
(TREND TEMPO
250/36KT MAX50)
FMnnnn and/or TLnnnn or
ATnnnn
nnn/[ABV]n[n][n]MPS
[MAX[ABV]nn[n]] (or
nnn/[ABV]n[n]KT [MAX[ABV]nn])
VIS n[n][n][n]M or
CAVOK TREND BECMG AT1800
VIS 10KM NSW
VIS n[n]KM
TREND BECMG TL1700
VIS 800M FG
TREND BECMG FM1030
TL1130 CAVOK
—
FBL or
NSW
TREND TEMPO TL1200
MOD or
VIS 600M BECMG
HVY
AT1230 VIS 8KM NSW
CLD NSC
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
56
METEOROLOGY
11 NOV 16
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION
/ METAR AND SPECI - ANNEX 3
Table A3-1. Template for the Local Routine (MET REPORT) and Local Special
(SPECIAL) Reports (continued)
Element as
specified in
Chapter 4
Detailed
Content
Weather phenomenon:
characteristics and type
(C)9, 10, 11
Name of the
element (C)9
Cloud amount
and vertical
visibility (C)9,
14
Cloud type
(C)9, 14
Height of
cloud base
or the value
of vertical
visibility (C)9,
Template(s)
DZ or
RA or
SN or
SG or
PL or
DS or
SS or
FZDZ or
FZRA or
SHGR or
SHGS or
SHRA or
SHSN or
TSGR or
TSGS or
TSRA or
TSSN
FG or
BR or
SA or
DU or
HZ or
FU or
VA or
SQ or
PO or
FC or
TS or
BCFG or
BLDU or
BLSA or
BLSN or
DRDU or
DRSA or
DRSN or
FZFG or
MIFG or
PRFG
CLD
FEW or
SCT or
BKN or
OVC
CB or
TCU
n[n][n][n]
M (or
n[n][n][n]
FT)
OBSC
14
1
Fictitous location.
2
Optional values for one or more runways.
3
Optinal values for one or more sections of the runway.
4
To be included in accordance with 4.1.5.2 c).
5
To be included in accordance with 4.1.5.2 b) 1).
6
To be included if visibility or RVR < 1500m.
7
To be included in accordance with 4.3.6.4 d)
8
To be included in accordance with 4.3.6.4 c).
9
To be included whenever applicable.
10
11
Examples
TREND TEMPO FM0300
TL0430 MOD FZRA
TREND BECMG FM1900
VIS 500M HVY SNRA
TREND BECMG FM1100
MOD SN TEMPO
FM1130 BLSN
TREND BECMG AT 1130
CLD OVC 300M
(TREND BECMG AT
1130 CLD OVC 1000FT)
TREND TEMPO TL1530
HVY SHRA CLD BKN CB
360M
(TREND TEMPO TL1530
HVY SHRA CLD BKN CB
1200FT)
NSC
—
[VER VIS
n[n][n]M
(or VER
VIS
n[n][n][n]
FT)]
One or more, up to a maximum of three groups, in accordance with 4.4.2.8 a), 4.8.1.1 and Appendix 5, 2.2.4.3.
Precipitation types listed under 4.4.2.3 a) may be combined in accordance with 4.4.2.8 c) and Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1. Only
moderate or heavy precipitation to be indicated in trend forecast in accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1.
12
For automated reports only.
13
Heavy used to indicate tornado or waterspout; moderate used to indicate funnel cloud not reaching the ground.
14
Up to four cloud layers in accordance with 4.5.4.2 e).
15
Abbreviation plain language may be used in accordance with 4.8.1.2.
16
To be included in accordance with Chapter 6, 6.3.2.
17
Number of change indicators to be kept to a minimum in accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.1, normally not exceeding three groups.
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q$i
Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI
Key:
M
C
O
=
=
=
inclusion mandatory, part of every message
inclusion conditional, dependent on meteorological conditions or method of observation
inclusion optional
NOTE 1: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in METAR and SPECI are
shown in Table A3-5 of this Appendix.
NOTE 2: The explanations for the abbreviations used
can be found in the PANS-ABC (Doc 8400).
Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI
Element as
Detailed
specified in
Content
Chapter 4
Identification Type of report
of the type of (M)
report (M)
Location
indicator (M)
Time of the
observation
(M)
METAR, METAR COR, SPECI or SPECI COR METAR
METAR COR
SPECI
nnnn
YUDO1
ICAO location
indicator (M)
Day and actual nnnnnnZ
time of the
observation in
UTC (M)
Automated or
AUTO or NIL
missing report
identifier (C)
Indentification of an
automated
or missing
report (C)2
END OF METAR IF THE REPORT IS MISSING.
Surface wind Wind direction nnn
(M)
(M)
Wind speed (M) [P]nn[n]
Visibility (M)
RVR (C)7
Examples
Template(s)
Significant
speed
variations (C)3
Units of
measurement
(M)
Significant
directional
variations (C)4
Prevailing
or minimum
visibility (M)5
G[P]nn[n]
Minimum
visibility and
direction of
the minimum
visibility (C)6
Name of the
element (M)
nnnn[N] or nnnn[NE] or nnnn[E] or
nnnn[SE] or nnnn[S] or nnnn[SW] or
nnnn[W] or nnnn[NW]
221630Z
AUTO
NIL
VRB
MPS (or KT)
24004MPS
(24008KT)
VRB01MPS
(VRB02KT)
19006MPS
(19012KT)
00000MPS
(00000KT)
140P149MPS
(140P99KT)
12003G09MPS
(12006G18KT)
24008G14MPS
(24016G28KT)
02005MPS 350V070
(02010KT 350V070)
nnnVnnn
–
nnnn
CAVOK 0350
7000
9999
0800
2000 1200NW
6000 2800E
6000 2800
R
CAVOK
R32/0400
R12R/1700
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Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI (continued)
Element as
specified in
Chapter 4
Detailed
Content
Template(s)
Runway (M)
nn[L]/ or nn[C]/ or nn[R]/
RVR (M)
[P or M]nnnn
RVR past
tendency (C)8
U, D or N
Present
Intensity or
weather (C)2, proximity
9
of present
weather (C)10
Characteristics
and type
of present
weather (M)11
- or +
DZ or RA
or
SN or SG
or
PL or DS
or
SS or
FZDZ or
FZRA or
FZUP12
or
FC13 or
SHGR or
SHGS or
SHRA or
SHSN or
SHUP12
or
TSGR or
TSGS or
TSRA or
TSSN or
TSUP12
or UP12
—
FG or
BR or SA or
DU or HZ or
FU or VA or
SQ or PO or
TS or
BCFG or
BLDU or
BLSA or
BLSN or
DRDU or
DRSA or
DRSN or
FZFG or
MIFG or
PRFG or
//12
Examples
R10/M0050
R14L/P2000
R16L/0650 R16C/0500
R16R/0450 R17L/0450
R12/1100U
R26/0550N R20/0800D
R12/0700
VC
FG or
PO or
FC or
DS or
SS or
TS or
SH or
BLSN
or
BLSA
or
BLDU
or VA
RA
HZ
VCFG
+TSRA
FG
VCSH
+DZ
VA
VCTS
-SN
MIFG VCBLSA
+TSRASN
-SNRA
DZ FG
+SHSN BLSN
UP
FZUP
TSUP FZUP
//
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q$i
Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI (continued)
Element as
Detailed
specified in
Content
Chapter 4
14
Cloud (M)
Cloud amount
and height of
cloud base or
vertical visibility
(M)
Template(s)
FEWnnn VVnnn or
or
VV///12
SCTnnn
or
BKNnnn
or
OVCnnn
or
FEW///12
or
SCT///12
or
BKN///12
or
OVC///12
or ///nn12
or //////12
—
Cloud Type (C)2 CB or
TCU or
///12
Air and
dew-point
temperature
(M)
Pressure
values (M)
Air and
dew-point
temperatures
(M)
Name of the
element (M)
QNH (M)
[M]nn/[M]nn
Examples
NSC or
NCD12
FEW015 VV005
OVC030 VV///
SCT010 OVC020
BKN///
BKN009TCU
SCT008
BKN025CB
///CB
17/10
02/M08
M01/M10
NSC
///015
NCD
BKN025///
Q
Q0995
Q1009
nnnn
Q1022
Q0987
Supplemen- Recent weather REFZDZ or REFZRA or REDZ or RE[SH]RA or REFZRA
tary informa- (C)2, 9
RE[SH]SN or RESG or RESHGR or RESHGS RETSRA
tion (C)
or REBLSN or RESS or REDS or RETSRA or
RETSSN or RETSGR or RETSGS or RETS
or REFC or REVA or REPL or REUP12 or
REFZUP12 or RETSUP12 or RESHUP12
Wind shear (C)2 WS Rnn[L] or WS Rnn[C] or WS Rnn[R] or WS WS R03
ALL RWY
WS ALL RWY
WSR18C
Sea-surface
W[M]nn/Sn or W[M]nn/Hn[n][n]
W15/S2
temperature
W12/H75
and state of
the sea or
significant wave
height (C)15
Trend
Change
NOSIG
BECMG or TEMPO
NOSIG
BECMG
forecast
indicator (M)17
FEW020
(O)16
Period of
FMnnnn and/or TLnnnn or
change (C)2
ATnnnn
Wind (C)2
nnn[P]nn[n][G[P]nn[n]]MPS (or
TEMPO 25018G25MPS
nnn[P]nn[G[P]nn]KT)
(TEMPO 25035G50KT)
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Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI (continued)
Element as
specified in
Chapter 4
Detailed
Content
Prevailing
visibility (C)2
Weather
phenomenon:
intensity (C)10
Weather
phenomenon:
characteristics
and type (C)2, 9,
11
Cloud amount
and height of
cloud base or
vertical visibility
(C)2, 14
Cloud type (C)2,
14
Template(s)
Examples
nnnn
- or +
DZ or
RA or
SN or
SG or
PL or DS
or
SS or
FZDZ or
FZRA or
SHGR
or
SHGS
or
SHRA or
SHSN or
TSGR or
TSGS or
TSRA or
TSSN
—
NSW
FG or
BR or
SA or
DU or
HZ or
FU or
VA or
SQ or
PO or
FC or
TS or
BCFG
or
BLDU
or
BLSA
or
BLSN
or
DRDU
or
DRSA
or
DRSN
or
FZFG
or
MIFG
or
PRFG
FEWnnn VVnnn NSC
or
or VV///
SCTnnn
or
BKNnnn
or
OVCnnn
—
CB or
CAVOK BECMG FM1030 TL1130
CAVOK
BECMG TL1700 0800 FG
BECMG AT1800 9000 NSW
BECMG FM1900 0500
+SNRA
BECMG FM1100 SN TEMPO
FM1130 BLSN
TEMPO FM0330 TL0430
FZRA
TEMPO TL1200 0600
BECMG AT1200 8000 NSW
NSC
BECMG AT1130 OVC010
TEMPO TL1530 +SHRA
BKN012CB
TCU
1
Fictitous location.
2
To be included whenever applicable.
3
To be included in accordance with 4.1.5.2 c).
4
To be included in accordance with 4.1.5.2 b) 1).
5
To be included in accordance with 4.2.4.4 b).
6
To be included in accordance with 4.2.4.4 a).
7
To be included if visibility or RVR <1500m; for up to a maximum of four runways in accordance with 4.3.6.5 b).
8
To be included in accordance with 4.3.6.6.
9
One or more, up to a maximum of three groups, in accordance with 4.4.2.8 a), 4.8.1.1 and Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1.
10
11
To be included whenever applicable; no qualifier for moderate intensity in accordance with 4.4.2.8.
Precipitation types listed under 4.4.2.3 a) may be combined in accordance with 4.4.2.9 c) and Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1. Only
moderate or heavy precipitation to be indicated in trend forecast in accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1.
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Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI (continued)
12
For automated reports only.
13
Heavy used to indicate tornado or waterspout; moderate (no qualifier) to indicate funnel cloud not reaching the ground.
14
Up to four cloud layers in accordance with 4.5.4.3 e).
15
To be included in accordance with 4.8.1.5 a).
16
To be included in accordance with Chapter 6, 6.3.2.
17
Number of change indicators to be kept to a minimum in accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.1, normally not exceeding three groups.
Table A3-3. Use of Change Indicators in Trend Forecast
Change Indicator
NOSIG
BECMG
TEMPO
Time Indicator and Period
Meaning
—
no significant changes are forecast
FMn1n1n1n1 TLn2n2n2n2
the change is
commence at n1n1n1n1 UTC and be
forecast to
completed by n2n2n2n2 UTC
TLnnnn
commence at the beginning of
the trend forecast period and be
completed by nnnn UTC
FMnnnn
commence at nnnn UTC and be
completed by the end of the trend
forecast period
ATnnnn
occur at nnnn UTC (specified time)
—
a. commence at the beginning of
the trend forecast period and
be completed by the end of the
trend forecast period; or
b. the time is uncertain
temporary
FMn1n1n1n1 TLn2n2n2n2
commence at n1n1n1n1 UTC and
fluctuations are
cease by n2n2n2n2 UTC
forecast to
TLnnnn
commence at the beginning of the
trend forecast period and cease by
nnnn UTC
FMnnnn
commence at nnnn UTC and cease
by the end of the trend forecast
period
—
commence at the beginning of the
trend forecast period and cease by
the end of the trend forecast period
Tables A3-4. Ranges and Resolutions for the Numerical Elements included in Local Reports
Elements as specified in Chapter 4
Runway
(no units)
°true
Wind direction
Wind speed
MPS
KT
Visibility
M
M
KM
KM
Runway visual range
M
M
M
Vertical visibility
M
M
FT
FT
Range
01 - 36
010 - 360
1 - 991
1 - 1991
0 - 750
800 - 4900
5 - 9
10 0 - 375
400 - 750
800 - 2000
0 - 752
90 - 600
0 - 2502
300 - 2000
Resolution
1
10
1
1
50
100
1
0 (fixed value: 10KM)
25
50
100
15
30
50
100
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Tables A3-4. Ranges and Resolutions for the Numerical Elements included in Local Reports (continued)
Elements as specified in Chapter 4
Clouds: height of cloud base
Air temperature;
Dew-point temperature
QNH; QFE
M
M
FT
FT
°C
Range
0 - 752
90 - 3000
0 - 2502
300 - 10000
-80 - +60
Resolution
15
30
50
100
1
hPa
0500 - 1100
1
1
There is no aeronautical requirement to report surface wind speeds of 50m/s (100kt) or more; however, provision has
been made for reporting wind speeds up to 99m/s (199kt) for non-aeronautical purposes, as necessary.
2
Under circumstances as specified in 4.5.4.3; otherwise a resolution of 30m (100ft) is to be used.
Table A3-5. Ranges and Resolutions for the Numerical Elements included in METAR and SPECI
Element as specified in Chapter 4
Runway
Wind direction
Wind speed
Visibility
Runway visual range
Vertical visibility
Clouds: height of cloud base
Air temperature; Dew-point temperature
QNH
Sea-surface temperature
State of the sea
Significant wave height
1
(no units)
°true
MPS
KT
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
30’s M
(100’s
FT)
30’s M
(100’s
FT)
°C
hPa
°C
(no units)
M
Range
01 - 36
000 - 360
00 - 991
00 - 1991
0000 - 0750
0800 - 4900
5000 - 9000
10000 0000 - 0375
0400 - 0750
0800 - 2000
000 - 020
Resolution
1
10
1
1
50
100
1000
0 (fixed value: 9999)
25
50
100
1
000 - 100
1
-80 - +60
0850 - 1100
-10 - +40
0 - 9
0 - 999
1
1
1
1
0.1
There is no aeronautical requirement to report surface wind speeds of 50m/s (100kt) or more; however, provision has
been made for reporting wind speeds up to 99m/s (199kt) for non-aeronautical purposes, as necessary.
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Example A3-1. Routine Report
a. Local routine report (same location and weather conditions as METAR):
MET REPORT YUDO 221630Z WIND 240/4MPS VIS 600M RVR RWY 12 TDZ 1000M MOD DZ FG
CLD SCT 300M OVC 600M T17 DP16 QNH 1018 HPA TREND BECMG TL1700 VIS 800M FG BECMG
AT1800 VIS 10KM NSW
b. METAR for YUDO (Donlon/International)1:
METAR YUDO 221630Z 24004MPS 0600 R12/1000U DZ FG SCT010 OVC020 17/16 Q1018 BECMG
TL1700 0800 FG BECMG AT1800 9999 NSW
Meaning of both reports:
Routine report for Donlon/International1 issued on the 22nd of the month at 1630 UTC; surface wind direction
240 degrees; wind speed 4 meters per second; visibility (along the runway(s) in the local routine report;
prevailing visibility in METAR) 600 meters; runway visual range representative of the touchdown zone for
runway 12 is 1000 meters and the runway visual range values have shown an upward tendency during
previous 10 minutes (RVR tendency to be included in METAR only); and moderate drizzle and fog; scattered
cloud at 300 meters; overcast at 600 meters; air temperature 17 degrees Celsius; dew-point temperature
16 degrees Celsius; QNH 1018 hectopascals; trend during next 2 hours, visibility (along the runway(s) in
the local routine report; prevailing visibility in METAR) becoming 800 meters in fog by 1700 UTC; at 1800
UTC visibility (along the runway(s) in the local routine report; prevailing visibility in METAR) becoming 10
kilometers or more and nil significant weather.
NOTE: In this example, the primary units "meter per second" and "meter" were used for wind speed and
height of cloud base, respectively. However, in accordance with Annex 5, the corresponding non-SI alternative
units "knot" and "foot" may be used instead.
1
Fictitious location.
Example A3-2. Special Report
a. Local special report (same location and weather conditions as SPECI):
SPECIAL YUDO 151115Z WIND 050/25KT MAX37 MNM10 VIS 1200M RVR RWY 05 ABV 1800M HVY
TSRA CLD BKN CB 500FT T25 DP22 QNH 1008 HPA TREND TEMPO TL1200 VIS 600M BECMG
AT1200 VIS 8KM NSW NSC.
b. SPECI for YUDO (Donlon/International1):
SPECI YUDO 151115Z 05025G37KT 3000 1200NE+TSRA BKNO05CB 25/22 Q1008 TEMPO TL1200
0600 BECMG AT1200 8000 NSW NSC
Meaning of both reports:
Selected special report for Donlon/International1 issued on the 15th of the month at 1115 UTC; surface wind
direction 050 degrees; wind speed 25 knots gusting between 10 and 37 knots (minimum wind speed not
to be included in SPECI) visibility 1200 meters (along the runway(s) in the local special report); prevailing
visibility 3000 meters (in SPECI) with minimum visibility 1200 meters to north east (directional variations
to be included in SPECI only); RVR above 1800 meters on runway 05 (RVR not required in SPECI with
prevailing visibility of 3000 meters); thunderstorm with heavy rain; broken cumulonimbus cloud at 500 feet;
air temperature 25 degrees Celsius; dew-point temperature 22 degrees Celsius; QNH 1008 hectopascals;
trend during next 2 hours, visibility (along the runway(s) in the local special report; prevailing visibility in
SPECI) temporarily 600 meters from 1115 to 1200, becoming at 1200 UTC visibility (along the runway(s) in
the local special report; prevailing visibility in SPECI) 8 kilometers, thunderstorm ceases and nil significant
weather and nil significant cloud.
NOTE: In this example, the non-SI alternative units "knot" and “foot" were used for wind speed and height of
cloud base, respectively. However, in accordance with Annex 5, the corresponding primary units "meter per
second" and "meter" may be used instead.
1
Fictitious location.
Example A3-3. Volcanic Activity Report
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY REPORT YUSB1 231500 MT TROJEEN1 VOLCANO N5605 W12652 ERUPTED
231445 LARGE ASH CLOUD EXTENDING TO APPROX 30000 FEET MOVING SW
Meaning:
Volcanic activity report issued by Siby/Bistock meteorological station at 1500 UTC on the 23rd of the
month. Mt. Trojeen volcano 56 degrees 5 minutes north 126 degrees 52 minutes west erupted at 1445
UTC on the 23rd; a large ash cloud was observed extending to approximately 30 000 feet and moving
in a south-westerly direction.
1
Fictitious location.
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Appendix 4. Technical Specifications
related to Aircraft Observations
and Reports
(See Chapter 5 of this Annex.)
1. CONTENTS OF AIR-REPORTS
1.1
ROUTINE AIR-REPORTS BY
AIR-GROUND DATA LINK
1.1.1
When air-ground data link is used and
automatic dependent surveillance (ADS-C) or SSR
Mode S is being applied, the elements contained in
routine air-reports shall be:
Message type designator
Aircraft identification
Data block 1
Latitude
Longitude
Level
Time
Data block 2
Wind direction
Wind speed
Wind quality flag
Air temperature
Turbulence (if available)
Humidity (if available)
NOTE: When ADS-C or SSR Mode S is being
applied, the requirements of routine air-reports may
be met by the combination of the basic ADS-C/SSR
Mode S data block (data block 1) and the meteorological information data block (data block 2), available
from ADS-C or SSR Mode S reports. The ADS-C
message format is specified in the PANS-ATM (Doc
4444), 4.11.4 and Chapter 13 and the SSR Mode S
message format is specified in Annex 10, Volume III,
Part I, Chapter 5.
1.1.2
When air-ground data link is used while
ADS-C and SSR Mode S are not being applied, the
elements contained in routine reports shall be:
Message type designator
Section 1 (Position information)
Aircraft identification
Position or latitude and longitude
Time
Flight level or altitude
Next position and time over
Ensuing significant point
Section 2 (Operational information)
Estimated time of arrival
Endurance
Section 3 (Meteorological information)
Air temperature
Wind direction
Wind speed
Turbulence
Aircraft icing
Humidity (if available)
NOTE: When air-ground data link is used while
ADS-C and SSR Mode S are not being applied, the
requirements of routine air-reports may be met by
the controller pilot data link communication (CPDLC)
application entitled "Position report". The details of
this data link application are specified in the Manual
of Air Traffic Services Data Link Applications (Doc
9694) and in Annex 10, Volume III, Part I.
1.2
SPECIAL AIR-REPORTS BY
AIR-GROUND DATA LINK
When air-ground data link is used, the elements contained in special air-reports shall be:
Message type designator
Aircraft identification
Data block 1
Latitude
Longitude
Level
Time
Data block 2
Wind direction
Wind speed
Wind quality flag
Air temperature
Turbulence (if available)
Humidity (if available)
Data block 3
Condition prompting the issuance of a special
air-report (one condition to be selected from
the list presented in Table A4-1).
NOTE 1: The requirements of special air-reports
may be met by the data link fight information service (D-FIS) application entitled "Special air-report
service". The details of this data link application are
specified in Doc 9694.
NOTE 2: In the case of a special air-report of
pre-eruption volcanic activity, volcanic eruption or
volcanic ash cloud, additional requirements are indicated in 4.2.
1.3
SPECIAL AIR-REPORTS BY VOICE
COMMUNICATIONS
When voice communications are used, the elements
contained in routine air-reports shall be:
Message type designator
Section 1 (Position information):
Aircraft identification
Position or latitude and longitude
Time
Level or range of levels
Section 3 (Meteorological information):
Conditions prompting the issuance of a special air-report, to be selected from the list presented in Table A4-1.
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NOTE 1: Air-reports are considered routine by
default. The message type designator for special
air-reports is specified in the PANS-ATM (Doc 4444),
Appendix 1.
NOTE 2: In the case of a special air-report of
pre-eruption volcanic activity, volcanic eruption or
volcanic ash cloud, additional requirements are indicated in 4.2.
2. CRITERIA FOR REPORTING
2.1
GENERAL
When air-ground data link is used, the wind direction, wind speed, wind quality flag, air temperature,
turbulence and humidity included in air-reports shall
be reported in accordance with the following criteria.
2.2
WIND DIRECTION
The wind direction shall be reported in terms of
degrees true, rounded to the nearest whole degree.
2.3
WIND SPEED
The wind speed shall be reported in meters per second or knots, rounded to the nearest 1m/s (1kt). The
units of measurement used for the wind speed shall
be indicated.
2.4
WIND QUALITY FLAG
The wind quality flag shall be reported as 0 when the
roll angle is less than 5 degrees and as 1 when the
roll angle is 5 degrees or more.
2.5
AIR TEMPERATURE
The air temperature shall be reported to the nearest
tenth of a degree Celsius.
2.6
TURBULENCE
The turbulence shall be reported in terms of the cube
root of the Eddy Dissipation Rate (EDR).
2.6.1
Routine Air-reports
The turbulence shall be reported during the en-route
phase of the flight and shall refer to the 15-minute
period immediately preceding the observation. Both
the average and peak value of turbulence, together
with the time of occurrence of the peak value to the
nearest minute, shall be observed. The average and
peak values shall be reported in terms of the cube
root of EDR. The time of occurrence of the peak value
Key:
M
C
=
=
shall be reported as indicated in Table A4-2. The turbulence shall be reported during the climb-out phase
for the first 10 minutes of the flight and shall refer
to the 30-second period immediately preceding the
observation. The peak value of turbulence shall be
observed.
2.6.2
Interpretation of the Turbulence Report
Turbulence shall be considered:
a. severe when the peak value of the cube root of
EDR exceeds 0.7;
b. moderate when the peak value of the cube root
of EDR is above 0.4 and below or equal to 0.7;
c. light when the peak value of the cube root of
EDR is above 0.1 and below or equal 0.4; and
d. nil when the peak value of the cube root of EDR
is below or equal to 0.1.
NOTE: The EDR is an aircraft-independent measure
of turbulence. However, the relationship between
the EDR value and the perception of turbulence is
a function of aircraft type, and the mass, altitude,
configuration and airspeed of the aircraft. The EDR
values given above describe the severity levels
for a medium-sized transport aircraft under typical en-route conditions (i.e. altitude, airspeed and
weight).
2.6.3
Special Air-reports
Special air-reports on turbulence shall be made during any phase of the flight whenever the peak value
of the cube root of EDR exceeds 0.4. The special
air-report on turbulence shall be made with reference
to the 1-minute period immediately preceding the
observation. Both the average and peak value of
turbulence shall be observed. The average and peak
values shall be reported in terms of the cube root
of EDR. Special air-reports shall be issued every
minute until such time as the peak values of the cube
root of EDR fall below 0.4.
2.7
HUMIDITY
The humidity shall be reported as the relative humidity, rounded to the nearest whole per cent.
NOTE: The ranges and resolutions for the meteorological elements included in air-reports are shown in
Table A4-3.
Table A4-1. Template for the Special Air-report (Downlink)
inclusion mandatory, part of every message
inclusion conditional; included whenever available
NOTE: Message to be prompted by the pilot-in-command. Currently only the condition "SEV TURB" can be
automated (see 2.6.3).
Table A4-1. Template for the Special Air-report (Downlink)
Element as specified
Detailed Content
in Chapter 5
Message type designator (M) Type of the air-report (M)
Aircraft identification (M)
Aircraft radiotelephony call
sign (M)
DATA BLOCK 1
Template(s)
ARS
nnnnnn
Examples
ARS
VA812
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Table A4-1. Template for the Special Air-report (Downlink) (continued)
Element as specified
in Chapter 5
Latitude (M)
Longitude (M)
Level (M)
Time (M)
DATA BLOCK 2
Wind direction (M)
Template(s)
Detailed Content
Latitude in degrees and
minutes (M)
Longitude in degrees and
minutes (M)
Flight level (M)
Nnnnn or Snnnn
S4506
Wnnnnn or Ennnnn
E01056
FLnnn or FLnnn to
FLnnn
Time of occurrence in hours
and minutes (M)
OBS AT nnnnZ
FL330
FL280 to FL310
OBS AT 1216Z
Wind direction in degrees true nnn/
(M)
Wind speed in meters per
nnnMPS (or nnnKT)
second (or knots) (M)
Wind speed (M)
Examples
262/
Wind quality flag (M)
Air temperature (M)
Wind quality flag (M)
Air temperature in tenths of
degrees C (M)
n
Turbulence (C)
Turbulence in hundredths
of m2/3 s-1 and the time of
occurrence of the peak value
(C)1
Relative humidity in per cent
(C)
EDRnnn/nn
40MPS
(080KT)
1
T127
TM455
EDR064/08
RHnnn
RH054
Humidity (C)
DATA BLOCK 3
Condition prompting the
issuance of a special
air-report (M)
T[M]nnn
SEV TURB [EDRnnn]2 SEV TURB EDR076
or
VA CLD FL050/100
SEV ICE or
SEV MTW or
TS GR3 or
TS3 or
HVY SS4 or
VA CLD [FLnnn/nnn] or
VA5 [MT nnnnnnnnnn
nnnnnnnnnn] or
MOD TURB [EDRnnn]2
or
MOD ICE
1
The time of occurrence to be reported in accordance with Table A4-2.
2
The turbulence index to be reported in accordance with 2.6.3.
3
Obscured, embedded or widespread thunderstorms or thunderstorms in squall lines.
4
Duststorm or sandstorm.
5
Pre-eruption volcanic activity or a volcanic eruption.
Table A4-2. Time of Occurrence of the Peak Value to be reported
Peak Value of Turbulence occurring during the one-minute
Period ....... minutes prior to the Observation
0 - 1
1 - 2
2 - 3
...
13 - 14
14 - 15
No timing information available
Value to be reported
0
1
2
...
13
14
15
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Table A4-3. Ranges and Resolutions for the Meteorological Elements included in Air-reports
Element as specified in Chapter 5
Wind direction
Wind speed
Wind quality flag
Air temperature
Turbulence: routine air-report
Turbulence: special air-report
Humidity
1
°true
MPS
KT
(index)1
°C
m2/3 s-1
(time of
occurrence)1
m2/3 s-1
%
Range
000 - 360
00 - 125
00 - 250
0 - 1
-80 - +60
0 - 2
0 - 15
Resolution
1
2
1
1
0.1
0.01
1
0 - 2
0 - 100
0.01
1
Non-dimensional.
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Appendix 5. Technical Specifications
related to Forecasts
(See Chapter 6 of this Annex.)
1. CRITERIA RELATED TO TAF
1.1
TAF FORMAT
1.1.1
TAF shall be issued in accordance with the
template shown in Table A5-1 and disseminated in
the TAF code form prescribed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
NOTE: The TAF code form is contained in the Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I.1, Part A Alphanumeric Codes.
1.1.2
Recommendation – TAF should be disseminated in digital form in addition to the dissemination of the TAF in accordance with 1.1.1.
1.1.3
TAF if disseminated in digital form shall be
formatted in accordance with a globally interoperable
information exchange model and shall use Extensible Markup Language (XML)/Geography Markup
Language (GML).
1.1.4
TAF if disseminated in digital form shall be
accompanied by the appropriate metadata.
NOTE: Guidance on the information exchange model,
XML/GML and the metadata profile is provided in
the Manual on the Digital Exchange of Aeronautical
Meteorological Information (Doc 10003).
1.2
INCLUSION OF METEOROLOGICAL
ELEMENTS IN TAF
NOTE: Guidance on operationally desirable accuracy
of forecasts is given in Attachment B (not published
herein).
1.2.1
Surface Wind
In forecasting surface wind, the expected prevailing
direction shall be given. When it is not possible to
forecast a prevailing surface wind direction due to
its expected variability, for example, during light wind
conditions [less than 1.5m/s (3kt)] or thunderstorms,
the forecast wind direction shall be indicated as variable using “VRB”. When the wind is forecast to be
less than 0.5m/s (1kt) the forecast wind speed shall
be indicated as calm. When the forecast maximum
speed (gust) exceeds the forecast mean wind speed
by 5m/s (10kt) or more, the forecast maximum wind
speed shall be indicated. When a wind speed of
50m/s (100kt) or more is forecast, it shall be indicated to be more than 49m/s (99kt).
1.2.2
Visibility
Recommendation – When the visibility is forecast to
be less than 800m it should be expressed in steps
of 50m; when it is forecast to be 800m or more but
less than 5km, in steps of 100m; 5km or more but
less than 10km in kilometer steps and when it is forecast to be 10km or more, it should be expressed as
10km, except when conditions of CAVOK are forecast
to apply. The prevailing visibility should be forecast.
When visibility is forecast to vary in different directions and the prevailing visibility cannot be forecast,
the lowest forecast visibility should be given.
1.2.3
Weather Phenomena
One or more, up to a maximum of three, of the following weather phenomena or combinations thereof,
together with their characteristics and, where appropriate, intensity, should be forecast if they are
expected to occur at the aerodrome:
– freezing precipitation;
– freezing fog;
– moderate or heavy precipitation (including showers thereof);
– low drifting dust, sand or snow;
– blowing dust, sand or snow;
– duststorm;
– sandstorm;
– thunderstorm (with or without precipitation);
– squall;
– funnel cloud (tornado or waterspout);
– other weather phenomena given in Appendix 3,
4.4.2.3, as agreed between the meteorological
authority, the appropriate ATS authority and the
operators concerned.
The expected end of occurrence of those phenomena
should be indicated by the abbreviation “NSW”.
1.2.4
Cloud
Recommendation – Cloud amount should be forecast using the abbreviations “FEW”, “SCT“, “BKN” or
“OVC” as necessary. When it is expected that the sky
will remain or become obscured and clouds cannot be
forecast and information on vertical visibility is available at the aerodrome, the vertical visibility should
be forecast in the form “VV” followed by the forecast
value of the vertical visibility. When several layers or
masses of cloud are forecast, their amount and height
of base should be included in the following order:
a. the lowest layer or mass regardless of amount,
to be forecast as FEW, SCT, BKN or OVC as
appropriate;
b. the next layer or mass covering more than 2/8, to
be forecast as SCT, BKN or OVC as appropriate;
c. the next higher layer or mass covering more than
4/8, to be forecast as BKN or OVC as appropriate; and
d. cumulonimbus clouds, whenever forecast and
not already included under a) to c).
Cloud information should be limited to cloud of operational significance, when no cloud of operational significance is forecast, and "CAVOK" is not appropriate,
the abbreviation "NSC" should be used.
1.2.5
Temperature
Recommendation – When forecast temperatures
are included in accordance with regional air navigation agreement, the maximum and minimum
temperatures expected to occur during the period
of validity of the TAF should be given, together with
their corresponding times of occurrence.
1.3
USE OF CHANGE GROUPS
NOTE: Guidance on the use of change and time indicators in TAF is given in Table A5-2.
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1.3.1
The criteria used for the inclusion of
change groups in TAF or for the amendments of
TAF shall be based on any of the following weather
phenomena or combinations thereof being forecast
to begin or end or change in intensity:
– freezing fog;
– freezing precipitation;
– moderate or heavy precipitation (including showers thereof);
– thunderstorm;
– duststorm;
– sandstorm.
1.3.2
Recommendation – The criteria used
for the inclusion of change groups in TAF or for the
amendment of TAF should be based on the following:
a. when the mean surface wind direction is forecast to change by 60° or more, the mean speed
before and/or after the change being 5m/s (10kt)
or more;
b. when the mean surface wind speed is forecast
to change by 5m/s (10kt) or more;
c. when the variation from the mean surface wind
speed (gusts) is forecast to change by 5m/s
(10kt) or more, the mean speed before and/or
after the change being 7.5m/s (15kt) or more;
d. when the surface wind is forecast to change
through values of operational significance. The
threshold values should be established by the
meteorological authority in consultation with the
appropriate ATS authority and operators concerned, taking into account changes in the wind
which would:
1. require a change in runway(s) in use; and
2. indicate that the runway tailwind and crosswind components will change through values representing the main operating limits for typical aircraft operating at the aerodrome.
e. when the visibility is forecast to improve and
change to or pass through one or more of the
following values, or when the visibility is forecast
to deteriorate and pass through one or more of
the following values:
1. 150, 350, 600, 800, 1500 or 3000m; or
2. 5000m in cases where significant numbers
of flights are operated in accordance with
the visual flight rules.
f. when any of the following weather phenomena
or combinations thereof are forecast to begin or
end:
– low drifting dust, sand or snow;
– blowing dust, sand or snow;
– squall;
– funnel cloud (tornado or waterspout).
g. when the height of base of the lowest layer or
mass of cloud of BKN or OVC extent is forecast
to lift and change to or pass through one or more
of the following values, or when the height of the
lowest layer or mass of cloud of BKN or OVC
extent is forecast to lower and pass through one
or more of the following values:
1. 30, 60, 150 or 300m (100, 200, 500 or
1000ft); or
2. 450m (1500ft), in cases where significant
numbers of flights are operated in accordance with the visual flight rules.
h. when the amount of a layer or mass of cloud
below 450m (1500ft) is forecast to change:
1. from NSC, FEW or SCT to BKN or OVC; or
2. from BKN or OVC to NSC, FEW or SCT.
i. when the vertical visibility is forecast to improve
and change to or pass through one or more of
the following values, or when the vertical visibility is forecast to deteriorate and pass through
one or more of the following values: 30, 60, 150
or 300m (100, 200, 500 or 1000ft); and
j. any other criteria based on local aerodrome
operating minima, as agreed between the
meteorological authority and the operators concerned.
NOTE: Other criteria based on local aerodrome operating minima are to be considered in parallel with similar criteria for the issuance of SPECI developed in
response to Appendix 3, 2.3.3 h).
1.3.3
Recommendation – When a change
in any of the elements given in Chapter 6, 6.2.3 is
required to be indicated in accordance with the criteria given in 1.3.2, the change indicators “BECMG” or
“TEMPO” should be used followed by the time period
during which the change is expected to occur. The
time period should be indicated as the beginning
and end of the period in whole hours UTC. Only
those elements for which a significant change is
expected should be included following a change indicator. However, in the case of significant changes in
respect of cloud, all cloud groups, including layers or
masses not expected to change, should be indicated.
1.3.4
Recommendation – The change indicator “BECMG” and the associated time group should
be used to describe changes where the meteorological conditions are expected to reach or pass through
specified threshold values at a regular or irregular
rate and at an unspecified time during the time period.
The time period should normally not exceed 2 hours
but in any case should not exceed 4 hours.
1.3.5
Recommendation – The change indicator “TEMPO” and the associated time group should
be used to describe expected frequent or infrequent
temporary fluctuations in the meteorological conditions which reach or pass specified threshold values and last for a period of less than one hour in
each instance and, in the aggregate, cover less than
one-half of the forecast period during which the fluctuations are expected to occur. If the temporary fluctuation is expected to last one hour or longer, the change
group “BECMG” should be used in accordance with
1.3.4 or the validity period should be subdivided in
accordance with 1.3.6.
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1.3.6
Recommendation – Where one set of
prevailing weather conditions is expected to change
significantly and more or less completely to a different set of conditions, the period of validity should
be subdivided into self-contained periods using
the abbreviation “FM” followed immediately by a
six-figure time group in days, hours and minutes
UTC indicating the time the change is expected to
occur. The subdivided period following the abbreviation “FM” should be self-contained and all forecast
conditions given before the abbreviation should be
superseded by those following the abbreviation.
1.4
USE OF PROBABILITY GROUPS
Recommendation – The probability of occurrence
of an alternative value of a forecast element or elements should be indicated, as necessary, by use of
the abbreviation “PROB” followed by the probability
in tens of per cent and the time period during which
the alternative value(s) is (are) expected to apply.
The probability information should be placed after
the element or elements forecast and be followed
by the alternative value of the element or elements.
The probability of a forecast of temporary fluctuations
in meteorological conditions should be indicated, as
necessary, by use of the abbreviation “PROB” followed by the probability in tens of per cent, placed
before the change indicator “TEMPO” and associated
time group. A probability of an alternative value or
change of less than 30 per cent should not be considered sufficiently significant to be indicated. A probability of an alternative value or change of 50 per cent
or more, for aviation purposes, should not be considered a probability but instead should be indicated, as
necessary, by use of the change indicators “BECMG”
or “TEMPO” or by subdivision of the validity period
using the abbreviation “FM”. The probability group
should not be used to qualify the change indicator
“BECMG” nor the time indicator “FM”.
1.5
NUMBERS OF CHANGE AND
PROBABILITY GROUPS
Recommendation – The number of change and
probability groups should be kept to a minimum and
should not normally exceed five groups.
1.6
DISSEMINATION OF TAF
TAF and amendments thereto shall be disseminated
to international OPMET databanks and the centers
designated by regional air navigation agreement for
the operation of aeronautical fixed service Internetbased services, in accordance with regional air navigation agreement.
2. CRITERIA RELATED TO TREND
FORECASTS
2.1
FORMAT OF TREND FORECASTS
Trend forecasts shall be issued in accordance with
the templates shown in Appendix 3, Tables A3-1 and
A3-2. The units and scales used in the trend forecast
shall be the same as those used in the report to which
it is appended.
NOTE: Examples of trend forecasts are given in
Appendix 3.
2.2
INCLUSION OF METEOROLOGICAL
ELEMENTS IN TREND FORECASTS
2.2.1
General Provisions
The trend forecast shall indicate significant changes
in respect of one or more of the elements: surface wind, visibility, weather and clouds. Only those
elements shall be included for which a significant
change is expected. However, in the case of significant changes in respect of cloud, all cloud groups,
including layers or masses not expected to change,
shall be indicated. In the case of a significant change
in visibility, the phenomenon causing the reduction of
visibility shall also be indicated. When no change is
expected to occur, this shall be indicated by the term
“NOSIG”.
2.2.2
Surface Wind
The trend forecast shall indicate changes in the surface wind which involve:
a. a change in the mean wind direction of 60° or
more, the mean speed before and/or after the
change being 5m/s (10kt) or more;
b. a change in mean wind speed of 5m/s (10kt) or
more; and
c. changes in the wind through values of operational significance. The threshold values shall
be established by the meteorological authority
in consultation with the appropriate ATS authority and operators concerned, taking into account
changes in the wind which would:
1. require a change in runway(s) in use; and
2. indicate that the runway tailwind and crosswind components will change through values representing the main operating limits for typical aircraft operating at the aerodrome.
2.2.3
Visibility
When the visibility is expected to improve and change
to or pass through one or more of the following values, or when the visibility is expected to deteriorate
and pass through one or more of the following values: 150, 350, 600, 800, 1500 or 3000m, the trend
forecast shall indicate the change. When significant
numbers of flights are conducted in accordance with
the visual flight rules, the forecast shall additionally
indicate changes to or passing through 5000m.
NOTE: In trend forecasts appended to local routine
and special reports, visibility refers to the forecast
visibility along the runway(s); in trend forecasts
appended to METAR and SPECI, visibility refers to
the forecast prevailing visibility.
2.2.4
Weather Phenomena
2.2.4.1
The trend forecast shall indicate the
expected onset, cessation or change in intensity of
one or more of the following weather phenomena or
combinations thereof:
– freezing precipitation;
– moderate or heavy precipitation (including showers thereof);
– thunderstorm (with precipitation);
– duststorm;
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– sandstorm;
– other weather phenomena given in Appendix 3,
4.4.2.3, as agreed by the meteorological authority
with the ATS authority and operators concerned.
2.2.4.2
The trend forecast shall indicate the
expected onset or cessation of one or more, up to a
maximum of three, of the following weather phenomena or combinations thereof:
– freezing fog;
– low drifting dust, sand or snow;
– blowing dust, sand or snow;
– thunderstorm (without precipitation);
– squall;
– funnel cloud (tornado or waterspout).
2.2.4.3
The total number of phenomena
reported in 2.2.4.1 and 2.2.4.2 shall not exceed
three.
2.2.4.4
The expected end of occurrence of the
weather phenomena shall be indicated by the abbreviation “NSW”.
2.2.5
Clouds
When the height of the base of a cloud layer of BKN or
OVC extent is expected to lift and change to or pass
through one or more of the following values, or when
the height of the base of a cloud layer of BKN or OVC
extent is expected to lower and pass through one or
more of the following values: 30, 60, 150, 300 and
450m (100, 200, 500, 1000 and 1500ft), the trend
forecast shall indicate the change. When the height
of the base of a cloud layer is below or is expected to
fall below or rise above 450m (1500ft), the trend forecast shall also indicate changes in cloud amount from
FEW, or SCT increasing to BKN or OVC, or changes
from BKN or OVC decreasing to FEW or SCT. When
no clouds of operational significance are forecast and
“CAVOK” is not appropriate, the abbreviation “NSC”
shall be used.
2.3.2
The change indicator “BECMG” shall be
used to describe forecast changes where the meteorological conditions are expected to reach or pass
through specified values at a regular or irregular rate.
The period during which, or the time at which, the
change is forecast to occur shall be indicated, using
the abbreviations “FM”, “TL”, or “AT”, as appropriate,
each followed by a time group in hours and minutes.
When the change is forecast to begin and end wholly
within the trend forecast period, the beginning and
end of the change shall be indicated by using the
abbreviations “FM” and “TL”, respectively, with their
associated time groups. When the change is forecast to commence at the beginning of the trend forecast period but be completed before the end of that
period, the abbreviation “FM” and its associated time
group shall be omitted and only “TL” and its associated time group shall be used. When the change is
forecast to begin during the trend forecast period and
be completed at the end of that period, the abbreviation ”TL” and its associated time group shall be
omitted and only “FM” and its associated time group
shall be used. When the change is forecast to occur
at a specified time during the trend forecast period,
the abbreviation “AT” followed by its associated time
group shall be used. When the change is forecast
to commence at the beginning of the trend forecast
period and be completed by the end of that period
or when the change is forecast to occur within the
trend forecast period but the time is uncertain, the
abbreviations “FM”, “TL” or “AT” and their associated
time groups shall be omitted and the change indicator “BECMG” shall be used alone.
2.2.6
Vertical Visibility
When the sky is expected to remain or become
obscured and vertical visibility observations are
available at the aerodrome, and the vertical visibility
is forecast to improve and change to or pass through
one or more of the following values, or when the
vertical visibility is forecast to deteriorate and pass
through one or more of the following values: 30, 60,
150 or 300m (100, 200, 500 or 1000ft), the trend
forecast shall indicate the change.
2.2.7
Additional Criteria
Criteria for the indication of changes based on local
aerodrome operating minima, additional to those
specified in 2.2.2 to 2.2.6, shall be used as agreed
between the meteorological authority and the operator concerned.
2.3
USE OF CHANGE GROUPS
NOTE: Guidance on the use of change indicators in
trend forecasts is given in Appendix 3, Table A3-3.
2.3.1
When a change is expected to occur, the
trend forecast shall begin with one of the change indicators “BECMG” or “TEMPO”.
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2.3.3
The change indicator “TEMPO” shall be
used to describe forecast temporary fluctuations in
the meteorological conditions which reach or pass
specified values and last for a period of less than
one hour in each instance and, in the aggregate,
cover less than one-half of the period during which
the fluctuations are forecast to occur. The period
during which the temporary fluctuations are forecast
to occur shall be indicated, using the abbreviations
“FM” and/or “TL”, as appropriate, each followed by a
time group in hours and minutes. When the period
of temporary fluctuations in the meteorological conditions is forecast to begin and end wholly within the
trend forecast period, the beginning and end of the
period of temporary fluctuations shall be indicated by
using the abbreviations “FM” and “TL”, respectively,
with their associated time groups. When the period
of temporary fluctuations is forecast to commence
at the beginning of the trend forecast period but
cease before the end of that period, the abbreviation
“FM” and its associated time group shall be omitted
and only “TL” and its associated time group shall be
used. When the period of temporary fluctuations is
forecast to begin during the trend forecast period
and cease by the end of that period, the abbreviation
“TL” and its associated time group shall be omitted
and only “FM” and its associated time group shall be
used. When the period of temporary fluctuations is
forecast to commence at the beginning of the trend
forecast period and cease by the end of that period,
both abbreviations “FM” and “TL” and their associated time groups shall be omitted and the change
indicator “TEMPO” shall be used alone.
4. CRITERIA RELATED TO AREA
FORECASTS FOR LOW-LEVEL
FLIGHTS
2.4
4.3
USE OF THE PROBABILITY
INDICATOR
The indicator “PROB” shall not be used in trend forecasts.
3. CRITERIA RELATED TO
FORECASTS FOR TAKE-OFF
3.1
FORMAT OF FORECASTS FOR
TAKE-OFF
Recommendation – The format of the forecast
should be as agreed between the meteorological
authority and the operator concerned. The order of
the elements and the terminology, units and scales
used in forecasts for take-off should be the same as
those used in reports for the same aerodrome.
3.2
AMENDMENTS TO FORECASTS
FOR TAKE-OFF
Recommendation – The criteria for the issuance of
amendments for forecasts for take-off for surface wind
direction and speed, temperature and pressure and
any other elements agreed locally should be agreed
between the meteorological authority and the operators concerned. The criteria should be consistent with
the corresponding criteria for special reports established for the aerodrome in accordance with Appendix 3, 2.3.1.
4.1
FORMAT AND CONTENT OF GAMET
AREA FORECASTS
When prepared in GAMET format, area forecasts
shall contain two sections: Section I related to
information on en-route weather phenomena hazardous to low-level flights, prepared in support of
the issuance of AIRMET information, and Section II
related to additional information required by low-level
flights. The content and order of elements in a
GAMET area forecast, when prepared, shall be in
accordance with the template shown in Table A5-3.
Additional elements in Section II shall be included in
accordance with regional air navigation agreement.
Elements which are already covered by a SIGMET
message shall be omitted from GAMET area forecasts.
4.2
AMENDMENTS TO GAMET
AREA FORECASTS
When a weather phenomenon hazardous to low-level
flights has been included in the GAMET area forecast
and the phenomenon forecast does not occur, or is
no longer forecast, a GAMET AMD shall be issued,
amending only the weather element concerned.
NOTE: Specifications regarding the issuance of
AIRMET information amending the area forecast
in respect of weather phenomena hazardous for
low-level flights are given in Appendix 6.
CONTENT OF AREA FORECASTS
FOR LOW-LEVEL FLIGHTS IN
CHART FORM
4.3.1
When chart form is used for area forecasts
for low-level flights, the forecast of upper wind and
upper-air temperature shall be issued for points separated by no more than 500km (300NM) and for at least
the following altitudes: 600, 1500 and 3000m (2000,
5000 and 10000ft), and 4500m (15000ft) in mountainous areas.
4.3.2
When chart form is used for area forecasts
for low-level flights, the forecast of SIGWX phenomena shall be issued as low-level SIGWX forecast for
flight levels up to 100 (or up to flight level 150 in mountainous areas, or higher, where necessary). Low-level
SIGWX forecasts shall include the following items:
a. the phenomena warranting the issuance of a
SIGMET as given in Appendix 6 and which are
expected to affect low-level flights; and
b. the elements in area forecasts for low-level
flights as given in Table A5-3 except elements
concerning:
1. upper winds and temperatures; and
2. forecast QNH.
NOTE: Guidance on the use of terms "ISOL", "OCNL"
and "FRQ" referring to cumulonimbus and towering
cumulus clouds, and thunderstorms is given in
Appendix 6.
q$z
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/ FORECAST - ANNEX 3
4.4
EXCHANGE OF AREA FORECASTS
FOR LOW-LEVEL FLIGHTS
Area forecasts for low-level flights prepared in support of the issuance of AIRMET information shall
be exchanged between aerodrome meteorological
offices and/or meteorological watch offices responsible for the issuance of flight documentation for
low-level flights in the flight information regions concerned.
Table A5-1. Template for TAF
Key:
M
C
O
=
=
=
inclusion mandatory, part of every message
inclusion conditional, dependent on meteorological condition or method of observation
inclusion optional
NOTE 1: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in TAF are shown in Table A5-4
of this Appendix.
NOTE 2: The explanations for the abbreviations used can be found in the Procedures for Air Navigation
Services - ICAO Abbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC, Doc 8400).
Table A5-1. Template for TAF
Element as
specified in
Chapter 6
Identification
of the type of
forecast (M)
Location
indicator (M)
Time of issue of
forecast (M)
Identification
of a missing
forecast (C)
END OF TAF IF
Day and period
of validity of
forecast (M)
Template(s)
Detailed Content
Examples
Type of forecast
(M)
TAF or TAF AMD or TAF COR
TAF
TAF AMD
ICAO location
indicator (M)
Day and time
of issue of the
forecast in UTC
(M)
Missing forecast
identifier (C)
nnnn
YUDO1
nnnnnnZ
160000Z
NIL
NIL
THE FORECAST IS MISSING
Days and period of nnnn/nnnn
the validity of the
forecast in UTC
(M)
Cancelled forecast CNL
identifier (C)
Identification
of a cancelled
forecast (C)
END OF TAF IF THE FORECAST IS CANCELLED
Surface wind
Wind direction (M) nnn or VRB2
(M)
Wind speed (M)
[P]nn[n]
Significant speed
variations (C)3
Units of
measurement (M)
G[P]nn[n]
MPS (or KT)
0812/0918
CNL
24004MPS;
VRB01MPS
(24008KT);
(VRB02KT)
19005MPS
(19010KT)
00000MPS
(00000KT)
140P49MPS
(140P99KT)
12003G09MPS
(12006G18KT)
24008G14MPS
(24016G28KT)
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© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Table A5-1. Template for TAF (continued)
Element as
specified in
Chapter 6
Visibility (M)
Weather (C)4, 5
Template(s)
Detailed Content
Prevailing visibility nnnn
(M)
Intensity
of weather
phenomena (C)6
Characteristics
and type
of weather
phenomena (C)7
- or +
DZ or RA or
SN or SG or
PL or DS or
SS or
FZDZ or
FZRA or
SHGR or
SHGS or
SHRA or
SHSN or
TSGR or
TSGS or
TSRA or
TSSN
Cloud (M)8
Cloud amount and
height of base or
vertical visibility
(M)
Cloud type (C)4
Temperature
(O)9
Name of the
element (M)
Maximum
temperature (M)
Day and time
of occurrence
of the maximum
temperature (M)
Name of the
element (M)
Minimum
temperature (M)
Day and time
of occurrence
of the minimum
temperature (M)
FEWnnn
or
SCTnnn
or
BKNnnn
or
OVCnnn
CB or
TCU
TX
[M]nn/
VVnnn
or
VV///
—
Examples
CAVOK 0350
CAVOK
7000
9000
9999
—
RA
HZ
+TSRA
FG
-FZDZ PRFG
FG or BR
+TSRASN
or SA or
SNRA FG
DU or HZ
or FU or
VA or SQ
or
PO or FC
or TS or
BCFG or
BLDU or
BLSA or
BLSN or
DRDU or
DRSA or
DRSN or
FZFG or
MIFG or
PRFG
NSC
FEW010
VV005
OVC020
VV///
NSC
SCT005 BKN012
SCT008 BKN025CB
TX25/1013Z TN09/1005Z
TX05/2112Z TNM02/2103Z
nnnnZ
TN
[M]nn/
nnnnZ
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Table A5-1. Template for TAF (continued)
Element as
specified in
Chapter 6
Expected
significant
changes to one
or more of the
above elements
during the
period of
validity (C)4,
10
Template(s)
Detailed Content
Change or
probability
indicator (M)
Period of
occurrence or
change (M)
Wind (C)4
PROB30 [TEMPO] or PROB40
[TEMPO] or BECMG or
TEMPO or FM
nnnn/nnnn or nnnnnn11
nnn[P]nn[n][G[P]nn[n]]MPS
or
VRBnnMPS
(or
nnn[P]nn[G[P]nn]KT
or
VRBnnKT)
Prevailing visibility nnnn
(C)4
—
- or +
Weather
NSW
phenomenon:
intensity (C)6
Weather
DZ or
phenomenon:
RA or
characteristics and SN or
type (C)4, 7
SG or
PL or DS
or
SS or
FZDZ or
FZRA or
SHGR or
SHGS or
SHRA or
SHSN or
TSGR or
TSGS or
TSRA or
TSSN
Fictitious location.
2
To be used in accordance with 1.2.1.
TEMPO 0815/0818
25017G25MPS
(TEMPO 0815/0818
25034G50KT)
TEMPO 2212/2214
17006G13MPS 1000
TSRA SCT010CB BKN020
(TEMPO 2212/2214
17012G26KT 1000
TSRA SCT010CB BKN020)
BECMG 3010/3011
00000MPS 2400 OVC010
(BECMG 3010/3011 00000KT
2400 OVC010)
CAVOK
PROB30 1412/1414 0800 FG
BECMG 1412/1414 RA
TEMPO 2503/2504 FZRA
TEMPO 0612/0615 BLSN
PROB40 TEMPO 2923/3001
0500 FG
FG or
BR or SA
or
DU or HZ
or
FU or VA
or
SQ or
PO or
FC or TS
or
BCFG or
BLDU or
BLSA or
BLSN or
DRDU or
DRSA or
DRSN or
FZFG or
MIFG or
PRFG
Cloud amount and FEWnnn VVnnn or NSC
VV///
height of base or or
SCTnnn
vertical visibility
or
(C)4
BKNnnn
or
OVCnnn
—
Cloud type (C)4
CB or
TCU
1
Examples
FM051230 15015KMH 9999
BKN020
(FM051230 15008KT 9999
BKN020)
BECMG 1618/1620 8000
NSW NSC
BECMG 2306/2308
SCT015CB BKN020
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Table A5-1. Template for TAF (continued)
3
To be included in accordance with 1.2.1.
4
To be included whenever applicable.
5
One or more, up to a maximum of three, groups in accordance with 1.2.3.
6
To be included whenever applicable in accordance with 1.2.3. No qualifier for moderate intensity.
7
Weather phenomena to be included in accordance with 1.2.3.
8
Up to four cloud layers in accordance with 1.2.4.
9
To be included in accordance with 1.2.5, consisting of up to a maximum of four temperatures (two
maximum temperatures and two minimum temperatures).
10
To be included in accordance with 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5.
11
To be used with FM only.
Table A5-2. Use of Change and Time Indicators in TAF
Change or Time
Indicator
FM
BECMG
TEMPO
PROBnn
—
TEMPO
Time Period
Meaning
ndndnhnhnmnm used to indicate a significant change in most weather elements
occurring at ndnd day, nhnh hours and nmnm minutes (UTC); all the
elements given before "FM" are to be included following “FM” (i.e. they
are all superseded by those following the abbreviation)
nd1nd1nh1nh1/ the change is forecast to commence at nd1nd1 day and nh1nh1 hours
(UTC) and be completed by nd2nd2 day and nh2nh2 hours (UTC);
nd2nd2nh2nh2
only those elements for which a change is forecast are to be given
following “BECMG”; the time period nd1nd1nh1nh1/nd2nd2nh2nh2nh2
should normally be less than 2 hours and in any case should not
exceed 4 hours
nd1nd1nh1nh1/ temporary fluctuations are forecast to commence at nd1nd1 day and
nd2nd2nh2nh2
nh1nh1 hours (UTC) and cease by nd2nd2 day and nh2nh2 hours (UTC);
only those elements for which fluctuations are forecast are to be given
following “TEMPO”; temporary fluctuations should not last more than
one hour in each instance, and in the aggregate, cover less than half
of the period nd1nd1nh1nh1/nd2nd2nh2nh2
nd1nd1nh1nh1/ probability of occurrence (in %) of —
an alternative value of a forecast
nd2nd2nh2nh2
nd1nd1nh1nh1/ element or elements; nn = 30 or
probability of occurrence of
nn = 40 only; to be placed after the
nd2nd2nh2nh2
temporary fluctuations
element(s) concerned
Table A5-3. Template for GAMET
Key:
M
C
O
=
=
=
=
=
inclusion mandatory, part of every message
inclusion conditional, dependent on meteorological conditions
inclusion optional
double line indicates that the text following it should be placed on the subsequent line
Table A5-3. Template for GAMET
Element
Location
indicator of
FIR/CTA (M)
Identification
(M)
Detailed Content
Template
ICAO location indicator of the ATS nnnn
unit serving the FIR or CTA to
which the GAMET refers (M)
Message identification (M)
GAMET
Examples
YUCC1
GAMET
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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/ FORECAST - ANNEX 3
Table A5-3. Template for GAMET (continued)
Element
Validity period
(M)
Location
indicator of
aerodrome
meteorological
office or
meteorological
watch office (M)
Name of the
FIR/CTA or part
thereof (M)
1
Detailed Content
Day-time groups indicating the
period of validity in UTC (M)
Location indicator of aerodrome
meteorological office or
meteorological watch office
originating the message with a
separating hyphen (M)
Template
VALID nnnnnn/nnnnnn
Examples
VALID 220600/221200
nnnn–
YUDO–1
Location indicator and name of the nnnn nnnnnnnnnn
FIR/CTA, or part thereof for which FIR[/n] [BLW FLnnn]
or
the GAMET is issued (M)
nnnn nnnnnnnnnn
CTA[/n] [BLW FLnnn]
YUCC AMSWELL FIR/2
BLW FL120
YUCC AMSWELL FIR
Fictitious location.
Table A5-3. Template for GAMET
Element
Detailed content
Template
Identifier
and time
Indicator for the
beginning of
Section I (M)
Surface wind
(C)
Indicator to identify the
beginning of Section I
(M)
Widespread surface
SFC
wind exeeding 15m/s WIND:
(30kt)
[nn/nn]
Surface
visibility (C)
Widespread surface
visibility below 5000m
including the weather
phenomena causing
the reduction in
visibility
SFC VIS:
[nn/nn]
Location
Content
Examples
SECN I
[N of Nnn
or Snn] or
[S of Nnn
or Snn] or
[W of
Wnnn or
Ennn] or
[E of
Wnnn or
Ennn] or
[nnnnnnnn
nn]1
nnn/[n]
nnMPS
(or nnn/[n]
nnKT)
nnnnM FG or
BR or
SA or DU or
HZ or FU or
VA or PO or
DS or SS or
DZ or RA or
SN or SG or
FC or GR or
GS or PL or
SQ
SFC WIND: 10/12
310/16MPS
SFC WIND: E OF W110
050/40KT
SFC VIS: 06/08 N OF N51
3000M BR
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© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Table A5-3. Template for GAMET (continued)
Element
Detailed content
Significant
weather (C)
Significant
weather conditions
encompassing
thunderstorms and
heavy sandstorm
and duststorm, and
volcanic ash
Mountain
Mountain obscuration
obscuration (C)
Cloud (C)
Widespread areas of
broken or overcast
cloud with height
of base less than
300m (1000ft) above
ground level (AGL)
or above mean sea
level (AMSL) and/or
any or occurrence of
cumulonimbus (CB)
or towering cumulus
(TCU) clouds
Icing (C)
Template
Identifier
and time
SIGWX:
[nn/nn]
MT OBSC:
[nn/nn]
SIG CLD:
[nn/nn]
Icing (except for that
ICE:
occurring in convective [nn/nn]
clouds and for severe
icing for which a
SIGMET message has
already been issued)
Location
Content
ISOL TS or
OCNL TS or
FRQ TS or
OBSC TS or
EMBD TS or
HVY DS or
HVY SS or
SQL TS or
ISOL TSGR
or
OCNL TSGR
or
FRQ TSGR
or
OBSC TSGR
or
EMBD TSGR
or
SQL TSGR
or VA
nnnnnnnn
nn1
Examples
SIGWX: 11/12 ISOL TS
SIGWX: 12/14 S OF N35
HVY SS
MT OBSC: S OF N48 MT
PASSES
SIG CLD: 06/09 N OF N51
OVC 800/1100FT AGL 10/12
ISOL TCU
1200/8000FT AGL
BKN or OVC
[n]nnn/
[n]nnnM
(or [n]nnn/
[n]nnnFT)
AGL or AMSL
ISOL
or OCNL or
FRQ
or OBSC
or EMBD CB2
or TCU2
[n]nnn/
[n]nnnM
(or [n]nnn/
[n]nnnFT)
AGL or AMSL
MOD FLnnn/ ICE: MOD FL050/080
nnn
or MOD ABV
FLnnn
or SEV
FLnnn/nnn
or SEV ABV
FLnnn
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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/ FORECAST - ANNEX 3
Table A5-3. Template for GAMET (continued)
Element
Detailed content
Turbulence (C)
Turbulence (except
for that occurring in
convective clouds and
for severe turbulence
for which a SIGMET
message has already
been issued)
Template
Identifier
and time
TURB:
[nn/nn]
Location
MOD FLnnn/
nnn
or MOD ABV
FLnnn
or SEV
FLnnn/nnn
or SEV ABV
FLnnn
MOD FLnnn/
nnn
or MOD ABV
FLnnn
or SEV
FLnnn/nnn
or SEV ABV
FLnnn
[n][n]n3
Mountain wave Mountain wave (except MTW:
(C)
[nn/nn]
for severe mountain
wave for which a
SIGMET message has
already been issued)
SIGMET (C)
SIGMET messages
applicable to the
FIR/CTA concerned
or a sub-area thereof,
for which the area
forecast is valid
or HAZARDOUS WX NIL (C)4
Indicator for the Indicator to identify the
beginning of
beginning of Section II
Section II (M)
(M)
Pressure
Pressure centers
centers and
and fronts and their
fronts (M)
expected movements
and developments
Examples
Content
—
SIGMET
APPLICABLE:
TURB: MOD ABV FL090
MTW: N OF N63 MOD ABV
FL080
SIGMET APPLICABLE: 3,
A5, B06
HAZARDOUS WX NIL
SECN II
PSYS:
[nn]
Nnnnn or
Snnnn
Wnnnnn
or Ennnnn
or Nnnnn
or Snnnn
Wnnnnn
or Ennnnn
TO Nnnnn
or Snnnn
Wnnnnn
or Ennnnn
—
L [n]nnn HPA PSYS: 06 N5130 E01000 L
1004HPA
or H [n]nnn
HPA
MOV NE 25KT WKN
or FRONT
or NIL
MOV N or
MOV NE or
MOV E or
MOV SE or
MOV S or
MOV SW or
MOV W or
MOV NW
nnKMH (or
nnKT) WKN
or NCor
INTSF
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Table A5-3. Template for GAMET (continued)
Template
Identifier
Location
Content
and time
Upper
Upper winds and
Nnnnn or [n]nnn M (or
WIND/T:
winds and
upper-air temperatures
Snnnn
[n]nnn FT)
temperatures
for at least the following
Wnnnnn nnn/[n]nn
(M)
altitudes: 600, 1500
or Ennnnn MPS (or
and 3000m (2000,
nnn/[n]nn
or [N of
5000 and 10000 ft)
KT) PSnn or
Nnn or
MSnn
Snn]
Cloud (M)
Cloud information not CLD:
FEW or SCT
or [S of
included in Section I
[nn/nn]
or BKN or
Nnn or
giving type, height of
OVC
Snn]
base and top above
ST or SC or
or [W of CU or AS
ground level (AGL) or
Wnnn or or AC or NS
above mean sea level
Ennn]
(AMSL)
[n]nnn/[n]nnn
or [E of
M (or [n]nnn/
Wnnn or [n]nnn FT)
Ennn]
AGL or AMSL
or NIL
or
[nnnnnnnn [ABV]
Freezing level Height indication of
FZLVL:
nn]1
(M)
0°C level(s) above
[n]nnnFT
ground level (AGL) or
AGL or AMSL
above mean sea level
(AMSL), if lower than
the top of the airspace
for which the forecast
is supplied
[n]nnn HPA
Forecast QNH Forecast lowest ONH MNM
QNH:
(M)
during the period of
validity
Sea-surface
Sea-surface
SEA:
Tnn HGT [n]n
temperature
temperature and state
M
and state of the of the sea if required by
sea (O)
regional air navigation
agreement
nnnnnn nnnn
Volcanic
Name of volcano
VA:
or NIL
eruptions (M)
Element
Detailed content
Examples
WIND/T: 2000 FT 270/18
MPS PS03 5000 FT 250/20
MPS MS02 10000 FT 240/22
MPS MS11
CLD: BKN SC 2500/8000 FT
AGL
CLD: NIL
FZLVL: 3000 FT AGL
MNM QNH: 1004 HPA
SEA: T15 HGT 5 M
VA: ETNA
VA: NIL
1
Free text describing well-known geographical locations should be kept to a minimum.
2
The location of the CB and/or TCU should be specified in addition to any widespread areas of
broken or overcast cloud as given in the example.
3
List as necessary, with comma separating.
4
When no elements are included in Section I.
Table A5-4. Ranges and Resolutions for the Numerical Elements included in TAF
Element as specified in Chapter 6
Wind direction:
Wind speed:
Visibility:
Vertical visibility:
Cloud: height of base:
Air temperature (maximum and minimum):
° true
MPS
KT
M
M
M
M
30’s M (100’s
FT)
30’s M (100’s
FT)
°C
Range
000 - 360
00 - 991
00 - 1991
0000 - 0750
0800 - 4900
5000 - 9000
10000 –
000 - 020
Resolution
10
1
1
50
100
1000
0 (fixed value: 9999)
1
000 - 100
1
-80 - +60
1
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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/ FORECAST - ANNEX 3
Table A5-4. Ranges and Resolutions for the Numerical Elements included in TAF (continued)
1
There is no aeronautical requirement to report surface wind speeds of 50m/s (100kt) or more; however, provision has
been made for reporting wind speeds up to 99m/s (199kt) for non-aeronautical purposes, as necessary.
Example A5-1. TAF
(Donlon/International)1:
TAF for YUDO
TAF YUDO 160000Z 1606/1624 13005MPS 9000 BKN020 BECMG 1606/1608 SCT015CB BKN020 TEMPO
1608/1612 17006G12MPS 1000 TSRA SCT010CB BKN020 FM161230 15004MPS 9999 BKN020
Meaning:
TAF for Donlon/International1 issued on the 16th of the month at 0000 UTC valid from 0600 UTC to 2400 UTC
on the 16th of the month; surface wind direction 130 degrees; wind speed 5 meters per second; visibility 9
kilometers, broken cloud at 600 meters; becoming between 0600 UTC and 0800 UTC on the 16th of the
month, scattered cumulonimbus cloud at 450 meters and broken cloud at 600 meters; temporarily between
0800 UTC and 1200 UTC on the 16th of the month surface wind direction 170 degrees; wind speed 6 meters
per second gusting to 12 meters per second; visibility 1000 meters in a thunderstorm with moderate rain,
scattered cumulonimbus cloud at 300 meters and broken cloud at 600 meters; from 1230 UTC on the 16th of
the month surface wind direction 150 degrees; wind speed 4 meters per second; visibility 10 kilometers or
more; and broken cloud at 600 meters.
NOTE: In this example, the primary units "meter per second" and "meter" were used for wind speed and
height of cloud base, respectively. However, in accordance with Annex 5, the corresponding non-SI alternative
units "knot" and “foot" may be used instead.
1
Fictitious location.
Example A5-2. Cancellation of TAF
Cancellation of TAF for YUDO (Donlon/International)1:
TAF AMD YUDO 161500Z 1606/1624 CNL
Meaning:
Amended TAF for Donlon/International1 issued on the 16th of the month at 1500 UTC cancelling the
previously issued TAF valid from 0600 UTC to 2400 UTC on the 16th of the month.
1
Fictitious location.
Example A5-3. GAMET Area Forecast
YUCC GAMET VALID 220600/221200 YUDO
YUCC AMSWELL FIR/2 BLW FL120
SECN I
SFC WIND
10/12 310/16MPS
SFC VIS:
06/08 N OF N51 3000M BR
SIGWX:
11/12 ISOL TS
SIG CLD:
06/09 N OF N51 OVC 800/1100FT AGL 10/12 ISOL TCU 1200/8000FT AGL
ICE:
MOD FL050/080
TURB:
MOD ABV FL090
3, 5
SIGMETS APPLICABLE:
SECN II
PSYS:
06 N5130 E01000 L 1004HPA MOV NE 25 KT WKN
WIND/T:
2000FT N5500 W01000 270/18MPS PS03 5000FT N5500 W01000 250/20MPS
MS02 10000FT N5500 W01000 240/22MPS MS11
CLD:
BKN SC 2500/8000 FT AGL
FZLVL:
3000 FT AGL
1004 HPA
MNM QNH:
SEA:
VA:
Meaning:
T15 HGT 5M
NIL
An area forecast for low-level flights (GAMET) issued for sub-area two of the
Amswell1 flight information region (identified by YUCC Amswell area control
center) for below flight level 120 by the Donlon/International1 aerodrome
meteorological office (YUDO); the message is valid from 0600 UTC to 1200
UTC on the 22nd of the month.
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/ FORECAST - ANNEX 3
Example A5-3. GAMET Area Forecast (continued)
Section I
Surface wind speed and
direction:
Surface visibility:
Significant weather
phenomena:
Significant clouds:
Icing:
Turbulence:
SIGMET messages:
Section II
Pressure systems:
Winds and temperatures:
Clouds:
Freezing level:
Minimum QNH:
Sea:
Volcanic ash:
1
between 1000 UTC and 1200 UTC surface wind direction 310 degrees; wind
speed 16 meters per second;
between 0600 UTC and 0800 UTC north of 51 degrees north 3000 meters
(due to mist);
between 1100 UTC and 1200 UTC isolated thunderstorms without hail;
between 0600 UTC and 0900 UTC north of 51 degrees north overcast base
800, top 1100 feet above ground level; between 1000 UTC and 1200 UTC
isolated towering cumulus base 1200, top 8000 feet above ground level;
moderate between flight level 050 and 080
moderate above flight level 090 (at least up to flight level 120)
3 and 5 applicable to the validity period and sub-area concerned
at 0600 UTC low pressure of 1004 hectopascals at 51.5 degrees north 10.0
degrees east, expected to move north-eastwards at 25 knots and to weaken
at 2000 feet above ground level at 55 degrees north 10 degrees west wind
direction 270 degrees, wind speed 18 meters per second, temperature plus
3 degrees Celsius; at 5000 feet above ground level at 55 degrees north 10
degrees west wind direction 250 degrees, wind speed 20 meters per second,
temperature minus 2 degrees Celsius; at 10 000 feet above ground level at 55
degrees north 10 degrees west wind direction 240 degrees, wind speed 22
meters per second, temperature minus 11 degrees Celsius;
broken stratocumulus, base 2500 feet, top 8000 feet above ground level
3000 feet above ground level
1004 hectopascals
surface temperature 15 degrees Celsius; and state of the sea 5 meters
nil
Fictitious locations.
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SIGMET, AIRMET, WSW - ANNEX 3
Appendix 6. Technical Specifications
related to SIGMET and AIRMET
Information, Aerodrome Warnings
and Wind Shear Warnings and Alerts
(See Chapter 7 of this Annex.)
NOTE: Data type designators to be used in abbreviated headings for SIGMET, AIRMET tropical cyclone
and volcanic ash advisory messages are given in
the Manual on the Global Telecommunication System
(WMO-No. 386).
1. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO
SIGMET INFORMATION
1.1
FORMAT OF SIGMET MESSAGES
1.1.1
The content and order of elements in a
SIGMET message shall be in accordance with the
template shown in Table A6-1A.
1.1.2
Messages containing SIGMET information for subsonic aircraft shall be identified as
"SIGMET".
1.1.3
The sequence number referred to in the
template in Table A6-1A shall correspond with the
number of SIGMET messages issued for the flight
information region (FIR) since 0001 UTC on the day
concerned. The meteorological watch offices whose
area of responsibility encompasses more than one
FIR and/or control area (CTA) shall issue separate
SIGMET messages for each FIR and/or CTA within
its area of responsibility.
1.1.4
In accordance with the template in Table
A6-1A, only one of the following phenomena shall be
included in a SIGMET message, using the abbreviations as indicated below:
At cruising levels (irrespective of altitude):
Thunderstorm
– obscured
OBSC TS
– embedded
EMBD TS
– frequent
FRQ TS
– squall line
SQL TS
– obscured with hail
OBSC TSGR
– embedded with hail
EMBD TSGR
– frequent, with hail
FRQ TSGR
– squall line with hail
SQL TSGR
Tropical Cyclone
– tropical cyclone with
10-minute mean
surface wind speed
of 17m/s (34kt) or
more
Turbulence
– severe turbulence
Icing
– severe icing
– severe icing due to
freezing rain
Mountain Wave
TC (+ cyclone name)
SEV TURB
SEV ICE
SEV ICE (FZRA)
– severe mountain wave SEV MTW
Duststorm
– heavy duststorm
HVY DS
Sandstorm
– heavy sandstorm
HVY SS
Volcanic Ash
– volcanic ash
VA (+ volcano name, if
known)
Radioactive Cloud
RDOACT CLD
1.1.5
SIGMET information shall not contain
unnecessary descriptive material. In describing
the weather phenomena for which the SIGMET is
issued, no descriptive material additional to that
given in 1.1.4 shall be included. SIGMET information
concerning thunderstorms or a tropical cyclone shall
not include references to associated turbulence and
icing.
1.1.6
Recommendation – Meteorological
watch offices in a position to do so should issue
SIGMET information in digital form, in addition to the
issuance of this SIGMET information in abbreviated
plain language in accordance with 1.1.1.
1.1.7
SIGMET if disseminated in digital form
shall be formatted in accordance with a globally
interoperable information exchange model and shall
use extensible markup language (XML)/geography
markup language (GML).
1.1.8
SIGMET if disseminated in digital form
shall be accompanied by the appropriate metadata.
NOTE: Guidance on the information exchange model,
XML/GML and the metadata profile is provided in
the Manual on the Digital Exchange of Aeronautical
Meteorological Information (Doc 10003).
1.1.9
Recommendation – SIGMET, when
issued in graphical format, should be as specified in
Appendix 1, including the use of applicable symbols
and/or abbreviations.
1.2
DISSEMINATION OF SIGMET
MESSAGES
1.2.1
SIGMET messages shall be disseminated
to meteorological watch offices, WAFCs and to other
meteorological offices in accordance with regional air
navigation agreement. SIGMET messages for volcanic ash shall also be disseminated to volcanic ash
advisory centers.
1.2.2
SIGMET messages shall be disseminated
to international OPMET data banks and the centers
designated by regional air navigation agreement for
the operation of aeronautical fixed service satellite
distribution systems, in accordance with regional air
navigation agreement.
2. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO
AIRMET INFORMATION
2.1
FORMAT OF AIRMET MESSAGES
2.1.1
The content and order of elements in an
AIRMET message shall be in accordance with the
template shown in Table A6-1A.
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SIGMET, AIRMET, WSW - ANNEX 3
2.1.2
The sequence number referred to in the
template in Table A6-1A shall correspond with the
number of AIRMET messages issued for the FIR
since 0001 UTC on the day concerned. The meteorological watch offices whose area of responsibility
encompasses more than one FIR and/or CTA shall
issue separate AIRMET messages for each FIR
and/or CTA within its area of responsibility.
2.1.3
The FIR shall be divided in sub-areas, as
necessary.
2.1.4
In accordance with the template in Table
A6-1A, only one of the following phenomena shall be
included in an AIRMET message, using the abbreviations as indicated below:
At cruising levels below flight level 100 (or below flight level 150 in mountainous areas, or higher, where
necessary):
Surface Wind Speed
– widespread mean surface wind speed above
SFC WSPD
15m/s (30kt)
(+ wind speed, direction and units)
Surface Visibility
– widespread areas affected by reduction of
SFC VIS
visibility to less than 5000m, including the weather (+ visibility)
phenomenon causing the reduction of visibility
(+ one of the following weather phenomena or
combination thereof: BR, DS, DU, DZ, FC, FG, FU,
GR, GS, HZ, IC, PL, PO, RA, SA, SG, SN, SQ, SS
or VA)
Thunderstorms
– isolated thunderstorms without hail
ISOL TS
– occasional thunderstorms without hail
OCNL TS
– isolated thunderstorms with hail
ISOL TSGR
– occasional thunderstormes with hail
OCNL TSGR
Mountain Obscuration
– mountains obscured
MT OBSC
Cloud
– widespread areas of broken or overcast cloud with height of base less than 300m (1000ft) above ground
level:
–
broken
BKN CLD (+ height of the base and top and units)
–
overcast
OVC CLD (+ height of the base and top and units)
– cumulonimbus clouds which are:
–
isolated
ISOL CB
–
occasional
OCNL CB
–
frequent
FRQ CB
– towering cumulus clouds which are:
–
isolated
ISOL TCU
–
occasional
OCNL TCU
–
frequent
FRQ TCU
Icing
– moderate icing (except for icing in convective
MOD ICE
clouds)
Turbulence
– moderate turbulence (except for turbulence in
MOD TURB
convective clouds)
Mountain Wave
– moderate mountain wave
MOD MTW
2.1.5
AIRMET information shall not contain
unnecessary descriptive material. In describing
the weather phenomena for which the AIRMET is
issued, no descriptive material additional to that
given in 2.1.4 shall be included. AIRMET information
concerning thunderstorms or cumulonimbus clouds
shall not include references to associated turbulence
and icing.
NOTE: The specifications for SIGMET information
which is also applicable to low-level flights are given
in 1.1.4.
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2.1.6
Recommendation
Meteorological
offices should issue AIRMET information in digital
form, in addition to the issuance of this AIRMET information in abbreviated plain language in accordance
with 2.1.1.
2.1.7
AIRMET if disseminated in digital form
shall be formatted in accordance with a globally
interoperable information exchange model and shall
use XML/GML.
2.1.8
AIRMET if disseminated in digital form
shall be accompanied by the appropriate metadata.
NOTE: Guidance on the information exchange model,
XML/GML and the metadata profile is provided in Doc
10003.
2.2
DISSEMINATION OF AIRMET
MESSAGES
2.2.1
Recommendation – AIRMET messages
should be disseminated to meteorological watch
offices in adjacent FIRs and to other meteorological
watch offices or aerodrome meteorological offices, as
agreed by the meteorological authorities concerned.
2.2.2
Recommendation – AIRMET messages
should be transmitted to international operational
meteorological data banks and the centers designated by regional air navigation agreement for
the operation of aeronautical fixed service Internet-based services, in accordance with regional air
navigation agreement.
3. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO
SPECIAL AIR-REPORTS
NOTE: This appendix deals with the uplink of special
air-reports. The general specifications related to special air-reports are in Appendix 4.
3.1
Recommendation – Special air-reports
should be uplinked for 60 minutes after their issuance.
3.2
Recommendation – Information on wind
and temperature included in automated special
air-reports should not be uplinked to other aircraft in
flight.
4. DETAILED CRITERIA RELATED
TO SIGMET AND AIRMET
MESSAGES AND SPECIAL
AIR-REPORTS (UPLINK)
4.1
IDENTIFICATION OF THE FLIGHT
INFORMATION REGION
Recommendation – In cases where the airspace is
divided into an FIR and an upper flight information
region (UIR), the SIGMET should be identified by the
location indicator of the air traffic services unit serving
the FIR.
NOTE: The SIGMET message applies to the whole
airspace within the lateral limits of the FIR, i.e. to
the FIR and to the UIR. The particular areas and/or
flight levels affected by the meteorological phenomena causing the issuance of the SIGMET are given
in the text of the message.
4.2
CRITERIA RELATED TO
PHENOMENA INCLUDED IN SIGMET
AND AIRMET MESSAGES AND
SPECIAL AIR-REPORTS (UPLINK)
4.2.1
Recommendation – An area of thunderstorms and cumulonimbus clouds should be considered:
a) obscured (OBSC) if it is obscured by haze or
smoke or cannot be readily seen due to darkness;
b) embedded (EMBD) if it is embedded within
cloud layers and cannot be readily recognized;
c) isolated (ISOL) if it consists of individual features which affect, or are forecast to affect, an
area with a maximum spatial coverage less
than 50 per cent of the area concerned (at a
fixed time or during the period of validity); and
d) occasional (OCNL) if it consists of well-separated features which affect, or are forecast to
affect, an area with a maximum spatial coverage between 50 and 75 per cent of the area
concerned (at a fixed time or during the period
of validity).
4.2.2
Recommendation – An area of thunderstorms should be considered frequent (FRQ) if within
that area there is little or no separation between adjacent thunderstorms with a maximum spatial coverage
greater than 75 per cent of the area affected, or forecast to be affected, by the phenomenon (at a fixed
time or during the period of validity).
4.2.3
Recommendation – Squall line (SQL)
should indicate a thunderstorm along a line with little
or no space between individual clouds.
4.2.4
Recommendation – Hail (GR) should be
used as a further description of the thunderstorm, as
necessary.
4.2.5
Recommendation – Severe and moderate turbulence (TURB) should refer only to: low-level
turbulence associated with strong surface winds;
rotor streaming; or turbulence whether in cloud or
not in cloud (CAT). Turbulence should not be used in
connection with convective clouds.
4.2.6
Turbulence shall be considered:
a) severe whenever the peak value of the cube
root of EDR exceeds 0.7; and
b) moderate whenever the peak value of the cube
root of EDR is above 0.4 and below or equal to
0.7.
4.2.7
Recommendation – Severe and moderate icing (ICE) should refer to icing in other than convective clouds. Freezing Rain (FZRA) should refer to
severe icing conditions caused by freezing rain.
4.2.8
Recommendation – A mountain wave
(MTW) should be considered:
a) severe whenever an accompanying downdraft
of 3.0m/s (600ft/min) or more and/or severe turbulence is observed or forecast; and
b) moderate whenever an accompanying downdraft of 1.75-3.0m/s (350-600ft/min) and/or
moderate turbulence is observed or forecast.
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SIGMET, AIRMET, WSW - ANNEX 3
4.2.9
Recommendation – Sandstorm/duststorm should be considered:
a. heavy whenever the visibility is below 200m and
the sky is obscured; and
b. moderate whenever the visibility is:
– below 200m and the sky is not obscured; or
– between 200m and 600m.
5.2
5. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO
AERODROME WARNINGS
6. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO
WIND SHEAR WARNINGS
5.1
FORMAT AND DISSEMINATION OF
AERODROME WARNINGS
5.1.1
The aerodrome warnings shall be issued
in accordance with the template in Table A6-2 where
required by operators or aerodrome services, and
shall be disseminated in accordance with local
arrangements to those concerned.
5.1.2
The sequence number referred to in the
template in Table A6-2 shall correspond with the number of aerodrome warnings issued for the aerodrome
since 0001 UTC on the day concerned.
5.1.3
Recommendation – In accordance with
the template in Table A6-2, aerodrome warnings
should relate to the occurrence or expected occurrence of one or more of the following phenomena:
– tropical cyclone (to be included if the 10-minute
mean surface wind speed at the aerodrome is
expected to be 17m/s (34kt) or more);
– thunderstorm;
– hail;
– snow (including the expected or observed snow
accumulation);
– freezing precipitation;
– hoar frost or rime;
– sandstorm;
– duststorm;
– rising sand or dust;
– strong surface wind and gusts;
– squall;
– frost;
– volcanic ash;
– tsunami;
– volcanic ash deposition;
– toxic chemicals;
– other phenomena as agreed locally.
NOTE: Aerodrome warnings related to the occurrence or expected occurrence of tsunami are not
required where a national public safety plan for
tsunami is integrated with the "at risk" aerodrome
concerned.
5.1.4
Recommendation – The use of text additional to the abbreviations listed in the template in
Table A6-2 should be kept to a minimum. The additional text should be prepared in abbreviated plain
language using approved ICAO abbreviations and
numerical values. If no ICAO approved abbreviations
are available, English plain language text should be
used.
QUANTITATIVE CRITERIA FOR
AERODROME WARNINGS
Recommendation – When quantitative criteria are
necessary for the issue of aerodrome warnings covering, for example, the expected maximum wind speed
or the expected total snowfall, the criteria used should
be as agreed between the aerodrome meteorological
office and the users concerned.
6.1
DETECTION OF WIND SHEAR
Recommendation – Evidence of the existence of
wind shear should be derived from:
a. ground-based wind shear remote-sensing
equipment, for example, Doppler radar;
b. ground-based wind shear detection equipment,
for example, a system of surface wind and/or
pressure sensors located in an array monitoring
a specific runway or runways and associated
approach and departure paths;
c. aircraft observations during the climb-out or
approach phases of flight to be made in accordance with Chapter 5; or
d. other meteorological information, for example,
from appropriate sensors located on existing
masts or towers in the vicinity of the aerodrome
or nearby areas of high ground.
NOTE: Wind shear conditions are normally associated with the following phenomena:
– thunderstorms, microbursts, funnel cloud (tornado
or waterspout), and gust fronts;
– frontal surfaces;
– strong surface winds coupled with local topography;
– sea breeze fronts;
– mountain waves (including low-level rotors in the
terminal area);
– low-level temperature inversions.
6.2
FORMAT AND DISSEMINATION
OF WIND SHEAR WARNINGS
AND ALERTS
NOTE: Information on wind shear is also to be
included as supplementary information in local routine and special reports, METAR and SPECI in
accordance with the templates in Appendix 3, Tables
A3-1 and A3-2.
6.2.1
The wind shear warnings shall be issued
in accordance with the template in Table A6-3 and
shall be disseminated in accordance with local
arrangements to those concerned.
6.2.2
The sequence number referred to in the
template in Table A6-3 shall correspond with the number of wind shear warnings issued for the aerodrome
since 0001 UTC on the day concerned.
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6.2.3
Recommendation – The use of text additional to the abbreviations listed in the template in
Table A6-3 should be kept to a minimum. The additional text should be prepared in abbreviated plain
language using approved ICAO abbreviations and
numerical values. If no ICAO approved abbreviations
are available, English plain language text should be
used.
6.2.4
Recommendation – When an aircraft
report is used to prepare a wind shear warning, or to
confirm a warning previously issued, the corresponding aircraft report, including the aircraft type, should
be disseminated unchanged in accordance with local
arrangements to those concerned.
NOTE 1: Following reported encounters by both arriving and departing aircraft two different wind shear
warnings may exist, one for arriving aircraft and one
for departing aircraft.
NOTE 2: Specifications for reporting the intensity
of wind shear are still undergoing development. It
is recognized, however, that pilots, when reporting
wind shear, may use the qualifying terms "moderate",
"strong" or "severe", based to a large extent on their
subjective assessment of the intensity of the wind
shear encountered.
6.2.5
The wind shear alerts shall be disseminated from automated, ground-based, wind shear
remote-sensing or detection equipment in accordance with local arrangements to those concerned.
6.2.6
Recommendation – Where microbursts
are observed, reported by pilots or detected by
ground-based, wind shear detection or remote-sensing equipment, the wind shear warning and wind
shear alert should include a specific reference to
microburst.
6.2.7
Where information from ground-based
wind shear detection or remote-sensing equipment
is used to prepare a wind shear, if practicable, relate
to specific sections of the runway and distances
along the approach path or take-off path as agreed
between the meteorological authority, the appropriate ATS authority and the operators concerned.
Table A6-1A. Template for SIGMET and AIRMET Messages
Key:
M
C
=
=
=
=
inclusion mandatory, part of every message
inclusion conditional, included whenever applicable
a double line indicates that the text following it should be placed on the subsequent line
NOTE 1: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in SIGMET/AIRMET messages and in special air-reports are shown in Table
A6-4 of this Appendix.
NOTE 2: In accordance with 1.1.5 and 2.1.5, severe
or moderate icing and severe or moderate turbulence
(SEV ICE, MOD ICE, SEV TURB, MOD TURB) associated with thunderstorms, cumulonimbus clouds or
tropical cyclones should not be included.
Table A6-1A. Template for SIGMET and AIRMET Messages
Element
Location
indicator of
FIR/CTA (M)1
Identification
(M)
Validity period
(M)
SIGMET
AIRMET
Detailed
template
template
Content
ICAO location nnnn
indicator of
the ATS unit
serving the FIR
or CTA to which
the SIGMET/
AIRMET refers
(M)
Message
SIGMET [n][n]n AIRMET [n][n]n
identification
and sequence
number3
Date-time
VALID nnnnnn/nnnnnn
groups
indicating
the period of
validity in UTC
SPECIAL
message
examples
YUCC2
YUDD2
SIGMET 1
SIGMET 01
SIGMET A01
VALID
VALID
VALID
VALID
VALID
VALID
AIRMET message
examples
SIGMET 9
SIGMET 19
AIRMET B19
010000/010400
221215/221600
101520/101800
251600/252200
152000/160000
192300/200300
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SIGMET, AIRMET, WSW - ANNEX 3
Table A6-1A. Template for SIGMET and AIRMET Messages (continued)
Element
Location
indicator of
MWO (M)
Name of the
FIR/CTA (M)
Detailed
Content
Location
indicator
of MWO
originating the
message with
a separating
hyphen
Location
indicator and
name of the
FIR/CTA4 for
which the
SIGMET/
AIRMET is
issued
SIGMET
template
AIRMET
template
nnnn–
nnnn
nnnnnnnnnn
FIR[/UIR]
or
nnnn
nnnnnnnnnn
CTA
SPECIAL
message
examples
YUDO–2
YUSO–2
AIRMET message
examples
nnnn
nnnnnnnnnn
FIR[/n]
YUCC
YUCC AMSWELL
AMSWELL FIR2 FIR/22
YUDD
YUDD SHANLON
SHANLON2
FIR2
FIR/UIR2
YUDD
SHANLON
CTA2
IF THE SIGMET OR AIRMET MESSAGE IS TO BE CANCELLED, SEE DETAILS AT THE END OF THE
TEMPLATE
Phenomenon
Description of OBSC6 TS[GR 7] SFC WIND
OBSC TS
SFC WIND
(M)5
phenomenon
nnn/nn[n] MPS
040/40MPS
OBSC TSGR
causing the
(or SFC WIND
SFC WIND
EMBD TS
issuance of
nnn/nn[n]KT)
310/20KT
SIGMET/
SFC VIS 1500M
AIRMET
(BR)
ISOL TS
EMBD8 TS[GR7] SFC VIS nnnnM EMBD TSGR
15
(nn)
9
7
ISOL TSGR
FRQ TS[GR ]
FRQ TS
16
7
OCNL TS
SQL10 TS[GR 7] ISOL TS[GR]
FRQ TSGR
OCNL17 TS[GR7]
OCNL TSGR
TC
SQL TS
MT OBSC
MT OBSC
nnnnnnnnn PSN
SQL TSGR
BKN CLD
Nnn[nn] or
TC GLORIA PSN BKN CLD
nnn/[ABV]nnnnM N10
120/900M
Snn[nn]
(or
BKN
CLDnnn/
BKN CLD
Wnnn[nn] or
W060 CB
400/3000FT
Ennn[nn]
[ABV][n]nnnnFT) TC NN PSN
BKN CLD
CB orTC NN 11 or BKN CLD
S2030
SFC/3000M
PSN Nnn[nn]
SFC/[ABV]nnnnM E06030 CB
BKN CLD
or Snn[nn]
(or BKN CLD
SEV TURB
SFC/ABV10000FT
Wnnn[nn]
SFC/[ABV]
SEV ICE
OVC CLD
or Ennn[nn] CB [n]nnnnFT)
SEV ICE(FZRA)
270/ABV3000M
12
SEV TURB
OVC CLD
SEV MTW
13
SEV ICE
nnn/[ABV]nnnnM
SEV ICE
(or OVC CLD
(FZRA)13
nnn/[ABV]
SEV MTW 14
[n]nnnnFT)
HVY DS
or OVC CLD
SFC/[ABV]nnnnM
(or OVC CLD
SFC/[ABV]
[n]nnnnFT)
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Table A6-1A. Template for SIGMET and AIRMET Messages (continued)
Element
Observed
or forecast
phenomenon
(M)
Location (C)19
Detailed
Content
Indication
whether the
information is
observed and
expected to
continue, or
forecast
Location
(referring to
latitude and
longitude (in
degrees and
minutes)
SIGMET
template
SPECIAL
message
examples
HVY DS
HVY SS
VA ERUPTION
MT ASHVAL2
PSN S15 E073
VA CLD
RDOACT CLD
AIRMET
template
HVY SS
[VA ERUPTION]
[MT
nnnnnnnnnn]
[PSN Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn]
Ennn[nn] or
Wnnn[nn]]
VACLD
ISOL18 CB18
OCNL17 CB18
FRQ9 CB18
ISOL18 TCU18
OCNL17 TCU18
FRQ9 TCU18
RDOACT CLD
MOD TURB12
MOD ICE13
MOD MTW14
AIRMET message
examples
OVC CLD
900/ABV10000FT
OVC CLD
SFC/3000M
OVC CLD
SFC/ABV10000FT
ISOL CB
OCNL CB
FRQ CB
ISOL TCU
OCNL TCU
FRQ TCU
MOD TURB
MOD ICE
MOD MTW
OBS [AT nnnnZ]
FCST [AT nnnnZ]
OBS
OBS AT 1210Z
FCST
FCST AT 1815Z
Nnn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Nnn[nn] Ennn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Ennn[nn]
or
N OF Nnn[nn] or S OF Nnn[nn] or
N OF Snn[nn] or S OF Snn[nn] or
[AND]
W OF Wnnn[nn] or
E OF Wnnn[nn] or
W OF Ennn[nn] or E OF Ennn[nn]
or
N OF Nnn[nn] or N OF Snn[nn]
AND S OF Nnn[nn] or
S OF Snn[nn]
or
W OF Wnnn[nn] or W OF Ennn[nn]
AND
N2020 W07005
N48 E010
S60 W160
S0530 E16530
N OF N50
S OF N5430
N OF S10
S OF S4530
W OFW155
E OFW45
W OF E15540
E OF E09015
N OF N1515 AND W OF E13530
S OF N45 AND N OF N40
N OF LINE S2520 W11510 - S2520
W12010
SW OF LINE N50 W005 - N60 W020
SW OF LINE N50 W020 - N45 E010
AND NE OF LINE
N45 W020 - N40 E010
WI N6030 E02550 - N6055 E02500 -
q$z
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SIGMET, AIRMET, WSW - ANNEX 3
Table A6-1A. Template for SIGMET and AIRMET Messages (continued)
Element
Detailed
Content
SIGMET
template
SPECIAL
message
examples
AIRMET
template
E OF Wnnn[nn] or E OF Ennn[nn]
or
N OF LINE20 or NE OF LINE20
or E OF LINE20 or SE OF LINE20
or S OF LINE20 or SW OF LINE20
or W OF LINE20
or NW OF LINE20 Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn] - Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] [- Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]] [Nnn[nn]
or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]
[AND N OF LINE20
or NE OF LINE20
or E OF LINE20
or SE OF LINE20
or S OF LINE20
or SW OF LINE20
or W OF LINE20
or NW OF LINE20
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn] - Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]
[- Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nnJ] [- Nnn[nn]
or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]]
or
WI20,21 Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn]Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn][Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn]Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nnll
or
APRX nnKM WID LlNE20 BTN (or
nnNM WID LlNE20 BTN) Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]
AIRMET message
examples
N6050 E02630 - N6030 E02550
APRX 50KM WID LINE BTN N64
W017 - N60 W010 N57 E010
ENTIRE FIR
ENTIRE FIR/UIR
ENTIRE CTA
WI 400KM OF TC CENTER
WI 250KM OF TC CENTER
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Table A6-1A. Template for SIGMET and AIRMET Messages (continued)
Element
Detailed
Content
Level (C)19
Flight level or
altitude23
Movements
or expected
movement
(C)19,24
Movement
or expected
movement
(direction and
speed) with
reference to
one of the
sixteen points
of compass or
stationary
SIGMET
template
SPECIAL
message
examples
AIRMET
template
[- Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn]
[- Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nnll
[- Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nnll
or
ENTIRE FIR[/UIR]
or
ENTIRE CTA
or22
WI nnnKM (or nnnNM) OF TC
CENTER
[SFC/]FLnnn or
[SFC/[nnnnM (or[SFC/][n]nnnnFT)
or
FLnnn/nnn or
TOP FLnnn or
[TOP] ABV FLnnn or
[nnnn/[nnnnM (or [[n]nnnn/
[[n]nnnnFT) or [nnnnM/]FLnnn
(or [[n]nnnnFT/]FLnnn)
or22
TOP [ABV or BLW] FLnnn
MOV N [nnKMH] or MOV NNE
[nnKMH] or MOV NE [nnKMH]
or MOV ENE [nnKMH] or MOV E
[nnKMH] or MOV ESE [nnKMH] or
MOV SE [nnKMH] or MOV SSE
[nnKMH] or MOV S [nnKMH] or
MOV SSW [nnKMH] or MOV SW
[nnKMH] or MOV WSW [nnKMH]
or MOV W [nnKMH] or MOV WNW
[nnKMH] or MOV NW [nnKMH] or
MOV NNW [nnKMH]
(or MOV N [nnKT] or MOV NNE
[nnKT] or MOV NE [nnKT] or MOV
ENE [nnKT] or MOV E [nnKT]
or MOV ESE [nnKT] or MOV SE
[nnKT] or MOV SSE [nnKT] or MOV
S [nnKT] or MOV SSW [nnKT] or
MOV SW [nnKT] or MOV WSW
[nnKT] or MOV W [nnKT] or MOV
WNW [nnKT] or MOV NW [nnKT] or
MOV NNW [nnKT]) or STNR
AIRMET message
examples
FL180
SFC/FL070
SFC/3000M
SFC/10000FT
FL0501080
TOP FL390
ABV FL250
TOP ABV FL 100
3000M
2000/3000M
8000FT
6000/12000FT
2000M/FL150
10000FT/FL250
TOP FL500
TOP ABV FL500
TOP BLW FL450
MOV SE
MOV NNW
MOV E 40KMH
MOV E 20KT
MOV WSW 20KT
STNR
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Table A6-1A. Template for SIGMET and AIRMET Messages (continued)
Element
Changes in
intensity (C)19
Forecast time
(C)24
Forecast
position (C)19,24,
25
Detailed
Content
Expected
changes in
intensity
Indication of the
forecast
time of
phenomenon
Forecast
position of
phenomenon at
the end of the
validity period
of the SIGMET
message
FCST AT nnnnZ —
SPECIAL
message
examples
INTSF
WKN
NC
FCST AT 2200Z
—
Nnn[nn]
Wnnn[nn] or
Nnn[nn]
Ennn[nn] or
Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn] or
Snn[nn]
Ennn[nn]
or
N OF Nnn[nn] or
S OF Nnn[nn] or
N OF Snn[nn] or
S OF Snn[nn]
[AND]
W OF Wnnn[nn]
or
E OF Wnnn[nn]
or
W OF Ennn[nn]
or
E OF Ennn[nn]
or
N OF Nnn[nn] or
N OF Snn[nn]
AND S OF
Nnn[nn] or S OF
Snn[nn]
—
N30 W170
N OF N30
S OF S50AND W
OF E170
S OF N46 AND
N OF N39
NE OF LINE N35
W020-N45W040
SW OF LINE N48
W020-N43 E010
AND NE OF LINE
N43 W020 - N38
E010
WI N20W090N05 W090 - N10
W100N20 W100 - N20
W090
APRX 50KM WID
LINE
BTN N64 W017 N57 W005 - N55
E010N55 E030
ENTIRE FIR
ENTIRE FIR/UIR
ENTIRE CTA
SIGMET
template
INTSF or WKN or NC
AIRMET
template
AIRMET message
examples
—
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Table A6-1A. Template for SIGMET and AIRMET Messages (continued)
Element
Detailed
Content
SIGMET
template
or
W OF Wnnn[nn]
or
W OF Ennn[nn]
AND E OF
Wnnn[nn] or E
OF Ennn[nn]
or
N OF LlNE20 or
NE OF LlNE20
or
E OF LlNE20 or
SE OF LlNE20 or
S OF LlNE20 or
SW OF LlNE20
or
W OF LlNE20 or
NW OF LlNE20
Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn] Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn]
[- Nnn[nn]
or Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn] [AND
N OF LlNE20 or
NE OF LlNE20 or
E OF LlNE20 or
SE OF LlNE20 or
S OF LlNE20 or
SW OF LlNE20
or W OF LlNE20
or NW OF
LlNE20 Nnn[nn]
or Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn]
- Nnn[nn]
or Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn]
[- Nnn[nn]
or Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn]]]
AIRMET
template
SPECIAL
message
examples
TC CENTER
PSN N2740
W07345 NO VA
EXP
AIRMET message
examples
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Table A6-1A. Template for SIGMET and AIRMET Messages (continued)
Element
Detailed
Content
SIGMET
template
or
WI20, 21 Nnn[nn]
or Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn]
- Nnn[nn]
or Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn]
- Nnn[nn]
or Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn]
- Nnn[nn]
or Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn]
or
APRX nnKM
WID LlNE20
BTN (nnNM
WID LlNE20
BTN) Nnn[nn]
or Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn]
- Nnn[nn]
or Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn]
or Ennn[nn]
[- Nnn[nn]
or Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn]] [
- Nnn[nn]
or Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn]]
or
ENTIRE
FIR[/UIR]
or
ENTIRE CTA
or22
TC CENTER
PSN Nnn[nn]
or Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn]
or26
NO VA EXP
AIRMET
template
SPECIAL
message
examples
AIRMET message
examples
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Table A6-1A. Template for SIGMET and AIRMET Messages (continued)
SIGMET
Detailed
template
Content
Repetition
[AND]27
of elements
included in
a SIGMET
message for
volcanic ash
cloud or tropical
cyclone
Element
Repetition of
elements (C)27
OR
Cancellation
of SIGMET/
AIRMET (C)28
Cancellation
of SIGMET/
AIRMET
referring to its
identification
1
See 4.1
2
Fictitious location.
3
In accordance with 1.1.3 and 2.1.2.
4
See 2.1.3.
5
In accordance with 1.1.4 and 2.1.4.
6
In accordance with 4.2.1 a).
7
In accordance with 4.2.4.
8
In accordance with 4.2.1 b).
9
In accordance with 4.2.2.
AIRMET
template
—
CNL SIGMET
CNL AIRMET
[n][n]n
[n][n]n
nnnnnn/nnnnnn nnnnnn/nnnnnn
or26
CNL SIGMET
[n][n]n nnnnnn/
nnnnnn
VA MOV TO
nnnn FIR
SPECIAL
message
examples
AND
CNLSIGMET 2
101200/101600
CNL SIGMET
A13
251030/251430
VA MOV
TO YUDO FIR2
AIRMET message
examples
—
CNL AIRMET 05
151520/151800
10
In accordance with 4.2.3.
11
Used for unnamed tropical cyclones.
12
In accordance with 4.2.5. and 4.2.6.
13
In accordance with 4.2.7.
14
In accordance with 4.2.8.
15
In accordance with 2.1.4.
16
In accordance with 4.2.1 c).
17
In accordance with 4.2.1 d).
18
The use of cumulonimbus (CB) and towering cumulus (TCU) is restricted to AIRMETs in accordance with 2.1.4.
19
In the case of volcanic ash cloud or tropical cyclone covering more than one area within the FIR,
these elements can be repeated, as necessary.
20
A straight line is to be used between two points drawn on a map in the Mercator projection or between
two points which crosses lines of longitude at a constant angle.
21
The number of coordinates should be kept to a minimum and should not normally exceed seven.
22
Only for SIGMET messages for tropical cyclones.
23
Only for SIGMET messages for volcanic ash cloud and tropical cyclones.
24
The elements "forecast time" and "forecast position" are not to be used in conjunction with the
element "movement or expected movement".
25
The levels of the phenomena remain fixed throughout the forecast period.
26
Only for SIGMET messages for volcanic ash.
27
To be used for two volcanic ash clouds or two centers of tropical cyclones simultaneously affecting the FIR concerned.
28
End of the message (as the SIGMET/AIRMET message is being cancelled).
Table A6-1B. Template for Special Air-Reports (uplink)
Key:
M
C
=
=
=
=
inclusion mandatory, part of every message;
inclusion conditional, included whenever applicable;
a double line indicates that the text following it should be placed on the subsequent
line.
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NOTE: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical
elements included in special air-reports are shown in
Table A6-4 of this appendix.
Table A6-1B. Template for Special Air-Reports (uplink)
Element
Detailed Content
Identification (M)
Message identification
Aircraft Identification (M) Aircraft radiotelephony
call sign
Observed phenomenon Description of observed
(M)
TS TS phenomenon
causing the TSGR TSGR
issuance of the special
airreport4
Time of observation of
observed phenomenon
Location (referring to
latitudeand longitude (in
degrees and minutes)) of
observed phenomenon
Observation time (M)
Location (C)
Flight level or altitude of
observed phenomenon
Level (C)
Template1, 2
Examples
ARS
nnnnnn
ARS
VA8123
TS
TSGR
SEV TURB
SEV ICE
SEV MTW
HVY SS
VA CLD
VA [MT nnnnnnnnnn]
MOD TURB
MOD ICE
TS
TSGR
SEV TURB
SEV ICE
SEV MTW
HVY SS
VA CLD
VA
VA MT ASHVAL5
MOD TURB
MOD ICE
OBS AT 1210Z
OBS AT nnnnZ
NnnnnWnnnnn or
NnnnnEnnnnn or
SnnnnWnnnnn or
SnnnnEnnnnn
FLnnn or
FLnnn/nnn or
nnnnM (or [n]nnnnFT)
N2020W07005
S4812E01036
FL390
FL 180/210
3000M
12000FT
1
No wind and temperature to be uplinked to other aircraft in flight in accordance with 3.2.
2
See 3.1.
3
Fictitious call sign.
4
In the case of special air-report for volcanic ash cloud, the vertical extent (if observed) and
name of the volcano (if known) can be used.
5
Fictitious location.
Table A6-2. Template for Aerodrome Warnings
Key:
M
C
=
=
inclusion mandatory, part of every message
inclusion conditional, included whenever applicable
NOTE 1: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in wind shear warnings are
shown in Table A 6-4 of this Appendix.
NOTE 2: The explanations for the abbreviations can
be found in the Procedures for Air Navigation Services - ICAO Abbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC,
Doc 8400).
Table A6-2. Template for Aerodrome Warnings
Element
Location indicator of the
aerodrome (M)
Identification of the type
of message (M)
Validity period (M)
Detailed Content
Template
Example
1
nnnn
Location indicator of the
YUCC
aerodrome
Type of message and
AD WRNG [n]n
AD WRNG 2
sequence number
Day and time of validity
VALID nnnnnn/nnnnnn
VALID 211230/211530
period in UTC
IF THE AERODROME WARNING IS TO BE CANCELLED, SEE DETAILS AT THE END OF THE TEMPLATE
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Table A6-2. Template for Aerodrome Warnings (continued)
Element
Phenomenon (M)2
Detailed Content
Description of
phenomenon causing
the issuance of the
aerodrome warning
Template
TC3 nnnnnnnnnn or
[HVY] TS or
GR or
[HVY] SN [nnCM]3 or
[HVY] FZRA or
[HVY] FZDZ or
RIME4 or
[HVY] SS or
[HVY] DS or
SA or
DU or
SFC WSPD nn[n]MPS
MAX nn[n]
(SFC WSPD nn[n]KT
MAX nn[n]) or
SFC WIND nnn/nn[n]MPS
MAX nn[n]
(SFC WIND nnn/nn[n]KT
MAX nn[n]) or
SQ or
FROST or
TSUNAMI or
VA[DEPO] or
TOX CHEM or
free text up to 32
characters5
OBS [AT nnnnZ] or
FCST
Indication whether the
information is observed
and expected to continue,
or forecast
Changes in intensity (C) Expected changes in
INTSF or
intensity
WKN or
NC
OR
Cancellation of
Cancellation of
CNL AD WRNG [n]n
aerodrome warning6
aerodrome warning
nnnnnn/nnnnnn
referring to its
identification
Observed or forecast
phenomenon (M)
1
Fictitious location.
2
One phenomenon or a combination thereof, in accordance with 5.1.3.
3
In accordance with 5.1.3.
4
Hoar frost or rime in accordance with 5.1.3.
5
In accordance with 5.1.4.
6
End of the message (as the aerodrome warning is being cancelled).
Example
TC ANDREW
HVY SN 25CM
SFC WSPD 20MPS MAX 30
VA
TSUNAMI
OBS AT 1200Z
OBS
WKN
CNL AD WRNG 2
211230/2115306
Table A6-3. Template for Wind Shear Warnings
Key:
M
C
=
=
inclusion mandatory, part of every message
inclusion conditional, included whenever applicable
NOTE 1: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in wind shear warnings are
shown in Table A 6-4 of this Appendix.
NOTE 2: The explanations for the abbreviations can
be found in the PANS-ABC (Doc 8400).
q$z
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SIGMET, AIRMET, WSW - ANNEX 3
Table A6-3. Template for Wind Shear Warnings
Element
Location indicator of the
aerodrome (M)
Identification of the type
of message (M)
Time of origin and
validity period (M)
Detailed content
Location indicator of the
aerodrome
Type of message and
sequence number
Day and time of issue
and, where applicable,
validity period in UTC
nnnn
Template
Example
YUCC1
WS WRNG [n]n
WS WRNG 1
nnnnnn [VALID TL nnnnnn] or
[VALID nnnnnn/nnnnnn]
211230 VALID TL
211330
221200 VALID
221215/221315
IF THE WIND SHEAR WARNING IS TO BE CANCELLED, SEE DETAILS AT THE END OF THE TEMPLATE
Phenomenon (M)
Identification of the
[MOD] or [SEV] WS IN APCH or WS APCH RWY12
phenomenon and its
[MOD] or [SEV] WS [APCH]
MOD WS RWY34
location
RWYnnn
or
[MOD] or [SEV] WS IN
WS IN CLIMB-OUT
CLIMB-OUT
or
[MOD] or [SEV] WS CLIMB-OUT MBST APCH RWY26
RWYnnn or
MBST IN APCH or
MBST [APCH] RWYnnn
or
MBST IN CLIMB-OUT or
MBST IN CLIMB-OUT
MBST CLIMB-OUT RWYnnn
REP AT nnnn nnnnnnnn or
REP AT 1510 B747
Observed, reported or Identification whether
the phenomenon is
forecast phenomenon
OBS [AT nnnn] or
OBS AT 1205
(M)
observed or reported
FCST
FCST
and expected to
continue or forecast
Details of the
Description of
SFC WIND: nnn/nnMPS (or
SFC WIND: 320/5MPS
phenomenon (C)2
phenomenon causing
nnn/nnKT) nnnM (nnnFT)-WIND: 60M-WIND: 360/13MPS
the issuance of the wind nnn/nnMPS (or nnn/nnKT)
(SFC WIND: 320/10KT
shear warning
or
200FT-WIND:
nnKMH (or nnKT) LOSS
360/26KT)
nnKM (or nnNM)
60KMH LOSS 4KM
FNA RWYnn
FNA RWY13 (30KT
or
LOSS 2NM FNA
RWY13)
nnKMH (or nnKT) GAIN nnKM
(or nnNM) FNA RWYnn
OR
Cancellation of wind
Cancellation of wind
CNL WS WRNG [n]n
CNL WS WRNG
shear warning3
shear warning referring nnnnnn/nnnnnn
1211230/21133033
to its identification
1
Fictitious location.
2
Additional provisions in 6.2.3.
3
End of the message (as the wind shear warning is being cancelled).
Table A6-4. Ranges and Resolutions for the Numerical Elements included in Volcanic Ash and Tropical
Cyclone Advisory Messages, SIGMET/AIRMET Messages and Aerodrome and Wind Shear Warnings
Element as specified in Appendices 2 and 6
M
Summit elevation:
FT
Advisory number:
for VA (index)1
for TC (index)1
Range
000 - 8100
000 - 27000
000 - 2000
00 - 99
Resolution
1
1
1
1
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Table A6-4. Ranges and Resolutions for the Numerical Elements included in Volcanic
Ash and Tropical Cyclone Advisory Messages, SIGMET/AIRMET Messages and
Aerodrome and Wind Shear Warnings (continued)
Element as specified in Appendices 2 and 6
Maximum surface wind:
MPS
KT
hPa
Central pressure:
Surface wind speed:
Surface visibility:
Cloud: height of base:
Cloud: height of top:
Latitudes:
Longitudes:
Flight levels:
Movement:
1
°
’
°
’
MPS
KT
M
M
M
FT
M
M
FT
FT
(degrees)
(minutes)
(degrees)
(minutes)
KMH
KT
Range
00 - 99
00 - 199
850 - 1050
15 - 49
30 - 99
0000 - 0750
0800 - 5000
000 - 300
000 - 1000
000 - 2970
3000 - 20000
000 - 9900
10000 - 60000
00 - 90
00 - 60
000 -180
00 - 60
000 - 650
0 - 300
0 - 150
Resolution
1
1
1
1
1
50
100
30
100
30
300
100
1000
1
1
1
1
10
10
5
Non-dimensional.
Example A6-1. SIGMET and AIRMET Message and the Corresponding Cancellations
SIGMET
YUDD SIGMET 2 VALID 101200/101600 YUSO YUDD SHANLON FIR/UIR OBSC TS FCST
S OF N54 AND E OF W012 TOP FL390 MOV
E 20KT WKN
AIRMET
YUDD AIRMET 1 VALID 151520/151800 YUSO YUDD SHANLON FIR ISOL TS OBS
N OF S50 TOP ABV FL100 STNR WKN
Cancellation of SIGMET
YUDD SIGMET 3 VALID 101345/101600 YUSO - YUDD
SHANLON FIR/UIR CNL SIGMET 2 101200/101600
Cancellation of AIRMET
YUDD AIRMET 2 VALID 151650/151800 YUSO - YUDD
SHANLON FIR CNL AIRMET 1 151520/151800
Example A6-2. SIGMET Message for Tropical Cyclone
YUCC SIGMET 3 VALID 251600/252200 YUDO YUCC AMSWELL FIR TC GLORIA PSN N2706 W07306 CB OBS AT 1600Z WI 250NM OF TC CENTER
TOP FL500 NC FCST AT 2200Z TC CENTER N2740 W07345
Meaning:
The third SIGMET message issued for the AMSWELL1 flight information region (identified by YUCC Amswell
area control center) by the Donlon/International1 meteorological watch office (YUDO) since 0001 UTC;
the message is valid from 1600 UTC to 2200 UTC on the 25th of the month; tropical cyclone Gloria at 27
degrees 6 minutes n011h and 73 degrees 6 minutes west; cumulonimbus was observed at 1600 UTC within
250 nautical miles of the center of the tropical cyclone with top at flight level 500; no changes in intensity
are expected; at 2200 UTC the center of the tropical cyclone is forecast to be located at 27 degrees 40
minutes north and 73 degrees 45 minutes west.
1
Fictitious locations.
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2005, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
118
METEOROLOGY
11 NOV 16
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION /
SIGMET, AIRMET, WSW - ANNEX 3
Example A6-3. SIGMET Message for Volcanic Ash
YUDD SIGMET 2 VALID 211100/211700 YUSO YUDD SHANLON FIR/UIR VA ERUPTION MT ASHVAL LOC S1500 E07348 VA CLD OBS AT 1100Z APRX
50KM WID LINE BTN S1500 E07348 - S1530 E07642 FL310/450 INTSF FCST AT 1700Z APRX 50KM WID
LINE BTN S1506 E07500 - S1518 E08112 - S1712 E08330
Meaning:
The second SIGMET message issued for the SHANLON1 flight information region (identified by YUDD
Shanlon area control center/upper flight information region) by the Shanlon/International1 meteorological
watch office (YUSO) since 0001 UTC; the message is valid from 1100 UTC to 1700 UTC on the 21st of the
month; volcanic ash eruption of Mount Ashval1 located at 15 degrees south and 73 degrees 48 minutes
east; volcanic ash cloud observed at 1100 UTC in an approximatly 50 km wide line between 15 degrees
south and 73 degrees 48 minutes east, and 15 degrees 30 minutes south and 76 degrees 42 minutes
east; between flight levels 310 and 450, intensifying at 1700 UTC the volcanic ash cloud is forecast to be
located in an approximate 50 km wide line between 15 degrees 6 minutes south and 75 degrees east,
15 degrees 18 minutes south and 81 degrees 12 minutes east, and 17 degrees 12 minutes south and
83 degrees 30 minutes east.
1
Fictitious locations.
Example A6-4. SIGMET Message for Radioactive Cloud
YUCC SIGMET 2 VALID 201200/201600 YUDO YUCC AMSWELL FIR RDOACT CLD OBS AT 1155Z WI S5000 W14000 - S5000 W13800 - S5200 W13800 S5200 W14000 - S5000 Wl4000 SFC/FL100 STNR WKN
Meaning:
The second SIGMET message issued for the AMSWELL1 flight information region (identified by YUCC
Amswell area control center) by the Donlon/International1 meteorological watch office (YUDO) since 0001
UTC; the message is valid from 1200 UTC to 1600 UTC on the 20th of the month; radioactive cloud was
observed at 1155 UTC within an area bounded by 50 degrees 0 minutes south 140 degrees 0 minutes west
to 50 degrees 0 minutes south 138 degrees 0 minutes west to 52 degrees 0 minutes south 138 degrees 0
minutes west to 52 degrees 0 minutes south 140 degrees 0 minutes west to 50 degrees 0 minutes south 140
degrees 0 minutes west and between the surface and flight level 100; the radioactive cloud is expected to
remain stationary and to weaken in intensity.
1
Fictitious location.
Example A6-5. SIGMET Message for Severe Turbulence
YUCC SIGMET 5 VALID 221215/221600 YUDO YUCC AMSWELL FIR SEV TURB OBS AT 1210Z N2020 W07005 FL250 MOV E 40KMH WKN FCST
1600Z S OF N2020 E OF W06950
Meaning:
The fifth SIGMET message issued for the AMSWELL1 flight information region (identified by YUCC Amswell
area control center) by the Donlon/International1 meteorological watch office (YUDO) since 0001 UTC; the
message is valid from 1215 UTC to 1600 UTC on the 22nd of the month; severe turbulence was observed at
1210 UTC 20 degrees 20 minutes north and 70 degrees 5 minutes west at flight level 250; the turbulence is
expected to move eastwards at 40 kilometers per hour and to weaken in intensity; forecast position at 1600
UTC south of 20 degrees 20 minutes north and east of 69 degrees 50 minutes west.
1
Fictitious locations.
Example A6-6. AIRMET Message for Moderate Mountain Wave
YUCC AIRMET 2 VALID 221215/221600 YUDO YUCC AMSWELL FIR MOD MTW OBS AT 1205Z N48 E010 FL080 STNR NC
Meaning:
The second AIRMET message issued for the AMSWELL1 flight information region (identified by YUCC
Amswell area control center) by the Donlon/Intemational1 meteorological watch office (YUDO) since 0001
UTC; the message is valid from 1215 UTC to 1600 UTC on the 22nd of the month; moderate mountain wave
was observed at 1205 UTC at 48 degrees north and 10 degrees east at flight level 080; the mountain wave is
expected to remain stationary and not to undergo any changes in intensity.
1
Fictitious locations.
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2005, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
7 FEB 14
METEOROLOGY
201
ENCODING SCHEME FOR RUNWAY CONDITIONS DISSEMINATED THROUGH
EUR-RODEX (EUROPEAN REGIONAL OPMET DATA EXCHANGE)
ENCODING SCHEME FOR RUNWAY
CONDITIONS
Information of runway conditions will be expressed
by means of the figure group RDRDR/ERC ReReRBRBR
where:
R
D RD R
ER
CR
e Re R
B RB R
denotes the runway indicator
denotes the runway designator
denotes the runway deposits
denotes the extent or runway
contamination
denotes the depth of deposit on the
runway
denotes the friction coefficient or braking
action on the runway
The following explanations govern the composition
and use of this ten-figure group, or in the case of
several parallel runways, eleven-figure group:
RUNWAY DESIGNATOR
The message is preceded by indicator R followed
by the threshold designator (DRDR). This will be
expressed as two digits corresponding to the runway
designator, e.g. R09/, R27/, R35/, etc. Parallel runways are designated by the letters L (left), C (centre)
and R (right runway).
NOTE: The information to be included in runway state
messages will be for the main instrument runway
or runway(s) in use. When parallel runways are in
use, information on both runways will be included or,
where this is not possible, the information given may
not alternate between the two runways, but should be
given for the runway with the best surface conditions.
RUNWAY DEPOSITS
The type of deposits on the RWY will be indicated by
the digits 0 to 9 or a slash (/) in accordance with the
following scale as follows:
0 — Clear and dry
1 — Damp
2 — Wet or water patches
3 — Rime or frost (Depth normally less than 1mm)
4 — Dry snow
5 — Wet snow
6 — Slush
7 — Ice
8 — Compacted or rolled snow
9 — Frozen ruts
/ — Type of deposit not reported (e.g., due to runway
clearance in progress).
EXTENT OF RUNWAY CONTAMINATION
The extent of contamination through deposits on the
runway is indicated in percentages in accordance
with the following scale: It will be expressed as a
single digit:
1 — up to 10% of runway contaminated (covered)
2 — more than 10% to 25% of runway contaminated
(covered)
5 — more than 25% to 50% of runway contaminated
(covered)
9 — more than 50% to 100% of runway contaminated
(covered)
/ — not reported (e.g., due to runway clearance in
progress).
DEPTH OF DEPOSIT ON THE RUNWAY
The depth of deposit is indicated by two digits in
accordance with the following scale:
00 less than 1mm
01 = 1 mm
02 = 2 mm
etc.
10 = 10 mm
etc.
15 = 15 mm
etc.
20 = 20 mm
etc. up to
90 = 90 mm
Thereafter, the depth is indicated by:
92 = 10 cm
93 = 15 cm
94 = 20 cm
95 = 25 cm
96 = 30 cm
97 = 35 cm
98 = 40 cm or more
99 = runway or runways non-operational due to
snow, slush, ice, large drifts or runway clearance.
// = Depth of deposit operationally not significant
or not measurable.
NOTE 1: This does not necessarily require depth to
be measured to a millimeter unit. Larger intervals up
to 90 can be expressed by using the above directreading scale.
NOTE 2: Where depth is measured at a number of
points along a runway the average value should be
transmitted or, if operationally significant, the highest
value.
NOTE 3: Code figure 91 ist not used. Code figures 92
to 98 permit the depth of deposit (in cm) to be derived
by multiplying the last digit by 5 (e.g. 94 = 4 x 5 = 20).
NOTE 4: If deposits of the type reported by the code
figures 3, 7, 8 and 9 of code ER are reported, the
depth of deposits is normally not significant and
two oblique strokes (//) will be reported. Similarly,
the depth of standing water will only be reported
if an accurate and representative measurement is
guaranteed.
FRICTION CO-EFFICIENT OR BRAKING
ACTION ON THE RUNWAY
The friction co-efficient is denoted by two digits or, if
the co-efficient is not available, the estimated braking
action is denoted by two digits.
a. Friction co-efficient
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1991, 2014. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
202
METEOROLOGY
7 FEB 14
ENCODING SCHEME FOR RUNWAY CONDITIONS DISSEMINATED THROUGH
EUR-RODEX (EUROPEAN REGIONAL OPMET DATA EXCHANGE)
EXAMPLE:
28 = Friction co-eficient 0.28
35 = Friction co-efficien 0.35
etc.
b. Braking action
95 = Good
94 = Medium / Good
93 = Medium
92 = Medium / Poor
91 = Poor
99 = Unreliable
// = Braking action not reported; Runway not
operational, Aerodrome closed; etc.
NOTE 1: Where braking action is assessed at a number of points along a runway, the mean value will be
transmitted or, if operationally significant, the lowest
value.
NOTE 2: If measuring equipment does not allow measurement of friction with satisfactory reliability, which
may be the case when a runway is contaminated by
wet snow, slush, or loose snow, the figures 99 will be
used.
NOTE 3: If the braking conditions cannot be reported
(e.g. due to runway clearance in progress, runway
not operational, runway conditions not watched during airport closure, etc.) two oblique strokes (//) will
be entered.
EXAMPLES
NOTE: The occasion may arise when a new report or
a valid report is not available in time for dissemination
with the appropriate METAR message. In this case,
the previous runway state report will be repeated, as
indicated by the figures R99/ in place of the runway
designator.
R99/421594 — Dry snow covering 11% to 25 % of
the runway: depth 15mm; braking action medium to
good.
R14L///99// — Runway 14L non-operational due to
runway clearance in progress.
R14L////// — Runway 14L contaminated but reports
are not available or are not updated due to aerodrome
closure or curfew, etc.
R88/////// — All runways are contaminated but reports
are not available or are not updated due to aerodrome
closure or curfew, etc.
R14L/CLRD// — Runway 14L contamination has
ceased to exist.
(No further reports will be sent unless recontamination occurs).
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1991, 2014. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
10 MAR 17
METEOROLOGY
205
AERODROME PAVEMENT CONDITION REPORTS THROUGH SNOWTAM/RODEX
AERODROME PAVEMENT
CONDITION REPORTS THROUGH
SNOWTAM/RODEX
During winter period information on runway condition for the listed European airports is published
via SNOWTAM or is included at the end of METAR
(RODEX) messages.
Following European countries do not specify the
airports providing this information: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Gibraltar, Ireland,
Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia (FYROM),
Malta, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom
and Uzbekistan.
Aalborg
Aarhus
Adana
Amsterdam (Schiphol)
Angelholm
Ankara (Esenboga)
Antalya
Antwerp (Deurne)
Arad
Are Ostersund
Arvidsjaur
Athens (Eleftherios Venizelos Intl)
Baku (Heydar Aliyev Intl)
Balikesir (Koca Seyit)
Balti (Intl)
Barcelona (El Prat)
Batumi
Bekescsaba
Belgrade (Nikola Tesla)
Berlin (Schonefeld)
Berlin (Tegel)
Bern (Belp)
Bilbao
Billund
Borlange
Bornholm (Ronne)
Bremen
Brest
Brussels (National)
Bucharest (Baneasa-Aurel Vlaicu)
Bucharest (Henri Coanda)
Budapest (Liszt Ferenc Intl)
Burgas
Bursa (Yenisehir)
Bydgoszcz (Szwederowo)
Canakkale
Charleroi (Brussels South)
Chisinau (Intl)
Cologne-Bonn
Constanta (Mihail Kogalniceanu-Constanta)
Copenhagen (Kastrup)
Copenhagen (Roskilde)
Debrecen
Denizli (Cardak)
Dortmund
Dresden
Dusseldorf
Eindhoven
Elazig
Enontekio
Erfurt-Weimar
Erzurum
Esbjerg
Eskisehir (Hasan Polatkan)
Fertoszentmiklos
Frankfurt/Main
Frankfurt-Hahn
Friedrichshafen
Gabala
Gallivare
Ganja
Gavle
Gaziantep
Gazipasa (Alanya)
Gdansk (Lech Walesa)
Geneva
Girona
Gorna Oryahovitsa
Goteborg (Landvetter)
Granada (Armilla)
Granada (Federico Garcia Lorca)
Graz
Grenchen
Groningen (Eelde)
Gyor-Per
Gyumri (Shirak)
Hagfors
Halli
Halmstad
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
206
METEOROLOGY
10 MAR 17
AERODROME PAVEMENT CONDITION REPORTS THROUGH SNOWTAM/RODEX
Hamburg
Lenkoran
Hannover
Les Eplatures
Hatay
Liege
Helsinki (Vantaa)
Linkoping (Saab)
Heviz (Balaton)
Linz
Hohenems (Dornbirn)
Lodz (Lublinek)
Homiel
Logrono
Hrodna
Lubeck (Blankensee)
Innsbruck
Lublin
Iraklion (Nikos Kazantzakis)
Lugano
Isparta (Suleyman Demirel)
Lulea (Kallax)
Istanbul (Ataturk)
Luxembourg
Istanbul (Sabiha Gokcen)
Lycksele
Ivalo
Maastricht (Maastricht-Aachen)
Izmir (Adnan Menderes)
Madrid (Adolfo Suarez Madrid-Barajas)
Joensuu
Madrid (Cuatro Vientos)
Jonkoping
Mahiliou
Jyvaskyla
Malatya
Kajaani
Malmo
Kalmar
Marculesti (Intl)
Kapadokya
Mariehamn
Kardla
Milas (Bodrum)
Karlstad
Minsk (Minsk-1)
Karup
Mikkeli
Katowice (Pyrzowice)
Minsk (Minsk-2)
Kaunas
Mora (Siljan)
Kayseri
Mugla (Dalaman)
Kecskemet
Munich
Kemi (Tornio)
Munster-Osnabruck
Kerkira (Ioannis Kapodistrias)
Nakhchivan
Kiruna
Niederrhein
Kittila
Nis (Konstantin Veliki)
Klagenfurt
Norrkoping (Kungsangen)
Kokkola-Pietarsaari
Nurnberg
Konya
Nyiregyhaza
Krakow (Balice)
Odense (Hans Christian Andersen)
Kramfors-Solleftea
Olsztyn (Mazury)
Kristianstad
Orebro
Kuopio
Ornskoldsvik
Kuressaare
Oostende-Brugge (Oostende)
Kutaisi (Kopitnari)
Oulu
Kuusamo
Paderborn-Lippstadt
Lappeenranta
Pajala
Leipzig-Halle
Palanga
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
10 MAR 17
METEOROLOGY
207
AERODROME PAVEMENT CONDITION REPORTS THROUGH SNOWTAM/RODEX
Palma de Mallorca
Szeged
Pamplona
Szolnok
Papa
Tallinn (Lennart Meri)
Parnu
Tampere (Pirkkala)
Pecs (Pogany)
Targu Mures (Transilvania-Targu Mures)
Plovdiv
Tartu
Podgorica
Tbilisi
Pori
Tekirdag (Corlu)
Poznan (Lawica)
Thessaloniki (Makedonia)
Prague (Ruzyne)
Thisted
Riga
Timisoara (Traian Vuia)
Rodos (Diagoras)
Tirana
Ronneby
Torsby
Rotterdam
Trabzon
Rovaniemi
Trollhattan-Vanersborg
Rzeszow (Jasionka)
Turku
Saarbrucken
Umea
Salzburg
Utti
Samedan
Vaasa
Samsun (Carsamba)
Van (Ferit Melen)
San Sebastian
Varna
Sanliurfa (Gap)
Vaxjo (Kronoberg)
Santiago
Viciebsk
Seinajoki
Vienna Neustadt/Ost
Siauliai
Vienna (Schwechat)
Sibiu
Vilhelmina
Sion
Vilnius
Sivas (Nuri Demirag)
Visby
Skelleftea
Vitoria (Forondo)
Skovde
Vojens/Skrydstrup
Sofia
Voslau
Sonderborg
Warsaw (Chopin)
Stauning
Warsaw (Modlin)
St. Gallen (Altenrhein)
Wels
St. Johann
Wroclaw (Strachowice)
Stockholm (Arlanda)
Yerevan (Zvartnots)
Stockholm (Bromma)
Zafer
Stockholm (Skavsta)
Zagatala
Stockholm (Vaesteraas)
Zell Am See
Storuman
Zonguldak (Caycuma)
Stuttgart
Zurich
Sundsvall-Timra
Sveg
Szczecin (Goleniow)
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
22 AUG 14
METEOROLOGY
211
AERODROME WEATHER REPORT
AERODROME WEATHER REPORT METAR AND SPECI DECODE
IDENTIFICATION GROUPS
METAR or
SPECI
COR
CCCC
YYGGgg
Z
NIL
(AUTO)
METAR - Aviation routine weather report code name
SPECI - Aviation special weather report code name
COR - Code word used as appropriate
ICAO four-letter location indicator
In individual messages, day of the month and time of observation in hours and
minutes UTC
Indicator of UTC
NIL - Code word used as appropriate
Fully automated observation indicator
SURFACE WIND
ddd
Mean wind direction in degrees
P199KMH (P99KT,
true rounded off to nearest 10
P49MPS) mean ff
degrees (VRB = VARIABLE
or fmfm = 200KMH
when ff < 3kt)
(100KT, 50MPS) or
more
ff
Mean wind speed (10-minute
00000 = calm
mean or since discontinuity)
G
Indicator of Gust - if necessary
fmfm
Maximum wind speed (gust) - if
necessary
Wind speed units used
KMH or KT or MPS
Followed when there is a variation in wind direction of 60° or more but less than 180° and wind speed
> 3KT by group below:
dndndn
Extreme direction of wind
V
Indicator of Variability
dxdxdx
Other extreme direction of wind (measured clockwise)
PREVAILING VISIBILITY
VVVV
Prevailing visibility in meters or lowest visibility if visibility is not the same and
fluctuating and the prevailing visibility cannot be determined.
9999 = 10km or more
Followed when visibility is not the same and minimum visibility ≠ prevailing and visibility < 1500m or visibility
< 50% of prevailing and less than 5000m by the group below:
VnVnVnVn
Lowest visibility
NDV
Abbreviation for no directional variations.
Followed by
VnVnVnVn
Lowest visibility
Dv
General direction of lowest visibility or most operationally significant if minimum
visibility observed in more than one direction.
RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (RVR) WHERE REQUIRED, UP TO FOUR ACTIVE RUNWAYS
R
D RD R
Indicator of RVR
Runway designator – for parallel runways may have LL, L, C, R or RR appended
(L = left; C = center; R = right)
V RV RV RV R
RVR (10-minute mean) at the touchdown zone P2000 = more than 2000m,
M0050 = less than 50m
i
RVR tendency indicator over past 10 minutes. U = upward; D = downward; N =
no distinct change. Omitted if possible to determine
Replaced when there are significant variations in RVR by the group below:
R
Indicator of RVR
D RD R
Runway designator – for parallel runways may have LL, L C, R or RR
V RV RV RV R
RVR in meters (one-minute mean minimum value during last 10 minutes)
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2006, 2014. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
212
METEOROLOGY
22 AUG 14
AERODROME WEATHER REPORT
RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (RVR) WHERE REQUIRED, UP TO FOUR ACTIVE RUNWAYS (continued)
V
Indicator of significant Variation
V RV RV RV R
RVR in meters (one-minute mean maximum value during last 10 minutes)
i
RVR tendency indicator
Note:
25m STEP if RVR < 400m
50m STEP if 400 < RVR < 800m
100m STEP if RVR > 800m
PRESENT WEATHER
w’w’
Present weather (see table w’w’ at the end of this sequence)
CLOUDS*
NsN sNs
Cloud amount:
FEW - FEW (1 - 2 oktas)
SCT - SCaTtered (3 - 4 oktas)
BKN - BroKeN (5 - 7 oktas)
OVC - OVerCast (8 oktas)
hshshs
Height of base of clouds in units of 30m (100ft)
(CC)
Cloud type - only CB (cumulonimubs) or TCU (towering cumulus) indicated or /// if
it cannot be observed by automatic system
Replaced when sky is obscured and information on vertical visibility is available by the group below:
VV
Indicator of Vertical Visibility
hshshs
Vertical visibility in units of 30m (100ft) /// = vertical visibility unavailable
Replaced when there are no such clouds, no restriction on vertical visibility and CAVOK is not appropriate by:
NSC
Nil Significant Cloud
Replaced when automatic system is used and no cloud detected by:
NCD
No Cloud Detected
* Clouds of operational significance (i.e. below 1500m (5000ft) or below the highest minimum sector altitude,
whichever is greater, and CB or TCU)
CAVOK
Ceiling And Visibility OK. Replaces visibility RVR, present weather and cloud if:
Visibility is 10km or more
(1)
(2)
No cumulonimbus, towering cumulus and no other cloud below 1500m (5000ft) or below the highest
minimum sector altitude, whichever is greater, and
(3)
No significant present weather (see table w’w’ at the end of this sequence)
TEMP AND DEW POINT
T’T’
T’dT’d
Temperature in whole degrees Celsius (if below 0°C preceded by M)
Dew-point temperature in whole degrees Celsius (if below 0°C preceded by M)
Q
P HP HP HP H
Indicator of QNH in hectopascals. If Q = A then QNH is in inches
QNH rounded down to the whole nearest hectopascal or to tenths and hundreths
of an inch, depending on indicator
PRESSURE
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
RECENT WEATHER
RE
w’w’
Indicator of REcent weather
REcent weather since previous report (intensity NOT to be reported)
WIND SHEAR
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2006, 2014. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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22 AUG 14
METEOROLOGY
213
AERODROME WEATHER REPORT
q$i
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION (continued)
WS
R
D RD R
Wind Shear
RUNWAY
Runway designator – for parallel runways, may have LL, L, C, R or RR appended
(L = left; C = center; R = right)
Replaced when all runways are affected by wind shear by: WS ALL RWY
STATE OF THE SEA / SURFACE TEMP
W
Group indicator letter
Ts Ts
Temperature in whole degrees Celsius
Indicator of state of the sea
S
S’
State of water surface
S’
STATE OF THE SEA
Descriptive terms
Code figure
Calm (glassy)
0
Calm (rippled)
1
Smooth (wavelets)
2
Slight
3
Moderate
4
Rough
5
Very rough
6
High
7
Very high
8
Phenomenal
9
STATE OF THE RUNWAY **
RDRDR
Indicator of runway
ER
Runway deposits
CR
Extent of runway contamination
e Re R
Depth of deposit
B RB R
Friction coefficient/breaking action
** State of the runway to be provided by appropriate airport authority
TREND FORECAST - TWO HOURS FROM TIME OF OBSERVATION
CHANGE INDICATORS
TTTTT or NOSIG
BECMG
TEMPO
NOSIG
CHANGE AND TIME
TT
GGgg
FORECAST WIND
ddd
ff
G
fmfm
KMH or KT or MPS
FORECAST VISIBILITY
VVVV
FORECAST WEATHER
w’w’
Replaced when significant
BECoMinG, used where changes are expected to reach or pass
through specified values at a regular or irregular rate
TEMPOrary fluctuations of less than one hour and in aggregate
less than half the period indicated by YYGG/YeYeGeGe
NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGE
Can be AT or FM = FROM or TL = TILL
Associated time group in hours and minutes UTC
Forecast mean wind direction in degrees true,
rounded to nearest 10 degrees (VRB = VARIABLE)
Forecast mean wind speed
Indicator of Gust
Forecast maximum wind speed (gust)
Wind speed units
00000 = calm
Forecast prevailing visibility in meters 9999 = 10km or more
Forecast significant weather (see table w’w’ at the edn of this sequence)
weather ends by:
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2006, 2014. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
214
METEOROLOGY
22 AUG 14
AERODROME WEATHER REPORT
q$i
TREND FORECAST - TWO HOURS FROM TIME OF OBSERVATION (continued)
NSW
Nil Significant Weather
FORECAST CLOUDS OF OPERATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OR VERTICAL VISIBILITY
NsN sNs
Forecast cloud amount
hshshs
Forecast height of base of cloud
(CC)
Cloud type - only CB
Replaced when sky expected to be obscured and vertical visibility forecasts are undertaken by:
VV
Indicator of Vertical Visibility
hshshs
Vertical visibility in units of 30m (100ft)
Replaced when a change to clear sky forecast by:
SKC
SKy Clear
Replaced when no cumulonimbus, towering cumulus and no other cloud below 1500m (5000ft) or highest
minimum sector altitude, whichever is greater, are forecast and CAVOK is not appropriate by:
NSC
Nil Significant Cloud
RMK
Information included by national decision but not disseminated internationally
w’w’ SIGNIFICANT PRESENT, FORECAST AND RECENT WEATHER
QUALIFIER
Intensity of
Proximity
Descriptor
1
2
–
Light
MI
Shallow
Moderate
BC
Patches
(no
qualifier)
+
Heavy
PR
Partial (covering
or wellpart of the
developed
aerodrome)
in the case
of PO and
FC
In the
DR
Low drifting
VC
vicinity
BL
Blowing
SH
TS
NOTES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Shower(s)
Thunderstorm
WEATHER PHENOMENA
Precipitation
3
DZ
Drizzle
RA
Rain
Obscuration
4
BR
Mist
FG
Fog
SN
SG
Snow
Snow grains
FU
VA
DU
Smoke
Volcanic ash
Widespread
dust
SQ
FC
Squalls
Funnel
cloud(s)
(tornado or
waterspout)
PL
Ice pellets
SA
HZ
Sand
Haze
SS
DS
Sandstorm
Duststorm
GR
GS
Hail
PO
Other
5
Dust/sand
whirls (dust
devils)
Small hail
and/or snow
pellets
FZ
Freezing
UP
Unknown
(supercooled)
Precipitation
The w’w’ groups are constructed by considering columns 1 to 5 in the table above in
sequence, that is intensity, followed by description, followed by weather phenomena. An
example could be: + SHRA (heavy shower(s) of rain).
A precipitation combination has dominant type first.
DR (low drifting) less than two meters above ground, BL (blowing) two meters or more
above ground.
GR is used when hailstone diameter is 5mm or more. When less than 5mm, GS is used.
BR - visibility at least 1000m but not more than 5000 m. FG - visibility less than 1000m.
VC – between approximately 8km and 16km from the aerodrome reference point.
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2006, 2014. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
3 OCT 14
METEOROLOGY
221
AERODROME WEATHER FORECAST
AERODROME WEATHER FORECAST
- TAF DECODE
TAF or
TAF AMD or
TAF COR
CCCC
YYGGgg
Z
NIL
Y1Y1G1G1/Y2Y2G2G2
CNL
ddd
ff
G
fmfm
KMH or KT or MPS
VVVV
IDENTIFICATION GROUPS
Code names for aerodrome forecast,
amended aerodrome forecast and
corrected aerodrome forecast, respectively
ICAO four-letter location indicator
Date and time of issue of forecast in UTC
Indicator of UTC
Indicator of missing forecast
Period of validity, beginning on Y1Y1 day of month at G 1G1 (UTC) and ending
on Y2Y2 day of month at G2G2 (UTC)
Indicator of cancelled forecast
FORECAST SURFACE WIND
Mean wind direction in
00000 = calm
degrees true rounded to
nearest 10ºC
(VRB=VaRiaBle when ff
< 3kt)
Mean wind speed
Indicator of Gust
Maximum wind speed
(gust)
Wind speed units used
P199KMH (P99KT,
P49MPS) mean fmfm =
200KMH (100KT, 50MPS)
or more
FORECAST PREVAILING VISIBILITY
Prevailing visibility in metres
9999 = 10km or more
w’w’ FORECAST SIGNIFICANT WEATHER
QUALIFIER
WEATHER PHENOMENA
Intensity of
Proximity
Descriptor
Precipitation
Obscuration
1
2
3
4
–
Light
MI
DZ
Drizzle
BR
Mist
Shallow
PO
Moderate
BC
RA
Rain
FG
Fog
Patches
(no
qualifier)
+
Heavy
PR
Partial
FU
SN
Snow
Smoke
SQ
or well(covering
VA
SG
Snow grains
Volcanic ash FC
developed
part of the
DU
Widespread
in the case
aerodrome)
dust
of PO and
FC
In the
DR
PL
Ice pellets
Low drifting
VC
SA
Sand
SS
vicinity
BL
Blowing
GR Hail
HZ
Haze
DS
SH
Shower(s)
GS
Small hail
and/or snow
TS
Thunderstorm
pellets
Other
5
Dust/sand
whirls (dust
devils)
Squalls
Funnel
cloud(s)
(tornado or
waterspout)
Sandstorm
Duststorm
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2006, 2014. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
222
METEOROLOGY
3 OCT 14
AERODROME WEATHER FORECAST
w’w’ FORECAST SIGNIFICANT WEATHER
QUALIFIER
WEATHER PHENOMENA
Intensity of
Proximity
Descriptor
Precipitation
Obscuration
Other
1
2
3
4
5
FZ
Freezing
UP
Unknown
(supercooled)
Precipitation
Replaced when significant weather phenomenon forecast to end by:
NSW
Nil Significant Weather
1.
The w’w’ groups are constructed by considering columns 1 to 5 in the table above in
NOTES:
sequence, that is intensity, followed by description, followed by weather phenomena. An
example could be: + SHRA (heavy shower(s) of rain).
2.
A precipitation combination has dominant type first.
3.
DR (low drifting) less than two metres above ground, BL (blowing) two metres or more
above ground.
4.
GR is used when hailstone diameter is 5mm or more. When less than 5mm, GS is used.
5.
BR – visibility at least 1000m but not more than 5000m. FG – visibility less than 1000m.
6.
VC – between approximately 8km and 16km from the aerodrome reference point.
FORECAST CLOUD AMOUNT AND HEIGHT*
Cloud amount:
FEW - FEW (1-2 oktas)
SCT - SCaTtered (3-4 oktas)
BKN - BroKeN (5-7 oktas)
OVC - OVerCast (8 oktas)
hshshs
Height of base of cloud in units of 30m (100ft)
(cc)
Cloud type - only CB (cumulonimbus) is indicated
Replaced when sky is expected to be obscured and information on vertical visibility is available by:
VV
Indicator of Vertical Visibility
hshshs
Vertical visibility in units of 30m (100ft)
Replaced when no cumulonimbus , towering cumulus and no other cloud below 1500m (5000ft) or below
the highest minimum sector altitude, whichever is greater, are forecast and CAVOK and SKC are not
appropriate by:
NSC
Nil Significant Cloud
*
Clouds of operational significance (i.e. below 1500m (5000ft) or below highest minimum sector altitude,
whichever is greater, and CB or TCU)
NsN sNs
CAVOK
Ceiling And Visibility OK. Replaces visibility, weather and cloud if:
(1)
Visibility is forecast to be 10km or more
(2)
No cumulonimbus cloud and no other cloud forecast below 1500m (5000ft) or
below the highest minimum sector altitude, whichever is greater, and
(3)
No significant weather forecast (see table w’w’ above)
SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN FORECAST CONDITIONS INDICATED BY:
PROBABILITY
PROB
PROBability
C2C2
Only 30 or 40 used, indicating 30% or 40%
DATE AND TIME
YYGG/YeYeGeGe
Beginning day and time (UTC) YYGG and end day and time (UTC) YeYeGeGe of
forecast period
Probability is used to indicate the probability of occurence of:
an alternative element or elements
(a)
(b)
temporary fluctuations
CHANGE
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2006, 2014. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
3 OCT 14
METEOROLOGY
223
AERODROME WEATHER FORECAST
SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN FORECAST CONDITIONS INDICATED BY:
Type of significant change:
BECMG
BECoMinG, used where changes are expected to reach or pass through
specified values at a regular or irregular rate
TEMPO
TEMPOrary fluctuations of less than 1 hour and in aggregate less than
half the period indicated by YYGG/YeYeGeGe
DATE AND TIME
YYGG/YeYeGeGe
Beginning day and time (UTC) YYGG and end day and time (UTC) YeYeGeGe of
forecast period
OR
If one set of weather conditions is expected to change more or less completely to a different set of conditions,
thus indicating the beginning of another self-contained part of the forecast, by:
TTYYGGgg
This takes the form FMYYGGgg where FM is the abbreviation for FroM and YYGGgg is the day of month
and time in hours and minutes UTC. All forecast conditions before this group are superseded by conditions
indicated after the group.
TTTTT
BY REGIONAL AGREEMENT
FORECAST TEMPERATURE
TX, TN
TX, TN Indicators of maximum and minimum forecast temperatures, respectively
YYTFTF
YYTFTF Date and forecast temperature at G FGF Temperatures below 0°C preceded
by M
YeYeGFGF
YeYeGFGF Date and time UTC to which forecast temperature refers
Z
Z Indicator of UTC
FORECAST TURBULENCE CONDITIONS (OPTIONAL)
Six digits for all turbulence groups, first digit always 5
Second digit Turbulence type
0
None
1
Light turbulence
2
Moderate turbulence in clear air, occasional
3
Moderate turbulence in clear air, frequent
4
Moderate turbulence in cloud, occasional
5
Moderate turbulence in cloud, frequent
6
Severe turbulence in clear air, occasional
7
Severe turbulence in clear air, frequent
8
Severe turbulence in cloud, occasional
9
Severe turbulence in cloud, frequent
Third to fifth digit: height of lowest turbulence layer in units of 30m (100ft) above the aerodrome
Thickness of layer
Sixth digit
0
Up to top of cloud
1
300m/1000ft
2
600m/2000ft
3
900m/3000ft
4
1200m/4000ft
5
1500m/5000ft
6
1800m/6000ft
7
2100m/7000ft
8
2400m/8000ft
9
2700m/9000ft
FORECAST ICING CONDITIONS (OPTIONAL)
Six digits for all icing groups, first digit always 6
Second digit Icing type
0
No icing
1
Light icing
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2006, 2014. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
224
METEOROLOGY
3 OCT 14
AERODROME WEATHER FORECAST
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Light icing in cloud
Light icing in precipitation
Moderate icing
Moderate icing in cloud
Moderate icing in precipitation
Severe icing
Severe icing in cloud
Severe icing in precipitation
Third to fifth digit: height of lowest turbulence layer in units of 30m (100ft) above the aerodrome
Thickness of layer
Sixth digit
0
Up to top of cloud
1
300m/1000ft
2
600m/2000ft
3
900m/3000ft
4
1200m/4000ft
5
1500m/5000ft
6
1800m/6000ft
7
2100m/7000ft
8
2400m/8000ft
9
2700m/9000ft
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2006, 2014. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
11 FEB 05
METEOROLOGY
AS-5
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - AUSTRALASIA
Identify location for which weather is desired and
find station(s) disseminating broadcast. Contents of
broadcast of each Station is shown following the listing below.
WEATHER FOR
AVAILABLE FROM
STATIONS
Adelaide
Brisbane
Auckland
Auckland
Brisbane
Brisbane
Brunei
Singapore
Cairns
Brisbane
Christchurch
Auckland
Darwin
Brisbane
Den Pasar
Singapore
Faleolo
Auckland
Kota Kinabalu
Singapore
Kuala Lumpur
Singapore
Kuching
Singapore
STATION
Auckland
CALL
SIGN
Auckland
VOLMET
FREQS (kHz)
6679 SSB
WEATHER FOR
AVAILABLE FROM
STATIONS
Melbourne
Brisbane
Nadi
Auckland
Noumea
Auckland
Pago Pago
Auckland
Penang
Singapore
Perth
Brisbane
Singapore
Singapore
Soekarno-Hatta
Singapore
Subang
Singapore
Sydney
Brisbane
Tahiti
Auckland
Townsville
Brisbane
Wellington
Auckland
BROADCAST
TIMES
PERIOD
H+
H24
20-25
8828 SSB
13282 SSB
50-55
FORM
BROADCAST
MET Reports
(including
TREND-type
landing forecasts)
Auckland,
Christchurch,
Wellington, Nadi,
Faleolo, Noumea,
Pago Pago, Tahiti
Aerodrome
forecasts
Nadi, Noumea
MET Reports
(including
TREND-type
landing forecasts)
Auckland,
Christchurch,
Wellington, Nadi,
Faleolo, Noumea,
Pago Pago, Tahiti
© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 1997, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
AS-6
METEOROLOGY
11 FEB 05
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - AUSTRALASIA
STATION
Singapore
(Changi)
CALL
SIGN
Singapore
Radio
BROADCAST
TIMES
FREQS (kHz)
PERIOD
H+
H24
20-25
6676 SSB
(1230 - 2230)
11387 SSB
FORM
SIGMET1
Singapore
METAR / SPECI2
Singapore
METAR4
Kuala Lumpur3,
Soekarno-Hatta3,
Kuching3, Brunei3,
Kota Kinabalu3, Den
Pasar3, Penang3,
Subang
TAF4
Penang3,
Singapore5, Kuala
Lumpur5
SIGMET1
Singapore
METAR / SPECI
Singapore6
METAR4
Kuala Lumpur7,
Soekarno-Hatta7,
Kuching7, Brunei7,
Kota Kinabalu7, Den
Pasar7, Penang7,
Subang
(2230 - 1230)
50-55
BROADCAST
4
TAF
Singapore5, Kulal
Lumpur5,
Soekarno-Hatta5
NOTE:
– 1 SIGMET message or ‘NIL’ is transmitted.
–
–
2
Latest routine or special report between H+00 and H+15, including trend statement; repeated at end of
broadcast, time permitting.
3
H+00 (or the previous H+30 report when the H+00 report is not available) including trend statement
when appended.
4
As available.
–
5
Valid for 9 hours.
–
6
–
–
Latest routine or special report between H+30 and H+45, including trend statement; repeated at end of
broadcast, time permitting.
7
H+30 (or the H+00 report when the H+30 report is not available) including trend statement when
appended.
Brisbane
Australian
6676 SSB
11387 SSB
H24
00-05
&
TREND Forecasts
Melbourne, Sydney,
Brisbane, Perth,
Darwin
TREND
Forecast/Aerodrom
e Forecast
Cairns
TREND Forecast
Townsville, Adelaide
Aerodrome
Forecasts
Auckland,
Christchurch
30-35
© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 1997, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
19 FEB 16
METEOROLOGY
AT-5
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - ATLANTIC
RADIOTELEPHONY
Identify location for which weather is desired and find
station(s) disseminating broadcast.
WEATHER FOR:
Abbotsford
Ascension I. (Ascension Aux AB)
Atlanta
Atlantic City
Bagotville
Baltimore
Bangor
Bardufoss
Belfast (Aldergrove)
Benson
Bergen (Flesland)
Bermuda
Bodo
Boston
Brize Norton
Calgary
Cardiff
Charlotte
Chicago
Churchill
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Cold Lake
Comox
Coningsby
Culdrose
Dakar (Leopold Sedar Senghor)
Dublin (Intl)
East Midlands
Edmonton
Gander
Gibraltar
Goose Bay
Greenwood
Halifax
Harstad-Narvik (Evenes)
Horta
Indianapolis
Iqaluit
Keflavik
Kuujjuaq
Lajes AB
Leeming
Lisbon
Lossiemouth
Manchester
Marham
Miami
AVAILABLE FROM STATIONS:
Trenton
Royal Air Force
New York
New York
Trenton
New York
New York
Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force
Shannon
New York
Royal Air Force
New York
Royal Air Force
Gander
Royal Air Force
New York
New York
Gander
New York
New York
Trenton
Trenton
Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force
Shannon
Royal Air Force
Gander, Trenton
Gander, Trenton
Royal Air Force
Gander
Trenton
Gander, Trenton
Royal Air Force
Santa Maria
New York
Gander
Keflavik, Royal Air Force, Shannon
Gander
Santa Maria
Royal Air Force
Shannon
Royal Air Force
Shannon, Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force
New York
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1990, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
AT-6
METEOROLOGY
19 FEB 16
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - ATLANTIC
WEATHER FOR:
Miami FIR
Milwaukee
Minneapolis
Montreal (Mirabel)
Montreal (Pierre Elliot Trudeau)
Munich
Nassau
Newark
New York
New York FIR
Norfolk
Northolt
Odiham
Orlando
Oslo (Gardermoen)
Ottawa
Philadelphia
Pico
Pittsburgh
Ponta Delgada (Joao Paulo II)
Porto (Francisco sa Carneiro)
Prestwick
Recife
San Juan FIR
Santa Maria
Santa Maria FIR
Shannon
Shearwater
St John’s
St Louis
Sondrestrom
Stephenville
Stockholm (Arlanda)
Tampa
Tenerife-South (Reina Sofia)
Toronto (Pearson Intl)
Trenton
Trondheim
Victoria
Waddington
Washington
West Palm Beach
Windsor Locks
Winnipeg
AVAILABLE FROM STATIONS:
New York
New York
New York
Gander
Gander
Shannon
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force
New York
Shannon
Gander, Trenton
New York
Santa Maria
New York
Santa Maria
Royal Air Force
Shannon, Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force
New York
Santa Maria, Shannon
Shannon
Shannon
Trenton
Gander
New York
Gander
Gander
Shannon
New York
Royal Air Force
Gander, Trenton
Trenton
Royal Air Force
Trenton
Royal Air Force
New York
New York
New York
Gander, Trenton
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1990, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
METEOROLOGY
19 FEB 16
AT-7
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - ATLANTIC
STATION
Gander,
Nfld.
IDENT
Volmet
FREQS
3485
6604
10051
13270
BROADCAST TIMES
PERIOD
H+
FORM
20-25
H24
TAF
METAR
25-30
50-55
55-60
Keflavik
New York,
U.S.A.
Shannon
Volmet
New York
Radio
TAF
SIGMET
METAR
TAF
METAR
TAF
SIGMET
METAR
CONTENTS & SEQUENCE
Montreal (Pierre Elliott
Trudeau), Toronto, Ottawa
Gander, Montreal (Pierre Elliott
Trudeau), Toronto, Ottawa,
Goose
Winnipeg, Edmonton, Calgary,
Churchill
Kuujjuaq, Winnipeg, Churchill
Gander, St.John’s, Halifax
Gander, St.John’s, Halifax,
Stephenville, Montreal (Mirabel)
Goose, Iqaluit, Sondrestrom
3413
NIGHT
00-25
METAR
Goose, Iqaluit, Sondrestrom,
Kuujjuaq
Keflavik
5505
8957
13264
3485
6604
10051
13270
H24
30-55
METAR
Keflavik
DAY
H24
00-05
Forecast
Detroit, Cleveland, Cincinnati
MET Report
Detroit, Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Indianapolis, Pittsburgh
New York FIR
Bangor, Windsor Locks,
Charlotte
Bangor, Windsor Locks, Norfolk,
Charlotte
New York, Newark, Boston
New York, Newark, Boston,
Baltimore, Washington
Miami FIR, San Juan FIR
Bermuda, Miami, Atlanta
Bermuda, Miami, Nassau,
Orlando, Atlanta
Chicago, Milwaukee,
Minneapolis
Chicago, Milwaukee,
Minneapolis, Detroit, Boston
New York FIR
05-10
SIGMET
Forecast
MET Report
10-15
Forecast
MET Report
15-20
SIGMET
Forecast
MET Report
30-35
Forecast
MET Report
35-40
SIGMET
Forecast
MET Report
40-45
Forecast
MET Report
45-50
SIGMET
Forecast
Indianapolis, St. Louis,
Pittsburgh
Indianapolis, St Louis,
Pittsburgh, Atlantic City
Baltimore, Philadelphia,
Washington
Baltimore, Philadelphia,
Washington, New York, Newark
Miami FIR, San Juan FIR
Nassau, Orlando
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1990, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
AT-8
METEOROLOGY
19 FEB 16
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - ATLANTIC
STATION
Royal Air
Force
IDENT
Volmet
FREQS
5450
11253
BROADCAST TIMES
PERIOD
H+
H24
00/30
FORM
MET Report
MET Report
07/37
13/43
Santa
Maria
Volmet
125.10
H24
cont.
Shannon
Volmet
3413
NIGHT
00-05
5505
H24
8957
13264
H24
DAY
METAR
SPECI
SIGMET
Forecast
METAR
05-10
Forecast
METAR
10-15
Forecast
METAR
15-20
Forecast
METAR
20-25
Forecast
METAR
25-30
METAR
30-35
Forecast
METAR
CONTENTS & SEQUENCE
Bermuda, Miami, Nassau,
Orlando, Atlanta, Tampa, West
Palm Beach
Brize Norton, Waddington,
Birmingham, East Midlands,
Manchester, Cardiff, Prestwick,
Marham, Lossiemouth,
Leeming, Coningsby, Benson,
Odiham
Northolt, Belfast (Aldergrove),
Culdrose, Bardufoss,
Hardstad-Narvik (Evenes),
Trondheim (Vaernes), Keflavik,
Bodo
Gibraltar, Porto (Francisco
Sa Caneiro), Tenerife-South
(Reina Sofia), Dakar (Leopold
Sedar Senghor), Ascension I.
(Ascension Aux AB), Recife,
Brize Norton
Santa Maria, Ponta Delgada
(Joao Paulo II), Lajes AB, Pico,
Horta
Brussels National, Amsterdam
(Schiphol)
Brussels National, Amsterdam
(Schiphol), Hamburg,
Frankfurt/Main, Munich
London (Heathrow), London
(Gatwick), London (Stansted)
London (Heathrow), Prestwick,
London (Gatwick), London
(Stansted), Glasgow
Dublin (Intl), Shannon
Dublin (Intl), Shannon,
Manchester, Keflavik
Madrid (Barajas), Lisbon, Santa
Maria
Madrid (Barajas), Lisbon, Santa
Maria, Lajes
Paris (Charles-de-Gaulle), Paris
(Orly)
Paris (Charles-de-Gaulle), Paris
(Orly), Zurich, Geneva, Milan
(Malpensa)
Stockholm (Arlanda),
Manchester, Shannon,
Copenhagen (Kastrup), Bergen
(Flesland), Dublin (Intl), Helsinki
(Vantaa)
Frankfurt/Main, Cologne-Bonn
Frankfurt/Main, Cologne-Bonn,
Dusseldorf, Munich,
Luxembourg
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1990, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
19 FEB 16
METEOROLOGY
AT-9
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - ATLANTIC
STATION
IDENT
FREQS
BROADCAST TIMES
PERIOD
H+
FORM
35-40
Forecast
METAR
40-45
Forecast
METAR
45-50
Forecast
METAR
50-55
Forecast
METAR
55-00
Forecast
METAR
cont.
Trenton
(Military)
1
Volmet
150341
1000-0001
67541
2300-1100
20-40
SIGMET
MET Report
TREND
CONTENTS & SEQUENCE
Keflavik, Glasgow, Manchester
London (Heathrow), London
(Gatwick), Keflavik, Glasgow,
Manchester
Oslo (Gardermoen),
Copenhagen (Kastrup)
Copenhagen (Kastrup),
Stockholm (Arlanda), Goteborg
(Landvetter), Bergen (Flesland),
Oslo (Gardermoen), Helsinki
(Vantaa)
Zurich, Geneva
Zurich, Geneva, Paris (Orly),
Paris (Charles-de-Gaulle)
Hamburg
Brussels National, Amsterdam
(Schiphol), Frankfurt/Main,
Cologne-Bonn, Hamburg
Rome (Fiumicino), Milan
(Malpensa)
Rome ( Fiumicino), Milan
(Malpensa), Torino (Caselle),
Lisbon, Lajes, Santa Maria
Santa Maria FIR
Gander, Halifax, Shearwater,
Greenwood, Bagotville, Trenton,
Ottawa, Toronto (Pearson Intl),
Winnipeg, Edmonton, Cold
Lake, Comox, Victoria (if time
permits), Abbotsford (if time
permits)
SSB Only
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1990, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
CA 1-1
GENERAL INFORMATION
SECTION 1
1.1
GENERAL
The Minister of Transport is responsible for the development and regulation of aeronautics and the supervision of all matters connected with aeronautics.
The responsibility for the provision of aviation weather
services in Canadian airspace and any other airspace
in respect of which Canada has the responsibility for
the provision of ATC services, has been designated
to NAV CANADA by the Minister of Transport.
NAV CANADA is responsible for a range of aviation
weather services, which are provided to it under a
contractual agreement with Environment Canada
(EC). These services include most civilian aviation
weather forecasts. NAV CANADA is responsible for
determining the location and frequency of aviation
weather observations and forecasts, and for the dissemination of this information for aviation purposes.
In addition to the aviation weather services provided
by NAV CANADA, other aviation service providers
may offer weather services in support of operations at
local airports that have light traffic, are private, and/or
are used primarily in support of private industry, such
as mining or other similar operations.
The Department of National Defence arranges for the
provision of aviation weather services at military airports.
1.1.1
Meteorological Responsibility
In accordance with CARs subpart 804 the majority of
the standards for aviation weather services are found
in: Annex 3 to the Convention, The Manual of Standards and Procedures for Aviation Weather Forecasts
(often referred to as “MANAIR”), and The Manual of
Surface Weather Observations (often referred to as
“MANOBS”). The latter two manuals can be obtained
on the EC Web site while Annex 3 can be obtained
from ICAO.
Enquiries relating to the provision of aviation weather
services should be addressed to NAV CANADA:
NAV CANADA
Aviation Weather Services
Address:
77 Metcalfe Street
Ottawa
ON
K1P 5L6
Tel:
Toll-free (North America only)
1-800-876-4693
Fax:
613-563-3426
Toll-free (North America only)
1-877-663-6656
E-Mail:
service@navcanada.ca
Enquiries relating to regulations and standards for
aviation weather services should be addressed to:
Flight Standards (AARTA)
Transport Canada
Address:
Ottawa
ON
K1A 0N8
Tel:
1-800-305-2059
Fax:
613-957-4208
E-Mail:
TC.FlightStandards-Normsvol.
TC@tc.gc.ca
1.1.2
Meteorological Services Available
Aviation weather information is available from NAV
CANADA FICs. Telephone numbers and hours of services are listed in Services and Telephone Numbers.
1.1.3
Aviation Weather Services
a. Pilot Briefing Service
The Pilot Briefing Service is provided by NAV
CANADA FICs to accommodate pilots at the
pre-flight planning stage and for information
updates while enroute. Flight service specialists
can access and display a full range of weather
charts, imagery (i.e., satellite, lightning and
radar) and aeronautical information (such as
NOTAM, RSC and CRFI). They are qualified
to provide briefings, consultation and advice,
and to interpret meteorological information.
(See ATC — FLIGHT PLANNING, Pilot Briefing
Service, paragraph 3.2 for details.)
b. Aviation Weather Web Site (AWWS)
NAV CANADA’s aviation weather web site
(AWWS), available at <https://flightplanning.navcanada.ca/>, and collaborative flight
planning system, available at <https://plan.navcanada.ca>, offer aviation weather products,
NOTAM and the ability to file flight plans. For
more information, visit <www.navcanada.ca>.
c. Other Pilot Weather Services
By arrangement with the U.S. National Weather
Service, upper level wind and temperature forecasts in digital form are made available to operators in Canada for planning flights on a worldwide basis. Identical information is made available to the Gander Oceanic ATC Center for planning trans-Atlantic flights.
Aviation weather flight documentation is provided, subject to prior notification, as determined by the local weather service outlet in
consultation with the operator’s local representative.
It is the responsibility of the operator to notify
NAV CANADA, Aviation Weather Services, of
new requirements. (See 1.1.1 for address)
1.1.4
Weather Service Information
When planning a flight, pilots can obtain aviation
weather and aeronautical information and file a flight
plan through a NAV CANADA FIC. (See FLIGHT
PLANNING, Pilot Briefing Service, for details.)
Radio communication should be established with an
FIC on an FISE frequency if in-flight information is
required to assist in making a decision or to terminate
a flight, or to alter course before adverse weather conditions are encountered.
Pilot requests for initial weather briefings while airborne are not encouraged because this practice
leads to frequency congestion.
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METEOROLOGY
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GENERAL INFORMATION
1.1.5
Weather Information from ATS
All airports with operational ATS will provide, on initial contact or as soon as practicable, the current
wind and altimeter information unless it is known that
the aircraft already has this information. ATS procedures require that wind information be transmitted
with landing and take-off clearance only when the
wind speed is 15 kts or greater. Wind velocity (direction and speed) data is typically updated every five
seconds using a running 2-minute average. Variations to the wind speed (gusts) and/or wind direction
are based on wind data from the previous 10 minutes.
At airports with an operational ATIS, the full details of
the most recent METAR or SPECI will be included in
the recorded message. In rare circumstances, such
as during rapidly changing weather conditions, this
information will be provided directly by ATS. Where
ATIS is not operational, updated current information
about weather elements from METAR/SPECI is available on request.
RVR observations are obtained by transmissometers
and forward-scatter sensors. Observations representative of the touchdown and, where available, midpoint and roll out visibility, averaged over 1 minute
and based on the light setting in use, are automatically displayed in digital form in the local ATS unit.
RVR is included in METARs and SPECIs when it is
6000 ft or less for the runway in use and/or the visibility is 1 SM or less. The RVR is presented in ICAO
format and is based on a 10-minute average of the
maximum runway light setting. Refer to the METAR
example (METEOROLOGY — Section 3.8.3) for further details.
1.1.6
Pilot Reports
1.1.6.1
PIREPs
Pilots are urged to volunteer reports of cloud tops,
upper cloud layers, cruising level wind velocity, and
other meteorological information which may be significant to safe or comfortable flight conditions. The
information is also used by Environment Canada
meteorologists to confirm or amend aviation weather
forecasts. PIREPs less than one hour old that contain
information about conditions considered to be a hazard to aviation are broadcast immediately to aircraft
in the affected area and will be included in subsequent scheduled weather broadcasts. PIREPs are
also transmitted under the headings “UACN10” for
normal PIREPs and “UACN01” or “UUA” for urgent
PIREPs. More information on PIREPs is contained in
METEOROLOGY — PILOT REPORTS — Section 2.
1.1.6.2
AIREPs
Meteorological reports (AIREPs) are appended to the
routine position reports of some flights as follows:
a. International Air Carrier aircraft transiting Canadian Domestic Flight Information Regions north
of 60°N and east of 80°W, and north of 55°N
and west of 80°W should use the AIREP format
and report routine meteorological observations
to Gander Radio at each designated reporting
point or line;
b. All aircraft operating in the Gander Oceanic Area
should use the AIREP format and report routine meteorological observations at each designated reporting point or line. The exception
is that aircraft cleared on a designated North
Atlantic track will give these reports only if the
phrase “SEND MET REPORTS” is included in
their oceanic clearance.
There are no special requirements for transmitting
AIREPs with appended meteorological information
other than those specified in the ICAO Regional Supplementary Procedures (Doc 7030, not published
herein).
1.1.7
Applicable International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO) and
World Meteorological Organization
(WMO) Documents
Whereas ICAO determines the standards and recommended practices with respect to meteorological
service for international air navigation, the World
Meteorological Organization (WMO) determines and
reports the internationally agreed upon code formats
for the reports and forecasts. ICAO and WMO documents applicable to aviation meteorology are as
follows:
ICAO Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation,
WMO Doc 306 — Manual on Codes.
WMO documents may be ordered directly from the
WMO Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland. ICAO
documents may be purchased from the ICAO Headquarters in Montréal. The two relevant addresses are
listed below:
WMO
Sales and Distribution of Publications
Address:
7bis, Avenue De La Paix
P.O. Box 2300
CH-1211 Geneva 2
Switzerland
Tel:
+41-22-730-8111
Fax:
+41-22-730-8181
Internet:
www.wmo.int
ICAO
Distribution Sales Unit
Address:
Suite 305
999 University Street
Montreal
QC
H3C 5H7
Tel:
514-954-8022
Internet:
www.icao.int
Pilots flying outside of North America should consult
the differences filed by other member states as outlined in WMO Doc. 306, or in the Aeronautical Information Publication of each country.
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METEOROLOGY
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GENERAL INFORMATION
1.1.8
Differences from ICAO Annex 3
CAR 804.01(1)(a) incorporates standards contained
in ICAO Annex 3 to the Convention on International
Civil Aviation—Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation. The current version of Annex
3 includes Amendment 76, which came into effect in
November 2013; it will be replaced by Amendment
77 on November 10, 2016. In accordance with CAR
800.01(2), the incorporation of Annex 3 as a standard “includes the differences notified to ICAO by the
Government of Canada in respect of the standards
specified in that Annex.” The full details of these State
differences are included in the AIP Canada (ICAO),
as published and disseminated by NAV CANADA.
1.1.9
Pilot Responsibility
Pilots must be aware of the requirements of CAR
602.72: “The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall,
before commencing a flight, be familiar with the available weather information that is appropriate to the
intended flight.”
1.2
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATION
AND REPORTS
1.2.1
Type and Frequency of Observations
METARs are coded weather observations that are
taken each hour at over 200 airports and other
locations in Canada. In addition, SPECIs are issued
whenever weather conditions cross specified criteria.
See METEOROLOGY — APPENDICES — AERODROME ROUTINE METEOROLOGICAL REPORTS
(METARs) — Section 3.8.3. For details on SPECI
criteria, see Section 3.8.4.
The location of transmissometers or forward scatter
sensors used to determine Runway Visual Range is
specified in the Jeppesen Airport Charts.
1.2.2
Flight Weather Documentation
Pilots must use the most recent weather information available when flight planning and be aware
of scheduled weather information updates. Pilots
must also remain vigilant for pertinent unscheduled
weather updates or amendments.
Flight weather documentation should include, as
appropriate: the relevant GFAs, AIRMETs, SIGMETs, TAFs, METARs, SPECIs, PIREPs, and upper
wind and temperature forecasts.
There are two distinct methods of reporting cloud
bases. It is vital for the pilot to be able to distinguish
and recognize which method of reporting is in use.
Heights in METARs and TAFs are always stated as
height above ground level. On the other hand, heights
in GFAs and PIREPs are normally stated as height
above sea level, since terrain heights are variable
over the larger area covered. If heights are not ASL in
GFAs, this is always highlighted by statements such
as “CIGS 2-4 AGL.”
a. METAR — METAR and SPECI weather observation program taken by a qualified human
observer.
b. METAR AUTO — METAR AUTO and SPECI
AUTO are weather observations taken by a
stand-alone AWOS with noted enhancements
(see METEOROLOGY — APPENDICES —
AERODROME ROUTINE METEOROLOGICAL
REPORTS (METARs) Section 3.8.5). METAR
AUTO systems located outside of the Canadian
Lightning Detection Network coverage area do
not receive lightning data and therefore are
unable to report thunderstorm or lightning activity.
Examples of METAR AUTO stations are the NAV
CANADA AWOS (NC AWOS) and DND AWOS.
c. LWIS — An automated weather system which
produces an hourly LWIS report containing wind
speed and direction; temperature; dew point;
and altimeter setting only.
d. Auto — An automated weather system that
does not meet requirements to produce a
METAR AUTO, SPECI AUTO or LWIS report.
These systems can report a variety of observed
weather elements. Contact the airport operator
(OPR) for further information on the specifics of
the system. Some of these systems may have
associated VHF transmissions of their reports
as stated in the CAP or CFS.
e. WxCam — Indicates that a NAV CANADA aviation weather camera is installed at the site. Still
images are transmitted to the NAV CANADA Aviation Weather Web Site at 10-minute intervals.
f. Webcam — Indicates that one or more cameras not belonging to NAV CANADA have been
installed at this location. Contact the airport
operator (OPR) for further information on the
specifics of the camera system.
Stand-alone METAR AUTO and LWIS reports are
available during published hours through normal
meteorological information systems. At some sites
an automated voice broadcast of the latest observation is available via VHF transmitter. In these cases,
the VHF frequency is displayed in the COMM box
(e.g., COMM AWOS 124.7, COMM AUTO 122.025).
The hours of coverage for METAR, METAR AUTO and
LWIS are given (e.g. METAR 09-21Z). At sites where
coverage is 24 hr, the coverage is listed as H24 (e.g.
METAR H24, METAR AUTO H24).
1.2.3
Weather Services Definitions in
Flight Publications
The terminology used to describe aviation weather
services is as follows:
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METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
GENERAL INFORMATION
1.2.4
Automated Weather Observation
Stations
1.2.4.1
Overview
AWOS, LWIS and AUTO refer to automated equipment used as a means to provide an aviation weather
service with AWOS typically referring to equipment
with more sensors. The services that can be provided by these systems are either full METAR AUTO/
SPECI AUTO or some subset thereof. LWIS provides
a basic group of four elements and issues an hourly
report. Operators of automated weather stations that
are used to support instrument flight procedures are
required to document the characteristics of their systems and to provide aircraft operators with suitable
descriptions, upon request.
AWOS and LWIS operated by NAV CANADA have
common performance characteristics across the
country. A description of the performance characteristics of these systems can be found in METEOROLOGY — APPENDICES — AERODROME ROUTINE
METEOROLOGICAL REPORTS (METARs) —
METAR AUTO and Limited Weather Information
System (LWIS) Reports — Section 3.8.5.
The subset of weather elements provided by AUTO
may vary from only one element to almost a full
METAR AUTO/SPECI AUTO. Any automated system
that is not capable of reporting all the elements
required to generate METAR AUTO/SPECI AUTO
reports and support any associated TAF should be
referred to as AUTO or LWIS. Some local service
providers may refer to their systems as AWOS, but
if they do not support METAR AUTO/SPECI AUTO,
then they will be listed as AUTO in the CFS.
NOTE: The United States uses the term “automated
surface observation system” (ASOS) as the equivalent to Canadian AWOS that provide METAR AUTO
reports. Typically, usage of the term AWOS in the
United States is equivalent to the Canadian LWIS but
with several defined levels of observation capabilities.
Further details regarding performance characteristics
and reporting practices can be found in the FAA’s
Aeronautical Information Manual.
1.2.4.2
VFR Weather Stations
Some weather stations are intended exclusively for
local use by VFR operators. These stations do not
meet the requirements of a useable altimeter setting
or of wind reports for IFR procedures. These stations
are not permitted at airports that have IAPs and they
are not published in the CFS. Pilots making use of
these stations do so at their discretion for VFR. If the
reports from such stations are being broadcast as
an advisory, the frequency will be mentioned in the
COMM section of the CFS Aerodrome/Facility Directory along with an annotation stating that the reports
cannot be used for IFR. Pilots should contact the airport operator (OPR) if they require additional information.
1.2.5
METAR AUTO and LWIS Reports
1.2.5.1
METAR AUTO Reports
METAR AUTO reports are based on NAV CANADA or
DND AWOS systems, which are comprised of a set of
meteorological sensors, a data processing system, a
communications system, and an optional VGSS and
VHF transmitter. In addition, weather cameras are
installed at many of these locations. METAR AUTO
reports may be used to support a TAF at the associated airport.
METAR AUTO reports depend on either a NAV
CANADA- or DND-developed system or on a commercial system that complies with TC requirements
for aviation use. Pending revisions to the CARs,
the current standards for the operation of automatic
weather stations for aviation use are contained in a
global exemption to CAR 804.01. Full details on this
exemption are available on the TC Web site or from
TC regional offices.
Observations are distributed in the form of METAR
AUTO and must be properly coded and supplemented by SPECI AUTO when SPECI thresholds are
crossed. At a minimum, the following are observed
and reported:
– wind (direction, speed and gusts);
– altimeter setting (these include multiple sensors
as a fail-safe);
– air temperature;
– dew point;
– visibility;
– cloud height;
– sky coverage (of detected cloud);
– precipitation occurrence and type;
– fog, freezing fog, haze, blowing snow and mist;
– thunderstorm detection capability; and
– icing.
In addition, some reports include RVR where this
information is available.
For more information on METAR AUTO reports, refer
to METEOROLOGY — APPENDICES — AERODROME ROUTINE METEOROLOGICAL REPORTS
(METARs) — METAR AUTO and Limited Weather
Information System (LWIS) Reports.
1.2.5.2
Limited Weather Information
System (LWIS) Reports
An LWIS comprises automated meteorological sensors, a data processing system, a communication
system, and an optional voice generator sub-system
(VGSS) with VHF transmitter. The LWIS collects limited meteorological data, produces LWIS reports and
transmits data to ATS facilities on the hour. The LWIS
also transmits data updated every minute to the affiliated VGSS and VHF transmitter units.
These systems were developed to meet a defined
level of service requirement for NAV CANADA.
Any LWIS used for civil aviation purposes must comply with TC requirements and be equipped with sensors to report, at a minimum, the following:
– wind (direction, speed and gusts);
– altimeter setting (these include multiple sensors
as a fail-safe);
– air temperature; and
– dew point.
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METEOROLOGY
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GENERAL INFORMATION
Wind direction is reported in degrees true except for
the VGSS, which reports wind direction in degrees
magnetic in SDA.
Except for the DND stations in the High Arctic that
do not provide dew point information, any automated
system that reports fewer elements than the standard
four required for an LWIS should be referred to as an
AUTO. For more information on LWIS, please refer
to METEOROLOGY — APPENDICES — AERODROME ROUTINE METEOROLOGICAL REPORTS
(METARs) — METAR AUTO and Limited Weather
Information System (LWIS) Reports.
1.2.6
AUTO Reports
The term AUTO is used to describe all other automated aviation weather reports that have demonstrated compliance with TC requirements and are
useable for IFR flight. However, they have a wide
variety of performance characteristics and may be
referred to locally by different labels, most often as
AWOS. Contact the airport operator for more information on the characteristics of local systems.
1.2.7
Weather Services in Support of
Approach UNICOM (AU)
Weather information is not useable for instrument
procedures unless it complies with the requirements
of CAR 804 or a related national exemption.
AU is an air-ground communications service that
can provide approach and landing information to IFR
pilots. The altimeter setting and wind reports provided by an AU are useable in support of the conduct
of an instrument procedure. Pending revisions to the
CARs, these services must be provided in accordance with one of the two national exemptions to
CAR 804.01(1)(c) that is in effect for these services.
The first national exemption establishes how two aircraft altimeters can be used to observe and report
a useable altimeter setting. The second establishes
procedures to follow for the human assessment of
wind speed and direction, useable for the selection
of the most into-wind runway. More details regarding
these exemptions can be found on the TC Web site
or obtained from a regional office.
At a few AU locations, fully automated systems are
used to measure atmospheric pressure. This data is
used to determine the altimeter setting that is relayed
to pilots. In these cases, the reported altimeter setting must comply with the same requirements applied
to the altimeter component of METAR AUTO/SPECI
AUTO.
Any weather information provided by a UNICOM, as
opposed to an AU, is not useable for instrument procedures; alternative uses are entirely at the pilot’s discretion.
1.2.8
Runway Visibility Assessment (RVA)
At airports where RVR is not provided, qualified persons may, in accordance with the requirements of the
runway visibility assessment standards referenced
by CAR 804, provide an assessment of runway visibility. Instrument-rated pilots may also provide such
assessments in accordance with CAR 602.131.
An RVA is valid for only 20 minutes after it has been
established.
1.3
METEOROLOGICAL FORECASTS
AND CHARTS
1.3.1
FIC Hours of Service and Telephone
Numbers
All FICs provide 24-hour service. Telephone numbers of FICs are provided in the CFS. Pilots dialing the common toll-free number 1-866-WXBRIEF
(992-7433) will automatically be routed to the FIC
serving the area from which the call is being made.
1.3.2
World Area Forecast System
(WAFS) Charts
WAFS aviation weather charts are disseminated
as required. These include prognostic significant
weather charts for the North Pacific, the Caribbean
and northern South America, the North Atlantic,
Canada and the United States.
Aviation area forecasts are available at all regular international airports for the Continental United
States excluding Alaska, air routes from North America to Europe, Canada and the Arctic Ocean, air
routes between North America and the Caribbean,
air routes from the west coast of North America to
Japan, and air routes from the west coast of North
America to Hawaii.
1.3.3
Aerodrome Forecasts TAFs
TAFs are prepared for approximately 180 airports
across Canada. TAFs are limited to airports for which
METAR and SPECI reports are available. The forecasts are generally prepared four times daily with
periods of validity up to a maximum of 30 hours.
See Meteorology 3.7 for more information on TAFs,
including when they are issued, their periods of
validity, and decoding instructions.
TAFs are issued in TAF code, with amendments as
required.
1.3.4
Airport Advisory Forecasts
Airport advisories are forecasts that are issued in TAF
format except that ‘ADVISORY’ is added immediately
after the period of validity group. They are issued in
the place of a TAF in the following circumstances:
a. Offsite: the forecast is based on observations
that have been taken offsite and are not considered to be representative of weather conditions
at the airport;
b. Observation Incomplete: the forecast is based
on observations which have regularly missing or
incomplete data; or
c. No Specials: the forecast is based on observations from a station with a limited observing program that does not issue SPECI reports.
In each case, after the period of coverage group, the
advisory forecast will be labelled with the word “ADVISORY” and the appropriate qualifier (OFFSITE, OBS
INCOMPLETE or NO SPECI).
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METEOROLOGY
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GENERAL INFORMATION
1.3.5
Coastal Weather
Float plane operators can also obtain coastal marine
weather on HF and VHF-FM frequencies from some
Canadian Coast Guard stations. Frequencies and
time of broadcast are contained in two Canadian
Coast Guard publications: Radio Aids to Marine
Navigation (Pacific, and Arctic) and Radio Aids to
Marine Navigation (Atlantic, St. Lawrence, Great
Lakes, Lake Winnipeg and Arctic). These two publications are published annually and are available on
the Canadian Coast Guard Web site.
1.3.6
GFAs and AIRMET Messages
Graphic area forecasts (GFAs) are issued as a series
of temporally adjusted weather charts for Canadian
Domestic Airspace and distributed on a routine or
on-request basis. These forecasts are prepared four
times daily for 7 regions across the country with a
valid period of 12 hours and an outlook for a future
12 hours. See METEOROLOGY — Section 3.4 for
issue, periods of validity and decoding instructions.
Once issued, a SIGMET or AIRMET message automatically amends the current and relevant GFA. A full
description of this product can be found in METEOROLOGY — Section 3.5.
1.3.7
Upper Level Wind and Temperature
Forecasts
Alphanumeric upper level wind and temperature forecasts (FD) are routinely prepared for 142 sites in
Canada. FD forecasts are produced by a super-computer model of the atmosphere called a Numerical
Weather Prediction (NWP) model, which is run twice
per day (00Z and 12Z) after collecting and analyzing
weather observation data from around the world.
An FD forecast based on the 12Z NWP model run on
the fifth day of the month would include the following
text at the top of the forecast data, “FCST BASED on
051200 DATA”. The text “DATA VALID 060000” in the
FD forecast indicates that the temperature and wind
velocity data is forecast to be most representative of
conditions at 00Z on the sixth day of the month. FD
forecast data can be used for several hours before or
after the stated valid time. This is indicated by the text
“FOR USE 21 – 06”, which means that this particular
forecast may be used for a 9-hour period from 21Z to
06Z.
During flight planning, care must be exercised to
ensure that the correct FD forecast is selected and
the associated “FOR USE” coverage is appropriate
for the time of the proposed flight.
Forecasts in digital form of the winds and temperatures aloft (FB), an improvement over FD forecasts,
are now available over the phone. FB forecasts are
updated four times per day. Over the next couple of
years, FB forecasts will gradually replace FD forecasts for most flight planning purposes. Further information is available in the MANAIR, which can be
found on Environment Canada’s Web site.
altitude/flight level without a proper ATC clearance.
When weather conditions encountered are so severe
that an immediate deviation is determined to be
necessary, and time will not permit approval by ATC,
the pilot’s emergency authority may be exercised.
However, when such action is taken, ATC should be
advised as soon as practicable.
When a pilot requests clearance for a route deviation
or for an ATC radar vector, the controller must evaluate the air traffic situation in the affected area and
coordinate with other controllers before replying to the
request.
It should be remembered that the controller’s primary
function is to provide safe separation between aircraft. Any additional service, such as weather avoidance assistance, can only be provided to the extent
that it does not detract from the primary function. Also
note that the separation workload for the controller
generally increases when weather disrupts the usual
flow of traffic. ATC radar limitations and frequency
congestion is also a factor in limiting the controller’s
capability to provide additional services.
It is important, therefore, that the request for a deviation or radar vector be forwarded to ATC as far in
advance as possible. Delay in submitting it may delay
or even preclude ATC approval or require that additional restrictions be placed on the clearance. Pilots
should respond to a weather advisory by requesting: a deviation off course and stating the estimated
number of miles and the direction of the requested
deviation; a new route to avoid the affected area;
a change of altitude; or, radar vectors around the
affected areas.
The following information should be given to ATC
as early as possible when requesting clearance to
detour around weather activity:
a. proposed route and extent of detour (direction
and distance);
b. flight conditions IMC or VMC; and
c. whether or not the aircraft is equipped with a
functioning cockpit weather radar.
The assistance that might be given by ATC will
depend upon the weather information available to
controllers. Owing to the often transitory nature of
severe weather situations, the controller’s weather
information may be of only limited value if based on
weather observed on radar only. Frequent updates
by pilots, giving specific information as to the area
affected, altitudes, intensity and nature of the severe
weather, are of considerable value. Such PIREPs
receive immediate and widespread dissemination to
aircrew, dispatchers and aviation forecasters.
1.3.8
ATC Weather Assistance
ATC will issue information on significant weather
and assist pilots in avoiding weather areas when
requested. However, for reasons of safety, an IFR
flight must not deviate from an assigned course or
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CA 1-7
GENERAL INFORMATION
1.3.9
Supplementary Information
1.3.9.1
Weather Radar
Weather radars typically present a display of precipitation within 150 NM of the facility site; storms of considerable height and intensity can be seen at greater
ranges. However, it should be noted that these radars
cannot detect turbulence. The turbulence associated
with a very heavy rate of rainfall will generally be significantly more severe than that associated with light
rainfall.
Environment Canada (EC) and the Department of
National Defense (DND) operate a series of weather
radars across Canada that provide frequent reports
of precipitation echo tops and precipitation reflectivity. Radar images are updated approximately every
10 minutes for individual radars. A color composite
radar product, which depicts either echo tops or precipitation reflectivity is also available on the flight planning section of NAV CANADA’s web site.
Detailed and real time information from the Canadian
Lightning Detection Network (CLDN) is available to
the FICs and ACCs that can provide verbal descriptions to pilots.
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CA 1-8
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
GENERAL INFORMATION
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Figure 1.3 – Environment Canada/DND Weather Radar Network
1464798630917
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17 JUN 16
METEOROLOGY
CA 1-9
GENERAL INFORMATION
1.4
IN-FLIGHT METEOROLOGICAL
INFORMATION (VOLMET)
In-flight meteorological information (VOLMET) is
meteorological information for aircraft in flight, particularly those over the high seas. VOLMET contains
airport routine meteorological reports (METARs) and
aerodrome forecasts (TAFs) for selected airports and
may be provided either by data link (D-VOLMET)
or by voice broadcasts on designated frequencies,
normally high frequency (HF).
Information on the content, issue times and transmitter frequencies for North Atlantic (NAT) VOLMET
broadcasts is given in the Canada Flight Supplement
CFS, Section D, Radio Navigation and Communications.
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q$i
16 DEC 16
METEOROLOGY
CA 2-1
PILOT REPORTS
SECTION 2
2.1
GENERAL
A pilot weather report (PIREP) is a report pertaining to current weather conditions encountered by aircraft in flight. A PIREP is extremely useful to other
pilots, forecasters, dispatchers and weather briefers
as it provides up-to-the-minute weather information
to supplement what is received from meteorological
observing stations. In addition, a PIREP is an invaluable data source for aviation meteorologists because
it either confirms an existing forecast or highlights
the requirement for an amendment. A PIREP may
also be the only information available regarding areas
between reporting stations, particularly those areas
whose topography may produce localized weather
phenomena (e.g., hills or expanses of water). Urgent
PIREPs are issued for atmospheric conditions that
are an immediate hazard for all aviation users.
Pilots are encouraged to file brief reports of weather
conditions when giving position reports, especially
reports of any significant atmospheric phenomena. They are also encouraged to report conditions
that differ significantly from those that were forecast. PIREPs that contain critical information on
low clouds, reduced visibility, icing, and convective
activities such as wind shear, squall line, turbulence,
thunderstorms and cumulonimbus clouds are especially useful. PIREPs of hazardous conditions may
trigger the issuance of a SIGMET.
For timely distribution, PIREPs should be filed with
a flight information center (FIC) via an enroute frequency or by a toll-free call to an FIC after landing.
PIREPs received by flight service personnel are
immediately disseminated on meteorological communications circuits and provided to other air traffic
service (ATS) units and the Canadian Meteorological
Aviation Centres (CMAC).
Controllers, flight service specialists and community
airport radio station (CARS) observer/communicators (O/Cs) may request reports from pilots regarding
specific weather conditions or weather conditions
encountered during enroute, climb-out or approach
phases.
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS contain
the toll-free FIC telephone numbers. The recommended contents of a PIREP are:
a. Location and time of phenomena (ident, radial,
dist, time)
b. Altitude
c. Aircraft type
d. Cloud (Base, Amount, Top)
e. Temperature
f. Wind direction and speed
g. Turbulence (intensity, type, altitude)
h. Icing (intensity, type, altitude)
i. Remarks
2.1.1
PIREP Example
EXAMPLE: UACN10 CYXU 032133 YZ UA /OV YXU
090010 /TM 2120 /FL080 /TP PA31 /SK 020BKN040
110OVC /TA -12 /WV 030045 /TB MDT BLO 040 /IC
LGT RIME 020‑040 /RM NIL TURB CYYZ‑CYHM
PIREP
EXAMPLE
UACN10
CYXU
032133
YZ
UA /OV YXU
090010
/TM 2120
/FL080
DECODED EXAMPLE
Message Type: Regular PIREP.
Urgent PIREPs are encoded as
UACN01 or UUA.
Issuing office: London FIC.
Date/Time of Issue: 3rd day of the
month, at 2133Z.
FIR: Toronto.
If the PIREP extends into an
adjacent FIR, both FIRs will be
indicated.
Location: London VOR 090˚
radial, 10 NM. PIREP location
will be reported with reference to
a NAVAID, airport or geographic
coordinates (latitude/longitude).
Time of PIREP: 2120Z
Altitude: 8000 ft ASL. Altitude
may also be reported as “DURD”
(during descent), “DURC” (during
climb) or “UNKN” (unknown).
/TP PA31
Aircraft Type: Piper Navajo (PA31).
/SK 020BK
Sky Cover: First layer of cloud
N040 110OVC based at 2000 ft with tops at
4000 ft ASL. Second layer of cloud
based at 11,000 ft ASL.
/TA -12
Air Temperature: ‑12ºC.
Wind Velocity: Wind direction
/WV 030045
030° true, wind speed 45 kt.
Wind direction reported by
pilots in degrees magnetic will
subsequently be converted to
degrees true for inclusion in
PIREP.
Turbulence: Moderate turbulence
/TB MDT
below 4000 ft ASL.
BLO 040
/IC LGT RIME Icing: Light rime icing (in cloud)
between 2000 ft ASL and 4000 ft
020–040
ASL.
/RM NIL TURB Remarks: No turbulence
CYYZ-CYHM encountered between Toronto
and Hamilton.
NOTE: Supplementary information for any of the
PIREP fields may be included in the remarks (RM)
section of the PIREP.
2.2
CLEAR AIR TURBULENCE (CAT)
2.2.1
General
Clear air turbulence (CAT) remains a problem for
flight operations, particularly above 15,000 feet. The
best information available on this phenomenon is still
obtained from PIREPs, since a CAT forecast is generalized and cover large areas. All pilots encountering
CAT conditions are requested to urgently report the
time, location, flight level and intensity (light, moderate, severe, or extreme) of the phenomena to the
facility with which they are maintaining radio contact.
(See Turbulence Reporting Criteria Table below).
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CA 2-2
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
PILOT REPORTS
2.2.2
Turbulence Reporting Criteria
INTENSITY
LIGHT
MODERATE
SEVERE
AIRCRAFT REACTION
Turbulence that momentarily causes slight, erratic
changes in altitude and/or attitude (pitch, roll, yaw).
Report as “light turbulence”.
OR
Turbulence that causes slight, rapid and somewhat
rhythmic bumpiness without appreciable changes
in altitude or attitude. Report as “light chop”.
Turbulence that is similar to light turbulence but of
greater intensity. Changes in altitude and/or attitude
occur but the aircraft remains in positive control at
all times. It usually causes variations in indicated
airspeed. Report as “moderate turbulence”.
OR
Turbulence that is similar to light chop but of greater
intensity. It causes rapid bumps or jolts without
appreciable changes in aircraft altitude or attitude.
Report as “moderate chop”.
Turbulence that causes large, abrupt changes in
altitude and/or attitude. It usually causes large
variations in indicated airspeed. Aircraft may be
momentarily out of control. Report as “severe
turbulence”.
The terms “occasional”, “intermittent” and “continuous” are used to describe reported turbulence. Turbulence is considered occasional when it occurs less
than 1/3 of the time, intermittent when it occurs 1/3 to
2/3 of the time and continuous when it occurs more
than 2/3 of the time.
Pilots should report location(s), time (UTC), intensity, whether in or near clouds, altitude, type of aircraft and, when applicable, the duration of turbulence.
Duration may be based on time between two locations or over a single location. All locations should be
readily identifiable.
EXAMPLE 1: Over REGINA 1232Z, moderate turbulence, in cloud FL310, B737.
EXAMPLE 2: From 50 NM EAST of WINNIPEG to 30
NM WEST of BRANDON 1210 to 1250Z occasional
moderate chop, FL330, AIRBUS 320.
High level turbulence (normally above 15,000 ft ASL)
not associated with cumuliform clouds, including
thunderstorms, should be reported as CAT preceded
by the appropriate intensity or chop type.
2.3
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WIND SHEAR
Intense down drafts, typically associated with thunderstorms, produce strong vertical and horizontal
wind shear components that are a hazard to aviation
for aircraft in the approach, landing or takeoff phase
of flight. Since ground-based instruments to measure
wind shear have not been installed at Canadian airports, the presence of such conditions can normally
be deduced only from PIREPs.
Aircrew capable of reporting the wind and altitude,
both, above and below the shear layer, from Flight
Management Systems (FMS) are requested to do
so. Pilots without this equipment should report wind
shear by stating the loss or gain of airspeed and the
REACTION INSIDE AIRCRAFT
Occupants may feel a slight strain
against seat belts or shoulder
straps. Unsecured objects may be
displaced slightly. Food service
may be conducted and little or no
difficulty is encountered in walking.
Occupants feel definite strains
against seat belts or shoulder
straps. Unsecured objects are
dislodged. Food service and
walking are difficult.
Occupants are forced violently
against seat belts or shoulder
straps. Unsecured objects are
tossed about. Food service and
walking impossible.
altitude at which it was encountered. Pilots not able
to report wind shear in these specific terms should do
so in terms of its general effect on the aircraft.
2.4
AIRFRAME ICING
Report icing to ATS and, if operating IFR, request a
new routing or altitude if icing will be a hazard. Give
your aircraft identification, type, location, time (UTC),
intensity of icing, type, altitude or flight level, and indicated airspeed.
The following describes icing and how to report icing
conditions:
INTENSITY
ICE ACCUMULATION
Trace
Ice becomes perceptible. Rate of
accumulation is slightly greater than
the rate of sublimation. It is not
hazardous, even though de-icing
or anti-icing equipment is not used,
unless encountered for an extended
period of time (over one hour).
Light
The rate of accumulation may create
a problem if flight is prolonged in this
environment (over one hour).
Moderate
The rate of accumulation is such
that even short encounters become
potentially hazardous, and use of
de-icing or anti-icing equipment or
diversion is necessary.
The rate of accumulation is such
Severe
that de-icing or anti-icing equipment
fails to reduce or control the hazard.
Immediate diversion is necessary.
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17 JUN 16
METEOROLOGY
CA 2-3
PILOT REPORTS
Rime ice
Clear ice
Mixed ice
2.5
Icing Types
Rough, milky opaque ice formed by
the instantaneous freezing of small
supercooled water droplets.
Glossy, clear, or translucent ice
formed by the relatively slow
freezing of large supercooled water
droplets.
Both rime and clear icing occurring
at the same time.
VOLCANIC ASH
Flight operations in volcanic ash are hazardous.
Pilots may be the first line of volcanic eruption detection in more remote areas. Pilots may be able to
provide valuable information about the spread of
volcanic ash from an eruption; ash can rapidly rise to
altitudes above 60,000 feet and exist at hazardous
concentrations up to 1,000 NM from the source.
Volcanic ash is not detectable on radar. If an eruption
or ash cloud is detected, an urgent PIREP should be
filed with the nearest ATS unit.
A volcanic ash forecast chart is produced when
required (see MET 3.13).
2.6
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nor a wind direction indicator is available, the wind
direction and speed can be estimated by observing
smoke, dust, flags or wind lines on bodies of water.
Pilots on the ground may estimate wind speed and
direction by using anything that is free to be moved
by the influence of the wind. The descriptions in the
Beaufort Wind Scale have been found to be particularly useful and are widely used.
Wind direction can also be estimated accurately by
simply facing the wind. Such estimates should only
be provided to the nearest eight points (i.e., north,
northeast, east) of the compass. The best estimate
is obtained by standing in an open area clear of
obstructions. Should this not be possible, estimation
errors may be so large that pilots using the information should exercise caution. The direction and speed
of low-lying clouds can be an indicator of surface
winds but should also be used with caution because
of the possibility of wind shear near the surface.
Pilots who relay reports of winds based on estimation
should ensure that the intended user of the information is aware that it is based on estimation so that
appropriate precautions can be taken.
PILOT ESTIMATION OF SURFACE
WIND
Surface wind direction and speed is information critical to effective pilot decision making for takeoff and
landing. Where neither wind measuring equipment
BEAUFORT WIND SCALE
Calm
Light Air
0
1
Speed
Range
(knots)
Less than 1
1-3
Light Breeze
2
4-6
5
Gentle
Breeze
3
7-10
9
Moderate
Breeze
4
11-16
14
Fresh Breeze
5
17-21
19
Strong
Breeze
6
22-27
25
Descriptive
Term
Beaufort
Force
Knots
Average
2
Specification for
estimating wind
over Land
Smoke rises vertically
Direction of wind
shown by smoke
Wind felt on face;
leaves rustle;
ordinary vane moved
by wind
Leaves and small
twigs in constant
motion; wind extends
light flag
Raises dust and
loose paper; small
branches are moved
Small trees in leaf
begin to sway;
crested wavelets
form on inland waters
Large branches in
motion; whistling
heard in telephone
wires; umbrellas used
with difficulty
Specification for estimating
wind over sea (probable wave
height in meters*)
Sea is like a mirror (0)
Ripples with the appearance of
scales are formed, but without
foam crest (0.1)
Small wavelets, still short but
more pronounced; crests have a
glassy appearance and do not
break (0.2 to 0.3)
Large wavelets; crests begin
to break; foam of glassy
appearance; perhaps scattered
white horses (0.6 to 1)
Small waves becoming longer;
fairly frequent white horses (1 to
1.5)
Moderate waves, taking a more
pronounced long form; many
white horses are formed, chance
of some spray (2 to 2.5)
Large waves begin to form; the
white foam crests are more
extensive everywhere, probably
some spray (3 to 4)
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CA 2-4
METEOROLOGY
17 JUN 16
PILOT REPORTS
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BEAUFORT WIND SCALE (continued)
Descriptive
Term
Near Gale
7
Speed
Range
(knots)
28-33
8
34-40
Beaufort
Force
Knots
Average
31
37
Specification for
estimating wind
over Land
Whole trees
in motion;
inconvenience felt
in walking against
wind
Breaks twigs off trees;
generally impedes
progress
Specification for estimating
wind over sea (probable wave
height in meters*)
Sea heaps up and white foam
from breaking waves begins to
be blown in streaks along the
direction of the wind (4 to 5.5)
Moderately high waves of
greater length; edges of crests
begin to break into the spindrift;
the foam is blown in well-marked
streaks along the direction of the
wind (5.5 to 7.5)
9
41-47
44
High waves; dense streaks of
Strong Gale
Slight structural
damage occurs to
foam along the direction of the
roofing shingles, TV wind; crests of waves begin to
topple, tumble and roll over;
antennae, etc.
spray may affect visibility (7 to
10)
10
48-55
52
Storm
Seldom experienced Very high waves with long,
overhanging crests; the resulting
inland; trees
foam, in great patches, is blown
uprooted;
in dense white streaks along
considerable
the direction of the wind; on the
structural damage
whole, the surface of the sea
takes on a white appearance;
the tumbling of the sea becomes
heavy and shock-like; visibility
affected (9 to 12.5)
11
56-63
60
Very rarely
Exceptionally high waves (smallViolent Storm
experienced;
and medium-sized ships might
accompanied by
be lost to view behind the
widespread damage waves); the sea is completely
covered with long patches of
foam lying along the direction of
the wind; everywhere the edges
of the wave crests are blown into
froth; visibility affected (11.5 to
16)
12
Hurricane
Above 63
The air is filled with foam and
spray; sea completely white with
driving spray; visibility seriously
affected (16+)
* Wave height is representative of conditions well away from shore and in deep water when winds of that
strength have persisted for an extended period of time. The wave height figure does not give the maximum
wave height nor does it take into account the effects of swell, air temperature or currents.
Gale
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© JEPPESEN, 2002, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
CA 3-1
APPENDICES
SECTION 3
3.1
AVIATION FORECASTS AND
CHARTS
ITEM AND TYPE
DESIGNATOR
TIME ISSUED
Area Forecast
Charts (GFA)
Approximately
30 min before
the beginning
of the forecast
period
Aerodrome
Forecast
(TAF)
Approximately
30 min before
the beginning
of the validity
period
Amended
Forecast
Significant
Meteorological
Information
(SIGMET)
WSCN, WCCN,
WVCN
Upper Level Wind
and Temperature
Forecast (FD)
TIMES OR
PERIODS OF
COVERAGE
0000Z, 0600Z,
1200Z, 1800Z.
Each new set of
GFA charts replaces
preceding ones.
Forecasts are
generally issued
every 6 hr with
validity periods up
to a maximum of 30
hr. Issue and update
periods may vary.
Next issue time is
stated at the end of
each TAF.
APPLICABLE
LEVEL
Below 24,000 ft
REMARKS
Graphically depicts forecast
weather elements affecting
flight at a specific time over a
particular area.
The TAF is the forecaster’s best
judgment of the most probable
weather conditions expected
to occur at an airport, together
with their most probable time
of occurrence. It is designed
to meet the pre-flight and
in-flight requirements of flight
operations. They are intended
to relate to weather conditions
for flight operations within 5
NM of the center of the runway
complex, depending on local
terrain.
Forecasts will be amended when significant changes in ceiling or visibility occur, or when
freezing precipitation begins, or is expected to occur, although it was not previously
predicted.
A message issued by a meteorological watch office (MWO) to advise pilots of the
occurrence or expected occurrence of specified weather phenomena, which may affect the
safety of aircraft operations, and the development of those phenomena in time and space.
0330Z*
0330Z*
0330Z*
1530Z**
1530Z**
1530Z**
0200Z
0200Z
0200Z
1400Z
1400Z
1400Z
0500-0900Z
0900-1800Z
1800-0500Z
1700-2100Z
2100-0600Z
0600-1700Z
0500-0900Z
0900-1800Z
1800-0500Z
1700-2100Z
2100-0600Z
0600-1700Z
Surface (includes
clouds at levels
which can be
seen from the
surface)
3000 feet
6000 feet
9000 feet
12,000 feet
18,000 feet
Predicts upper winds and
temperatures in numerical form
at standard levels for a given
time period and location.
24,000
30,000
34,000
39,000
45,000
53,000
Upper level wind and
temperature forecasts are
issued by world area forecast
centres (WAFC).
feet
feet
feet
feet
feet
feet
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© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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CA 3-2
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
APPENDICES
ITEM AND TYPE
TIME ISSUED
DESIGNATOR
Upper Level
Forecast Chart–
PROG
12 hours before
valid time
Significant
Weather
Forecast Chart–
PROG
12 hours before
valid time
TIMES OR
PERIODS OF
COVERAGE
0000Z
0600Z
1200Z
1800Z
0000Z
0600Z
1200Z
1800Z
q$i
APPLICABLE
LEVEL
FL240
FL340
FL390
FL450
FL100-240
FL250-630
REMARKS
Depicts forecast wind and
temperatures for the chart level.
Charts are for a specific
flight level range. They
indicate surface positions
of lows and highs and any
significant weather, such as
thunderstorms, turbulence and
mountain waves, applicable to
the chart.
* based on upper atmosphere observations taken at 0000Z.
** based on upper atmosphere observations taken at 1200Z.
Upper Level Wind and Temperature Forecasts Issued as FB
OBSERVATION TIME
(UTC)
0000
0000
0000
0600
0600
0600
1200
1200
1200
1800
1800
1800
3.2
APPROXIMATE ISSUE
TIME (UTC)
0320
0330
0330
0920
0930
0930
1520
1530
1530
2120
2130
2130
VALID TIME (UTC)
PERIOD OF USE (UTC)
0600
1200
0000
1200
1800
0600
1800
0000
1200
0000
0600
1800
0200–0900
0900–1800
1800–0600
0800–1500
1500–0000
0000–1200
1400–2100
2100–0600
0600–1800
2000–0300
0300–1200
1200–0000
AVIATION WEATHER REPORTS
ITEM AND TYPE
TIME OBSERVED
REMARKS
DESIGNATOR
Aviation Routine
Every hour on the Describes actual weather at a specific location and at a specific
Weather Report METAR hour
time as observed from the ground.
SPECIs are issued when required. METAR is not available 24
hours a day at all airports.
As reported
Pilot Report (PIREP)
Observations of actual conditions reported by pilots during
flight.
(UA/UUA)
Volcanic Ash Report
As required
Describes in graphical format the current and expected ash
cloud dispersion and densities at various flight levels.
(FV)
3.3
WEATHER CHARTS
The international practice is to label the levels in
upper level weather charts in hectopascals (hPa)
rather than millibars (mb) and this will be increasingly
adopted in Canada. Note, however, that one mb
equals one hPa.
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© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
16 DEC 16
METEOROLOGY
CA 3-3
APPENDICES
ITEM AND TYPE
DESIGNATOR
Surface Weather
Chart
Upper Level
Chart – ANAL
3.4
TIME
TIME ISSUED
OBSERVED
2 or 3
0000Z
hours after
0600Z
observation
1200Z
1800Z
0000Z
1200Z
Over 3
hours after
observation
q$i
REMARKS
Analysis of MSL pressure pattern, surface location of
fronts, surface precipitation and obstructions to vision
based on reports. Surface pressure patterns can be
considered as representative of the atmosphere up to
3000 feet. Weather visible from the surface at any level
is included.
Charts prepared for following levels:
850 hPa (1500m/5000 feet)
700 hPa (3000m/10,000 feet)
500 hPa (5500m/18,000 feet)
250 hPa (10,400m/34,000 feet)
Charts show reported atmospheric conditions at the
pressure levels, such as wind speed and direction,
temperatures, and moisture content.
GRAPHIC AREA FORECAST (GFA)
3.4.1
General
The graphic area forecast (GFA) consists of a series
of temporally adjusted weather charts, each depicting the most probable meteorological conditions
expected to occur at or below 24,000 ft over a
given area at a specified time. The GFA is primarily
designed to meet general aviation and regional airline requirements for pre-flight planning in Canada.
3.4.2
Issue and Valid Times
Graphic area forecast (GFA) charts are issued four
times daily, approximately 30 min before the beginning of the forecast period. The GFA is issued at
approximately 2330, 0530, 1130 and 1730 UTC and
is valid at 0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 UTC respectively. Each issue of the GFA consists of six charts;
two charts valid at the beginning of the forecast
period, two charts valid six hours into the forecast
period and the final two charts valid twelve hours
into the forecast period. Of the two charts valid at
each of the three forecast periods, one chart depicts
clouds and weather while the other chart depicts
icing, turbulence and freezing level. An IFR outlook
for an additional 12-hr period is also included in the
comments box of the final clouds and weather chart.
3.4.3
Coverage Area
There are seven distinct GFA areas, covering the
entire Canadian domestic airspace, over which
Canada is responsible for the provision of air traffic
control services. The following map illustrates the
GFA coverage areas.
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© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
CA 3-4
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
APPENDICES
q$i
1308250172542
3.4.4
Units of Measure
Speeds in the GFA are expressed in knots (kt.)
and heights in hundreds of feet. Horizontal visibility
is measured in statute miles (SM) and all times
are stated in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). A
nautical mile (NM) scale bar is included to assist in
determining approximate distances on the chart. All
heights are measured above sea level (ASL) unless
otherwise noted.
3.4.5
Abbreviations and Symbols
Only standard meteorological abbreviations are used
in the GFA. Symbols used in the GFA are consistent
with those found on similar meteorological products
already described in this document such as significant weather prognostic charts paragraph 3.12.
3.4.6
Layout
Each GFA chart is divided into four parts: Title Box;
Legend Box; Comments Box; and Weather Information Section.
Weather Information
Section
Title Box
Legend Box
Comments Box
and time of issue, and the valid date and time of the
chart. The Title Box is found in the upper right corner
of the GFA.
In the following example, the Title Box indicates the
GFA name (GFACN33) and that it is issued by Canadian Meteorological Centre Network Operations in
Montréal (CWAO). The GFA region for the sample
chart is ONTARIO-QUÉBEC and the type of chart is
clouds and weather. The next section indicates the
issue time of the GFA chart, which was September
17, 2014, at 1130Z. The last section states the valid
date and time for the GFA chart which, in this example, was September 18, 2014, at 0000Z.
GFACN33 CWAO
REGION ONTARIO-QUÉBEC
CLOUDS AND WEATHER NUAGES ET TEMPS
ISSUED AT
EMIS A
17/09/2014 1130Z
VLD:
18/09/2014 0000Z
3.4.7
Title Box
The Title Box includes the chart name, the issuing
office four-letter identification, the name of the graphic
area forecast (GFA) region, the chart type, the date
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© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
16 DEC 16
METEOROLOGY
CA 3-5
APPENDICES
3.4.8
Legend Box
The legend box includes weather symbols that may
be used in the weather information part of the graphic
area forecast (GFA) chart. It also includes a nautical-mile scale bar to facilitate the determination of distances. Symbols used in the GFA are consistent with
those used in a significant weather prognostic chart.
In the following example, symbols for thunderstorm
(TS), ice pellets (PL), freezing rain (FZRA) and freezing drizzle (FZDZ) are indicated in the legend box.
These symbols are depicted in red when shown in
color.
q$i
For meteorological purposes, the IFR outlook is
based on the following:
CATEGORY
IFR
MVFR
VFR
CEILING
less than
1000 ft AGL
between
1000 ft and
3000 ft AGL
more than
3000 ft AGL
VISIBILITY
and/or less than 3
SM
and/or between 3
and 5 SM
and
more than 5
SM
In the event that no organized IFR conditions are
expected in the outlook period, NIL SIG WX is written in the comment box.
3.4.10
Weather Information
The Weather Information part of the chart depicts
either a forecast of the clouds and weather conditions
or a forecast of the icing, turbulence and freezing level
conditions for a specified time.
1464989146457
3.4.9
Comments Box
The Comments Box provides information that the
weather forecaster considers important (e.g., formation or dissipation of fog, increasing or decreasing
visibility). It is also used to describe elements that
are difficult to render pictorially or, if added to the
depiction, would cause the chart to become cluttered
(e.g., light icing). The standard phrases “HGTS ASL
UNLESS NOTED” and “TCU, ACC AND CB IMPLY
SIG TURBC AND ICG. CB IMPLIES LLWS” are also
included in the Comments Box.
1223925561000
In this example, the forecaster has added two comments. The first indicates that the Fog/Mist will dissipate after 1400 UTC. The second comment advises
that ceilings will become scattered after 1500 UTC.
The Comments Box of the 12-hr Clouds and Weather
GFA chart also includes an IFR outlook for an additional 12-hr period in the lower section of the box. The
IFR outlook is always general in nature, indicating the
main areas where IFR weather is expected, the cause
for the IFR weather and any associated weather hazards. In the example given, IFR conditions caused
by low ceilings (CIG), rain (RA) and mist (BR) south
of the St. Lawrence Valley are forecast. Also, local
IFR conditions are forecast because of an onshore
(ONSHR) and upslope (UPSLP) northwesterly flow
of air from James Bay (JAMSBA) and Hudson’s Bay
(HSNBA).
q$z
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CA 3-6
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
APPENDICES
3.4.11
q$i
Clouds and Weather Chart
1464989146457
The GFA Clouds and Weather Chart provides a
forecast of cloud layers and/or surface-based phenomena, visibility, weather and obstructions to vision
at the valid time of that particular chart. Lines joining points of equal surface pressure (isobars) are
depicted at 4-hPa intervals. In addition, relevant synoptic features that are responsible for the portrayed
weather are also depicted, with an indication of their
speed and direction of movement at the valid time.
a. Synoptic Features — The motion of synoptic
features when the speed of movement is forecast to be 5 kt or more will be indicated by an
arrow and a speed value. For speeds less than
5 kt, the letters QS (quasi-stationary) are used.
A low pressure center moving eastward at 15 kt
with an associated cold front moving southeast
at 10 kt would be indicated as follows:
1223917227000
b. Clouds — The bases and tops of forecast
clouds between the surface and 24,000 ft
ASL will be indicated on the GFA Clouds and
Weather chart. The tops of convective clouds
(i.e., TCU, ACC, CB) are indicated, even if they
extend above 24,000 ft ASL. Cirrus clouds are
not depicted on the chart. The cloud type will
be indicated if considered significant; however,
convective clouds, such as CU, TCU, ACC
and CB, will always be stated if forecast to be
present.
q$z
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METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
CA 3-7
APPENDICES
A scalloped border, depicted in brown when
shown in color, encloses organized areas of
clouds where the sky condition is either broken
(BKN) or overcast (OVC). An organized area of
broken cumulus clouds based at 2000 ft ASL
with tops at 8000 ft ASL would be indicated as
follows:
1223917227000
Where organized areas of clouds are not forecast and the visibility is expected to be greater
than 6 SM, a scalloped border is not used. In
these areas, the sky condition is stated using the
terms SKC, FEW or SCT. In the following example, unorganized scattered clouds are forecast
based at 3000 ft ASL with tops at 5000 ft ASL:
q$i
as P6SM. A forecast visibility that is expected to
vary between 2 and 4 SM with light rain showers
would be indicated as:
2–4 SM – SHRA
e. Weather and Obstructions to Vision — Forecast weather is always included immediately
after the visibility. Obstructions to vision are
only mentioned when the visibility is forecast to
be 6 SM or less (e.g. 2–4 SM – RA BR). Only
standard abbreviations are used to describe
weather and obstructions to vision. Areas of
showery or intermittent precipitation are shown
as hatched areas enclosed by a dashed green
line. Areas of continuous precipitation are
shown as stippled areas enclosed by a solid
green line. Areas of obstruction to vision not
associated with precipitation, where visibility in
6 SM or less, are enclosed by a dashed orange
line. Areas of freezing precipitation are depicted
in red and enclosed by a solid red line.
2-4 SM -SHRA HZ
2-SM - RA BR
1223917227000
When multiple cloud layers are forecast, the
amount of cloud at each layer is based on the
amount of cloud at that level, not on the summation amount. The bases and tops of each
layer are indicated. For instance, a scattered
layer of cumulus cloud based at 3000 ft ASL
with tops at 5000 ft ASL and a higher overcast
layer of altostratus cloud based at 10,000 ft ASL
with tops at 13,000 ft ASL would be indicated
as follows:
Showers /
Intermittent Precipitation
Non-showery /
Continuous Precipitation
4-SM HZ
3-6SM -FZRA BR
Obstruction to Vision
Freezing Precipitation
1383941837509
Weather and obstructions to vision in the GFA
may include spatial qualifiers, which describe
the coverage of the depicted meteorological
phenomena.
Convective Clouds and Showers
1223917227000
All heights are indicated in hundreds of feet ASL
(2 means 200 ft, 45 means 4500 ft, etc.) unless
otherwise specified. Heights above ground level
(AGL) are indicated by the abbreviation CIG
(e.g., ST CIGS 5-10 AGL). A note to this effect
is included in the Comments Box in the lower
right hand corner of the chart.
c. Surface-based Layers — The vertical visibility
into surface-based layers is measured in hundreds of feet AGL. Local obscured ceilings with a
vertical visibility of between 300 and 500 ft AGL
would be indicated as follows:
LCL CIG 3–5
AGL
Abbreviation
Description
ISOLD
OCNL
FRQ
Isolated
Occasional
Frequent
Spatial
Coverage
25% or less
26–50%
Greater than
50%
Non-convective clouds and precipitation, low
stratus ceilings, precipitation ceilings, icing,
turbulence, and restrictions to visibility:
Abbreviation
Description
LCL
PTCHY
XTNSV
Local
Patchy
Extensive
Spatial
Coverage
25% or less
26–50%
Greater than
50%
d. Visibility — The forecast visibility is measured
in statute miles (SM). When the visibility is
expected to be greater than 6 SM, it is indicated
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
CA 3-8
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
APPENDICES
f. Isobars — Isobars, which are lines joining
points of equal mean sea level (MSL) pressure,
are depicted on the GFA clouds and weather
chart. Isobars are drawn at 4-hPa intervals from
a reference value of 1000 hPa.
q$i
an associated wind speed value. When accompanied by strong gusts, mean sustained winds
of less than 20 kt may also be included, at the
forecaster’s discretion, if moderate mechanical
turbulence is expected to occur as a result of
the wind gusts. Wind gusts are indicated by the
letter “G”, followed by the peak gust speed in
knots. In the following example, the surface wind
is forecast to be from the west (270° true) with a
speed of 25 kt and a peak gust speed of 35 kt.
1223917603000
1223917227000
g. Surface Winds — The speed and direction of
forecast surface winds with a sustained speed
of at least 20 kt are indicated by wind barbs and
3.4.12
Icing, Turbulence and Freezing
Level Chart
1464989146457
The graphic area forecast (GFA) Icing, Turbulence
and Freezing Level Chart depicts forecast areas of
icing and turbulence as well as the expected freezing level at a specific time. Included on the chart
are the type, intensity, bases and tops for each icing
and turbulence area. Surface synoptic features such
as fronts and pressure centers are also shown. This
chart is to be used in conjunction with the associated
GFA Clouds and Weather chart issued for the same
period of validity.
a. Icing — Icing, depicted in blue when shown in
color, is indicated whenever moderate or severe
icing is forecast for the coverage area. The
bases and tops of each icing layer, measured in
hundreds of feet above mean sea level (MSL),
as well as the type of icing [e.g., “RIME,” “MXD”
(mixed), “CLR” (clear)] will be indicated. Areas
of light icing are described in the Comments
Box. An area of moderate mixed icing based at
2000 ft ASL with a top of 13,000 ft ASL would
be indicated as follows:
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
16 DEC 16
METEOROLOGY
CA 3-9
APPENDICES
q$i
MECH
30 AGL
SFC
40 AGL
SFC
MECH
1223917603000
If icing is expected to be present during only part
of the forecast period covered by the chart, the
time of occurrence of the icing is indicated in the
Comments Box.
Areas of severe icing are indicated with a denser
stippling. The following is an example of an area
of severe icing contained within an area of moderate icing:
CAT
140
FZLVL
RIME
RIME
MECH
160
FZLVL
1353080586683
When separate areas of turbulence are occurring at different altitudes, the lower level is shown
with hatching that slants upward to the right,
while the higher level is depicted with hatching
that slants downward to the right, as indicated
below:
320
220
30 AGL
SFC
1353080586683
1353080586683
b. Turbulence — Turbulence, depicted in red when
shown in color, is indicated whenever moderate
or severe turbulence is forecast for the coverage
area. The base and top of each turbulence layer
is measured in hundreds of feet ASL except for
surface-based turbulence, which is measured in
AGL. An abbreviation indicating the cause of
the turbulence will be included. Turbulence due
to mechanical turbulence, low-level wind shear,
lee/mountain waves, a significant low-level jet or
in clear air, will be indicated as MECH, LLWS,
LEE WV, LLJ or CAT, respectively. The following example indicates an area of moderate CAT
based at 18,000 ft ASL with a top at 26,000 ft
ASL.
c. Freezing Level — Freezing level contours are
indicated on a GFA by dashed lines. The height
of the freezing level is indicated to the nearest
multiple of 2500 ft using the standard heights
in hundreds of feet ASL (e.g. SFC, 25, 50,
75, 100, meaning, surface, 2500, 5000, 7500,
10,000). When more than one freezing level
is forecast, only the lowest level needs to be
indicated, unless meteorological conditions are
expected to be relevant to aviation safety (e.g.
freezing precipitation aloft). An above freezing
layer (AFL) is indicated by a closed area as
shown below:
AFL
50
30
SFC
25
50
1464989146457
Severe turbulence is depicted with a higher density of hatching. The following example shows
an area of severe turbulence surrounded by a
larger area of moderate turbulence:
1353080586683
Temporal changes in the freezing level, when
significant, are indicated in the comments box
of the chart, as in the following example:
FZLVL 20 LWRG TO SFC AFT 03Z
d. Low level jet (LLJ) — An LLJ is included on the
GFA icing, turbulence and freezing level chart
when it is expected to have a peak core speed
of 50 kt or more. It may be included at speeds
between 35 and 45 kt when significant associated turbulence or shear is expected. An LLJ
is depicted as follows, with the wind being in
the direction of the arrow and the speed shown
being the maximum expected wind speed:
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
CA 3-10
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
APPENDICES
LLJ
60 KT
1353080586683
In general, LLJs are not included if they are
above 6000 ft ASL, except as required over
higher terrain. The height of the jet is not indicated. In many cases, there may be associated
turbulence, as shown in the example below:
q$i
GFACN33 CWAO CCA
REGION
ONTARIO-QUEBEC
CLOUDS AND WEATHER NUAGES ET TEMPS
ISSUED AT
EMIS A
17/09/2014 1211Z
VLD:
17/09/2014 1200Z
3.5
AIRMET
3.5.1
Definition
AIRMET: Information message to advise pilots of
the occurrence or expected occurrence of weather
phenomena, which may affect the safety of aircraft
operations and which were not already included in
the GFA. The message shall describe potentially
hazardous weather conditions up to and including
24,000 ft (FL240).
LLJ
45 KT
40 AGL
SFC
LLJ
1353080586683
3.4.13
GFA Amendments
Once issued, a SIGMET or AIRMET message automatically amends the current and relevant GFA. The
remark (RMK) found in the National version of those
messages indicates the GFA region(s) to which the
SIGMET or AIRMET applies.
3.4.14
GFA Corrections
A correction to a GFA is issued for the following
events:
a. The occurrence of any unforecast weather phenomena that do not require an AIRMET (i.e.
they are below the AIRMET criteria threshold) or
any other unforecast weather phenomena that,
according to the forecaster, should be depicted
in the GFA.
b. Forecast weather phenomena in the GFA fail
to occur, in which case the weather phenomena that are no longer occurring or no longer
expected to occur are removed.
c. A significant error was made in a GFA chart.
A significant error is one which, if uncorrected,
would result in an erroneous interpretation of the
GFA and create a potential hazard to aviation.
For detailed guidance on GFA correction, refer to
the Manual of Standards and Procedures for Aviation Weather Forecasts (MANAIR), Appendix C (not
published herein). Information about the nature of
the correction made to the chart is included in the
comments box.
When re-issued, the correction code “CCA” is added
to the first line of the Title Box to indicate the first
correction, “CCB” for the second, “CCC” for the third,
etc.
3.5.2
Issuance Criteria
AIRMETs are issued when the following criteria occur
or are expected to occur and were not forecast in the
GFA and a SIGMET is not warranted. The abbreviations shown in all capitals will be used as described
below.
a. Surface wind speed – Widespread mean surface wind speed above 30 kt is indicated by SFC
WND SPD (along with details of the wind speed
or wind speed range and units).
b. Surface visibility and/or cloud:
1. Widespread areas affected by reduced visibility of less than 3 SM (5000m), including weather phenomena causing reduced
visibility indicated by SFC VIS (along with
details of the visibility or visibility range and
the weather phenomena or combinations
thereof);
2. Widespread areas of broken or overcast
cloud with height of base less than 1000
ft (300m) AGL indicated by BKN CLD or
OVC CLD (along with details of the height
or height range of the base, top and units).
c. Thunderstorms and/or towering cumulus:
1. Isolated thunderstorms ISOLD TS;
2. Occasional thunderstorms OCNL TS;
3. Isolated thunderstorm with hail ISOLD
TSGR;
4. Occasional thunderstorms with hail OCNL
TSGR;
5. Isolated towering cumulus ISOLD TCU;
6. Occasional towering cumulus OCNL TCU;
7. Frequent towering cumulus FRQ TCU;
8. Occasional towering cumulus and isolated
thunderstorms OCNL TCU ISOLD TS;
9. Frequent towering cumulus and isolated
thunderstorms FRQ TCU ISOLD TS;
10. Occasional towering cumulus and isolated
thunderstorms with hail OCNL TCU ISOLD
TS GR;
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
16 DEC 16
METEOROLOGY
CA 3-11
APPENDICES
11. Frequent towering cumulus and isolated
thunderstorms with hail FRQ TCU ISOLD
TSGR.
d. Turbulence — moderate turbulence (except for
turbulence in convective clouds) MDT TURB;
e. Icing — moderate icing (except for icing in convective clouds) MDT ICG;
f. Mountain wave — moderate mountain wave
MDT MTW.
An AIRMET will only be issued for one of these criteria at any time. If more than one criterion occurs then
more than one AIRMET will be issued.
An isolated (ISOLD) phenomena consists of individual features which affect, or are forecast to affect, an
area with a maximum spatial coverage of 25% or less
of the area concerned (at a fixed time or during the
period of validity).
An occasional (OCNL) phenomenon consists of well
separated features which affect, or are forecast to
affect, an area with a maximum spatial coverage of
between 25% and 50% of the area concerned (at a
fixed time or during the period of validity).
Frequent (FRQ) coverage indicates an area of towering cumulus (TCU) within which there is little or no
separation between adjacent clouds and with a maximum spatial coverage greater than 50% of the area
affected, or forecast to be affected, by the phenomenon (at a fixed time or during the period of validity).
3.5.3
Coordinate Points
The ICAO AIRMET message describes a coordinate
point using only latitude and longitude.
The national AIRMET message describes a coordinate point using latitude and longitude. In addition,
an equivalent description is given in terms of direction and distance from an aviation reference site.
There are 2 exceptions to this rule for the national
AIRMET:
a. Any coordinate point located within Gander
Oceanic FIR will be described in latitude and
longitude only.
b. Any coordinate point north of N72°00’ will be
described with respect to an aviation reference
site only if it is within a 90 NM radius of that
site. Otherwise the coordinate point will be represented in latitude and longitude only. This is
due to the sparse number of aviation reference
sites in northern Canada.
The useable reference points will be a subset of airports listed in the CFS. A complete list will be included
in MANAIR.
3.5.4
Rules for the Use of Letters
All 8 FIRs share 25 letters of the alphabet (T is used
only for tests).
The letter used cannot currently be in service in any
other FIR and has to have been retired for a minimum
of 24 hrs, otherwise the next letter is used. In addition,
the same letter cannot be used for widely separated
occurrences of the same phenomenon, even within a
single FIR.
q$i
The letter Z will wrap back to A if necessary.
If all letters are unavailable, the letter that has had the
longest retirement will be re-used.
The letter attributed to a bulletin will not change during its life span (updates and cancellation).
AIRMET messages do not share the same alphabet
with WS (SIGMET). The letter A may be used simultaneously in both a WS (or WC or WV) and a WA.
3.5.5
Rules for the Use of Numbers
a. Numbering of an event (as defined by the unique
use of a letter in a FIR) begins at 1 (i.e. B1).
b. Number incremented by 1 when updating a
message, including cancellation.
c. The sequence number shall correspond with the
number of messages issued for an FIR since
0000Z on the day concerned.
d. The numbering is thus reset at 0000Z (messages are not updated at 0000Z for the sole purpose of resetting the number).
3.5.6
Validity
The period of validity of an AIRMET is 4 hr and it may
be issued up to 4 hr prior to the start of the validity
period (i.e. expected time of occurrence of the phenomenon).
In the case of an AIRMET for an ongoing phenomenon, the date/time group indicating the start of the
AIRMET period will be rounded back to 5 min from
the filing time (date/time group in the WMO heading).
In the case of an AIRMET for an expected phenomenon (forecast event), the beginning of the validity
period will be the time of the expected commencement (occurrence) of the phenomenon.
An AIRMET for an expected phenomenon (forecast event) is issued only for the first appearance
of that event in Canadian airspace (e.g., moving
in from the U.S. or onset inside a Canadian FIR).
A phenomenon moving from one Canadian FIR to
another is treated as an ongoing phenomenon. No
forecast event AIRMET messages would be sent for
the second FIR.
3.5.7
Location of the Phenomenon
The location of the phenomenon is depicted as an
area using coordinate points. The description always
begins with the abbreviation WTN (within) and the
area can be described as a circle, a line or a polygon.
Distances are in NM and direction is to one of the
eight (8) points of compass (octants). The following
examples show the ICAO format first and the national
format second.
Circle
ICAO:
WTN 45 NM OF N4643 W07345
National:
WTN 45 NM OF /N4643 W07345/75 N CYUL
q$z
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CA 3-12
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
APPENDICES
Plain language explanation of the national format:
within 45 NM of a point, with specified latitude and
longitude, that is 75 NM north of Montréal/Pierre
Elliott Trudeau International Airport.
Line
ICAO:
WTN 45 NM OF LINE N4459 W07304 – N4855
W07253 – N5256 W06904
National:
WTN 45 NM OF LINE /N4459 W07304/45 SE CYUL –
/N4855 W07253/30 NW CYRJ – /N5256 W06904/75
W CYWK
Plain language explanation of the national format:
within 45 NM of a line from a point 45 NM southeast of Montréal/ Pierre Elliott Trudeau International
Airport to a point 30 NM northwest of the Roberval
Airport, followed by a point 75 NM west of Wabush
Airport with the latitude and longitude of each point
being specified.
Polygon
ICAO:
WTN N4502 W07345 – N4907
W07331 – N5345 W06943 – N5256
W06758 – N4848 W07149 – N4508
W07206 - N4502 W07345
National:
WTN /N4502 W07345/25 SW CYUL – /N4907
W07331/60 SE CYMT – /N5345
W06943/150 E CYAH – /N5256 W06758/45 W CYWK
– /N4848 W07149/25 NE CYRJ – /N4508 W07206/25
SW CYSC – /N4502 W07345/25 SW CYUL
Plain language explanation of the national format: within an area bounded by points that are
25 NM southwest of Montréal/Pierre Elliott Trudeau
International Airport; 60 NM southeast of Chibougamau/Chapais Airport; 150 NM east of La Grande-4
Airport; 45 NM west of Wabush Airport; 25 NM
northeast of Roberval Airport and 25 NM southwest
of Sherbrooke, then back to a point 25 NM southwest
of Montréal/Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport. The latitude and longitude of each point being
specified.
NOTE: The polygon must be closed. The last coordinate is a repeat of the first one.
3.5.8
Flight Level and Extent
The location and extent of the phenomenon in the
vertical is given by one or more of the following:
a. Reporting a layer – FL<nnn/nnn>, where the
lower level is reported first; this is used particularly in reporting turbulence and icing.
b. Reporting a layer with reference to one FL using
surface (SFC).
c. Reporting the level of the tops of the thunderstorm (TS) and/or towering cumulus (TCU)
clouds using the abbreviation TOP.
q$i
3.5.9
Movement or Expected Movement
Direction of movement is given with reference to one
of the sixteen (16) points of compass (radials). Speed
is given in kt (KT). The abbreviation QS or quasi stationary is used if no significant movement is expected.
3.5.10
Change in Intensity
The expected evolution of a phenomenon’s intensity
is indicated by one of the following abbreviations:
INTSFYG — intensifying
WKNG — weakening
NC — no change
3.5.11
Remark
The remark (RMK) is found only in the national
AIRMET message. It begins on a new line. The
purpose is to allow additional information of national
interest to be conveyed in the AIRMET message.
Items listed in the remark line will be separated
by a forward slash (/). The remark always includes
the GFA region(s) that the AIRMET applies to (see
Example 1 in paragraph 3.5.16). The remark may
also include:
a. Cross-references to AIRMET messages when
a phenomenon straddles one or several FIR
boundaries (see Example 1 in paragraph
3.5.16).
b. For a phenomenon that has moved out of an
FIR, the cancelled AIRMET message will refer to
the continuing AIRMET message in neighboring
FIR(s) within Canada’s area of responsibility.
3.5.12
Updated AIRMET
An updated AIRMET, when issued, automatically
replaces the previous AIRMET in the same series
(i.e. the previous AIRMET with the same letter). An
AIRMET must be updated every 4 hr (from date/time
group in the WMO heading).
However, a forecaster may update an AIRMET at any
time if he/she considers it necessary.
3.5.13
Cancellation
An AIRMET must be cancelled when, during its validity period:
a. the phenomenon for which the AIRMET had
been issued is no longer occurring or no longer
expected to occur (forecast AIRMET);
b. the phenomenon for which the AIRMET had
been issued strengthens such that a SIGMET
is now required; or
c. the new issue of the GFA has been transmitted
and now includes the phenomenon.
An AIRMET does not cancel itself automatically at the
end of its validity period. A cancellation AIRMET with
the abbreviation CNCL must be issued.
q$z
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16 DEC 16
METEOROLOGY
CA 3-13
APPENDICES
3.5.14
Test AIRMET
There may be occasions when test AIRMET messages are transmitted by the meteorological watch
office (MWO). The test AIRMET messages will
be identifiable by the letter T in the alphanumeric
INDICATOR
CZVR
CZEG
CZWG
CZYZ
CZUL
CZQM
CZQX
CZQX
FIR NAME
VANCOUVER
EDMONTON
WINNIPEG
TORONTO
MONTREAL
MONCTON
GANDER DOMESTIC
GANDER OCEANIC
3.5.16
AIRMET Examples
EXAMPLE 1: At 1305Z a PIREP from a Beechcraft
1900 (B190) indicated moderate turbulence. This was
not forecast in GFACN32, leading the forecaster to
issue the following AIRMET messages.
ICAO
WACN02 CWAO 251315
CZEG AIRMET H1 VALID 231315/231715 CWEG –
CZEG EDMONTON FIR MDT TURB OBS AT 1305Z
WTN 45 NM OF LINE
N6228 W11427 – N6441 W10840 – N6453 W09605
FL190/340 MOV NE 10KT NC=
National
WACN22 CWAO 251315
CZEG AIRMET H1 VALID 231315/231715 CWEG –
CZEG EDMONTON FIR MDT TURB OBS AT 1305Z
WTN 45 NM OF LINE
/N6228 W11427/CYZF – /N6441 W10840/45 W
CYOA – / N6453 W09605/30 W CYBK
FL190/340 MOV NE 10KT NC RMK GFACN32=
EXAMPLE 2: Freezing drizzle (FZDZ) was observed
at 0700Z at Churchill, Manitoba (CYYQ). Icing was
not forecast in GFACN32, leading the forecaster to
issue the following AIRMET messages.
ICAO
WACN03 CWAO 250725
CZWG AIRMET A1 VALID 250725/251125 CWEG –
CZWG WINNIPEG FIR MDT ICG OBS AT 0700Z
WTN 45 NM OF LINE
N5955 W09403 – N5845 W09404 – N5646 W08903
SFC/ FL020 QS NC=
National
WACN23 CWAO 250725
CZWG AIRMET A1 VALID 250725/251125 CWEG –
CZWG WINNIPEG FIR MDT ICG OBS AT 0700Z
WTN 45 NM OF LINE
/N5955 W09403/75 S CYEK – /N5845 W09404/
CYYQ – / N5646 W08903/60 NW CYER
SFC/FL020 QS NC RMK GFACN32=
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sequence (see – Rules for the Use of Letters). Additionally, the statement “THIS IS A TEST” will be
added at the beginning and end of the message.
3.5.15
AIRMET Identifiers
ICAO
WACN01 CWAO
WACN02 CWAO
WACN03 CWAO
WACN04 CWAO
WACN05 CWAO
WACN06 CWAO
WACN07 CWAO
WANT01 CWAO
NATIONAL
WACN21 CWAO
WACN22 CWAO
WACN23 CWAO
WACN24 CWAO
WACN25 CWAO
WACN26 CWAO
WACN27 CWAO
WANT21 CWAO
EXAMPLE 3: Convective activity (CB) was not forecast in GFACN31; the issuance of the following
AIRMET messages was required.
ICAO
WACN01 CWAO 301925
CZVR AIRMET U1 VALID 301925/302325 CWEG –
CZVR VANCOUVER FIR ISOLD TS OBS WTN
N5138 W12321 – N4903 W11759 –
N4900 W11546 – N5000 W11546 – N5123 W11811
– N5138 W12321 TOP FL240 QS WKNG=
National
WACN21 CWAO 301925
CZVR AIRMET U1 VALID 301925/302325 CWEG –
CZVR VANCOUVER FIR ISOLD TS OBS WTN
/N5138 W12321/45 SE CYPU – /N4903
W11759/20 SW CYCG – /N4900 W11546/30 S
CYXC – / N5000 W11546/25 N CYXC –
/N5123 W11811/25 N CYRV – /N5138 W12321/45
SE CYPU TOP FL240 QS WKNG RMK GFACN31=
EXAMPLE 4: Satellite pictures and surface observations indicate an area of stratus and fog along the
Quebec Lower North Shore that is not represented in
GFACN34 and thus requires the issuance of AIRMET
messages.
ICAO
WACN05 CWAO 301925
CZUL AIRMET J1 VALID 301925/302325 CWEG –
CZUL MONTREAL FIR SFC VIS 1/4-1SM FG/BR –
OVC CLD 100-500/1200FT
OBS WTN N5013 W06536 – N5011 W06046 –
N4906 W06148 – N4932 W06444 –N5013 W06536
QS NC=
National
WACN25 CWAO 301925
CZUL AIRMET J1 VALID 301925/302325 CWEG –
CZUL MONTREAL FIR SFC VIS 1/4-1SM FG/BR –
OVC CLD 100-500/1200FT
OBS WTN /N5013 W06536/25 E CYZV – /N5011
W06046/45 E CYNA – /N4906
W06148/60 SE CYNA – /N4932 W06444/25 SW
CYPN – / N5013 W06536/25 E CYZV QS NC RMK
GFACN34=
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METEOROLOGY
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APPENDICES
3.6
SIGNIFICANT METEOROLOGICAL
INFORMATION (SIGMET)
3.6.1
Definition
Information message issued by a meteorological
watch office (MWO) to advise pilots of the occurrence or expected occurrence of specified weather
phenomena, which may affect the safety of aircraft
operations, and the development of those phenomena in time and space.
3.6.2
Issuance Criteria
SIGMET are issued in response to the following criteria with abbreviations shown in all capital letters:
a. Thunderstorms:
1. Frequent FRQ TS
2. Frequent with hail FRQ TSGR
3. Frequent with hail and possible tornado/
waterspout FRQ TSGR PSBL +FC
4. Frequent with hail and tornado/waterspout
FRQ TSGR +FC
5. Squall line SQLN TS
6. Squall line with hail SQLN TSGR
7. Squall line with possible tornado/waterspout SQLN TSGR PSBL +FC
8. Squall line with tornado/waterspout SQLN
TSGR +FC
b. Severe turbulence SEV TURB
c. Severe icing SEV ICG
d. Severe icing due to freezing rain SEV ICG
(FZRA)
e. Severe mountain wave SEV MTW
f. Low level wind shear LLWS
g. Heavy duststorm HVY DS
h. Heavy sandstorm HVY SS
i. Radioactive cloud RDOACT CLD
j. Volcanic ash VA
k. Tropical cyclone TC
NOTE:
1. A squall line is defined as thunderstorms along
a line with little or no space between the individual clouds.
2. Severe (SEV) turbulence (TURB) refers only to:
(a) Low-level turbulence associated with
strong surface winds;
(b) Rotor streaming;
(c) Turbulence whether in cloud or not in
cloud (i.e. clear air turbulence [CAT]) near
jet streams.
3. TS implies severe icing and turbulence therefore separate SIGMET for these phenomenon
are not issued in connection with convective
clouds.
4. SIGMET will only be issued for one of these
criteria at any time. If more than one criterion
occurs then more than one SIGMET will be
issued.
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5. Frequent (FRQ) coverage indicates an area of
thunderstorms within which there is little or no
separation between adjacent thunderstorms
and with a maximum spatial coverage greater
than 50% of the area affected or forecast to be
affected by the phenomenon (at a fixed time or
during the period of validity).
3.6.3
Coordinate Points
The ICAO SIGMET message describes a coordinate
point using latitude and longitude only.
The national SIGMET message describes a coordinate point using latitude and longitude. However, in
addition, an equivalent description is also given in
terms of direction and distance from an aviation reference site.
There are 2 exceptions to the rule for the national
SIGMET:
a. Any coordinate point located within Gander
Oceanic FIR will be described in latitude and
longitude only.
b. Any coordinate point north of N72°00′ will be
described with respect to an aviation reference
site only if it is within a 90 NM radius of that
site. Otherwise the coordinate point will be represented in latitude and longitude only. This is
due to the sparse number of aviation reference
sites in northern Canada.
The useable reference sites will be a subset of airports listed in the CFS and the closest airport(s) to
the area of the phenomenon are used. A complete
list is included in the Manual of Standards and Procedures for Aviation Weather Forecasts (MANAIR).
3.6.4
Rules for the Use of Letters
All 8 FIRs share 25 letters of the alphabet (T is used
only for tests).
The letter used cannot currently be in service in any
other FIR and has to have been retired for a minimum
of 24 hrs, otherwise the next letter is used. In addition,
the same letter cannot be used for widely separated
occurrences of the same phenomenon, even within a
single FIR.
The letter Z will wrap back to A if necessary.
If all letters are unavailable, the letter that has had the
longest retirement will be re-used.
The letter attributed to a bulletin will not change during its life span (updates and cancellation).
SIGMET messages do not share the alphabet with
WA (AIRMET). The letter A may be used simultaneously in both a WS (or WC or WV) and a WA.
3.6.5
Rules for the Use of Numbers
a. Numbering of an event (as defined by the unique
use of a letter in a FIR) begins at 1 (i.e. B1).
b. Number incremented by 1 when updating a
message, including cancellation.
c. The sequence number shall correspond with the
number of messages issued for a FIR since
0000Z on the day concerned.
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METEOROLOGY
CA 3-15
APPENDICES
d. The numbering is thus reset at 0000Z (messages are not updated at 0000Z for the sole purpose of resetting the number).
3.6.6
Validity
The period of validity of a WS SIGMET is 4 hr and it
may be issued up to 4 hr prior to the commencement
of the phenomenon in the corresponding FIR. There
is an exception for volcanic ash and tropical storm
SIGMETs which are valid for 6 hr and may be issued
up to 12 hr before they enter the corresponding FIR.
In the case of a SIGMET for an ongoing phenomenon, the date/time group indicating the start of the
SIGMET period will be rounded back to 5 min from
the filing time (date/time group in the WMO heading).
In the case of a SIGMET for an expected phenomenon (forecast event), the beginning of the validity
period will be the time of the expected commencement (occurrence) of the phenomenon.
Any SIGMET for an expected phenomenon (forecast
event) is issued only for the first appearance of an
event in Canadian airspace (e.g., moving in from the
U.S. or onset inside a Canadian FIR). A phenomenon
moving from one Canadian FIR to another is treated
as an ongoing phenomenon. No forecast event SIGMET messages would be sent for the second FIR.
3.6.7
Location of the Phenomenon
The location of the phenomenon is depicted as an
area using coordinate points. The description always
begins with the abbreviation WTN (within) and the
area can be described as a circle, a line or a polygon.
Distances are in NM and direction is to one of the
eight (8) points of compass (octants). The following
examples show the ICAO format first and the national
format second, see paragraph 3.5.7.
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WTN /N4502 W07345/25 SW CYUL – /N4907
W07331/60 SE CYMT – /N5345
W06943/150 E CYAH – /N5256 W06758/45 W
CYWK – /N4848 W07149/25 NE CYRJ – /N4508
W07206/25 SW CYSC – /N4502 W07345/25 SW
CYUL
NOTE: Tropical cyclone and volcanic ash SIGMETs
also describe the affected location at the end of the
forecast period.
3.6.8
Flight Level and Extent
The location and extent of the phenomenon in the
vertical is given by one or more of the following:
a. Reporting a layer – FL<nnn/nnn>, where the
lower level is reported first; this is used particularly in reporting turbulence and icing.
b. Reporting a layer with reference to one FL using
surface (SFC).
c. Reporting the level of the tops of the thunderstorms (TS) using the abbreviation TOP.
3.6.9
Movement or Expected Movement
Direction of movement is given with reference to one
of the sixteen (16) points of compass (radials). Speed
is given in kt (KT). The abbreviation QS or quasi stationary is used if no significant movement is expected.
3.6.10
Change in Intensity
The expected evolution of a phenomenon’s intensity
is indicated by one of the following abbreviations:
INTSFYG — intensifying
WKNG — weakening
NC — no change
WTN 45 NM OF LINE /N4459 W07304/45 SE CYUL –
/N4855 W07253/30 NW CYRJ –/N5256 W06904/75
W CYWK
3.6.11
Remarks
The remark (RMK) is found only in the national SIGMET message. It begins on a new line. The purpose
is to allow additional information of national interest
to be conveyed in the SIGMET message. Items listed
in the remark line will be separated by a forward slash
(/). The remark always includes the GFA region(s)
that the SIGMET message applies to (see Example
1 in paragraph 3.6.16). The remark may also include:
a. Cross-references to SIGMET messages when
a phenomenon straddles one or several FIR
boundaries (see Example 1 in paragraph
3.6.16).
b. For a phenomenon that has moved out of an
FIR, the cancelled SIGMET message will refer
to the continuing SIGMET message in neighboring FIR(s) within Canada’s area of responsibility
(see Example 2 in paragraph 3.6.16).
Polygon
3.6.12
Circle
ICAO
WTN 45 NM OF N4643 W07345
National
WTN 45 NM OF /N4643 W07345/75 N CYUL
Line
ICAO
WTN 45 NM OF LINE N4459 W07304 – N4855
W07253 – N5256 W06904
National
ICAO
WTN N4502 W07345 – N4907
W07331 – N5345 W06943 – N5256
W06758 – N4848 W07149 – N4508
W07206 – N4502 W07345
National
Updated Significant Meteorological
Information (SIGMET)
An updated SIGMET, when issued, automatically
replaces the previous SIGMET in the same series
(i.e. the previous SIGMET with the same letter).
A WS SIGMET must be updated every 4 hr (from
date/time group in the WMO heading).
A WV and a WC SIGMET must be updated every 6
hr (from date/time group in the WMO heading).
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METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
APPENDICES
However, a forecaster may update a SIGMET at any
time if he/she considers it necessary.
3.6.13
Cancellation
If, during the validity period of a SIGMET, the phenomenon for which the SIGMET had been issued is
no longer occurring or no longer expected to occur,
this SIGMET should be cancelled by the issuing
meteorological watch office (MWO). A cancellation
SIGMET will be issued and will include the abbreviation CNCL.
INDICATOR
CZVR
FIR NAME
VANCOUVER
CZEG
EDMONTON
CZWG
WINNIPEG
CZYZ
TORONTO
CZUL
MONTREAL
CZQM
MONCTON
CZQX
GANDER DOMESTIC
CZQX
GANDER OCEANIC
3.6.16
3.6.14
Test Significant Meteorological
Information (SIGMET) Message
There may be occasions when test SIGMET messages are transmitted by the MWO. The test SIGMET messages will be identifiable by the letter T in
the alphanumeric sequence. Additionally, the statement “THIS IS A TEST” will be added at the beginning and end of the message.
3.6.15
TYPE
SIGMET
SIGMET (TC)
SIGMET (VA)
SIGMET
SIGMET (TC)
SIGMET (VA)
SIGMET
SIGMET (TC)
SIGMET (VA)
SIGMET
SIGMET (TC)
SIGMET (VA)
SIGMET
SIGMET (TC)
SIGMET (VA)
SIGMET
SIGMET (TC)
SIGMET (VA)
SIGMET
SIGMET (TC)
SIGMET (VA)
SIGMET
SIGMET (TC)
SIGMET (VA)
Significant Meteorological Information
(SIGMET) Message Examples
EXAMPLE 1: An observed line of thunderstorms is
over northwestern Ontario late in the day. This is the
fourth SIGMET message issued for this event.
ICAO
WSCN03 CWAO 162225
CZWG SIGMET A4 VALID 162225/170225 CWEG –
CZWG WINNIPEG FIR SQLN TS OBS WTN 20 NM
OF LINE N4929 W09449 –
N5104 W09348 – N5209 W09120 TOP FL340 MOV
E 15KT NC=
National
WSCN23 CWAO 162225
CZWG SIGMET A4 VALID 162225/170225 CWEG –
CZWG WINNIPEG FIR SQLN TS OBS WTN 20 NM
OF LINE /N4929 W09449/25 SW
CYQK – /N5104 W09348/CYRL – /N5209
W09120/60 NW CYPL TOP FL340 MOV E
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Significant Meteorological Information
(SIGMET) Message Identifiers
ICAO
WSCN01 CWAO
WCCN01 CWAO
WVCN01 CWAO
WSCN02 CWAO
WCCN02 CWAO
WVCN02 CWAO
WSCN03 CWAO
WCCN03 CWAO
WVCN03 CWAO
WSCN04 CWAO
WCCN04 CWAO
WVCN04 CWAO
WSCN05 CWAO
WCCN05 CWAO
WVCN05 CWAO
WSCN06 CWAO
WCCN06 CWAO
WVCN06 CWAO
WSCN07 CWAO
WCCN07 CWAO
WVCN07 CWAO
WSNT01 CWAO
WCNT01 CWAO
WVNT01 CWAO
NATIONAL
WSCN21 CWAO
WCCN21 CWAO
WVCN21 CWAO
WSCN22 CWAO
WCCN22 CWAO
WVCN22 CWAO
WSCN23 CWAO
WCCN23 CWAO
WVCN23 CWAO
WSCN24 CWAO
WCCN24 CWAO
WVCN24 CWAO
WSCN25 CWAO
WCCN25 CWAO
WVCN25 CWAO
WSCN26 CWAO
WCCN26 CWAO
WVCN26 CWAO
WSCN27 CWAO
WCCN27 CWAO
WVCN27 CWAO
WSNT21 CWAO
WCNT21 CWAO
WVNT21 CWAO
15KT NC
RMK GFACN32=
This SIGMET was updated after 000Z on the 17th,
so the SIGMET number was reset while the letter
remains the same.
ICAO
WSCN03 CWAO 170205
CZWG SIGMET A1 VALID 170205/170605 CWEG –
CZWG WINNIPEG FIR SQLN TS OBS WTN 20 NM
OF LINE N4915 W09332 – N5103
W09212 – N5144 W08943 TOP FL310 MOV E 15KT
WKNG=
National
WSCN23 CWAO 170205
CZWG SIGMET A1 VALID 170205/170605 CWEG –
CZWG WINNIPEG FIR SQLN TS OBS WTN 20 NM
OF LINE /N4915 W09332/45 SE
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METEOROLOGY
CA 3-17
APPENDICES
CYQK – /N5103 W09212/60 E CYRL – /N5144
W08943/25 NE CYPL TOP FL310 MOV E 15KT
WKNG
RMK GFACN32=
EXAMPLE 2: Severe mountain waves (lee waves)
along the eastern side of the Rockies. The line falls
entirely within the Edmonton FIR but covers two GFA
regions. The remark line in the national SIGMET
message will mention the affected GFACNs.
ICAO
WSCN02 CWAO 161220
CZEG SIGMET L1 VALID 161220/161620 CWEG –
CZEG EDMONTON FIR SEV MTW FCST WTN
30 NM OF LINE N5614 W12155 – N5105 W11440
FL070/140 QS INTSFYG=
National
WSCN22 CWAO 161220
CZEG SIGMET L1 VALID 161220/161220 CWEG –
CZEG EDMONTON FIR SEV MTW FCST WTN 30
NM OF LINE /N5614 W12155/45 W
CYXJ – /N5105 W11440/25 W CYYC FL070/140 QS
INTSFYG
RMK GFACN31/GFACN32=
EXAMPLE 3: Following an AIREP for severe turbulence encountered over the North Atlantic, the following SIGMET messages are issued. This event spans
over Gander Domestic and Gander Oceanic FIRs as
well as GFACN34.
ICAO
CZQX WSCN07 CWAO 161220
CZQX SIGMET E1 VALID 161220/161620 CWUL –
CZQX GANDER DOMESTIC FIR SEV TURB OBS
AT 1155Z WTN 45 NM OF LINE
N5319 W06025 – N5615 W05245 – N5930 W04715
FL280/350 MOV NE 20KT NC=
CZQX (Oceanic)
WSNT01 CWAO 161220
CZQX SIGMET U1 VALID 161220/161620 CWUL –
CZQX GANDER OCEANIC FIR SEV TURB OBS AT
1155Z WTN 45 NM OF LINE N5319
W06025 – N5615 W05245 – N5930 W04715 FL280/
350 MOV NE 20KT NC=
National
CZQX WSCN27 CWAO 161220
CZQX SIGMET E1 VALID162225/170225 CWUL –
CZQX GANDER DOMESTIC FIR SEV TURB OBS
AT 1155Z WTN 45 NM OF LINE
/N5319 W06025/CYYR – /N5615 W05245/ – /N5930
W04715/ FL280/350 MOV NE 20KT NC
RMK GFACN34/CZQX GANDER OCEANIC FIR
SIGMET U1=
CZQX (Oceanic)
WSNT21 CWAO 162225
CZQX SIGMET U1 VALID 162225/170225 CWUL –
CZQX GANDER OCEANIC FIR SEV TURB OBS AT
1155Z WTN 45 NM OF LINE /N5319
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W06025/CYYR – /N5615 W05245/ – /N5930
W04715/ FL280/350 MOV NE 20KT NC
RMK GFACN34/CZQX GANDER DOMESTIC FIR
SIGMET E1=
Since this event spans over two FIRs, the remark
line includes cross-references to the SIGMET messages. Note that only the first coordinate point relates
to an aviation reference site. The other two coordinate
points are in Gander Oceanic FIR and are defined
only in latitudes and longitudes.
EXAMPLE 4: The center of hurricane Maria is about
to move across the Avalon Peninsula. The tropical
cyclone SIGMET (WCCN) is updated and only covers
the Gander Domestic FIR and GFACN34, since the
CB activity is confined within a radius of 150 NM from
the center of the hurricane.
ICAO
WCCN07 CWAO 161220
CZQX SIGMET G3 VALID 1601800/170000 CWUL –
CZQX GANDER DOMESTIC FIR TC MARIA OBS AT
1800Z N4720 W05430/ CB TOP
FL360 WTN 150 NM OF CENTRE MOV NE 40KT
WKNG FCST 0000Z TC CENTRE N5110 W05030 =
National
WCCN07 CWAO 161220
CZQX SIGMET G3 VALID 161800/170000 CWUL –
CZQX GANDER DOMESTIC FIR TC MARIA OBS AT
1800Z N4720 W05430/75 SW
CYYT CB TOP FL360 WTN 150 NM OF CENTRE
MOV NE 40KT WKNG FCST 0000Z
TC CENTRE N5110 W05030/180 NE CYYT
RMK GFACN34=
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© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
CA 3-18
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
APPENDICES
3.7
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AERODROME FORECAST (TAF)
LOCATIONS
1464989146457
3.7.1
General
TAF is the international meteorological code for an
airport forecast, which is a description of the most
probable weather conditions expected to occur at
an airport, together with their most probable time of
occurrence. It is designed to meet the preflight and
in-flight requirements of flight operations. The abbreviations of expected weather conditions will follow
the same form and order of the METAR reports (see
paragraph 3.8), and will have the same meaning.
In normal situations, an observation is considered
representative of the specific weather conditions at
the airport if it is taken within 1.6 NM (3km) of the
geometric center of the runway complex. TAFs are
intended to relate to weather conditions for flight operations within 5 NM of the center of the runway complex, depending on local terrain. A regular and complete observation program that meets TC standards
for METAR and SPECI is a prerequisite for the production of a TAF. Airport advisories may be issued
when this observation program prerequisite cannot
be completely satisfied.
Airport advisories are identified by the word “ADVISORY” appearing after the date/time group, followed
by one of the qualifying reasons listed below. Advisories are formatted in the same manner as the TAF.
OFFSITE — The advisory is based on an observation that is not taken at or near the airport. “OFFSITE” is added after the word “ADVISORY,” followed
by one space, if an observation is not considered representative. It is intended to indicate to the users that
the observations do not necessarily reflect the actual
conditions at the airport.
In cases where the 1.6 NM (3km) criteria does not
apply because of local characteristics, the representativeness of the observations shall be determined
and approved by TC for civilian airports or by the
Director of Meteorology and Oceanography for military airports.
OBS INCOMPLETE or NO SPECI — The advisory is
based on incomplete data, either because the observations could not be completed or the airport does
not have an ongoing weather watch in order to produce special weather reports (SPECI). “OBS INCOMPLETE” or “NO SPECI” shall be added after the word
“ADVISORY”, followed by one space.
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16 DEC 16
METEOROLOGY
CA 3-19
APPENDICES
3.7.2
National Variations
As with the METAR code, even though TAF is an
international code, there are national variations. For
example, “CAVOK” is not authorized for use in Canadian TAFs, while “RMK” is used but is not part of the
international code. A detailed account of the differences that Canada has filed with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) may be found in the
WMO Manual on Codes, Volume II, Regional Codes
and National Coding Practices (Doc. 306). (See MET
1.1.7 for ordering information and MET 1.1.8 for differences from ICAO Annex 3.)
3.7.3
Sample Message
TAF CYXE 281139Z 2812/2912 24010G25KT
WS011/ 27050KT 3SM –SN BKN010 OVC040
TEMPO 2818/2901 1 1/2SM –SN BLSN BKN008
PROB30 2820/2822 1/2SM SN VV005 FM290130Z
28010KT 5SM –SN BKN020 BECMG 2906/2908
000000KT P6SM SKC RMK NXT FCST BY 281800Z
a. Sample Message Decoded: Aerodrome Forecast; Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; issued on the
28th day of the month at 1139Z; covers the
period from the 28th day of the month at 1200Z
to the 29th day of the month at 1200Z; surface
wind 240 degrees true at 10 kt, gusting to 25
kt; wind shear is forecast to exist in the layer
from the surface to 1100 ft AGL, with the wind
at the shear height of 270 degrees true at 50 kt;
forecast prevailing visibility is 3 SM in light snow;
forecast cloud layers are broken at 1000 ft and
overcast at 4000 ft; between 1800 and 0100Z
there will be a temporary change to the prevailing visibility to 1 1/2 SM in light snow and moderate blowing snow with a broken cloud layer at
800 ft; there is a 30% probability between 2000
and 2200Z that the prevailing visibility will be 1/2
SM in moderate snow and create an obscuring
phenomena resulting in a vertical visibility of 500
ft; at 0130Z there will be a permanent change,
the wind is forecast to be 280 degrees true at 10
kt with a prevailing visibility of 5 SM in light snow
and a broken cloud layer at 2000 ft; between
0600 and 0800Z there will be a gradual change
in the weather to calm winds and a forecast visibility greater than 6 SM, and the sky will be clear
of clouds;
Remarks: the next routine airport forecast for
this site will be issued by 1800Z on the 28th day.
b. Report Type: The code name “TAF” is given in
the first line of text. It may be followed by “AMD”
for amended or corrected forecasts.
c. Location Indicator: A four-letter ICAO station
indicator, is used as in METARs.
d. Date/Time of Origin: As with the METAR format,
the date (day of the month) and time (UTC) of
origin are included in all forecasts. TAFs are
issued approximately 30 minutes before the
validity period. Some forecasts have update
cycles as frequent as every three hours; however, the next issue time will always be indicated
in the “Remarks” section.
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e. Period of Validity: The period of validity for the
TAF is indicated by two four-digit date/time
groups; the first four-digit group indicates the
start date and time of the TAF, and the second
four-digit group indicates the end date and time
of the TAF. A TAF is considered to be valid
from the moment it is issued (e.g. a TAF with
an indicated period of validity from 1100Z to
2300Z that was issued at 1040Z is considered
to be valid from 1040Z) until it is amended; until
the next scheduled TAF for the same airport is
issued; or until the period of validity ends and
no new TAF has been issued. The maximum
period for a TAF is 30 hr; however, some TAFs
have staggered issue times and more frequent
update cycles, which will affect their periods of
validity.
f. Wind: This group forecasts the 2-minute mean
wind direction and speed to the nearest 10
degrees true, and speed to the nearest whole
knot. KT is used to indicate the speed units. If
the maximum gust speed is forecast to exceed
the mean speed by 10 knots or more, the letter
G and the value of the gust speed, in knots, is
added between the mean wind and the units
indicator (KT). “VRB” is normally coded for variable direction only if the wind speed is 3 knots
or less; however, it may also be coded with
higher speeds when it is impossible to forecast
a single direction (e.g., when a thunderstorm
passes). A north wind of 20 knots would be
coded as 36020KT, while calm wind is coded as
“00000KT”.
g. Low Level Wind Shear: This group is used if
the forecaster has strong evidence to expect significant, non-convective wind shear which could
adversely affect aircraft operation within 1500
feet AGL over the airport. The height of the top
of the shear layer (in hundreds of feet AGL) is
given, followed by the forecast wind speed and
direction at that height.
While the main effect of turbulence is related
to erratic changes in altitude or attitude of the
aircraft, or both, the main effect of wind shear is
the rapid gain or, more critical, loss of airspeed.
Therefore, for forecasting purposes, any cases
of strong, non-convective low level wind shear
within 1500 feet AGL will be labeled as “WS”.
To a large extent, wind shear is an element
that, for the time being, cannot be satisfactorily
observed from the ground. As a result, aircraft
observations and radiosonde reports represent
the only available evidence.
However the following guidelines are used to
establish whether significant non-convective
wind shear hazardous to aircraft exists:
1. vector magnitude exceeding 25 knots
within 500 feet AGL;
2. vector magnitude exceeding 40 knots
within 1000 feet AGL;
3. vector magnitude exceeding 50 knots
within 1500 feet AGL;
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APPENDICES
h.
i.
j.
k.
4. a pilot report of loss or gain of indicated
airspeed of 20 knots or more within 1500
feet AGL.
Prevailing Visibility: The horizontal prevailing
visibility is indicated in statute miles and fractions up to 3 SM, then in whole miles up to 6
SM. Visibilities greater than 6 SM are indicated
as P6SM. The letters “SM” are added, without a
space, to each forecast visibility, to identify the
unit.
Significant Weather: Forecast significant
weather may be decoded using the list of
significant weather given in the “WMO Code,
Table 4678” (MET 3.8.3). Intensity and proximity
qualifiers, descriptors, precipitation, obscuration
and other phenomena are included as required.
A maximum of three significant weather groups
is allowed per forecast period. If more than one
group is used, they are considered one entity.
When one of the significant weather groups is
forecast to change, all the significant weather
groups that will apply after the change are indicated following the change group. Details on the
specific effects of change groups on significant
weather will be addressed under the change
group headings.
NOTE: The meaning of the proximity qualifier,
vicinity (VC), in the TAF code differs slightly from
that in the METAR. In the METAR code, “VC”
means elements observed within 5 miles, but
not at the station. In the TAF code, “VC” means
between 5 and 10 NM from the center of the
runway complex.
Sky Condition: Sky condition is decoded as in a
METAR. Possible codes for sky cover amounts
are SKC, FEW, SCT, BKN, OVC and VV. In
case of a significant change in a cloud layer,
as forecast using “BECMG” or “TEMPO”, the
entire cloud group, including those cloud layers
not expected to change, shall be repeated.
CB layers are the only forecast layers to have
cloud type identified, e.g., “BKN040CB”.
Change Groups — For forecast purposes,
all components of the following elements are
grouped together:
1. sky condition,
2. visibility, present weather and obstruction
to vision.
Conditions listed after the change group represent new conditions.
In the following example since wind is considered a group on its own, and is not mentioned
in the section after the “BECMG” change group,
it is unchanged and will remain variable at 3 kt.
However, changes have occurred to the sky
condition and visibility, present weather and
obstruction to vision. For the sky condition, the
broken layer at 300 ft will no longer exist after
1400Z.
EXAMPLE: TAF CYVP 301213Z 3012/3024
VRB03KT 1/4SM -RA FG BKN003 OVC007
BECMG 3012/3014 4SM -DZ BR OVC007
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Plain language explanation of the forecast: TAF
for Kuujjuaq, Que., issued on the 30th day of the
month at 1213Z, valid from the 30th day of the
month at 1200Z until the 30th day of the month
at 2359Z. Wind variable at 3 kt, visibility 1/4 SM
with light rain and fog; forecast cloud layers are
broken at 300 ft and overcast at 700 ft. From
1200Z until 1400Z, conditions will become visibility 4 SM with light drizzle and mist; overcast
cloud layer at 700 ft.
1. FM — Permanent Change Group (Rapid):
FM is the abbreviation for “from”. It is
used for a permanent change to the forecast which will occur rapidly. All forecast
conditions given before this group are
superseded by the conditions indicated
after the group. In other words, a complete
forecast will follow and all elements must
be indicated, including those for which no
change is forecast. The time group represents hours and minutes in UTC.
EXAMPLE: “FM280930” would decode as
the beginning of a new part period forecast
from the 28th day of the month at 0930Z.
NOTE: Where the permanent change
group indicator (FM) indicates a change
after the beginning of a whole hour, as in
the example above, any subsequent use
of a gradual change group (BECMG) or
transitory change group (TEMPO) shall
indicate changes after the time indicated
in hours and minutes in the “from” (FM)
indicator. Using the above example, if
there was a subsequent use of “TEMP0
2809/2811”, the temporary change would
be between 0930Z and 1100Z on the 28th
day of the month.
2. BECMG — Permanent Change Group
(Gradual): If a permanent change in a few
weather elements is forecast to occur gradually, with conditions evolving over a period
of time (normally one to two hours, but not
more than four hours), the new conditions
that differ from those immediately prior are
indicated following “BECMG”. Normally
only those elements for which a change is
forecast to occur will follow “BECMG.” Any
forecast weather element not indicated as
part of the “BECMG” group remains the
same as in the period prior to the onset of
the change.
If a significant change in weather or visibility is forecast, all weather groups, as
well as the visibility, are indicated following “BECMG,” including those that are
unchanged. When the ending of significant weather is forecast, the abbreviation
“NSW” (no significant weather) is used.
The start and stop time of the change
period is indicated by two four-digit
date/time groups following “BECMG.” The
first two digits of each group indicate the
date, while the last two digits of each group
indicate the time in whole UTC hours.
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APPENDICES
As a general rule, to keep the forecast
clear and unambiguous, the use of the
“BECMG” change group is kept to a minimum, and confined to those cases where
only one, or at most two, weather groups
are expected to change while all the others
stay the same. In those cases where more
than two groups are expected to change,
the permanent change group “FM” will be
used to start a new self-contained part
period. For the purposes of flight planning,
and specifically the selection of IFR alternate airports, if forecast conditions are
improving, the new conditions will apply
when the change period is complete, and
if the conditions are deteriorating, the new
conditions will apply at the beginning of
the period.
EXAMPLE: “BECMG 2808/2809 OVC030”
would decode as a change towards overcast sky conditions at 3000 feet AGL occurring gradually between 0800Z and 0900Z
on the 28th day of the month; and
(a) if the previous sky condition forecast
was for better than overcast conditions at 3000 feet AGL, then the
change would apply as of 0800Z; or
(b) if the previous sky condition forecast
was for worse than overcast conditions at 3000 feet AGL, then the
change would apply as of 0900Z.
3. Transitory Change Group (TEMPO) — If a
temporary fluctuation in some or all of the
weather elements is forecast to occur during a specified period, the new conditions
that differ from those immediately prior
are indicated following “TEMPO.” In other
words, when an element is not indicated
after “TEMPO,” it shall be considered to be
the same as that for the prior period. The
time period, as with “BECMG,” is indicated
by the four-digit date/time groups following “TEMPO.” The first two digits of each
group indicate the date, while the last two
digits of each group indicate the time in
whole UTC hours.
EXAMPLE: FM281100 VRB03KT 3SM RA
BR OVC020 TEMPO 2812/2815 1SM RA
BR FM28150...
In this example, the cloud group “OVC020”
is not repeated after “TEMPO” because it
is forecast to remain unchanged. On the
other hand the weather group “RA BR” is
repeated after “TEMPO” because a significant change in visibility is forecast.
When a significant change in weather or
visibility is forecast, all weather groups
are indicated following “TEMPO,” including those that are unchanged, and any
weather element not indicated is forecast
to remain the same as in the period prior
to the temporary fluctuation. When the
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ending of significant weather is forecast,
the abbreviation “NSW” (no significant
weather) is used.
“TEMPO” is only used when the modified forecast condition is expected to last
less than one hour in each instance, and
if expected to recur, the total period of
the modified condition will not cover more
than half of the total forecast period. The
total period of the modified condition is
the time period during which the actual
modified weather condition is expected to
occur, and not the total time stated for the
“TEMPO” time period. When the modified
forecast condition is expected to last more
than one hour, either “FM” or “BECMG”
must be used.
4. Probability Group (PROB) — In order
to indicate the probability of occurrence
of alternative values of forecast groups,
PROB30 (a 30% probability) or PROB40 (a
40% probability) is placed directly before
the change group’s validity period and
alternative value(s) to indicate that different conditions will occur within the specified time period. The time period is given
in whole UTC hour values. For example,
“PROB30 2817/2821” would indicate that
between 1700Z and 2100Z on the 28th
day of the month there is a 30% probability
that the indicated weather will occur. The
weather elements used in the PROB group
are restricted to hazards to aviation, which
include, but are not limited to, the following:
– thunderstorms;
– freezing precipitation;
– low level windshear at or below
1500 feet AGL; or
– ceiling and visibility values important to
aircraft operations (e.g. threshold such
as alternate limits, lowest approach limits).
A probability of less than 30% of actual values deviating from those forecasts is not
considered to justify the use of the PROB
group. When the possibility of an alternative value is 50% or more, this shall be
indicated by the use of BECMG, TEMPO
or FM, as appropriate. The PROB group
will not be used in combination with the
TEMPO or BECMG groups.
l. Remarks — Remarks will appear in TAF from
Canada, prefaced by “RMK”. Currently, the following remarks are allowed:
1. “FCST BASED ON AUTO OBS” — This
remark indicates that the TAF is based on
METAR AUTO observations.
2. “NXT FCST BY 290000Z” — This remark
indicates the date and time (UTC) the next
regular TAF will be issued, which will correspond to the beginning of its new period of
validity. This remark will normally mark the
end of the TAF.
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METEOROLOGY
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APPENDICES
3. PARTIAL PROGRAM NOTICES — For
airports with a partial observing program
(e.g. no nighttime observations are taken),
a remark is included in the last regular
TAF issued for the day to indicate when
forecast coverage will resume, e.g., “NXT
FCST BY 291045Z”, “NO FCST COVERAGE 2820-2911Z”, or “NO FCST ISSUED
UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE”.
4. POSSIBLE DISCREPANCIES — Forecasters will use remarks to explain possible discrepancies between an AWOS and
a TAF if the forecasters have reason to
believe that the AWOS observations are
non-representative of the actual weather at
the airport. For example, the remarks could
be “RMK AUTO OBS REPG NON-REPRESENTATIVE WND SPD.” or “RMK AUTO
OBS REPG NON-REPRESENTATIVE
VIS.”
3.7.4
Aerodrome Forecasts (TAFs) from
METAR AUTO Reports
At some sites equipped with AWOS, forecasters will
issue an airport forecast (TAF) based in part on the
METAR AUTO observations made by AWOS at the
airport. The only visible distinction between this forecast and a TAF that is based on human observations is the comment at the end of the TAF “FCST
BASED ON AUTO OBS.” The TAF based on automated observations, like the TAF based on human
observations, provides a description of the most probable weather conditions expected to occur at an airport together with the most probable time of occurrence.
The abbreviated comment “FCST BASED ON AUTO
OBS” at the end of the TAF is meant to inform
pilots that the forecast has been developed from an
automated weather observation. The pilot using this
forecast should be familiar with the characteristics
of METAR AUTO weather observations and the
comparison of automated and human observations
contained in paragraph 3.8.5; e.g., AWOS cloud
height sensor tends to under-read during precipitation events. The forecaster is also familiar with
AWOS characteristics and has taken time to analyze
not only AWOS data, but also additional information
such as satellite and radar imagery, lightning data,
remote video imagery, pilot reports and observations
from surrounding stations. Based on integration of
this data, the forecaster may have inferred actual
weather conditions that differ slightly from the METAR
AUTO report. On those few occasions when there
are differences between a METAR AUTO report and
a TAF, it may not imply that the TAF is inaccurate, or
that an amendment is required. In the event that an
AWOS sensor is missing, inoperative or functioning
below standards, the forecaster will attempt to infer
the value of the missing weather element from other
available data. If the forecaster is unable to infer
the weather conditions, a decision may be made to
cancel the TAF, pending correction of the problem.
The decision to cancel will depend on the weather
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conditions prevailing at the time, and how critical the
missing information is to the issuance of a credible
TAF based on the automated data that is available.
3.7.5
Amended Aerodrome Forecast (TAF)
An aerodrome forecast (TAF) is amended when the
forecast conditions are no longer representative of
the actual or expected conditions. An amendment is
issued in response to a METAR, SPECI or a PIREP
indicating a significant change in weather relative to
the conditions forecast in the TAF or whenever, in the
forecaster’s judgment, the TAF is not representative
of existing or expected weather conditions.
The amendment criteria include thresholds defined
by changes in ceiling, visibility, present weather, wind
speed and direction or the existence of low level wind
shear. TAF amendments are issued for weather that
is better than previously forecasted as well as for
weather that is worse than previously forecasted.
An amendment will also be issued to correct a TAF
when typographical errors and/or forecast text omissions are such that the information content of the TAF
is unclear.
An amended forecast covers the remaining period of
the original forecast and is identified by “TAF AMD” in
place of “TAF” prior to the airport identifier in the first
line of the forecast. In all cases, the issue time added
to the body of the TAF will always indicate which TAF
is the latest.
A TAF does not have to be amended for changes in
ceiling and/or visibility when both the forecast and
observed values are below the normal VFR minima
or the lowest published instrument landing minima for
an airport (whichever is lower).
The VFR minima criteria for TAF amendment purposes are a ceiling of less than 1000 ft and/or ground
visibility of less than 3 SM.
3.8
AERODROME ROUTINE
METEOROLOGICAL REPORTS
(METARs)
3.8.1
The METAR Code
An aviation weather report describes the actual
weather conditions at a specified location and at a
specified time as observed from the ground. METAR
is the name of the international meteorological code
for an aviation routine weather report. METAR observations are normally taken and disseminated on the
hour. A SPECI, the name of the code for an aviation
selected special weather report, will be reported
when weather changes of significance to aviation are
observed (see paragraph 3.8.4).
In Canada, METAR and SPECI reports are not
encoded by the observer, but are generated by
computer software, based on hourly or special
observations taken at either staffed or automatic
sites.
The code is composed of several groups which are
always in the same relative position to one another.
When a weather element or phenomenon does not
occur, the corresponding group (or extension) is omitted. Certain groups may be repeated.
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APPENDICES
The large majority of METARs and SPECIs are provided by NAV CANADA; however, at DND airports
they are provided by DND. If METARs and SPECIs
are being provided by another source, they will be
indicated as being “private” in the CFS. For these
sites, the airport operator is the primary contact for
further information.
3.8.2
National Variations
Despite the fact that METAR is an international code,
there are some national variations. For example, wind
speed may be reported in different units; however,
the units are always appended to the values to avoid
any misunderstanding. A detailed account of the differences that Canada has filed with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) may be found in the
WMO Manual on Codes, Volume II, Regional Codes
and National Coding Practices (No. 306). See Meteorology – General Information paragraph 1.1.7 for
ordering and paragraph 1.1.8 for more information on
differences from ICAO Annex 3.
3.8.3
Sample Message
METAR CYXE 292000Z CCA 30015G25DT 3/4SM
R33/4000FT/D —SN BLSN BKN008 OVC040
M05/M08 A2992 SF5SC3 VIS 3/8 TO NW SLP134
a. Decode of Example — Aviation Routine
Weather Report, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
issued on the 29th day of the month at 2000
UTC; first correction to the original observation;
wind 300° true, 15 KT with gusts to 25 KT; visibility 3/4 SM; runway visual range for Runway 33
is 4000 feet and has had a downward tendency;
present weather is light snow and moderate
blowing snow; broken clouds at 800 feet AGL,
and combined with the lower layer, overcast
clouds at 4000 feet; temperature minus 5°C;
dew point minus 8°C; altimeter setting 29.92
inches; recent freezing rain; recent wind shear
Runway 33; Remarks, stratus fractus 5/8ths,
stratocumulus 3/8, visibility to the northwest 3/8
SM, sea level pressure 1013.4 hPa.
b. Report Type — The code name METAR (or
SPECI) is given in the first line of text. A SPECI is
issued only when significant changes in weather
conditions occur off the hour.
c. Location Indicator — Canadian aviation
weather reporting stations are assigned four-letter ICAO indicators commencing with C and
followed by either W, Y, or Z. These stations
are normally located within 1.6 NM (3km) of the
geometric center of the runway complex.
d. Date/Time of Observation — The date (day of
the month) and time (UTC) of the observation
is included in all reports. The official time of the
observation (on the hour) is used for all METAR
reports that do not deviate from the official time
by more than 10 minutes. In SPECIs, the time
refers to the time of occurrence (hours and minutes) of the change(s) which required the issue
of the report.
e. Report Modifier — This field may contain two
possible codes; they are “AUTO” or “CCA”.
Both codes may also appear simultaneously,
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i.e., “AUTOCCA”. “AUTO” will be used when
data for the primary report is gathered by an
AWOS. See MET 3.15.5 for more information
about AWOS reports. “CCA” is used to indicate
corrected reports; the first correction as CCA,
the second as CCB, etc.
f. Wind — This group reports the 2-minute mean
wind direction and speed, along with gusts.
Wind direction is always three digits, given in
degrees (true) but rounded off to the nearest
10 degrees (the third digit is always a “0”).
Wind speeds are two digits (or three digits
if required), in knots. Calm is encoded as
“00000KT”. In Canada the unit for wind speed is
knots (nautical miles per hour) and is indicated
by including “KT” at the end of the wind group.
Other countries may use kilometers per hour
(KMH), or meters per second (MPS).
1. Wind Gusts — Gust information will be
included if gust speeds exceed the average wind speed by 5 knots or more in the
10-minute period preceding the observation and the peak gust reaches a maximum
speed of 15 knots or more. “G” indicates
gusts and the peak gust is reported, using
two or three digits as required.
2. Variations in Wind Direction — This
group reports variations in wind direction.
It is only included if, during the 10-minute
period preceding the observation, the
direction varies by 60 degrees or more and
the mean speed exceeds 3 knots. The two
extreme directions are encoded in clockwise order. In the example below, the wind
is varying from 260 degrees (true) to 340
degrees (true).
EXAMPLE: METAR CYWG 172000Z
30015G25KT 260V340
In the case of variable wind direction, wind
direction in tens of degrees (ddd) shall be
coded as VRB when the wind speed is less
than 3 kt. A variable wind at higher speeds
shall be reported only when the variation
in wind direction is 180° or more or when
it is impossible to determine a single wind
direction.
EXAMPLE: METAR CYQB 041500Z
VRB02KT
g. Prevailing Visibility — The prevailing visibility
is reported in statute miles and fractions. There
is no maximum visibility value reported. Lower
sector visibilities which are half or less of the
prevailing visibility are reported as remarks at
the end of the report.
h. Runway Visual Range — The runway visual
range for the touchdown zone of up to four available landing runways is reported as a 10-minute
average, based on the operational runway light
settings at the time of the report. It is included if
the prevailing visibility is 1 statute mile or less,
and/or the runway visual range is 6000 feet or
less. “R”, the group indicator, is followed by the
runway designator (e.g., “06”), to which may be
appended the letters “L”, “C”, or “R” (left, cen-
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APPENDICES
ter, or right) if there are two or more parallel
runways. The value of runway visual range is
then reported in hundreds of feet, using three
or four digits. FT indicates the units for runway
visual range are feet. “M” preceding the lowest
measurable value (or “P” preceding the highest) indicates the value is beyond the instrument
range. The runway visual range trend is then
indicated if there is a distinct upward or downward trend from the first to the second 5-minute
part-period such that the runway visual range
changes by 300 feet or more (encoded “/U” or
“/D” for upward or downward) or if no distinct
change is observed, the trend “/N” is encoded. If
it is not possible to determine the trend the field
will be left blank.
i. Variations in runway visual range — Two runway visual range values may be reported, the
minimum and maximum one-minute mean RVR
values during the 10-minute period preceding
the observation, if they vary from the 10-minute
mean by at least 20% (and by 150 feet).
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EXAMPLE: “R06L/1000V2400FT/U” decodes
as: the minimum RVR for Runway 06 Left is
1000 feet; the maximum RVR is 2400 feet; and
the trend is upward.
j. Present Weather — The present weather is
coded in accordance with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Code, Table 4678
which follows. As many groups as necessary are
included, with each group containing from 2 to 9
characters.
Present weather is comprised of weather phenomena, which may be one or more forms of
precipitation, obscuration, or other phenomena.
Weather phenomena are preceded by one or
two qualifiers; one of which describes either the
intensity or proximity to the station of the phenomena, the other of which describes the phenomena in some other manner.
WMO Code, Table 4678
(incorporating Canadian differences)
SIGNIFICANT PRESENT WEATHER CODES
QUALIFIER
WEATHER PHENOMENA
Intensity or
Descriptor
Precipitation
Obscuration
Proximity
1
2
3
4
MI
DZ
Drizzle
BR
Mist
Shallow
PO
NOTE: Precip(Vis ≥5/8 SM)
Patches
RA
Rain
itation intenBC
sity refers to
Fog
all forms com- PR
FG
SQ
Partial
SN
Snow
bined.
(Vis < 5/8 SM)
DR
FU
Drifting
SG
Snow Grains
Smoke
+FC
(Vis ≤ 6 SM)
- Light
BL
Blowing
DU
Dust
IC
Ice Crystals
FC
(Vis ≤ 6 SM)
SH
Shower(s)
(Vis ≤ 6 SM)
Moderate
Thunderstorms
PL
Ice Pellets
TS
SA
Sand
SS
(no qualifier)
Hail
(Vis ≤ 6 SM)
GR
+ Heavy
VC In the
vicinity
FZ
Freezing
GS
Snow Pellets
HZ
UP
Unknown
Precipitation
(AWOS only)
VA
k. Qualifiers
1. Intensity: (–) Light (no sign) Moderate (+)
Heavy
If the intensity of the phenomena being
reported in a group is either light or heavy,
this is indicated by the appropriate sign. No
sign is included if the intensity is moderate,
or when an intensity is not relevant.
If more than one type of precipitation is
reported together in a group, the predominant type is given first; however, the
Haze
(Vis ≤ 6 SM)
Volcanic Ash
(with any
visibility)
DS
Other
5
Dust/Sand
Whirls (Dust
Devils)
Squalls
Tornado or
Waterspout
Funnel Cloud
Sandstorm
(Vis < 5/8 SM)
(+SS Vis <
5/16 SM)
Duststorm
(Vis < 5/8 SM)
(+DS Vis
<5/16 SM)
reported intensity represents the “overall”
intensity of the combined types of precipitation.
2. Proximity: The proximity, qualifier “VC”, is
used in conjunction with the following phenomena:
– SH (showers);
– FG (fog);
– FC (funnel cloud)
– +FC (tornado or waterspout)
– TS (thunderstorm)
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APPENDICES
– BLSN, BLDU, BLSA (blowing snow,
blowing dust, blowing sand);
– PO (dust/sand whirls);
– DS (duststorm); and
– SS (sandstorm).
“VC” is used if these phenomena are
observed within 5 SM, but not at the station. When VC is associated with “SH”,
the type and intensity of precipitation is not
specified because it cannot be determined.
3. Descriptor: No present weather group has
more than one descriptor. The descriptor
MI (shallow), BC (patches) and PR (partial) are used only in combination with the
abbreviation FG (fog), e.g., “MIFG”.
The descriptors DR (drifting) and BL (blowing) are used only in combination with SN
(snow), DU (dust) and SA (sand). Drifting
is used if the snow, dust or sand is raised
less than two meters above ground; if two
meters or more, blowing is used. If blowing
snow (BLSN) and snow (SN) are occurring
together, both are reported but in separate
present weather groups, e.g., “SN BLSN”.
SH (shower) is used only in combination with precipitation types RA (rain), SN
(snow), PL (ice pellets), GR (hail), and GS
(snow pellets) if occurring at the time of
observation, e.g., “SHPL” or “-SHRAGR”.
SHGS refers to either snow pellet showers
or small hail (less than 5mm diameter).
When it is used for small hail, the diameter
of the hail is included in remarks and CB
are usually present.
TS (thunderstorm) is either reported alone
or in combination with one or more of the
precipitation types. The end of a thunderstorm is the time at which the last thunder
was heard, followed by a 15-minute period
with no further thunder.
TS and SH are not used together, since
present weather groups can have only one
descriptor.
FZ (freezing) is used only in combination
with the weather types DZ (drizzle), RA
(rain), and FG (fog).
i. Weather Phenomena — Different
forms of precipitation are combined
in one group, the predominant form
being reported first. The intensity
qualifier selected represents the
overall intensity of the entire group,
not just one component of the group.
The one exception is freezing precipitation (FZRA or FZDZ), which
is always reported in a separate
present weather group. Obstructions
to vision are generally reported if the
prevailing visibility is 6 SM or less,
with some exceptions. Any obscuration occurring simultaneously with
one or more forms of precipitation
is reported in a separate present
q$i
weather group. Other phenomena
are also reported in separate groups,
and, when funnel clouds, tornados
or waterspouts are observed, they
will be coded in the present weather
section, as well as being written out
in their entirety in remarks.
l. Sky Conditions — This group reports the sky
condition for layers aloft. A vertical visibility (VV)
is reported in hundreds of feet when the sky is
obscured. All cloud layers are reported based on
the summation of the layer amounts as observed
from the surface up, reported as a height above
the station elevation in increments of 100 feet
to a height of 10,000’, and thereafter in increments of 1000’. The layer amounts are reported
in eighths (oktas) of sky coverage as follows:
SKC “sky clear”
FEW “few”
SCT “scattered”
BKN “broken”
OVC “overcast”
CLR “clear”
no cloud present
>0 to 2/8 summation amount
3/8 to 4/8 summation amount
5/8 to 8/8 summation amount
8/8 summation amount
clear below 25,000 feet as
interpreted by an AWOS
Significant convective clouds (cumulonimbus or
towering cumulus only), if observed, are identified by the abbreviations CB (Cumulonimbus) or
TCU (Towering Cumulus) appended to the cloud
group without a space, e.g., “SCT025TCU”.
Where observed, other cloud types and their
layer opacities are reported in the remarks.
The AWOS cannot report cloud types; cloud layers are limited to four, and will report clear (CLR)
when no layers are detected below a base of
25,000 ft (some private AWOS are limited to
10,000 ft cloud bases).
A cloud ceiling is said to exist at the height of the
first layer for which a coverage symbol of BKN
or OVC is reported. The existence of a vertical
visibility constitutes an obscured ceiling.
m. Temperature and Dew Point — This group
reports the air temperature and the dew point
temperature, rounded to the nearest whole
Celsius degree (e.g., +2.5°C would be rounded
to +3°C). Negative values are preceded by the
letter M, and values with a tenths digit equal to
precisely 5 are rounded to the warmer whole
degree. For example, 2.5, –0.5, –1.5, and –12.5
would be reported as 03, M00, M01 and M12,
respectively.
n. Altimeter Setting — This group reports the
altimeter setting. A is the group indicator followed by the altimeter setting indicated by a
group of four figures representing tens units,
tenths, and hundredths of inches of mercury. To
decode, place a decimal point after the second
digit (e.g., A3006 becomes 30.06).
o. Wind shear — This group contains reports of
low level wind shear (within 1500’ AGL) along
the takeoff or approach path of the designated
runway. The two number runway identifier is
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© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
APPENDICES
used, to which the letters “L”, “C”, or “R” may be
appended. If the existence of wind shear applies
to all runways, “WS ALL RWY” is used.
p. Remarks — Remarks will appear in reports
from Canada, prefaced by RMK. Remarks will
include, where observed, layer type and opacity
in eighths of sky concealed (oktas) of clouds
and/or obscuring phenomena, general weather
remarks, and sea level pressure, as required.
The sea level pressure, indicated in hectopascals, will always be the last field of the METAR
report, prefixed with “SLP”.
Abbreviations for cloud types
=
cirrus
CI
=
cirrostratus
CS
=
cirrocumulus
CC
=
altostratus
AS
=
altocumulus
AC
=
nimbostratus
NS
=
stratus
ST
=
stratus fractus
SF
=
stratocumulus
SC
=
altocumulus castellanus
ACC
=
cumulus
CU
=
cumulus fractus
CF
=
towering cumulus
TCU
=
cumulonimbus
CB
3.8.4
3.8.4.1
Aerodrome Special Meteorological
Reports (SPECI)
Criteria for Taking Special
Weather Reports
Special observations will be taken promptly, to report
changes which occur between scheduled transmission times, whenever one or more of the following
elements has changed in the amount specified. The
amount of change is with reference to the preceding
routine or special observation.
a. Ceiling — The ceiling decreases to less than,
or increases to equal or exceed the following
values of height:
1. 1500 ft
2. 1000 ft
3. 500 ft
4. *400 ft
5. 300 ft
6. *200 ft
7. *100 ft
8. the lowest published minimum
Criteria marked with an asterisk (*) are applicable only at airports with precision approach
equipment (i.e., ILS, MLS, ground controlled
approach [GCA]) and only down to and including the lowest published minima for these
airports.
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b. Sky Condition — A layer aloft is observed
below 1000’ and no layer aloft was reported
below this height in the report immediately previous, or below the highest minimum for IFR
straight-in landing or takeoff, and no layer was
reported below this height in the report immediately previous.
c. Visibility — Prevailing visibility decreased to
less than, or increases to equal to or greater
than:
1. 3 SM
2. 1 1/2 SM
3. 1 SM
4. 3/4 SM*
5. 1/2 SM
6. 1/4 SM*
7. the lowest published minimum
Criteria marked with an asterisk (*) are applicable only at airports with precision approach
equipment (i.e., ILS, MLS, ground controlled
approach [GCA]) and only down to and including the lowest published minima for these
airports.
d. Tornado, Waterspout, or Funnel Cloud — If
one or more of these phenomena:
1. is observed,
2. disappears from sight, or
3. is reported by the public (from reliable
sources) to have occurred within the
preceding six hours and not previously
reported by another station.
e. Thunderstorm — When storm activity:
1. begins,
2. intensity increases to become “heavy”
thunderstorm, or
3. ends (SPECI shall be made when 15 minutes have elapsed without the occurrence
of thunderstorm activity).
f. Precipitation — When any of the following
begins, ends or changes intensity:
1. freezing rain
2. freezing drizzle
3. ice pellets (showery and non-showery)
4. rain
5. rain showers
6. drizzle
7. snow
8. snow showers
9. snow grains
10. hail
11. snow pellets
12. ice crystals begin or end
SPECIs shall be taken as required to report the
beginning and ending of each individual type of
precipitation, regardless of simultaneous occurrences of other types. A leeway of up to 15 minutes is allowed after the ending of precipitation
before a SPECI is mandatory.
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16 DEC 16
METEOROLOGY
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APPENDICES
EXAMPLE: –RA to –SHRA; SPECI not required.
g. Obstruction to vision — SPECI shall be taken
to report the beginning or end of freezing fog.
h. Wind — A SPECI shall be taken to report when
the wind:
1. speed (two minute mean) increases suddenly to at least double the previously
reported value and exceeds 30 kt;
2. direction changes sufficiently to fulfill criteria required for a “wind shift”.
i. Temperature — A SPECI shall be taken to
report when the temperature
1. increases by 5°C or more from the previous
reported value and the previous reported
value was 20°C or higher; or
2. decreases to a reported value of 2°C or
lower.
The following airports have been identified
for SPECI criteria for significant temperature
changes between hourly reports:
1. Calgary Intl, Alta.
2. Edmonton Intl, Alta.
3. Gander Intl, N.L.
4. Moncton/Greater Moncton Intl, N.B.
5. Montréal/Pierre Elliott Trudeau Intl, Que.
6. Montréal/Mirabel Intl, Que.
7. Ottawa/Macdonald-Cartier Intl, Ont.
8. St. John’s Intl, N.L.
9. Toronto/Lester B. Pearson Intl, Ont.
10. Vancouver Intl, B.C.
11. Victoria Intl, B.C.
12. Halifax Intl, N.S.
13. London, Ont.
14. Québec/Jean Lesage Intl, Que.
15. Whitehorse Intl, Y.T.
16. Winnipeg Intl, Man.
17. Yellowknife, N.W.T.
18. Charlottetown, P.E.I.
19. Fredericton, N.B.
20. Prince George, B.C.
21. Regina Intl, Sask.
22. Saint John, N.B.
23. Saskatoon/John G. Diefenbaker Intl, Sask.
24. Thunder Bay, Ont.
j. Volcanic eruption — A SPECI shall be issued
when a volcano erupts.
3.8.4.2
Local Criteria
Additional criteria may be established to meet local
requirements.
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tant for the safety and efficiency of aircraft operations
or otherwise significant, shall be reported by a special observation.
3.8.4.2.2
CHECK OBSERVATIONS
Check observations are taken between regular hourly
observations to ensure that significant changes in
weather do not remain unreported. If such an observation does not reveal a significant change, it is
designated as a “check observation”. If a significant
change has occurred, the report is treated as a
“special observation”.
A check observation shall be taken whenever a
PIREP is received from an aircraft within 1 1/2 SM of
the boundary of an airfield, and the PIREP indicates
that weather conditions, as observed by the pilot,
differ significantly from those reported by the current
observation (i.e., the PIREP indicated that a special
report may be required). This check observation
should result in one of the following:
a. transmission of a special observation over regular communications channels; or
b. if no special observation is warranted, transmission of the check observation, together with the
PIREP, to local airport agencies.
3.8.5
METAR AUTO and Limited Weather
Information System (LWIS) Reports
3.8.5.1
METAR AUTO Reports
Automated aviation weather observations are an integral component of the aviation weather reporting system in Canada and there are currently more than 80
in operation in all regions of the country. They were
developed to provide an alternative method of collecting and disseminating weather observations from
sites where human observation programs could not
be supported. AWOS provides accurate and reliable
data, but does have limitations and characteristics
that are important to understand when using the information.
NAV CANADA AWOS that produces METAR AUTO
reports incorporates sensors capable of measuring cloud base height (up to 25,000 ft AGL); sky
cover; visibility; temperature; dew point; wind velocity; altimeter setting; precipitation occurrence, type,
amount, and intensity; and the occurrence of icing.
METARs and SPECIs based on automated weather
observations include the word “AUTO”. METAR
AUTO observations are reported on the hour and
SPECI AUTO observations are issued to report significant changes in cloud ceiling, visibility and wind
velocity, as well as the onset and cessation of thunderstorms, precipitation or icing. AWOS operated by
NAV CANADA and DND issue METAR AUTO reports
and, when appropriate, SPECI AUTO reports.
3.8.4.2.1
OBSERVER’S INITIATIVE
The criteria specified in the preceding paragraphs
shall be regarded as the minimum requirements for
taking special observations. In addition, any weather
condition that, in the opinion of the observer is impor-
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© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
CA 3-28
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
APPENDICES
AWOS is based on sensors that sample the atmosphere and prepare a data message every minute.
If the observed weather conditions have changed
significantly enough to meet the SPECI criteria,
and subject to the various processing algorithms, a
SPECI AUTO will be issued. Human observers view
the entire celestial dome and horizon; this results
in a naturally smoothed and more representative
value for ceiling and visibility. Because of the precise
measurement, continuous sampling and unidirectional views of the sensors, NAV CANADA AWOS
will produce more SPECI AUTO observations than
human observation sites (5 to 6 percent of the time
AWOS SPECI counts exceed six per hour). In cases
where there are several AWOS reports issued over a
short period of time, it is important to summarize the
observations to gain an appreciation of the weather
trend. One report in a series should not be expected
to represent the prevailing condition.
3.8.5.2
LWIS Reports
LWIS is an automated weather system which produces an hourly report containing wind speed and
direction; temperature; dew point; and altimeter setting. LWIS is designed for use at airports where provision of METAR and SPECI AUTO is not justified, but
support for a CAP approach is required.
EXAMPLE:
LWIS
CYXP
221700Z
AUTO
25010G15KT 03/M02 A3017=
3.8.5.3
AWOS and LWIS Performance
Characteristics
All AWOS and LWIS operated by NAV CANADA have
the following performance characteristics.
a. Thunderstorm reporting (AWOS) at sites within
the domain of the Canadian Lightning Detection
Network (CLDN). Thunderstorm activity, based
on the proximity of the lightning strike(s) to the
site, will be reported as:
(i) TS — Thunderstorm (at site), if lightning
detected at 6 SM or less;
(ii) VCTS — Thunderstorm in vicinity, if lightning detected from > 6 to 10 SM;
(iii) LTNG DIST (direction) — If lightning
detected from > 10 to 30 SM, lightning
distant with octant compass cardinal
direction shall be reported in remarks,
e.g. LTNG DIST NE, S, SW; and
(iv) LTNG DIST ALL QUADS — Lightning
distant all quadrants will be reported in
remarks if lightning is detected in four or
more octants.
b. Ice-resistant anemometer (AWOS and LWIS) —
New ice-resistant technology essentially eliminates anemometer performance degradation
due to freezing precipitation, freezing fog or
snow contamination.
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c. Freezing drizzle and drizzle are not reported.
When drizzle is occurring the AWOS will usually report either rain or unknown precipitation.
When freezing drizzle is occurring the AWOS
will usually report either freezing rain or freezing precipitation of an unknown type.
d. Density altitude reporting capability (AWOS and
LWIS) — Density altitude is the altitude in International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) at which
the air density would be equal to the air density at field elevation at the current temperature.
This remark is only added when the density altitude is 200 ft or higher than the airport elevation. A rough value of density altitude can be
approximated by adding 118.8 ft to the airport
pressure altitude for every degree Celsius the
temperature is above ISA. Density altitude can
also be less than airport elevation and can be
estimated by subtracting 118.8 ft from the airport pressure altitude for every degree Celsius
colder than ISA, but it is not reported.
e. Visibility (AWOS) — Visibility will be reported
in daytime and at night in a manner similar to
human assessment.
f. Ceilometer — AWOS is capable of reporting
cloud bases up to 25,000 ft.
g. “Obstructions to vision” reporting capability —
(AWOS) is able to report haze (HZ); mist (BR);
fog (FG); freezing fog (FZFG); and blowing snow
(BLSN).
h. Voice generator sub-system (VGSS) — Text-tovoice technology at many sites for local VHF
transmission of weather report to pilots.
i. Icing — The occurrence of icing at the time of
observation or during the past hour will be noted
in remarks.
j. RVR reporting (AWOS) at sites where RVR sensors are installed.
k. Digital aviation weather cameras (WxCam) are
installed at stand-alone locations as well as at
many AWOS and LWIS sites.
All regulated observations of wind speed, direction
and character, temperature, dew point and altimeter
setting must meet the same performance specifications regardless of the means of assessment (either
human or automated). Among these requirements is
that all reports of altimeter setting must be based
upon a fail-safe design that utilizes two or more pressure sensors that must agree within established tolerances before they can be included in a report.
3.8.5.4
METAR AUTO Reports and Human
Observation Comparison
METAR AUTO provided by NAV CANADA AWOS and
METAR issued by human are compared in the following table.
OBSERVATION COMPARISON TABLE
WX Report
Parameter
Report Type
Human Observation
METAR or SPECI
NAV CANADA METAR AUTO
METAR or SPECI
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© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
16 DEC 16
METEOROLOGY
CA 3-29
APPENDICES
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OBSERVATION COMPARISON TABLE
WX Report
Parameter
Location
Indicator
Report Time
Type Indicator
Corrections
Indicator
Wind
Variable Wind
Group
Visibility
RVR
Weather Group
Human Observation
NAV CANADA METAR AUTO
No difference.
Four-letter indicator (e.g., CYQM,
CYVR).
At stations where the observer is not No difference.
on the airport, (beyond 1.6 NM (3km)
of the geometric center of the runway
complex) the Wx report indicator
differs from the airport indicator, e.g.,
Cartwright airport is CYCA; the Wx
report is identified as CWCA.
Date and time in UTC, followed by a No difference.
“Z”, e.g. 091200Z.
AUTO
Not
applicable.
Corrections can be issued, e.g.,
“CCA”. The “A” indicates the first
correction.
A two-minute average direction
No difference.
in degrees true; speed in kt; “G”
represents a gust, e.g., 12015G25KT.
Human observers shall provide an
No difference.
estimate of wind speed and direction NOTE: When a VGSS is installed, the wind direction
in the event of wind sensor failure.
will be broadcast in degrees magnetic if the
AWOS is located in Southern Domestic Airspace;
elsewhere, it will be broadcast in degrees true. If
wind information is missing, five forward slashes (/)
are placed in the wind field, e.g. /////.
Wind direction variation of 60° or
No difference.
greater.
Reported in SM up to 15 mi. After 15 Reported in SM up to 9 mi.
mi., it is reported as 15+; e.g., 10 SM.
Fractional visibilities are reported.
No difference.
Visibility is prevailing visibility, i.e.,
Visibility is measured using fixed, unidirectional,
common to at least half the horizon forward scatter techniques.
circle.
Reported visibilities tend to be comparable to
(especially with visibility less than 1 SM) or higher
than human observations in precipitation.
Reported visibilities at night are the same as the
day and tend to be comparable to or higher than
human observations.
Runway direction, followed by the
No difference.
visual range in feet, followed by a
trend. RVR will be reported where
equipment is available.
See the table following paragraph
AWOS are capable of reporting FG, FZFG, BR,
BLSN and HZ.
3.8.3 j. for the symbols used for
obstructions to visibility (e.g., smoke,
haze).
See the table following paragraph
AWOS will report weather phenomena by the
3.8.3 j. for the symbols used for the following symbols:
description of weather.
RA – rain,
FZRA – freezing rain,
SN – snow,
UP – unknown precipitation type.
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© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
CA 3-30
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
APPENDICES
q$i
OBSERVATION COMPARISON TABLE
WX Report
Parameter
Human Observation
NAV CANADA METAR AUTO
New AWOS is capable of reporting TS and including
remarks on location of lightning. Drizzle (DZ)
or freezing drizzle (FZDZ) are not reported and
will usually be reported as rain (RA or FZRA) or
unknown precipitation type (UP or FZUP).
“+” or “–” is used to indicate weather No difference. Squalls are not reported.
intensity.
AWOS does not report “in the vicinity” phenomena
other than TS and lightning.
AWOS may sporadically report freezing precipitation
at temperatures above 0°C and below +3°C, during
periods of wet snow, rain, drizzle or fog.
Cloud Amount
Observer views entire celestial dome Laser ceilometer views one point directly over the
station. It measures the cloud-base height, then
and Sky
and determines cloud-base height,
uses time integration to determine layer amounts.
Conditions
layer amounts and opacity, and
cumulative amount and opacity.
SKC or height of cloud base plus
Height of cloud base plus FEW, SCT, BKN, OVC.
FEW, SCT, BKN, OVC.
“CLR” is reported if no cloud below 25,000 ft AGL
is detected.
Surface-based layers are prefaced
No difference.
by “VV” and a three-figure vertical
visibility.
The cloud layer amounts are
No difference.
cumulative.
Multiple overcast layers can be detected and
reported.
Ceilometer may occasionally detect ice crystals,
smoke aloft or strong temperature inversion aloft
and report them as cloud layers.
Reported cloud layers in precipitation are
comparable to or lower than human observations.
Check GFA and TAF for further information.
Temperature and Temperature then dew point
No difference.
Dewpoint
expressed as a two-digit number
in degrees Celsius, separated by a
forward slash (/) and preceded by an
“M” for below freezing temperatures;
e.g., 03/M05.
Altimeter Setting An “A” followed by a four-digit number No difference.
in inches of mercury, e.g., A2997.
Existence in the lower layers shall be Not reported.
Wind Shear
reported.
Supplementary
See the table in paragraph 3.8.3 j. for Clouds and obscuring phenomena are not
Information
the symbols used to describe clouds described in METAR AUTO or SPECI AUTO reports.
and obscuring phenomena.
(Remarks)
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© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
16 DEC 16
METEOROLOGY
CA 3-31
APPENDICES
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OBSERVATION COMPARISON TABLE
WX Report
Parameter
Human Observation
Significant weather or variation not
reported elsewhere in the report.
Barometric
Pressure
Density altitude
NAV CANADA METAR AUTO
Currently, remarks are limited. When the visibility
is variable, the remark VIS VRB followed by the
limits will appear, e.g., VIS VRB 1–2. When icing is
detected, ICG, ICG INTMT, or ICG PAST HR will
appear. Remarks on precipitation amount, rapid
changes in pressure and the location of lightning
may also appear.
No difference.
The last remark in the METAR
or SPECI is the mean sea level
pressure in hectopascals, e.g.,
SLP127 (1012.7 hPa).
Density altitude for heights 200 ft
No difference.
above airport elevation. The dry air
density altitude will be included in the
remarks.
Example of METAR issued by human observation:
EXAMPLE:
METAR
CYEG
151200Z
CCA
12012G23KT 3/4SM R06R/4000FT/D –RA BR
FEW008 SCT014 BKN022 OVC035 10/09 A2984
RMK SF1SC2SC4SC1 VIS W2 SLP012=
Example of METAR AUTO issued by NAV CANADA’s
AWOS system:
EXAMPLE: METAR CZVL 151200Z AUTO
12012G23KT 3/4SM –RA FEW008 SCT014 BKN022
OVC035 10/09 A2984 RMK SLP012=
NOTE: If an AWOS sensor is malfunctioning or has
shut down, that parameter will be missing from the
report.
3.8.6
Voice Generation Systems
Where a voice generator sub-system (VGSS), very
high frequency (VHF) radio and/or telephone are
connected to the AWOS or LWIS, the most recent
data gathered once each minute will be broadcast to
pilots on the VHF frequency and/or via the telephone
number published in the Canada Flight Supplement
(CFS). A pilot with a VHF receiver should be able to
receive the VGSS transmission at a range of 75 NM
from the site at an altitude of 10,000 ft AGL. Weather
data will be broadcast in the same sequence as that
used for METARs and SPECIs.
“(site name) AUTOMATED WEATHER OBSERVATION SYSTEM — OBSERVATION TAKEN AT (time)
— WIND (direction) (MAGNETIC/TRUE) AT (speed)
KNOTS — VISIBILITY (visibility data) — (present
weather data) — (sky condition/cloud data) — TEMPERATURE (temperature data) — DEW POINT (dew
point data) — ALTIMETER (altimeter data)”
Below is an example of the LWIS message:
“(site name) LIMITED WEATHER INFORMATION
SYSTEM — CURRENT OBSERVATION TAKEN
AT (time) — WIND (direction) (MAGNETIC/TRUE)
(speed) KNOTS — TEMPERATURE (temperature
data) — DEW POINT (dew point data) — ALTIMETER (altimeter data)”
NOTE: Missing data or data that has been suppressed is transmitted as “MISSING”.
A human-observed METAR/SPECI or a METAR
AUTO/SPECI AUTO shall take priority over an
automated voice generated report (minutely reports).
During the hours when a human observation program
is operating and there is no direct VHF communication between the pilot and weather observer, the
VGSS VHF transmitter will normally be off. This
eliminates the risk of a pilot possibly receiving two
contradictory and confusing weather reports.
In variable weather conditions, there may be significant differences between broadcasts only a few minutes apart. It is very important during these conditions to obtain several broadcasts of the minutely data
for comparison to develop an accurate picture of the
actual conditions to be expected at the location.
Below is the typical format of a NAV CANADA AWOS
message:
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© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
CA 3-32
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
APPENDICES
3.9
3.9.1
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UPPER LEVEL WINDS AND
TEMPERATURES
Canadian Forecast Winds and
Temperatures Aloft Network
1464989146457
3.9.2
Upper Level Wind and Temperature
Forecasts (FD)
Upper level wind and temperature forecasts (FD)
are upper level forecasts of wind velocity, expressed
in knots (kt), to the nearest 10°T and temperature,
expressed in degrees Celsius (°C). Temperatures
are not forecast for 3000 feet; in addition, this level
is omitted if the terrain elevation is greater than
1500 feet. All forecast temperatures for altitudes over
24,000 ft are negative.
Data for the production of FD forecasts are derived
from a variety of atmospheric data sources, including
upper air sounding measurements of pressure, temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity, taken at
32 sites twice daily (at 0000Z and 1200Z). Following
the computer run of a subsequent numeric weather
model, FD forecasts are available at the times issued
or periods of coverage indicated in paragraph 3.1.
EXAMPLE 1:
FDCN01 CWAO 071530
FCST BASED ON 071200 DATA VALID 080000 FOR
USE 21-06
FT 3000
YVR 9900
YYF 2523
YXC
YYC
YQL
6000
2415-07
2432-04
2431-02
2426-03
2527-01
9000
2430-10
2338-08
2330-06
2435-06
2437-05
12000
2434-10
2342-13
2344-11
2430-12
2442-10
18000
2542-26
2448-24
2352-22
2342-22
2450-21
EXAMPLE 2:
FDCN1 KWBC 080440 DATA
BASED ON 080000Z VALID 091200Z FOR USE
0900-1800Z.
TEMPS NEG ABV 24000
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© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
16 DEC 16
METEOROLOGY
CA 3-33
APPENDICES
FT
YVR
YYF
YXC
YYC
YQL
24000
2973-24
3031-24
3040-27
3058-29
2955-28
30000
293040
314041
315143
317246
306845
34000
283450
304551
316754
317855
307455
39000
273763
204763
306761
306358
791159
When the forecast speed is less than 5 kt, the code
group is “9900”, which reads “light and variable”.
Encoded wind speeds from 100 to 199 kt have 50
added to the direction code and 100 subtracted from
the speed. Wind speeds that have had 50 added to
the direction can be recognized when figures from
51 to 86 appear in the code. Since no such directions exist, (i.e., 510° to 860°) obviously they represent directions from 010° to 360°.
Should the forecast wind speed be 200 kt or greater,
the wind group is coded as 199 kt, that is, 7799 is
decoded 270° at 199 kt or greater.
COLOR
BLUE
RED
BLUE
SYMBOL
H
L
q$i
Examples of decoding FD winds and temperatures
are as follows (the third and fourth examples are both
for altitudes above 24,000 ft):
EXAMPLE
DECODED
9900 + 00 Wind light and variable, temperature
0°C.
2523
250°T at 23 kt.
791159
290°T (79 - 50 = 29) at 111 kt (11 +
100 = 111), temperature -59°C.
859950
350°T (85 - 50 = 35) at 199 kt or
greater, temperature -50°C.
Forecasts in digital form of the winds and the temperatures aloft (FB) are currently available over the
phone. They have a similar format to FD forecasts
but are updated four times a day and include other
improvements. FD forecasts will continue to be available but will gradually be replaced by FB forecasts.
3.10
SURFACE WEATHER MAPS
DESCRIPTION
High pressure center
Low pressure center
Cold front
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BLUE
Cold front aloft
1464989146457
RED
1464989146457
RED
Warm front
Warm front aloft
1464989146457
RED /
BLUE
Stationary front
1464989146457
PURPLE
Occluded front
1464989146457
BLUE
1464989146457
RED
Cold frontogenesis
Warm frontogenesis
1464989146457
RED /
BLUE
BLUE
Stationary frontogenesis
1464989146457
1464989146457
RED
Cold frontolysis
Warm frontolysis
1464989146457
RED /
BLUE
Stationary frontolysis
1464989146457
PURPLE
Occluded frontolysis
1464989146457
PURPLE
PURPLE
BLUE /
RED
1464989146457
1464989146457
Squall line
Trough
Trowal
1464989146457
The following is a list of things to keep in mind when
reading surface weather maps:
a. Check the time of the map, make sure that it is
the latest one available.
b. Always remember that weather moves. A map
gives you a static picture of weather conditions
over a large area at a specific time. Always use a
map along with the latest reports and forecasts.
c. The curving lines on the map which form patterns like giant thumb-prints are called isobars.
Joining points of equal sea level pressure, isobars outline the areas of High and Low pressure,
marked H and L, respectively.
d. The winds at 2000’ AGL blow roughly parallel to
the isobars — in a clockwise direction around
Highs and counter-clockwise around Lows.
Wind speeds vary with the distance between
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© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
CA 3-34
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
APPENDICES
isobars. Where the lines are close together,
moderate to strong winds can be expected;
where they are far apart, light variable winds
are expected.
e. The red and blue lines are called fronts. These
lines indicate the zones of contact between large
air masses with differing physical properties —
cold vs. warm, dry vs. moist, etc. Blue lines are
for cold fronts — cold air advancing. Red lines
are for warm fronts — warm air advancing. Alternate red and blue lines are for quasi-stationary
fronts — neither warm air nor cold air advancing. Hook marks in red and blue are for trowals
— trough of warm air aloft. A purple line is called
an Occluded Front — where a cold front has
overtaken a warm front. Solid colored lines are
fronts which produce air mass changes at the
ground level as well as in the upper air. Dashed
colored lines represent “upper air” fronts — they
also are important. Along all active fronts one
usually encounters clouds and precipitation.
f. When colors cannot be used to distinguish the
various kinds of fronts, monochromatic symbols
are used.
3.11
UPPER LEVEL CHARTS — ANAL
Upper level charts depict two forms of data: actual
and forecast. Actual measured conditions are represented on analyzed charts (ANAL). These charts
show conditions as they were at a specific time in the
past. Prognostic charts (PROG) show forecast conditions for a specific time in the future. Always check
the map label for the type, date and valid time of a
chart.
3.11.1
Upper Level Analysis Charts
Meteorological parameters in the upper atmosphere
are measured twice a day (0000Z and 1200Z). The
data are plotted and analyzed on constant pressure
level charts. These charts always indicate past conditions. The 850 hPa (5000 feet), 700 hPa (10,000
feet), 500 hPa (18,000 feet), and 250 hPa (34,000
feet) analyzed charts are available in Canada and are
generally in weather offices and on NAV CANADA’s
aviation weather web site (AWWS) about three hours
after the data are recorded.
The maps have various fields analyzed.
a. Height
The solid lines (contours) on all the charts represent the approximate height of the pressure level
indicated by the map. The contours are labeled
in decameters (10’s of meters) such that on a
500 hPa map, 540 means 5400m and on a 250
hPa map, 020 means 10,200m. Contours are
spaced 60m (6 decameters) apart except at 250
hPa where the spacing is 120m.
b. Temperature
Temperature is analyzed on the 850 and 700
hPa charts only. Dashed lines are drawn at 5°C
intervals and are labeled 5, 0, -5, etc. Temperatures at 500 and 250 hPa are obtained by reading the number in the upper left corner of each
of the station plots.
c. Wind Direction
q$i
Wind direction may be determined at any point
by using the height contours. The wind generally
blows parallel to the contours and the direction
is determined by keeping the “wind at your back
with low heights to the left”. The plotted wind
arrows also provide the actual wind direction at
the stations.
d. Wind Speed
Wind speed is inversely proportional to the spacing of the height contours. If the contours are
close together, the winds are strong; if far apart,
the winds are light. The plotted wind arrows also
provide the wind speed.
On the 250 hPa chart, wind speeds are analyzed
using dashed lines for points with the same wind
speed (isotachs). The isotachs are analyzed by
a computer and are drawn at 30 kt intervals
starting at 30 kt.
NOTE: Computer analyzed charts have the analyzed parameters smoothed to some extent.
3.11.2
Upper Level Prognostic Charts
Upper level wind and temperature charts are issued
by the world area forecast centre (WAFC), through
the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS)
in Washington, D.C. Winds are depicted for FL240,
FL340, FL390 and FL450 using arrow shafts with
pennants (50 kt each), full feathers (10 kt each) and
half feathers (5 kt each). The orientation of the shaft
indicates wind direction (degree true).
Temperatures (°C) are presented in bold type at fixed
grid points for the flight level. All temperatures are
negative unless otherwise noted.
Wind and temperature information from these charts,
in conjunction with the upper level wind and temperature forecast (FD) and significant weather charts
(SIGWX), can be used to determine wind shear and
other salient information such as the probability of
CAT over given points. Remember, the wind speed
is normally highest at the tropopause and decreases
above and below at a relatively constant rate.
1464989146457
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© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
CA 3-35
APPENDICES
3.12
3.12.1
q$i
SIGNIFICANT WEATHER
PROGNOSTIC CHARTS
Lower-Level Charts
ENVIRONNEMENT CANADA
CMC ENVIRONMENT CANADA
P SIG WX/TMPS SIG
700-400 hPa
QS
998
V06Z FRI/VEN 2000/02/04
UNLESS OTHERWISE INDICATED
CB.
TCU. CU+ AND ACC IMPLY MODERATE
OR GREATER TURBULENCE AND ICING
ALTITUDES IN HUNDREDS OF FEET.
A MOINS D' INDICATION CONTRAIRE
CB.TCU. CU+ ET ACC IMPLIQUENT
DE LA TURBULENCE ET DU GIVRAGE
MODERES OU PLUS FORTS.
ALTITUDES EN CENTAINES DE PIEDS
Title
with
valid
period
Notes
on
Charts
50
°
50
°
FZLVL
12
Overcast
cloud layers,
tops 20,000 feet
base below
700 hPa(xx)
200
OVC LYR XX
200
OVC LYR XX
13 FQT EMBD
ACC/TCU 200
EMBD
ACC 200
80°
BLO
RIME
Moderate
rime icing
below
13,000 feet
ASL
130
100
14
15
15
200
BKN LYR XX
18 EMBD CU 180
EMBD CB 350
990
BKN LYR
150-180
XX
180
OVC LYR XX
EMBD TCU 200
ISOL CB 300
Cold front
moving
easterly
15 kt
Low centre
990 hPa
moving
northeasterly
at 15 kt
200
100
CAT
100
100
Freezing level
10,000 feet ASL
The Canadian Meteorological Aviation Centres
(CMACs) issue a series of significant weather prognostic charts for lower levels, from 700 to 400 hPa
(FL100 to FL240). They use the same criteria as the
significant weather prognostic high level charts plus
the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
70°
Moderate clear
air turbulence
between
10,000 feet and
20,000 feet ASL
1464989146457
moderate to severe icing;
cloud layers of significance;
marked mountain waves;
freezing level line (0˚C) at 5000‑ft intervals, and
labeled in hundreds of feet; and/or
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© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
CA 3-36
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
APPENDICES
q$i
e. surface positions and direction of motion (in
knots) of highs, lows, and other significant features (front, trough).
Symbols used on the Significant Weather Prognostic
Charts by the CMAC:
SIGNIFICANT WEATHER SYMBOLS
Boundary of an
Area of Significant
Cloud
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Boundary of an Area
of Turbulence
1464989146457
Moderate
Turbulence*
1464989146457
Thunderstorm
Tropical Storm
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1464989146457
Severe Line
Squall
Severe
Turbulence*
Dust or Sand Storm
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1464989146457
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Light icing*
Hurricane
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Moderate icing*
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Severe icing*
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* an abbreviation for the type of turbulence, or icing is placed below the symbol
(for ex. CAT for Clear Air Turbulence, or MXD for Mixed Icing).
CLOUD
Cloud types are represented by the conventional
BKN AC 240 Altocumulus, base
abbreviation, cloud amount are indicated as BKN
XX below chart level,
tops 24,000 feet.
or OVC, and height of base and tops by the
convention illustrated:
CAT — Clear Air Turbulence
FRQ — Frequent
ISOLD — Isolated
1464989146457
Warm front
ABBREVIATIONS
LYR — Layers
MXD — Mixed
CLR — Clear
LEE WV — Lee/Mountain Waves
FZLVL — Freezing Level
OCNL — Occasional
FRONTS AND OTHER CONVENTIONS
Occlusion
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1464989146457
Cold front
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Mean Sea Level
Isobars, pressure
in millibars
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Quasi-stationary
front
0°C Isotherm
height in
hundreds of feet
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1464989146457
Trough of warm
air aloft
Upper Trough
Trough line
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
16 DEC 16
METEOROLOGY
CA 3-37
APPENDICES
3.12.2
q$i
High-Level Charts
1464989146457
These charts, produced for the mid and high levels,
show occurring or forecast weather conditions considered to be of concern to aircraft operations. The
world area forecast centre (WAFC), through the U.S.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s
(NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS) issues a
chart depicting forecast weather conditions between
FL250 and FL630. Each chart includes a background
that depicts the major bodies of land and water for
the related region along with a few letters that correspond to the first letters of the names of cities located
at the adjacent black dot. The meteorological conditions depicted and the symbols used are:
a. Active thunderstorms — The cumulonimbus
(CB) symbol is used when thunderstorms occur,
or are forecast to occur, over a widespread area,
along a line, embedded in other cloud layers, or
when concealed by a hazard. The amounts and
the spatial coverage (in brackets) are indicated
as:
(i) ISOLD (isolated) — for individual CBs
(less than 50%)
(ii) OCNL (occasional) — for well-separated
CBs (50-75% inclusive)
(iii) FRQ (frequent) — for CBs with little or no
separation (greater than 75%)
NOTE: The definitions of the above terms, as
used in ICAO charts, differ from those used for
national SIGMET, AIRMET and GFA. The ICAO
definitions involve 25% greater coverage in all
cases. Some charts may include SCT which
refers to 25-50% areal coverage. In addition,
ISOL is used by ICAO while ISOLD is used in
national forecasts.
Embedded CBs may or may not be protruding from the cloud or haze layer. The following
abbreviations are used to indicate the presence
of CBs: ISOL embedded CB, OCNL embedded
CB, FRQ embedded CB and FRQ CB. All other
clouds are depicted using OKTA amounts, followed by the cloud type. In certain cases the
abbreviation LYR (layer or layered) is used to
indicate cloud structure.
b. Cloud heights — When cloud tops or bases
exceed the upper or lower limits of a significant weather prognostic chart, an XXX symbol
is used on the appropriate side of the dividing line. Consider, for example, the significant
weather prognostic chart that extends from
FL250 to FL630. If well separated embedded
CBs based below FL250 and topped at FL450
were present, this would be depicted as follows:
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
CA 3-38
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
APPENDICES
q$i
f. Severe squall lines — Severe squall lines are
depicted using the symbol
and oriented to
true north with a representative length. An area
of frequent CB associated with a squall line
would be shown as:
1464989146457
1464989146457
The scalloped line indicates the area in which
the conditions written inside apply.
c. Tropopause height — Tropopause heights are
depicted as flight levels, except when defining
areas of very flat slope, and are enclosed in a
rectangular box. The center of the box represents the grid point being forecast.
1464989146457
d. Jet streams — The height and speed of jet
streams having a core speed of 80 kt or more are
shown oriented to true north using arrows with
pennants and feathers for speed, and spaced
sufficiently close to give a good indication of
speed and/or height changes. A double-hatched
line across the jet stream core indicates a speed
increase or decrease. The double-hatched line
indicates 20 kt changes at 100 kt, 120 kt, 140 kt,
or higher. For example, a 120 kt jet stream initially at FL420 dropping to 80 kt at FL370 would
be depicted as:
FL420
FL370
320/520
1464989146457
The vertical depth of the jet stream is depicted
by two numbers, indicating the height of the
80-kt isotach in hundreds of feet ASL. In the
above example, the 80–kt isotach is forecast to
be based at FL320 and topped at FL520. Only
jet streams with a speed of 120 kt or more will
contain vertical depth information.
e. Turbulence — Areas of moderate or severe
turbulence in cloud or clear air are depicted
using heavy dashed lines, height symbols,
for moderate turbulence and a
for
a
severe. Wind shear and mountain wave turbulence are included; convective turbulence is not.
For example, an area of moderate turbulence
between FL280 and FL360 would be shown as:
1464989146457
g. Icing and hail — Icing and hail are not specifically noted but rather the following statement is
included in the label on each chart:
SYMBOL CB IMPLIES HAIL, MODERATE OR
GREATER TURBULENCE AND ICING
h. Widespread sandstorm or duststorm —
Areas of these conditions are shown using a
scalloped line, height symbol and a
example:
. For
1464989146457
i. Tropical cyclones — The symbol
is used to
depict tropical cyclones and, if any of the previous criteria are met, these will be included.
For example, an area of frequent CBs between
10,000 feet and 50,000 feet with an associated
tropical storm named “William” would be shown
as:
1464989146457
Significant weather prognostic charts depicting
the tropical cyclone symbol will have a statement
to the effect that the latest tropical cyclone advisory, rather than the tropical cyclone’s prognostic position on the chart, is to be given public dissemination.
j. Volcanic eruption — Information on the location of volcanic eruptions that are producing ash
clouds of significance to aircraft operations is
shown as follows: the volcanic eruption symbol
is shown at the location of the volcano; on the
side of the chart, a box is shown containing the
volcano eruption symbol, the name and international number of the volcano (if known), the
latitude/longitude, and date and time of the first
eruption (if known). Check SIGMET and NOTAM
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
16 DEC 16
METEOROLOGY
CA 3-39
APPENDICES
or ASHTAM for volcanic ash. The symbol is as
follows, and may be depicted in red on color
charts:
1464989146457
k. Radioactive material in the atmosphere —
Information on the location of a release of
radioactive materials into the atmosphere that
is of significance to aircraft operations is shown
as follows: the radioactivity symbol at the site of
the accident; on the side of the chart, in a box
containing the radioactivity symbol, latitude/longitude of the site of the accident, date and time
of the release and a reminder to users to check
NOTAM for the area concerned. The symbol,
in black on a yellow circular background when
depicted in color, is as follows:
10–100
100–1000
>1000
q$i
Light stippling
Dark stippling
No enhancement
(LGT)
(MDT)
(HVY)
CAUTION: Users are reminded to consult the
latest SIGMET for updates on the position and
vertical extent of the volcanic ash warning area.
Even light (LGT) concentrations constitute a
potential danger to aviation. Turbine engine
flameouts have been attributed to light volcanic
ash clouds located up to 1000 NM from the
source.
1464989146457
3.13
VOLCANIC ASH PROGNOSTIC
CHARTS
a. Availability and Coverage
These charts are produced by Environment
Canada (EC) only when volcanic ash threatens
Canadian domestic airspace or adjacent areas.
They are normally available 1 hour after the execution of the Canadian Meteorological Centre
(CMC) computer model which generates them.
The results are based on the execution of the
last global numerical weather prediction model
using either 0000 or 1200 UTC data. The areas
normally covered are Alaska, Canada, United
States, the North Atlantic and Northwest Pacific
Oceans.
b. Description
Each prognostic chart consists of six panels.
Each panel depicts the average ash density
forecast for an atmospheric layer at a specific
time. The layers are surface to FL200, FL200
to FL350, and FL350 to FL600. The first chart
depicts a 6 and 12 hour prognostic; the second
extends the forecast out to 18 and 24 hours.
Additional charts covering a time period of up to
72 hours ahead may sometimes be produced.
The location of the volcano is indicated by the symbol
“ ”. The average volcanic ash density in the atmospheric layer is depicted as light, moderate or heavy.
The isolines are for 10, 100 and 1000 micrograms
per cubic meter. The areas between the isolines are
enhanced as follows:
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
CA 3-40
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
APPENDICES
q$i
FORECAST OF VISUAL VOLCANIC ASH PLUME
PREVISION DU PANCHE VISIBLE DE CENDRES VOLCANIQUES
CMC
CANERM
LGT—BAS
CMC
CANERM
LGT—BAS
HVY—ELEVE
6H FORECAST - PREVISION 6H
Tue Sep 11 2007, 20 UTC
CONCENTRATIONS
LDT—MOYEN
FL 350
FL 200
SURFACE
HVY—ELEVE
LGT—BAS
SOURCE
: Wells_Gray_Clearwater 52 19 N 120 34 W
ERUPTION
: Tue Sep 11 2007, 1400Z
DURATION
: 1 Hour(s)
ASH CLOUD TOP : FL328
CYCLE
: (10.0, 18,TC, VC)
12H FORECAST - PREVISION 12H
Wed Sep 12 2007, 02 UTC
CONCENTRATIONS
LDT—MOYEN
FL 600
FL 350
HVY—ELEVE
12H FORECAST - PREVISION 12H
Wed Sep 12 2007, 02 UTC
CONCENTRATIONS
CMC
CANERM
FL 200
HVY—ELEVE
6H FORECAST - PREVISION 6H
Tue Sep 11 2007, 20 UTC
CONCENTRATIONS
LDT—MOYEN
CMC
CANERM
FL 350
Montreal VAAC
LDT—MOYEN
FL 600
Environnement Canada
Environment Canada
LGT—BAS
6H FORECAST - PREVISION 6H
Tue Sep 11 2007, 20 UTC
CONCENTRATIONS
LGT—BAS
Montreal VAAC
CMC
CANERM
CMC
CANERM
LGT—BAS
LDT—MOYEN
FL 200
HVY—ELEVE
12H FORECAST - PREVISION 12H
Wed Sep 12 2007, 02 UTC
CONCENTRATIONS
LDT—MOYEN
FL 350
FL 200
SURFACE
HVY—ELEVE
FOR GUIDANCE ONLY
NOT AN OFFICIAL FORECAST
SEE CURRENT SIGMET FOR WARNING AREA
1397774924643
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
16 DEC 16
METEOROLOGY
CA 3-41
APPENDICES
3.14
ABBREVIATIONS — AVIATION
FORECASTS
The following list of commonly used abbreviations
is not exhaustive. For a complete list of abbreviations, please consult the Manual of Word Abbreviations (MANAB) on the Environment Canada Web site.
Contractions
ABV
ACC
ACRS
ACSL
AFL
AHD
ALG
APCH
ASL
BECMG
BGNG
BKN
BL
BLO
BR
BRF
BRFLY
BRKS
BTN
CAT
CAVOK
CB
CIG
CLD
CLR
CNTR
CST
CU
DCRG
DEG
DNSLP
DP
DPNG
DRFT
DURG
DVLPG
DZ
E
ELSW
ERLY
EMBD
ENDG
EXC
FCST
FEW
Plain Language
Above
Altocumulus Castellanus
Across
Standing Lenticular Altocumulus
Above Freezing Layer
Ahead
Along
Approach
Above Sea Level
Becoming
Beginning
Broken
Blowing
Below
Mist
Brief
Briefly
Breaks
Between
Clear Air Turbulence
Ceiling and Visibility OK
Cumulonimbus
Ceiling
Cloud
Clear
Center
Coast
Cumulus
Decreasing
Degree
Downslope
Deep
Deepening
Drifting
During
Developing
Drizzle
East
Elsewhere
Easterly
Embedded
Ending
Except
Forecast
Few clouds
q$i
Contractions
FG
FM
FNT
FRQ
FT
FU
FZ
FZLVL
HGT
HI
HR
HVY
ICG
ICGIC
ICGIP
INSTBY
INTMT
INTS
INTSFY
ISOL
ISOLD
KT
LCL
LFTG
LGT
LK
LLJ
LLWS
LN
LO
LTL
LTNG
LVL
LWR
LWRG
LYR
MDT
MOVG
MTS
MXD
N
NE
NELY
NGT
NLY
NM
NMRS
NR
NRLY
NSW
NW
Plain Language
Fog
From
Front
Frequent
Feet, Foot
Smoke
Freezing
Freezing Level
Height
High
Hour
Heavy
Icing
Icing in Cloud
Icing in Precipitation
Instability
Intermittent
Intense
Intensify
Isolate
Isolated
Knot(s)
Local
Lifting
Light
Lake
Low level jet stream
Low Level Wind Shear
Line
Low
Little
Lightning
Level
Lower
Lowering
Layer
Moderate
Moving
Mountains
Mixed
North
Northeast
Northeasterly
Night
Northerly
Nautical miles(s)
Numerous
Near
Nearly
No significant weather
Northwest
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
CA 3-42
METEOROLOGY
16 DEC 16
APPENDICES
Contractions
NWLY
OBSC
OBSCD
OCNL
OCNLY
OFSHR
ONSHR
OTLK
OTWZ
OVC
OVR
PCPN
PD
PL
PROB
PROG
PRSTG
PTCHY
PTLY
QS
RA
RDG
REP
REPS
RGN
RPDLY
S
SCT
SE
SELY
SEV
SFC
SH
SHLW
SKC
SLY
SM
SN
SPECI
SQ
STG
SVRL
SW
SWLY
TCU
TEMPO
TROF
TROWAL
TRRN
TS
TURB
Plain Language
Northwesterly
Obscure
Obscured
Occasional
Occasionally
Offshore
Onshore
Outlook
Otherwise
Overcast
Over
Precipitation
Period
Ice pellets
Probability
Prognostic, Prognosis
Persisting
Patchy
Partly
Quasi-Stationary
Rain
Ridge
Report
Reports
Region
Rapidly
South
Scattered
Southeast
Southeasterly
Severe
Surface
Shower
Shallow
Sky Clear
Southerly
Statute mile(s)
Snow
Special Report
Squall
Strong
Several
Southwest
Southwesterly
Towering Cumulus
Temporary
Trough
q$i
Contractions
UPR
UPSLP
UTC
VC
VIS
VLY
VRB
VV
W
WDLY
WK
WLY
WND
WRM
WS
WV
XTNSV
XTRM
Z
Plain Language
Upper
Upslope
Coordinated Universal Time
Vicinity
Visibility
Valley
Variable
Vertical visibility
West
Widely
Weak
Westerly
Wind
Warm
Wind Shear
Wave
Extensive
Extreme
ZULU (or UTC)
Trough of Warm Air Aloft
Terrain
Thunderstorm
Turbulence
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
METEOROLOGY
22 AUG 14
CH-5
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - CHINA
RADIOTELEPHONY
Identify location for which weather is desired and find
station(s) disseminating broadcast.
WEATHER FOR:
Beijing (Beijing Capital)
Chengdu (Shuangliu)
Changsha (Huanghua)
Dalian (Zhoushuizi)
Guangzhou (Baiyun)
Hangzhou (Xiaoshan)
Harbin (Taiping)
Hohhot (Baita)
Hong Kong (Intl)
Kaohsiung (Intl)
Kunming (Changshui)
Lanzhou (Zhongchuan)
Macao (Intl)
Mactan-Cebu (Intl)
Manila (Ninoy Aquino Intl)
Naha
Nanning (Wuxu)
AVAILABLE FROM STATIONS:
Beijing
Guangzhou
Guangzhou
Beijing
Guangzhou, Hong Kong
Beijing
Beijing
Beijing
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Guangzhou
Beijing
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Guangzhou
Guangzhou
Beijing
Sanya (Phoenix Intl)
Shanghai
Shenyang (Taoxian)
Shenzhen (Baoan)
Taipei (Intl)
Taiyuan (Wusu)
Tianjin (Binhai)
Ulaanbaatar (Chinggis Khaan Intl)
Urumqi (Diwopu)
Wuhan (Tianhe)
Beijing, Guangzhou
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Beijing
Beijing
Chinggis Khaan
Beijing
Guangzhou
Guangzhou
Beijing
Xiamen (Gaoqi)
Xi’an (Xianyang)
STATION
Beijing
IDENT
Volmet
BROADCAST TIMES
FREQS.
PERIOD
H+
0000-1600
15-20
DAY:
45-50
13825
8849
NIGHT:
5673
3458
20-25
50-55
25-30
55-60
Chinggis
Khaan
Volmet
125.0
H24
cont.
FORM
METAR
Forecast
METAR
METAR
Forecast
METAR
METAR
Forecast
METAR
CONTENTS & SEQUENCE
Beijing (Beijing Capital)
Dalian (Zhoushuizi), Harbin
(Taiping), Hohhot (Baita),
Shenyang (Taoxian), Taiyuan
(Wusu), Tianjin (Binhai)
Shanghai
Hangzhou (Xiaoshan)
Xi’an (Xianyang)
Lanzhou (Zhongchuan),
Urumqi (Diwopu)
METAR/SPECI Ulaanbaatar (Chinggis
Khaan Intl)
TREND
Forecast
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2014. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
CH-6
METEOROLOGY
22 AUG 14
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - CHINA
STATION
Guangzhou
IDENT
Volmet
FREQS.
DAY:
13825
8849
NIGHT:
5673
3458
BROADCAST TIMES
PERIOD
H+
00-05
DAY:
30-35
0000-0800
NIGHT:
0800-2400
05-10
35-40
10-15
40-45
Hong Kong
Volmet
128.87
D-Volmet1
28632
6679
8828
13282
H24
FORM
METAR
Forecast
METAR
METAR
Forecast
METAR
METAR
Forecast
METAR
CONTENTS & SEQUENCE
Sanya (Phoenix Intl)
Xiamen (Gaoqi)
Guangzhou (Baiyun)
Nanning (Wuxu)
Chengdu (Shuangliu)
Changsha (Huanghua),
Kunming (Changshui),
Wuhan (Tianhe)
cont.
METAR/SPECI Shenzhen (Baoan)
METAR/SPECI Macao (Intl), Taipei (Intl),
Kaohsiung (Intl)
TREND
Forecast
as
HKG SIGMET Hong Kong (Intl)
requested (if any)
15-20
METAR/SPECI Guangzhou (Baiyun), Taipei
(Intl), Kaohsiung (Intl),
45-50
TREND
Manila (Ninoy Aquino Intl),
Forecast
Mactan-Cebu (Intl)
METAR/SPECI Naha
Hong Kong (Intl)
Forecast/
Amend
Forecast
1
Special air-reports not covered by SIGMET will be included as the last item in the D-Volmet.
2
Broadcasts on 2863kHz are to be implemented when required.
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2014. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
Eff 10 Nov
4 NOV 16
METEOROLOGY
E-1
NATIONAL DIFFERENCES TO ICAO ANNEX 3 - EUROPE
AUSTRIA
The runway visual range shall be reported throughout
periods when either the visibility is less than 1500m or
the runway visual range is less than 2000m not until
less than 1500m.
In Austria not only clouds of operational significance
shall be observed and reported due that can lead
to a loss of information because clouds above the
minimum sector altitude or 5000ft AMSL may be an
advice to icing conditions.
Table A6-1, In Austria special air reports correspond
to aircraft type instead of aircraft identification. Furthermore, some additional abbreviations and combinations are used to express the elements “location”
and “level” in Austrian special air-reports to enable
the adequate expression also of an area additional to
a single point and a range of levels additional to a single level if so reported by a pilot or an aircraft.
If deposit of rime is observed the description FZ is
used in combination with abbreviations BCFG, PRFG
and BR too.
When the term CAVOK is used in reports in abbreviated plain language, visibility, present weather and
clouds are reported in brackets.
For routine reports from aeronautical meteorological
stations not located at international airports the following applies:
a. Instead of the ICAO location indicator the station index number (IIiii) is used by stations not
located at an aerodrome.
b. The term CAVOK is not used.
c. For reporting VXVXVXVXDV additional criteria are
used; so this group will be reported more often.
When the visibility is 10km or more, at some
stations it is coded in steps of 1km up to 30km
and in steps of 5km above 30km, followed by
the abbreviation KM (e.g. visibility of 23km is
coded as 23KM and 99KM indicates a visibility
of 100km or more).
d. All cloud types are reported, e.g. OVC010ST.
The height of cloud base is not reported for the
cloud types CI, CC and CS, e.g. SCTCI.
hshshs = not reported if in mountainous region
tops, but not the cloud base of a convective
cloud is visible, e.g. FEWCB.
The indicator RMK is reported in the AUTO
METAR for the notification of cloud bases.
The total amount of cloud is reported at the end
of the report using the same abbreviation as for
N SN SN S.
After RMK, the data will be reported as follows:
BASE XX CLDhhh, e.g.: BASE AB CLD015
XX
location identifier of
ceilometer (single of
double figure)
hhh
cloud base as in METAR
N
S
W
E
28
AB
KE
North
South
West
East
threshold RWY 28
Absam
Kematen
Cloud amount will not be reported.
BELGIUM
Only 1 (minimum) visibility value is given in local routine and special reports.
Only a general cloud distribution is given in local routine and special reports.
Wind shear warnings are not issued.
In local routine and special reports, ABV and BLW are
used without indication of the maximum, respectively
the minimum value.
QNH is indicated in tenths of a hectopascal in local
routine and special reports.
QFE is not indicated in local routine and special
reports but is given by ATC on request of a pilot.
CROATIA
Aerodrome warnings are provided for Osijek (Klisa),
Zagreb (Pleso), Pula, Rijeka (Krk Island), Zadar
(Zemunik), Split (Kastela) and Dubrovnik (Cilipi)
during aerodrome working hours.
Aerodrome warnings refer to the occurrence or
expected occurrence of 1 or more of the following
phenomena:
– strong surface wind (mean surface wind speed
25kt or more or wind speed gusts 30kt or more);
– thunderstorm;
– hail;
– freezing precipitation;
– snow.
Wind shear warnings are issued for Osijek (Klisa),
Zagreb (Pleso), Pula, Rijeka (Krk Island), Zadar
(Zemunik), Split (Kastela), Dubrovnik (Cilipi), Losinj
Island (Losinj) during aerodrome working hours.
FRANCE
The term CAVOK is not used in messages from fully
automatic observation systems.
The imminence of the present weather phenomena
other than thunderstorms (TS) is not specified in the
messages from fully automatic observation systems.
The weather phenomena SG, PL, GR, DS, SS, PO,
FC, SA, DU, FU, VA, SQ are not reported in messages from fully automatic observation systems.
MI, PR, DR and BL are not indicated in messages
from fully automatic observation systems.
Ceilometer location identifiers are:
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
E-2
Eff 10 Nov
4 NOV 16
METEOROLOGY
NATIONAL DIFFERENCES TO ICAO ANNEX 3 - EUROPE
For some aerodromes, in the regular and special local
weather reports, the cloud base height is indicated
every 30ft below 300ft in order to facilitate the implementation of low visibility operating procedures. Information will be supplied as regards cloud base height
above 10000ft, in the presence of significant clouds.
In the messages from fully automatic observation
systems, if no cloud is detected by the system:
– The cloud layers are coded as NSC if the system
hasn’t detected any convective cloud.
– The cloud layers are coded as NCD if the system
has no detection ability of convective clouds.
In the messages from fully automatic observation
systems, no additional information is notified.
q$i
Aerodromes for which the criterion of application
of CAVOK is a height of the basis of clouds
more than 5000ft (continued)
Aerodromes
Strasbourg (Entzheim)
Tarbes (Lourdes-Pyrenees)
Valence (Chabeuil)
Feet
6120
11250
9180
NOTE: On all other aerodromes, the CAVOK application rule will be:”No cloud below 5000 ft and absence
of cumulonimbus (CB) and towering cumulus (TCU)”.
GERMANY
Table A3-2, Germany continues reporting RVR variations in the format RDRDR/VRVRVRVRVVRVRVRVRi.
In the regular and special local weather reports and
the aviation routine weather reports, when the sky is
obscured, vertical visibility value is replaced by the
symbol ///.
IRELAND
In the aviation routine weather reports which are not
from fully automatic observation systems, information
about wind shear are added if the phenomenon was
reported by a pilot to air traffic services, or if wind
shear sensors were installed.
Runway state group in METAR is not coded in compliance with Table A3-2.
Aerodromes for which the criterion of
application of CAVOK is a height of the basis
of clouds more than 5000ft
Aerodromes
Aix (Les-Milles)
Ajaccio (Napoleon Bonaparte)
Annecy (Meythet)
Aurillac
Avignon (Caumont)
Basle-Mulhouse
Bastia (Poretta)
Beziers (Vias)
Biarritz (Pays Basque)
Calvi (St Catherine)
Cannes (Mandelieu)
Castres-Mazamet
Carcassonne (Salvaza)
Chambery (Aix-Le-Bains)
Clermont-Ferrand/Auvergne
Colmar (Houssen)
Figari/Sud Corse
Grenoble (Isere)
La Mole
Lyon (Bron)
Lyon (Saint Exupery)
Nice/Cote D’Azur
Pau/Pyrenees
Perpignan (Rivesaltes)
St Etienne (Loire)
Saint Yan
Feet
7650
10710
8190
6330
7890
5520
10500
5760
7080
10890
10710
5220
8880
8940
6630
5880
8430
7800
5160
5370
5190
10710
11790
10560
5790
5010
Aerodrome warnings are not issued according to the
template in Table A6-2.
ITALY
Italy issues a report called Thunderstorm Area
Detection (TAD). The report provides the following
elements:
a. ICAO reporting code and sequence number;
b. validity;
c. echo intensity;
d. echo extension;
e. associated phenomena (present weather);
f. echo position;
g. top of clouds;
h. movement forecast;
i. intensity forecast;
j. remark.
NETHERLANDS
Codes FC, SS, DS, PO, SA, DU, FU, VA, MI, BC,
PR, DR, BL, VC, CAVOK, SKC are not provided in
automated observation reports.
AUTO METAR can contain up to three remarks in the
REMARK section. The REMARK section is disseminated in the Netherlands only, in line with international
data exchange rules.
– RMK TS INFO NOT AVBL: in situations where
lightning data is not available.
– RMK CB INFO NOT AVBL: in situations where
radar reflectivity data is not available.
– RMK WX INFO NOT AVBL: in situations where the
local present weather sensor data is not available.
It is essential that the absence of weather or cloud
information in an automated report is clearly identified
as caused by the absence of the phenomena itself,
or due to failure of the sensor. When cloud height
sensor information is not available due to technical
reasons, this will be reported in the cloud group using
six slashes: "//////".
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Eff 15 Oct
9 OCT 15
METEOROLOGY
E-3
NATIONAL DIFFERENCES TO ICAO ANNEX 3 - EUROPE
NORWAY
Local routine reports are issued for CAT II and CAT
III airports only.
Local special reports are issued for CAT II and III
airports only. Local special reports are required only
where local routine reports are issued at hourly intervals.
Supplementary information on mountain wind observations are not disseminated beyond national boundaries.
Forecast for take-off are not prepared.
Lack of cloud amount or cloud height is not reported
in AUTO METAR with ///.
Format nnnnnn for period of occurrence or changes
of significant changes is not used in TAF.
SWITZERLAND
Local MET reports are disseminated at Zurich and
Geneva aerodromes. No specific local reports are
available at the regional aerodromes.
In addition to the clouds of operational significance
and when appropriate higher level of cloud base are
reported as well.
AIRMET information is not prepared by meteorological watch offices (MWO). A similar message named
ICE MESSAGE is prepared, and is limited to the
occurrence of moderate ICE only.
No specific take-off forecast other than TAF or
TREND is produced.
Aerodrome warnings, in plain language, of meteorological conditions which could adversely affect aircraft
on the ground are issued for CAT II and III airports
only.
Aerodrome warnings are not issued in accordance
with template A6-2.
PORTUGAL
AIRMET is not issued.
METAR AUTO and SPECI AUTO are not issued.
MET REPORT AUTO and SPECIAL AUTO are not
issued.
Aerodrome warnings are not issued in accordance
with template A6-2.
The wind shear warnings are not issued in accordance with template A6-3.
In MET REPORT and SPECIAL the wind direction is
reported in magnetic degrees.
SERBIA
For Belgrade (Batajnica) and Kraljevo (Ladevci) aerodromes, abbreviations NSC or CAVOK are not used,
and not only clouds of operational significance but all
clouds (amount, type and base height) are reported
in local routine reports.
No specific wind-shear warning reports are provided.
UNITED KINGDOM
Following abbreviations have been adopted at London (Heathrow) for use in their Windshear Alerting
Service.
a. “Windshear Forecast” (WSF) - when the meteorological conditions indicate that low level
windshear on the approach or climb-out (below
2000ft) may be encountered.
b. “Windshear Forecast and Reported” (WSRF) as above, supported by a report from at least
one aircraft of windshear on the approach or
climbout within the last hour.
c. “Windshear Reported” (WSR) - when an aircraft
has reported on the approach or climb-out within
the last hour, but insufficient meteorological evidence exists for the issue of a forecast of wind
shear.
Forecast for take-off are not prepared.
SPAIN
Local routine reports are not issued.
Local special reports are not available.
METAR AUTO do not include: thunderstorm, freezing
fog, freezing precipitation, mist, and haze.
METAR AUTO do not include convective clouds (CB
and TCU).
Wind shear observed warnings are not issued according to template in Table A6-3.
SWEDEN
Freezing rain and snow (FZRASN) is reported as
present weather phenomena in local routine and special reports.
Supplementary information for location of the phenomena for L or R runway is not reported MET
REPORT and SPECIAL.
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
Eff 2 Mar
24 FEB 17
METEOROLOGY
E-5
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EUROPE
RADIOTELEPHONY
Identify location for which weather is desired and find
station(s) disseminating broadcast.
Weather for
Aalborg
Aberdeen (Dyce)
Aigen/Ennstal
Ajaccio (Napoleon Bonaparte)
Akrotiri
Alicante (Alicante-Elche)
Altenrhein
Amsterdam (Schiphol)
Andravida AB
Are Ostersund
Asturias
Athens (Eleftherios Venizelos Intl)
Barcelona (El Prat)
Bardufoss
Bari (Palese)
Basle-Mulhouse
Bastia (Poretta)
Beauvais (Tille)
Belfast (Aldergrove)
Belgrade (Nikola Tesla)
Belgrade (Lisiciji Jarak)
Benson
Bergamo (Orio Al Serio)
Bergen (Flesland)
Berlin (Schonefeld)
Berlin (Tegel)
Bern (Belp)
Biarritz (Pays Basque)
Bilbao
Billund
Birmingham
Bodo
Bologna (Borgo Panigale)
Bordeaux (Merignac)
Bolzano
Bournemouth
Bremen
Brest/Bretagne
Brindisi (Casale)
Bristol
Brize Norton
Brussels National
Cardiff
Catania (Fontanarossa)
Cologne-Bonn
Coningsby
Available from Stations
Copenhagen
Scottish
Gerlitzen
Marseille
Royal Air Force
Alicante, Madrid
Zugspitze
Amsterdam, Brussels, Frankfurt, Hannover, London
(Main), Paris, Shannon
Athens, Brindisi
Sundsvall
Santiago
Athens, Brindisi, Cairo, Istanbul, Nicosia
Algiers, Barcelona, Bordeaux, Madrid, Marseille,
Santiago
Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force
Frankfurt, Geneva, Paris, Pisa, Zurich
Marseille
Paris
Dublin, Scottish, Royal Air Force
Belgrade, Skopje, Sofia, Zagreb
Budapest
Royal Air Force
Milan
Shannon
Berlin, Prague, Warsaw
Berlin, Frankfurt, Hannover
Geneva, Zurich
Bordeaux
Madrid
Copenhagen
London (South), Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force
Pisa
Bordeaux, Madrid
Zugspitze
London (South)
Hannover
Paris, Santiago
Brindisi
London (South)
Royal Air Force
Amsterdam, Brussels, Frankfurt, London (Main), Paris,
Shannon
London (South), Royal Air Force
Luqa, Rome
Brussels, Frankfurt, Hannover, Shannon
Royal Air Force
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
E-6
METEOROLOGY
Eff 2 Mar
24 FEB 17
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EUROPE
Weather for
Copenhagen (Kastrup)
Cork
Culdrose
Dresden
Dublin (Intl)
Dubrovnik (Cilipi)
Durham Tees Valley
Dusseldorf
East Midlands
Edinburgh
Evreux (Fauville AB)
Exeter
Faro
France UIR
Frankfurt/Main
Friedrichshafen
Fuerteventura
Geneva
Genoa (Sestri)
Girona
Gibraltar
Geilenkirchen
Glasgow
Goteborg (Landvetter)
Goteborg (Save)
Granada (Federico Garcia Lorca)
Gran Canaria
Graz
Hamburg
Hannover
Harstadt-Narvik (Evenes)
Haugesund (Karmoy)
Helsinki (Vantaa)
Horta
Humberside
Ibiza
Innsbruck
Inverness
Iraklion (Nikos Kazantzakis)
Isle of Man
Istres (Le Tube AB)
Jersey
Jonkoping
Kalmar
Kapfenberg
Karlstad
Kerkira (Ioannis Kapodistrias)
Kiruna
Available from Stations
Amsterdam, Berlin, Copenhagen, Hannover, Shannon,
Stockholm, Warsaw
Dublin
Royal Air Force
Berlin
Dublin, London (Main), Shannon
Zagreb
London (North)
Amsterdam, Brussels, Frankfurt, Shannon
London (North), Royal Air Force
Scottish
Royal Air Force
London (South)
Lisbon, Santiago, Seville, Royal Air Force
Bordeaux, Marseille, Paris
Brussels, Frankfurt, Hannover, Minsk-2, Prague,
Shannon, Zagreb, Zurich
Zugspitze
Las Palmas
Bordeaux, Frankfurt, Geneva, Marseille, Paris, Pisa,
Shannon, Zurich
Milan
Barcelona
Royal Air Force, Seville
Royal Air Force
Dublin, London (Main), Scottish, Shannon
Copenhagen, Jonkoping, Shannon, Stockholm
Jonkoping
Alicante
Casablanca, Las Palmas, Lisbon
Gerlitzen, Vienna/Rauchenwarth
Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Frankfurt, Hannover, Shannon
Hannover, Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force
Ekofisk
Helsinki, Moscow, Riga, St. Petersburg, Shannon,
Stockholm
Santa Maria
London (North)
Alicante, Barcelona
Zugspitze
Scottish
Athens
London (North)
Royal Air Force
London (South)
Jonkoping
Jonkoping
Vienna/Rauchenwarth
Jonkoping
Athens, Brindisi
Sundsvall
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
Eff 2 Mar
24 FEB 17
METEOROLOGY
E-7
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EUROPE
Weather for
Klagenfurt
Krems (Langenlois)
Kuopio
Lajes AB
Larnaca (Intl)
Lanzarote
Leeds Bradford
Leeming
Leipzig - Halle
Lille (Lesquin)
Linz
Lisbon
Liverpool
Ljubljana (Brnik)
London (Gatwick)
London (Heathrow)
London (Luton)
London (Stansted)
Lossiemouth
Lugano
Lulea (Kallax)
Luxembourg
Lyon (Saint Exupery)
Madeira
Madrid (Adolfo Suarez Madrid-Barajas)
Malaga (Costa del Sol)
Malmo
Malta (Luqa)
Manchester
Marham
Mariazell
Marseille/Provence
Menorca
Milan (Linate)
Milan (Malpensa)
Montpellier/Mediterranee
Munich
Nantes/Alantique
Naples (Capodichino)
Newcastle
Nice/Cote D’Azur
Nimes (Garons)
Nis (Konstantin Veliki)
Norrkoping (Kungsangen)
Northolt
Available from Stations
Vienna/Rauchenwarth, Zugspitze, Gerlitzen
Vienna/Rauchenwarth
Helsinki
Royal Air Force, Santa Maria, Shannon
Athens
Las Palmas
London (North)
Royal Air Force
Berlin
Bordeaux, Marseille, Paris
Vienna/Rauchenwarth, Zugspitze
Bordeaux, Las Palmas, Lisbon, Madrid, Santiago, Seville,
Shannon
London (North)
Zagreb
Amsterdam, Dublin, London (Main), London (North),
Paris, Shannon
Amsterdam, Brussels, Dublin, London (Main), Paris,
Scottish, Shannon
London (South)
London (Main), Shannon
Royal Air Force
Zurich
Sundsvall
Brussels, Shannon
Geneva, Marseille, Paris
Lisbon
Algiers, Alicante, Barcelona, Bordeaux, Las Palmas,
Lisbon, Madrid, Santiago, Seville, Shannon
Alicante, Barcelona, Madrid, Seville
Copenhagen, Jonkoping, Stockholm
Luqa, Rome
Dublin, London (Main), London (North), Royal Air Force,
Shannon
Royal Air Force
Vienna/Rauchenwarth
Algiers, Barcelona, Bordeaux, Marseille
Barcelona
Geneva, Marseille, Milan, Rome, Zurich
Geneva, Milan, Rome, Shannon, Zurich
Marseille
Frankfurt, Pisa, Shannon, Zagreb, Zugspitze, Zurich,
Gerlitzen, Vienna/Rauchenwath, Prague
Paris, Santiago
Brindisi, Luqa, Rome
London (North)
Algiers, Bordeaux, Geneva, Marseille, Milan, Royal Air
Force
Marseille
Belgrade
Stockholm
Royal Air Force
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
E-8
METEOROLOGY
Eff 2 Mar
24 FEB 17
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EUROPE
Weather for
Norwich
Nurnberg
Odiham
Ohrid (St. Paul the Apostle)
Ornskoldsvik
Oslo (Gardermoen)
Ostend-Brugge (Ostend)
Oulu
Palermo (Punta Raisi)
Palma de Mallorca
Paris (Charles-de- Gaulle)
Paris (Orly)
Pau/Pyrenees
Pico
Pisa (San Giusto)
Podgorica
Ponta Delgada (Joao Paulo II)
Porto (Francisco sa Caneiro)
Porto Santo
Prestwick
Pula
Reims (Prunay)
Rimini
Rodos (Diagoras)
Rome (Ciampino)
Rome (Fiumicino)
Rotterdam
Salzburg
Santiago
Santa Maria
Sarajevo
Seville
Shannon
Sigonella
Skelleftea
Skopje (Alexander the Great)
Souda Bay
Southampton
Southend
Split (Kastela)
Stavanger (Sola)
Stockholm (Arlanda)
Stockholm (Bromma)
Stockholm (Skavsta)
Stornoway
St. Polten
Strasbourg (Entzheim)
Stuttgart
Sumburgh
Available from Stations
London (South)
Frankfurt
Royal Air Force
Skopje
Sundsvall
Copenhagen, Shannon, Stockholm
Brussels
Helsinki
Luqa, Rome
Algiers, Alicante, Barcelona, Bordeaux, Marseille
Amsterdam, Bordeaux, Frankfurt, Geneva, London
(Main), Marseille, Paris, Shannon
Bordeaux, Brussels, Geneva, Marseille, Paris, Shannon
Bordeaux
Santa Maria
Brindisi, Milan, Pisa
Belgrade
Santa Maria
Lisbon, Royal Air Force, Santiago
Lisbon
Dublin, Royal Air Force, Scottish, Shannon
Zagreb
Paris
Pisa
Athens, Nicosia
Brindisi, Rome
Brindisi, Luqa, Marseille, Milan, Rome, Shannon
Amsterdam
Vienna/Rauchenwarth, Zugspitze
Santiago
Santa Maria, Shannon
Zagreb, Belgrade
Casablanca, Lisbon, Madrid, Seville
Dublin, Shannon
Royal Air Force
Sundsvall
Skopje
Royal Air Force
London (South)
London (South)
Zagreb
Copenhagen, Ekofisk
Copenhagen, Helsinki, Jonkoping, Shannon, Stockholm,
Sundsvall, Riga, St. Petersburg, Warsaw
Jonkoping, Sundsvall
Jonkoping
Scottish
Vienna/Rauchenwarth
Paris
Frankfurt, Zurich
Scottish
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
Eff 2 Mar
24 FEB 17
METEOROLOGY
E-9
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EUROPE
Weather for
Sundsvall-Harnosand
Sundsvall-Timra
Tampere (Pirkkala)
Tarbes (Lourdes-Pyrenees)
Tenerife-North
Tenerife-South (Reina Sofia)
Thessaloniki (Makedonia)
Tirana
Available from Stations
Sundsvall
Sundsvall
Helsinki
Bordeaux
Las Palmas
Las Palmas, Lisbon, Royal Air Force
Athens, Belgrade, Brindisi, Sofia, Skopje
Skopje
Milan, Shannon
Barcelona, Bordeaux, Marseille
Bordeaux, Paris
Pisa
Royal Air Force
Torino (Caselle)
Toulouse (Blagnac)
Tours
Trieste (Ronchi dei Legionari)
Trondheim (Vaernes)
Tulln
Turku
Umea
Vaasa
Valencia (Manises)
Venice (Tessera)
Vienna (Schwechat)
Vienna/Rauchenwarth
Helsinki, Stockholm
Sundsvall
Helsinki
Alicante, Madrid
Milan, Pisa
Berlin, Budapest, Frankfurt, Gerlitzen, Prague,
Vienna/Rauchenwarth
Stockholm
Vienna/Rauchenwarth
Royal Air Force
Vienna/Rauchenwarth
Belgrade, Zagreb, Vienna/Rauchenwarth
Gerlitzen
Gerlitzen
Frankfurt, Geneva, Paris, Pisa, Shannon, Zagreb,
Zugspitze, Zurich
Visby
Voslau
Waddington
Wiener Neustadt/Ost
Zagreb (Pleso)
Zell am See
Zeltweg
Zurich
Station
Alicante
Ident
Volmet
Freqs
126.00
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
cont.
H24
Amsterdam
Met
Broadcast
126.20
H24
cont.
Form
METAR
QNH
TREND
METAR
TREND1
METAR
QNH
TREND1
Broadcast Contents
Madrid (Adolfo Suarez
Madrid-Barajas), Palma de
Mallorca, Malaga (Costa del
Sol), Valencia (Manises),
Alicante (Alicante-Elche),
Ibiza, Granada (Federico
Garcia Lorca), Algiers
(Houari Boumediene), Oran
(Ahmed Benbella)
Rotterdam, Brussels
National, Dusseldorf,
Paris (Charles-de-Gaulle),
London (Heathrow), London
(Gatwick), Copenhagen
(Kastrup), Hamburg
Amsterdam (Schiphol)
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
E-10
Eff 2 Mar
24 FEB 17
METEOROLOGY
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EUROPE
Station
Athens
Ident
Volmet
Freqs
127.80
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
cont.
H24
Barcelona
Volmet
127.60
H24
cont.
METAR
QNH
TREND
Belgrade
Volmet
126.40
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
Berlin
Volmet
128.40
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
Bordeaux
Radio
126.40
H24
cont.
METAR
127.00
H24
cont.
SIGMET
METAR
127.60
H24
cont.
Brindisi
Volmet
Form
METAR
TREND
SIGMET
METAR
TREND
METAR
Broadcast Contents
Athens (Eleftherios
Venizelos), Thessaloniki
(Makedonia), Andravida AB,
Rodos (Diagoras), Iraklion
(Nikos Kazantzakis), Kerkira
(Ioannis Kapodistrias),
Larnaca (Intl), Cairo (Intl),
Istanbul (Ataturk)
Madrid (Adolfo Suarez
Madrid-Barajas), Barcelona
(El Prat), Palma de Mallorca,
Malaga (Costa del Sol),
Ibiza, Girona, Menorca,
Toulouse (Blagnac),
Marseille/Provence
Belgrade (Nikola Tesla),
Nis (Konstantin Veliki)1,
Zagreb (Pleso), Podgorica,
Sarajevo, Budapest (Liszt
Ferenc Intl), Bucharest (Henri
Coanda), Sofia, Thessaloniki
(Makedonia)
Berlin (Schonefeld),
Berlin (Tegel)1, Dresden1,
Leipzig-Halle, Prague
(Ruzyne), Copenhagen
(Kastrup), Warsaw (Chopin),
Vienna (Schwechat)
Bordeaux (Merignac),
Toulouse (Blagnac), Paris
(Charles-de-Gaulle), Paris
(Orly), Madrid (Adolfo Suarez
Madrid-Barajas), Barcelona
(El Prat), Palma de Mallorca,
Lisbon, Geneva
Bordeaux FIR, France UIR
Biarritz (Pays Basque),
Bordeaux (Merignac),
Lille (Lesquin),
Marseille/Provence,
Nice/Cote D’Azur,
Pau/Pyrenees, Paris (Orly),
Paris (Charles-de-Gaulle),
Tarbes (Lourdes-Pyrenees),
Toulouse (Blagnac), Tours
(French language)
Bordeaux FIR, France UIR
Brindisi (Casale), Pisa (San
Giusto), Rome (Fiumicino),
Naples (Capodichino),
Athens (Eleftherios
Venizelos Intl), Thessaloniki
(Makedonia), Kerkira
(Ioannes Kapodistrias),
Andravida AB
Rome (Ciampino)
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
19 FEB 16
METEOROLOGY
E-11
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EUROPE
Station
Brussels
Ident
Volmet
Freqs
127.80
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
cont.
H24
Copenhagen
Volmet
127.00
H24
cont.
Dublin
Volmet
127.00
H24
cont.
Ekofisk
Volmet
118.97
0500-1700
cont.
Frankfurt
Volmet
127.60
H24
cont.
H24
cont.
135.77
Geneva
Gerlitzen
Met
Broadcast
National
Volmet
Klagenfurt
Austria
126.80
122.27
outside APT
hours
0600-1900
during legal
summertime:
0500-1900
0250-2250
during legal
summertime:
0150-2150
cont.
Form
METAR
QNH
TREND
METAR
TREND1
METAR
QNH
TREND1
METAR
METAR
TREND
METAR
TAF
METAR
TREND
Broadcast Contents
Brussels National,
Ostend-Brugge (Ostend),
London (Heathrow),
Luxembourg, Amsterdam
(Schiphol), Paris
(Orly), Frankfurt/Main,
Cologne-Bonn, Dusseldorf
Hamburg, Malmo,
Goteborg (Landvetter),
Stockholm (Arlanda), Oslo
(Gardermoen), Stavanger
(Sola)
Copenhagen (Kastrup)
Billund, Aalborg
Dublin (Intl), Shannon,
Cork, Belfast (Aldergrove),
Glasgow, Prestwick,
Manchester, London
(Heathrow), London
(Gatwick)
Stavanger (Sola), Haugesund
(Karmoy)
Frankfurt/Main, Brussels
National, Amsterdam
(Schiphol), Zurich,
Geneva, Basle-Mulhouse,
Vienna (Schwechat),
Prague (Ruzyne), Paris
(Charles-de-Gaulle)
Frankfurt/Main,
Cologne-Bonn, Dusseldorf,
Stuttgart1, Nurnberg1,
Munich, Hamburg1, Berlin
(Tegel)1
METAR
Geneva, Zurich, BasleMulhouse, Nice/Cote D’Azur,
Lyon (Saint Exupery), Paris
(Charles-de-Gaulle), Paris
(Orly), Milan (Linate), Milan
(Malpensa), Bern (Belp)
AUTOMETAR Bern (Belp)
METAR
SIGMET
AIRMET
ARS (special
AIREP)
significant
PIREP
METAR
QNH
TREND
METAR
Zell am See
Vienna, Munich, Zurich FIR
for Western Austria
Klagenfurt, Graz
Aigen/Ennstal, Zeltweg
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
E-12
METEOROLOGY
19 FEB 16
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EUROPE
Hannover
Bremen
Volmet
127.40
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
outside
operational
hours without
TCU
cont.
H24
Helsinki
Volmet
128.40
H24
Station
Ident
Freqs
cont.
Form
Broadcast Contents
AUTOMETAR Klagenfurt, Graz
QNH
METAR
TREND
METAR
METAR
TREND
Jonkoping
Volmet
127.20
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
METAR
Forecast
Las Palmas
Volmet
126.20
H24
cont.
METAR
QNH
TREND
Lisbon
Volmet
126.40
H24
cont.
METAR
SPECI
SIGMET
London (Main)
Volmet
135.37
H24
cont.
METAR
QNH
TREND1
London (North) Volmet
126.60
H24
cont.
METAR
QNH
TREND1
London (South) Volmet
128.60
H24
cont.
METAR
QNH
TREND1
Hannover1, Hamburg,
Bremen1, Cologne-Bonn,
Frankfurt/Main1, Berlin
(Tegel)1, Amsterdam
(Schiphol), Copenhagen
(Kastrup)
Tampere (Pirkkala), Turku,
Kuopio, Oulu, Vaasa
Helsinki (Vantaa), Stockholm
(Arlanda), St.-Petersburg
(Pulkovo), Tallin (Lennart
Meri)
Stockholm (Arlanda),
Stockholm (Arlanda),
Stockholm (Bromma),
Stockholm (Skavsta),
Goteborg (Landvetter),
Goteborg (Save), Malmo,
Jonkoping, Kalmar, Karlstad
Gran Canaria, Tenerife-North,
Tenerife-South (Reina Sofia),
Fuerteventura, Lanzarote,
Casablanca (Mohammed V
Intl), Marrakech (Menara),
Agadir (Al Massira Intl),
Madrid (Adolfo Suarez
Madrid-Barajas), Lisbon
Lisbon, Porto (Francisco
sa Carneiro), Faro, Seville,
Madrid (Adolfo Suarez
Madrid-Barajas), Gran
Canaria, Tenerife-South
(Reina Sofia), Madeira, Porto
Santo
Amsterdam (Schiphol),
Brussels National, Dublin
(Intl), Glasgow, London
(Gatwick), London
(Heathrow), London
(Stansted), Manchester,
Paris (Charles-de-Gaulle)
Durham Tees Valley,
Humberside, Isle of
Man, Leeds Bradford,
Liverpool, London (Gatwick),
Manchester, Newcastle, East
Midlands
Birmingham, Bournemouth,
Bristol, Cardiff, Jersey,
London (Luton), Norwich,
Southampton, Southend,
Exeter
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
19 FEB 16
METEOROLOGY
E-13
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EUROPE
Station
Luqa
Ident
Volmet
Freqs
126.80
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
cont.
H24
Madrid
Volmet
126.20
H24
cont.
METAR
QNH
TREND
Marseille
Radio
127.40
H24
cont.
METAR
128.60
H24
cont.
SIGMET
METAR
126.60
H24
cont.
Milan
Volmet
Form
METAR
TREND
SIGMET
METAR
TREND
METAR
Paris
Radio
126.00
H24
cont.
METAR
SIGMET
125.15
H24
cont.
METAR
SIGMET
Broadcast Contents
Rome (Fiumicino), Naples
(Capodichino), Palermo
(Punta Raisi), Catania
(Fontanarossa), Tunis
(Carthage), Tripoli, Benghazi
(Benina), Malta (Luqa)
Madrid (Adolfo Suarez
Madrid-Barajas), Barcelona
(El Prat), Seville, Malaga
(Costa del Sol), Valencia
(Manises), Alicante
(Alicante-Elche), Bilbao,
Lisbon, Bordeaux (Merignac)
Marseille/Provence,
Nice/Cote D’Azur, Lyon
(Saint Exupery), Geneva,
Paris (Charles-de-Gaulle),
Rome (Fiumicino), Milan
(Linate), Palma de Mallorca,
Barcelona
Marseille FIR, France UIR
Ajaccio (Campo
Dell’Oro), Bastia
(Poretta), Lille (Lesquin),
Lyon (Saint Exupery),
Marseille/Provence,
Montpellier/Mediterranee,
Nice/Cote D’Azur, Nimes
(Garons), Paris (Charles-deGaulle), Paris (Orly),
Toulouse (Blagnac) (French
language)
Marseille FIR, France UIR
Milan (Linate), Milan
(Malpensa), Venice (Tessera),
Pisa (San Giusto), Rome
(Fiumicino), Nice/Cote
D’Azur
Torino (Caselle), Genoa
(Sestri), Bergamo (Orio al
Serio)
Paris (Charles-de-Gaulle),
Paris (Orly), Lyon (Saint
Exupery), Geneva, Zurich,
London (Heathrow), London
(Gatwick), Brussels National,
Amsterdam (Schiphol)
Paris FIR, Brest FIR, Reims
FIR, France UIR
Basle-Mulhouse, Beauvais
(Tille), Brest/Bretagne, Lille
(Lesquin), Nantes/Atlantique,
Paris (Charles-de-Gaulle),
Paris (Orly), Reims (Prunay),
Strasbourg (Entzheim), Tours
(French language)
Paris FIR, Brest FIR, Reims
FIR, France UIR
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
E-14
METEOROLOGY
19 FEB 16
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EUROPE
Station
Pisa
Ident
Volmet
Freqs
128.40
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
cont.
H24
Form
METAR
TREND
METAR
Rome
Volmet
126.00
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
METAR
Royal Air Force Volmet
5450
11253
H24
00/30
METAR
07/37
13/43
19/49
Santa Maria
Volmet
125.10
H24
cont.
Santiago
Volmet
126.60
H24
cont.
Scottish Volmet Volmet
125.72
H24
cont.
METAR
QNH
TREND1
Seville
Volmet
127.00
H24
cont.
METAR
QNH
TREND
Shannon
Volmet
3413
NIGHT
00-05
TAF
METAR
SPECI
SIGMET
METAR
QNH
TREND
Broadcast Contents
Pisa (San Giusto),
Rimini, Zurich, Geneva,
Basle-Mulhouse, Munich,
Venice (Tessera)
Trieste (Ronchi dei Legionari),
Bologna (Borgo Panigale)
Rome (Fiumicino), Naples
(Capodichino), Milan (Linate),
Milan (Malpensa), Malta
(Luqa), Tunis (Carthage)
Rome (Ciampino), Catania
(Fontanarossa), Palermo
(Punta Raisi)
Brize Norton, Waddington,
Birmingham, East Midlands,
Manchester, Cardiff,
Prestwick, Marham,
Lossiemouth, Leeming,
Coningsby, Benson, Odiham
Northolt, Belfast (Aldergrove),
Culdrose, Hannover,
Geilenkirchen, Budapest
(Ferihegy), Bucharest
(Henri Coanda), Bardufoss,
Harstad-Narvik (Evenes),
Trondheim (Vaernes), Bodo
Gibraltar, Porto (Francisco
sa Carneiro), Tenerife-South
(Reina Sofia), Brize Norton
Bari (Palese Macchie),
Sigonella, Souda Bay,
Akrotiri, Istres (Le Tube
AB), Evreux (Fauville AB),
Nice/Cote D’Azur, Lajes AB,
Faro
Santa Maria, Ponta Delgada
(Joao Paulo II), Lajes AB,
Pico, Horta
Madrid (Adolfo Suarez
Madrid-Barajas), Barcelona
(El Prat), Asturias,
Santiago, Lisbon, Porto
(Francisco sa Carneiro),
Faro, Brest/Bretagne,
Nantes/Atlantique
Aberdeen (Dyce), Belfast
(Aldergrove), Edinburgh,
Glasgow, Inverness, London
(Heathrow), Prestwick,
Stornoway, Sumburgh
Madrid (Adolfo Suarez
Madrid-Barajas), Seville,
Malaga (Costa del Sol),
Gibraltar, Lisbon, Faro,
Casablanca (Mohammed V
Intl), Tanger (Ibn Batouta Intl),
Rabat (Sale Intl)
Brussels National,
Amsterdam (Schiphol)
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
19 FEB 16
METEOROLOGY
E-15
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EUROPE
Station
Ident
Freqs
5505
8957
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
H24
H24
13264
DAY
05-10
Form
METAR
TAF
METAR
10-15
TAF
METAR
15-20
TAF
METAR
20-25
TAF
METAR
25-30
METAR
30-35
TAF
METAR
35-40
TAF
METAR
40-45
TAF
METAR
45-50
TAF
METAR
50-55
TAF
METAR
55-00
TAF
Broadcast Contents
Brussels National,
Amsterdam (Schiphol)
Hamburg, Frankfurt/Main,
Munich
London (Heathrow), London
(Gatwick), London (Stansted)
London (Heathrow),
Prestwick, London (Gatwick),
London (Stansted), Glasgow
Dublin (Intl), Shannon
Dublin (Intl), Shannon,
Manchester, Keflavik
Madrid (Adolfo Suarez
Madrid-Barajas), Lisbon,
Santa Maria
Madrid (Adolfo Suarez
Madrid-Barajas), Lisbon,
Santa Maria, Lajes
Paris (Charles-de-Gaulle),
Paris (Orly)
Paris (Charles-de-Gaulle),
Paris (Orly), Zurich, Geneva,
Milan (Malpensa)
Stockholm (Arlanda),
Manchester, Shannon,
Copenhagen (Kastrup),
Bergen (Flesland), Dublin
(Intl), Helsinki (Vantaa)
Frankfurt/Main,
Cologne-Bonn
Frankfurt/Main,
Cologne-Bonn, Dusseldorf,
Munich, Luxembourg
Keflavik, Glasgow,
Manchester
London (Heathrow), London
(Gatwick), Keflavik, Glasgow,
Manchester
Oslo (Gardermoen),
Copenhagen (Kastrup)
Copenhagen (Kastrup),
Stockholm (Arlanda),
Goteborg (Landvetter),
Bergen (Flesland), Oslo
(Gardermoen), Helsinki
(Vantaa)
Zurich, Geneva
Zurich, Geneva, Paris (Orly),
Paris (Charles-de-Gaulle)
Hamburg
Brussels National,
Amsterdam (Schiphol),
Frankfurt/Main,
Cologne-Bonn, Hamburg
Rome (Fiumicino), Milan
(Malpensa)
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
E-16
METEOROLOGY
19 FEB 16
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EUROPE
Station
Ident
Freqs
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
Form
METAR
Skopje
Volmet
124.32
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
Stockholm
Volmet
127.60
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
METAR
Forecast
Sundsvall
Vienna/
Rauchenwarth
Volmet
127.80
122.55
National
Volmet Wien
Austria
Volmet Wien 126.00
Austria
H24
cont.
cont.
Stations
Report H24
every 10
minutes
without TCU
0600-1900
during legal
summertime:
0500-1900
H24
H24
cont.
cont.
0250-2250
during legal
summertime:
0150-2150
METAR
TREND
METAR
Forecast
Broadcast Contents
Rome (Fiumicino), Milan
(Malpensa), Torino (Caselle),
Lisbon, Lajes, Santa Maria
Skopje (Alexander the
Great), Ohrid (St.Paul the
Apostle), Belgrade (Nikola
Tesla), Sofia, Thessaloniki
(Makedonia), Tirana
Stockholm (Arlanda),
Norrkoping (Kungsangen),
Copenhagen (Kastrup),
Oslo (Gardermoen), Helsinki
(Vantaa), Turku
Stockholm (Arlanda),
Norrkoping (Kungsangen),
Malmo, Copenhagen
(Kastrup), Goteborg
(Landvetter), Oslo
(Gardermoen), Helsinki
(Vantaa), Visby
Stockholm (Arlanda)
Stockholm (Arlanda),
Stockholm (Bromma),
Sundsvall-Harnosand,
Sundsvall-Timra, Umea, Are
Ostersund, Ornskoldsvik,
Skelleftea, Lulea (Kallax),
Kiruna
AUTOMETAR Wiener Neustadt/Ost,
Mariazell
METAR
QNH
Wiener Neustadt, Voslau,
Tulln
SIGMET
AIRMET
ARS (special
AIREP
significant
PIREP
METAR
QNH
TREND
METAR
QNH
Vienna FIR
METAR
QNH
TREND
for Eastern Austria
Vienna (Schwechat)
Bratislava (M.R. Stefanik),
Budapest (Liszt Ferenc Intl),
Zagreb (Pleso), Munich
Linz, Salzburg, Graz,
Klagenfurt
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
Eff 2 Mar
24 FEB 17
METEOROLOGY
E-17
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EUROPE
Station
Ident
Freqs
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
outside
operational
hours without
TCU
H24
Zagreb
Volmet
127.80
H24
05-15
Zugspitze
National
Volmet
Innsbruck
Austria
130.47
0250-2250
during legal
summertime:
0150-2150
H24
cont.
Met
Broadcast
127.20
H24
outside APT
hours
1
Vienna, Munich, Zurich FIR
SIGMET
AIRMET
ARS (special
AIREP
significant
for Western Austria
PIREP
METAR
Zagreb (Pleso), Dubrovnik
(Cilipi), Split (Kastela), Pula,
Ljubljana, Sarajevo, Belgrade
(Nikola Tesla), Zurich,
Munich, Frankfurt/Main
METAR
Innsbruck, Salzburg, Linz
QNH
TREND
METAR
METAR
QNH
AUTOMETAR
QNH
outside
operational
times without
TCU
H24
Zurich
Form
Broadcast Contents
AUTOMETAR Linz, Salzburg, Graz,
Klagenfurt
QNH
cont.
Bolzano
Munich, Zurich, Altenrhein,
Friedrichshafen
Innsbruck, Salzburg,
Klagenfurt, Linz
Vienna FIR
SIGMET
AIRMET
ARS (special
AIREP)
significant
for Western Austria
PIREP
METAR
Zurich, Geneva,
Basle-Mulhouse,
Frankfurt/Main, Munich,
Stuttgart, Milan (Malpensa),
Milan (Linate), Lugano, Bern
(Belp)
AUTOMETAR Lugano, Bern (Belp)
TREND forecast if available
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
Eff 2 Mar
24 FEB 17
METEOROLOGY
EE-1
NATIONAL DIFFERENCES TO ICAO ANNEX 3 - EASTERN EUROPE
AZERBAIJAN
In TAF a visibility corresponds to a forecast minimal
visibility.
D-VOLMET is not issued.
BELARUS
Cloud of operational significance. The term is not
used.
Extended range operation. The term is not used.
D-VOLMET is not issued.
CZECH
Wind shear warnings are not issued.
KAZAKHSTAN
The runway visual range shall be reported (in meters)
throughout periods, when either the visibility or the
runway visual range is less than 2000m.
The visibility included in TAF refers to the forecast
minimal visibility.
Forecast TAF is included weather phenomena ice
crystals.
The criteria used for the inclusion of change groups
in TAF included phenomenon ice crystals.
Reporting of braking action. The official used friction coefficient (Normative FC) in Kazakhstan except
Almaty differs from ICAO FC:
Normative FC
Braking Action
ICAO FC
(Russian FC)
0.40 and above 0.42 and above Good
0.39 - 0.36
0.41 - 0.40
Good to
Medium
0.35 - 0.30
0.39 - 0.37
Medium
0.29 - 0.26
0.36 - 0.35
Medium to Poor
0.25 and below 0.34 - 0.31
Poor
Unreliable
0.30 and below Unreliable
KYRGYZSTAN
Forecasts for take-off only on request.
In automated reports, the present weather will not be
replaced by // when the present weather cannot be
observed by the automatic observing system due to
a temporary failure of the system/sensor.
In automated reports, the abbreviation NSC will be
used also in cases when CB and/or TCU clouds
above 5000ft exist.
In automated reports /// is not used for replacement
of:
a. the cloud type in each group when the cloud type
cannot be observed;
b. the vertical visibility when its value cannot be
determined by the automatic observing system
due to a temporary failure of the system/sensor.
In automated reports information on recent weather
phenomena is not available.
In automated local reports the significant meteorological conditions are not reported as supplementary
information.
Information on wind shear is not added into METAR
AUTO reports.
The surface wind criteria for the inclusion of change
groups in TAF or for the amendment of TAF are not
used.
Changes in the surface wind through values of operational significance in trend forecasts are not indicated.
Light icing observed during flight within the Riga FIR
shall also be reported by aircraft.
Liepaja Airport
In local routine and special reports the surface wind
direction is reported in degrees magnetic.
Riga Airport
In local routine and special reports the surface wind
direction is reported in degrees magnetic.
Meteorological information supplied to operators and
flight crew members does not include forecast of
cumulonimbus clouds, icing and turbulence.
Ventspils Airport
LATVIA
In local routine and special reports the surface wind
direction is reported in degrees magnetic.
Automated reports do not contain cloud type (CB and
TCU) and supplementary information.
A cloud with the height of cloud base below 6000ft is
reported in automated reports.
Freezing precipitation, freezing fog and thunderstorms (including thunderstorms in the vicinity) are
not identified for automated reports.
VHF MET INFO broadcasts and displays in real time
of meteorological parameters for the local ATS unit
are provided as an alternative to issuing of local
routine and special reports in abbreviated plain language.
CB and TCU clouds are not described in automated
reports.
In automated reports the following types of present
weather phenomena are not reported:
a. precipitation: SG, PL, GR, GS;
b. obscurations: SA, DU, FU, VA;
c. other phenomena: PO, SQ, FC, DS, SS.
In automated reports the abbreviation UP is not used.
In automated reports the following characteristics of
present weather phenomena are not reported: SH,
BL, DR, MI, BC.
CAVOK will be included in automated reports also
in cases when CB and/or TCU cloud above 6000ft
and/or a weather phenomenon that cannot be
detected by automatic observing system exists at the
aerodrome.
LITHUANIA
VOLMET service is not provided.
Automated reports do not contain cloud type (CB and
TCU).
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
Eff 30 Mar
24 MAR 17
METEOROLOGY
EE-1
NATIONAL DIFFERENCES TO ICAO ANNEX 3 - EASTERN EUROPE
AZERBAIJAN
In TAF a visibility corresponds to a forecast minimal
visibility.
D-VOLMET is not issued.
BELARUS
Cloud of operational significance. The term is not
used.
Extended range operation. The term is not used.
D-VOLMET is not issued.
CZECHIA
Wind shear warnings are not issued.
KAZAKHSTAN
The runway visual range shall be reported (in meters)
throughout periods, when either the visibility or the
runway visual range is less than 2000m.
The visibility included in TAF refers to the forecast
minimal visibility.
In local routine and special reports and in METAR and
SPECI report types of present weather phenomena ice crystals (IC).
Forecast TAF is included weather phenomena ice
crystals.
The criteria used for the inclusion of change groups
in TAF included phenomenon ice crystals.
At Almaty aerodrome the information on runway braking action is transmitted by ATIS as follows:
– in English: in values of estimated surface friction
relative to measured “SFT friction coefficients;
– in Russian: in numerical values of normative friction coefficients.
At all aerodromes except Almaty the information on
runway braking action is transmitted by ATIS or ATC
as follows:
– in English: in values of estimated surface friction
relative to normative friction coefficients;
– in Russian: in numerical values of normative friction coefficients.
Normative FC
Braking Action
(Russian FC)
and above 0.42 and above Good
- 0.36
0.41 - 0.40
Good to
Medium
- 0.30
0.39 - 0.37
Medium
- 0.26
0.36 - 0.35
Medium to Poor
- 0.18
0.34 -0.31
Poor
and below 0.30 and below Unreliable
ICAO FC
0.40
0.39
0.35
0.29
0.25
0.18
Freezing precipitation, freezing fog and thunderstorms (including thunderstorms in the vicinity) are
not identified for automated reports.
CB and TCU clouds are not described in automated
reports.
In automated reports the following types of present
weather phenomena are not reported:
a. precipitation: SG, PL, GR, GS;
b. obscurations: SA, DU, FU, VA;
c. other phenomena: PO, SQ, FC, DS, SS.
In automated reports the abbreviation UP is not used.
In automated reports the following characteristics of
present weather phenomena are not reported: SH,
BL, DR, MI, BC.
In automated reports, the present weather will not be
replaced by // when the present weather cannot be
observed by the automatic observing system due to
a temporary failure of the system/sensor.
In automated reports, the abbreviation NSC will be
used also in cases when CB and/or TCU clouds
above 5000ft exist.
In automated reports /// is not used for replacement
of:
a. the cloud type in each group when the cloud type
cannot be observed;
b. the vertical visibility when its value cannot be
determined by the automatic observing system
due to a temporary failure of the system/sensor.
In automated reports information on recent weather
phenomena is not available.
In automated local reports the significant meteorological conditions are not reported as supplementary
information.
Information on wind shear is not added into METAR
AUTO reports.
The surface wind criteria for the inclusion of change
groups in TAF or for the amendment of TAF are not
used.
Changes in the surface wind through values of operational significance in trend forecasts are not indicated.
Light icing observed during flight within the Riga FIR
shall also be reported by aircraft.
Liepaja Airport
In local routine and special reports the surface wind
direction is reported in degrees magnetic.
Riga Airport
In local routine and special reports the surface wind
direction is reported in degrees magnetic.
Forecasts for take-off only on request.
Meteorological information supplied to operators and
flight crew members does not include forecast of
cumulonimbus clouds, icing and turbulence.
LATVIA
Ventspils Airport
Automated reports do not contain cloud type (CB and
TCU) and supplementary information.
In local routine and special reports the surface wind
direction is reported in degrees magnetic.
KYRGYZSTAN
A cloud with the height of cloud base below 6000ft is
reported in automated reports.
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
EE-2
Eff 2 Mar
24 FEB 17
METEOROLOGY
NATIONAL DIFFERENCES TO ICAO ANNEX 3 - EASTERN EUROPE
In MET REPORT/SPECIAL reports the surface wind
mean direction is reported in magnetic degrees.
Automated reports do not contain any supplementary
information on significant meteorological conditions
in the approach and climb-out areas.
In MET REPORT/SPECIAL reports for Siauliai (Intl)
aerodrome, the AUTO identifier of automatic local
reports is not used.
Routine aircraft observations are not made.
Trend forecasts for Kaunas (Intl) and Palanga (Intl)
aerodromes are not prepared.
Trend forecasts prepared to MET REPORT and
METAR are the same.
Forecast for take-off for Kaunas (Intl), Palanga (Intl)
and Siauliai (Intl) airports are not prepared, for Vilnius
(Intl) airport shall be prepared on request.
Wind shear warning for Kaunas (Intl), Palanga (Intl)
and Siauliai (Intl) aerodromes are not prepared.
Supplementary information is not used as criteria for
issuing automatic SPECI and local special reports.
In automated reports the following characteristics of
present weather phenomena are not reported: SH,
BL, DR, MI, BC.
At Vilnius (Intl) airport the height of cloud base is
reported above aerodrome elevation to arriving and
to departing aircraft.
In automated reports, the abbreviation “NSC” will
be used also in cases when CB and/or TCU clouds
above 5000 FT exist.
At Siauliai (Intl) airport in automated reports “///” is not
used for replacement of cloud type.
Information on wind shear is not added into METAR/
SPECI AUTO reports.
Information on the runway surface status in METAR/
SPECI reports for Kaunas (Intl) is always given with
reference to the same runway marking, irrespective
of the direction of the runway in use.
The visibility value is the same in trend forecasts
appended to local and METAR/ SPECI reports.
MOLDOVA
The prevailing visibility is not assessed and reported
or forecasted in Republic of Moldova. Instead of prevailing visibility the lowest visibility is assessed and
reported.
The following definition for visibility is used in Republic of Moldova: Visibility for aeronautical purposes is
the greater of the greatest distance depending from
atmospheric conditions, on which can be seen and
recognized known objects acceptable size or the
known sources of the light of the moderate strength.
It is represented by the meteorological optical range
(MOR). Visibility is not reported as the greatest distance at which lights in the vicinity of 1000 candelas
can be seen and identified against an unlit background.
The national regulations doesn’t require operator to
include in the notification information regarding the
type of flight (VFR or IFR). Meteorological documentation related to intended flight will be provided by
MET-provider 2 hours prior ETD mentioned in the
flight plan or in the notification, until in the operator
mentioned another time.
The SPECI reports are not issued in Republic of
Moldova, because METARs are issued each half an
hour for all operational aerodromes.
The runway visual range is reported throughout periods when the either visibility or runway visual range
is less than 2000m or less.
The visibility included in TAF refers to the forecast of
the lowest visibility at aerodrome.
D-VOLMET or VOLMET broadcasts are not available
in the Chisinau FIR.
In local routine and special reports, the mean direction of the surface wind, as well as significant variations of the wind direction is reported in degrees
MAGNETIC NORTH, while in the METAR and SPECI
in degrees TRUE NORTH.
When different visibility values appear in different
directions, in the METAR is included the minimum
visibility at the aerodrome.
POLAND
TREND forecasts are prepared only for Warsaw
(Chopin) airport.
No take-off forecasts are issued.
RUSSIA
In local routine and special reports the runway visual
range is reported when visibility is 2000m or less.
Reporting of braking action. The official used friction coefficient (Normative FC) in Russia differs from
ICAO FC:
Normative FC
Braking Action
(Russian FC)
0.40 and above 0.42 and above Good
0.39 - 0.36
0.41 - 0.40
Good to
Medium
0.35 - 0.30
0.39 - 0.37
Medium
0.29 - 0.26
0.36 - 0.35
Medium to Poor
0.25 and below 0.34 - 0.31
Poor
Unreliable
0.30 and below Unreliable
ICAO FC
SLOVAKIA
TREND forecast is not appended to a special report.
In local routine and special reports, the runway visual
range is based on the maximum light intensity of the
corresponding runway.
UKRAINE
Prevailing visibility is not used.
Data on the wind direction are reported in units - magnetic degrees in MET REPORT and SPECIAL local
reports.
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
EE-2
Eff 30 Mar
24 MAR 17
METEOROLOGY
NATIONAL DIFFERENCES TO ICAO ANNEX 3 - EASTERN EUROPE
VHF MET INFO broadcasts and displays in real time
of meteorological parameters for the local ATS unit
are provided as an alternative to issuing of local
routine and special reports in abbreviated plain language.
MOLDOVA
CAVOK will be included in automated reports also
in cases when CB and/or TCU cloud above 6000ft
and/or a weather phenomenon that cannot be
detected by automatic observing system exists at the
aerodrome.
The following definition for visibility is used in Republic of Moldova: Visibility for aeronautical purposes is
the greater of the greatest distance depending from
atmospheric conditions, on which can be seen and
recognized known objects acceptable size or the
known sources of the light of the moderate strength.
It is represented by the meteorological optical range
(MOR). Visibility is not reported as the greatest distance at which lights in the vicinity of 1000 candelas
can be seen and identified against an unlit background.
LITHUANIA
VOLMET service is not provided.
Automated reports do not contain cloud type (CB and
TCU).
In MET REPORT/SPECIAL reports the surface wind
mean direction is reported in magnetic degrees.
Automated reports do not contain any supplementary
information on significant meteorological conditions
in the approach and climb-out areas.
In MET REPORT/SPECIAL reports for Siauliai (Intl)
aerodrome, the AUTO identifier of automatic local
reports is not used.
Routine aircraft observations are not made.
Trend forecasts for Kaunas (Intl) and Palanga (Intl)
aerodromes are not prepared.
Trend forecasts prepared to MET REPORT and
METAR are the same.
Forecast for take-off for Kaunas (Intl), Palanga (Intl)
and Siauliai (Intl) airports are not prepared, for Vilnius
(Intl) airport shall be prepared on request.
Wind shear warning for Kaunas (Intl), Palanga (Intl)
and Siauliai (Intl) aerodromes are not prepared.
Supplementary information is not used as criteria for
issuing automatic SPECI and local special reports.
In automated reports the following characteristics of
present weather phenomena are not reported: SH,
BL, DR, MI, BC.
At Vilnius (Intl) airport the height of cloud base is
reported above aerodrome elevation to arriving and
to departing aircraft.
In automated reports, the abbreviation “NSC” will
be used also in cases when CB and/or TCU clouds
above 5000 FT exist.
At Siauliai (Intl) airport in automated reports “///” is not
used for replacement of cloud type.
Information on wind shear is not added into METAR/
SPECI AUTO reports.
Information on the runway surface status in METAR/
SPECI reports for Kaunas (Intl) is always given with
reference to the same runway marking, irrespective
of the direction of the runway in use.
The visibility value is the same in trend forecasts
appended to local and METAR/ SPECI reports.
The prevailing visibility is not assessed and reported
or forecasted in Republic of Moldova. Instead of prevailing visibility the lowest visibility is assessed and
reported.
The national regulations doesn’t require operator to
include in the notification information regarding the
type of flight (VFR or IFR). Meteorological documentation related to intended flight will be provided by
MET-provider 2 hours prior ETD mentioned in the
flight plan or in the notification, until in the operator
mentioned another time.
The SPECI reports are not issued in Republic of
Moldova, because METARs are issued each half an
hour for all operational aerodromes.
The runway visual range is reported throughout periods when the either visibility or runway visual range
is less than 2000m or less.
The visibility included in TAF refers to the forecast of
the lowest visibility at aerodrome.
D-VOLMET or VOLMET broadcasts are not available
in the Chisinau FIR.
In local routine and special reports, the mean direction of the surface wind, as well as significant variations of the wind direction is reported in degrees
MAGNETIC NORTH, while in the METAR and SPECI
in degrees TRUE NORTH.
When different visibility values appear in different
directions, in the METAR is included the minimum
visibility at the aerodrome.
POLAND
TREND forecasts are prepared only for Warsaw
(Chopin) airport.
No take-off forecasts are issued.
RUSSIA
In local routine and special reports the runway visual
range is reported when visibility is 2000m or less.
Reporting of braking action. The official used friction coefficient (Normative FC) in Russia differs from
ICAO FC:
Normative FC
Braking Action
(Russian FC)
0.40 and above 0.42 and above Good
0.39 - 0.36
0.41 - 0.40
Good to
Medium
ICAO FC
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
Eff 2 Mar
24 FEB 17
METEOROLOGY
EE-3
NATIONAL DIFFERENCES TO ICAO ANNEX 3 - EASTERN EUROPE
Forecast for take-off are not made.
D-VOLMET is not issued.
Report SPECI is not included in VHF VOLMET broadcasting.
UZBEKISTAN
Prevailing visibility is not used.
In local regular, special reports and METAR, SPECI
reports visibility and runway visual range reported in
meters.
Forecasts for take-off are not made. Forecast for landing is used.
AIRMET information is not issued.
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
Eff 30 Mar
24 MAR 17
METEOROLOGY
EE-3
NATIONAL DIFFERENCES TO ICAO ANNEX 3 - EASTERN EUROPE
Normative FC
(Russian FC)
0.35 - 0.30
0.39 - 0.37
0.29 - 0.26
0.36 - 0.35
0.25 and below 0.34 - 0.31
Unreliable
0.30 and below
ICAO FC
Braking Action
Medium
Medium to Poor
Poor
Unreliable
SLOVAKIA
TREND forecast is not appended to a special report.
In local routine and special reports, the runway visual
range is based on the maximum light intensity of the
corresponding runway.
UKRAINE
Prevailing visibility is not used.
Data on the wind direction are reported in units - magnetic degrees in MET REPORT and SPECIAL local
reports.
Forecast for take-off are not made.
D-VOLMET is not issued.
Report SPECI is not included in VHF VOLMET broadcasting.
UZBEKISTAN
Prevailing visibility is not used.
In local regular, special reports and METAR, SPECI
reports visibility and runway visual range reported in
meters.
Forecasts for take-off are not made. Forecast for landing is used.
AIRMET information is not issued.
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1999, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
Eff 10 Nov
4 NOV 16
METEOROLOGY
EE-5
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EASTERN EUROPE
RADIOTELEPHONY
Identify location for which weather is desired and find
station(s) disseminating broadcast.
Weather for
Abakan
Almaty
Amderma
Anapa (Vityazevo)
Andizhan
Arkhangelsk (Talagi)
Ashgabat
Astrakhan
Baku (Heydar Aliyev Intl)
Banja Luka
Barnaul (Mikhaylovka)
Bishkek (Manas)
Blagoveshchensk (Ignatyevo)
Bratislava (M.R. Stefanik)
Bratsk
Brno (Turany)
Bryansk
Bucharest (Baneasa-Aurel Vlaicu)
Bucharest (Henri Coanda)
Budapest (Liszt Ferenc Intl)
Bukhara
Burgas
Chelyabinsk (Balandino)
Chisinau (Intl)
Chita (Kadala)
Constanta (M. Kogalniceanu-Constanta)
Dashoguz
Dnipropetrovs’k
Fergana
Gdansk (Lecha Walesa)
Homiel
Hrodna
Irkutsk
Ivano-Frankivs’k
Kaliningrad (Khrabrovo)
Karaganda
Karlovy Vary
Karshi
Kazan
Kemerovo
Available from Stations
Novosibirsk
Baku
Syktyvkar
Rostov-na-Donu, Sochi
Tashkent, Tashkent VOR ‘TKT’, Samarkand VOR ‘SKD’,
Termez VOR ‘TRZ’, Namangan VOR ‘NMA’, Urgench VOR
‘URG’, Navoi VOR ‘NVI’
St Petersburg, Syktyvkar
Ashgabat, Baku
Rostov-na-Donu
Baku
Banja Luka
Barnaul, Novosibirsk
Bishkek
Chita, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok
Bratislava, Budapest, Prague, L’viv, Vienna/Rauchenwarth
Irkutsk
Prague
Bryansk
Bucharest, Odesa
Belgrade, Bucharest, Budapest, Odesa, Royal Air Force,
Sofia
Belgrade, Bucharest, Budapest, Prague, Royal Air Force,
Sofia, Vienna/Rauchenwarth, Warsaw
Tashkent, Tashkent VOR ‘TKT’, Samarkand VOR ‘SKD’,
Termez VOR ‘TRZ’, Namangan VOR ‘NMA’, Urgench VOR
‘URG’, Navoi VOR ‘NVI’
Sofia
Yekaterinburg
Bucharest, Kyiv, Odesa
Chita, Irkutsk
Bucharest
Dashoguz
Dnipropetrovs’k
Tashkent, Tashkent VOR ‘TKT’, Samarkand VOR ‘SKD’,
Termez VOR ‘TRZ’, Namangan VOR ‘NMA’, Urgench VOR
‘URG’, Navoi VOR ‘NVI’
Warsaw
Homiel, Minsk-2
Hrodna
Chita, Irkutsk
L’viv
St Petersburg
Karaganda
Prague
Tashkent, Tashkent VOR ‘TKT’, Samarkand VOR ‘SKD’,
Termez VOR ‘TRZ’, Namangan VOR ‘NMA’, Urgench VOR
‘URG’, Navoi VOR ‘NVI’
Samara
Novosibirsk
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1989, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
EE-6
METEOROLOGY
Eff 10 Nov
4 NOV 16
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EASTERN EUROPE
Weather for
Khabarovsk (Novy)
Khatanga
Khujand
Kirensk
Kolpashevo
Kosice
Krasnodar (Pashkovskiy)
Krasnoyarsk (Yemelyanovo)
Kunovice
Kursk (Vostochny)
Kyiv (Boryspil’)
Kyiv (Zhuliany)
L’viv
Magadan (Sokol)
Magnitogorsk
Mahiliou
Mary
Mineralnyye Vody
Minsk-2
Moscow (Domodedovo)
Moscow (Sheremetyevo)
Moscow (Vnukovo)
Mostar
Murmansk
Nakhchivan
Namangan
Navoi
Nizhnevartovsk
Nizhny Novgorod (Strigino)
Novokuznetsk
Novosibirsk (Tolmachevo)
Norilsk (Alykel)
Nukus
Odesa
Omsk (Tsentralny)
Orenburg
Osh
Ostrava (Mosnov)
Pardubice
Pechora
Perm (Bolshoe Savino)
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (Yelizovo)
Piestany
Plovdiv
Poliarny
Poprad (Tatry)
Available from Stations
Khabarovsk, Magadan, Vladivostok
Syktyvkar
Khujand
Irkutsk
Novosibirsk
Bratislava
Rostov-na-Donu, Sochi
Irkutsk, Novosibirsk
Prague
Kursk
Dnipropetrovs’k, Kyiv, L’viv, Minsk-2, Moscow, Odesa
Dnipropetrovs’k
L’viv, Kyiv
Magadan, Khabarovsk
Magnitogorsk, Yekaterinburg
Mahiliou
Mary
Rostov-na-Donu, Sochi
Minsk-2, St Petersburg, Moscow
Moscow, St Petersburg
Minsk-2, Moscow, St Petersburg, Warsaw, Riga
Minsk-2, Moscow, St Petersburg, Riga
Banja Luka
Murmansk, St Petersburg
Baku
Tashkent, Tashkent VOR ‘TKT’, Samarkand VOR ‘SKD’,
Termez VOR ‘TRZ’, Namangan VOR ‘NMA’, Urgench VOR
‘URG’, Navoi VOR ‘NVI’
Tashkent, Tashkent VOR ‘TKT’, Samarkand VOR ‘SKD’,
Termez VOR ‘TRZ’, Namangan VOR ‘NMA’, Urgench VOR
‘URG’, Navoi VOR ‘NVI’
Syktyvkar
Moscow, Samara
Novosibirsk
Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg
Syktyvkar
Nukus, Tashkent, Tashkent VOR ‘TKT’, Samarkand VOR
‘SKD’, Termez VOR ‘TRZ’, Namangan VOR ‘NMA’, Urgench
VOR ‘URG’, Navoi VOR ‘NVI’
Kyiv, L’viv, Dnipropetrovs’k, Odesa
Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg
Samara
Osh
Bratislava, Prague
Prague
Syktyvkar
Yekaterinburg
Magadan, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Khavarovsk
Bratislava
Sofia
Poliarny
Bratislava
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1989, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
Eff 10 Nov
4 NOV 16
METEOROLOGY
EE-7
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EASTERN EUROPE
Weather for
Poznan (Lawica)
Prague (Ruzyne)
Pskov
Riga
Rostov-na-Donu
Samara (Kurumoch)
Samarkand
Sarajevo
Saratov
Sliac
Sochi
Sofia
St Petersburg (Pulkovo)
Stavropol (Shpakovskoye)
Surgut
Syktyvkar
Tallinn (Lennart Meri)
Tashkent (Yuzhny)
Tbilisi
Termez
Timisoara (Traian Vuia)
Tomsk (Bogashevo)
Turkmenabat
Turkmenbashi
Tuzla
Tyumen (Roshchino)
Ufa
Ukhta
Ulan-Ude (Mukhino)
Ulyanovsk (Baratayevka)
Ulyanovsk (Vostochny)
Urgench
Usinsk
Varna
Vilnius (Intl)
Viciebsk
Vladivostok (Knevichi)
Volgograd (Gumrak)
Vorkuta
Voronezh (Chertovitskoye)
Warsaw (Chopin)
Yakutsk
Available from Stations
Warsaw
Berlin, Bratislava, Budapest, Frankfurt/Main, Prague,
Warsaw
St Petersburg
Minsk-2, Riga, Moscow
Rostov-na-Donu, Sochi
Moscow, Samara, Yekaterinburg
Samarkand, Tashkent, Tashkent VOR ‘TKT’, Samarkand
VOR ‘SKD’, Termez VOR ‘TRZ’, Namangan VOR ‘NMA’,
Urgench VOR ‘URG’, Navoi VOR ‘NVI’
Banja Luka
Samara
Bratislava
Rostov-na-Donu, Sochi
Bucharest, Sofia, Skopje
Moscow, St Petersburg, Minsk-2, Riga
Rostov-na-Donu, Sochi
Syktyvkar
Syktyvkar
Riga, Helsinki
Baku, Tashkent, Tashkent VOR ‘TKT’, Samarkand VOR
‘SKD’, Termez VOR ‘TRZ’, Namangan VOR ‘NMA’, Urgench
VOR ‘URG’, Navoi VOR ‘NVI’
Baku
Tashkent, Tashkent VOR ‘TKT’, Samarkand VOR ‘SKD’,
Termez VOR ‘TRZ’, Namangan VOR ‘NMA’, Urgench VOR
‘URG’, Navoi VOR ‘NVI’
Bucharest
Novosibirsk
Turkmenabat
Baku, Turkmenbashi
Banja Luka
Yekaterinburg
Samara, Yekaterinburg
Syktyvkar
Chita, Irkutsk
Samara
Moscow
Tashkent, Urgench, Tashkent VOR ‘TKT’, Samarkand VOR
‘SKD’, Termez VOR ‘TRZ’, Namangan VOR ‘NMA’, Urgench
VOR ‘URG’, Navoi VOR ‘NVI’
Syktyvkar
Sofia
Moscow, Riga, St Petersburg
Viciebsk
Khabarovsk, Vladivostok
Rostov-na-Donu, Samara
Syktyvkar
Voronezh
Minsk-2, Moscow, Prague, Warsaw, Riga
Chita
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1989, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
EE-8
METEOROLOGY
Eff 10 Nov
4 NOV 16
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EASTERN EUROPE
Weather for
Yekaterinburg (Koltsovo)
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Khomutovo)
Zilina
Available from Stations
Yekaterinburg
Khabarovsk, Vladivostok
Bratislava
Station
Ashgabat
Ident
Meteo
Freqs
126.80
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
cont.
H24
Baku
Volmet
126.675
H24
cont.
Banja Luka
Volmet
135.775
H24
cont.
Barnaul
Meteo
129.70
H24
cont.
Bishkek
Meteo
127.90
H24
cont.
Bratislava
Volmet
126.20
H24
cont.
Form
METAR
SPECI
TREND
METAR
TREND
SIGMET
METAR
TREND
TAF
METAR
SPECI
TAF
METAR
TREND
METAR
TREND
QNH
METAR
TREND
SIGMET
METAR
TREND
SIGMET
Bryansk
Meteo
124.20
HO
cont.
Bucharest
Volmet
126.80
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
METAR
QNH
TREND
Budapest
Volmet
127.40
H24
cont.
and
20-25
SIGMET
METAR
TREND
Broadcast Contents
Ashgabat
(Russian and English
language)
Baku (Heydar Aliyev Intl),
Tehran (Mehrabad Intl), Tbilisi,
Turkmenbashi, Ashgabat,
Almaty, Tashkent (Yuzhny),
Nakhchivan, Ganja
(English language)
Sarajevo FIR
Banja Luka, Sarajevo1
Mostar, Tuzla2
Barnaul (Mikhaylovka)
(Russian language)
Bishkek (Manas)
(Russian and English
language)
Bratislava FIR
Bratislava (M. R. Stefanik),
Prague (Ruzyne), Kosice,
Sliac, Poprad (Tatry),
Piestany, Zilina, Ostrava
(Mosnov)
Bryansk
(Russian language)
Bucharest (Henri Coanda),
Bucharest (Baneasa-Aurel
Vlaicu), Constanta (M.
Kogalniceanu-Constanta),
Timisoara (Traian Vuia),
Belgrade (Lisiciji Jarak),
Sofia, Chisinau (Intl), Istanbul
(Ataturk), Budapest (Liszt
Ferenc Intl)
Budapest FIR
Budapest (Liszt Ferenc Intl),
Prague (Ruzyne), Bratislava
(M. R. Stefanik), Bucharest
(Henri Coanda), Belgrade
(Lisiciji Jarak), Vienna
(Schwechat)
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1989, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
Eff 10 Nov
4 NOV 16
METEOROLOGY
EE-9
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EASTERN EUROPE
Chita
Ident
Volmet
Freqs
128.30
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
cont.
H24
Dashoguz
Meteo
127.40
H24
cont.
Dnipropetrovs’k
Volmet
126.45
H24
cont.
Station
Form
METAR
TREND
METAR
SPECI
TREND
METAR
TREND
SIGMET
Homiel
Meteo
124.47
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
HO
cont.
METAR
TREND
119.55
Hrodna
Meteo
126.17
135.02
Irkutsk
Volmet
125.475
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
Karaganda
Meteo
127.80
H24
cont.
Khabarovsk
Volmet
127.875
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
METAR
TREND
SIGMET
Khujand
Meteo
127.20
0000-1800
cont.
Kursk
Meteo
127.80
HO
cont.
Kyiv
Volmet
Boryspil’
129.375
H24
cont.
L’viv
Volmet
133.325
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
METAR
TREND
METAR
TREND
SIGMET
METAR
TREND
SIGMET
Broadcast Contents
Chita (Kadala), Ulan-Ude
(Mukhino), Irkutsk
(Russian and English
language)
Blagoveshchensk (Ignatyevo),
Yakutsk
(Russian language)
Dashoguz
(Russian and English
language)
Dnipropetrovs’k, Kyiv
(Boryspil’), Kyiv (Zhuliany),
Odesa
Dnipropetrovs’k
FIR/Dnipropetrovs’k-North
UTA, Simferopol’
FIR/Dnipropetrovs’k-South
UTA, Odesa-South UTA
Homiel
(Russian language)
Homiel
(English language)
Hrodna
(Russian language)
Hrodna
(English language)
Irkutsk, Chita (Kalada),
Ulan-Ude (Mukhino), Bratsk,
Krasnoyarsk (Yemelyanovo)
(Russian and English
language)
Kirensk
(Russian language)
Karaganda
(Russian language)
Khabarovsk (Novy),
Blagoveshchensk (Ignatyevo),
Vladivostok (Knevichi),
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
(Khomutovo), Magadan
(Sokol), PetropavlovskKamchatsky (Yelizovo)
(Russian and English
language)
Khujand
(Russian language)
Kursk (Vostochny)
(Russian language)
Kyiv (Boryspil’), L’viv, Odesa,
Chisinau (Intl)
Kyiv FIR/UTA
L’viv, Ivano-Frankivs’k, Odesa,
Bratislava (M. R. Stefanik),
Kyiv (Boryspil’)
L’viv FIR/UTA
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1989, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
EE-10
METEOROLOGY
Eff 10 Nov
4 NOV 16
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EASTERN EUROPE
Station
Magadan
Ident
Volmet
Freqs
126.20
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
cont.
HO
Magnitogorsk
Meteo
132.80
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
Mahiliou
Meteo
126.20
HO
cont.
METAR
TREND
METAR
SPECI
TREND
METAR
TREND
SPECI
Form
METAR
TREND
118.07
Mary
Meteo
128.30
H24
cont.
Minsk-2
Volmet4
126.675
H24
cont.
Moscow
Meteo
13279
10090
4663
DAY
H24
NIGHT
25-30
55-60
METAR
TAF
Volmet
127.875
H24
cont.
METAR
SIGMET
Vnukovo- 128.125
Volmet
METAR
SIGMET
Murmansk
Meteo
127.40
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
Broadcast Contents
Magadan (Sokol),
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy
(Yelizovo), Khabarovsk (Novy)
(Russian and English
language)
Magnitogorsk
(Russian and English
language)
Mahiliou
(Russian language)
Mahiliou
(English language)
Mary
(Russian & English language)
Minsk-2, Kyiv (Boryspil’),
Warsaw (Chopin), Riga,
Moscow (Sheremetyevo),
Moscow (Vnukovo),
Frankfurt/Main, Homiel,
St Petersburg (Pulkovo)
Moscow (Sheremetyevo),
Moscow (Vnukovo), Kyiv
(Boryspil’), St Petersburg
(Pulkovo)
(English language)
Moscow (Vnukovo), St
Petersburg (Pulkovo), Kyiv
(Boryspil’), Nizhny Novgorod
(Strigino), Minsk-2, Samara
(Kurumoch), Ulyanovsk
(Vostochny), Helsinki
(Vantaa), Riga, Warsaw
(Chopin), Helsinki (Vantaa),
Moscow (Domodedovo),
Vilnius (Intl)
(English language)
Moscow FIR (English
language)
Moscow (Vnukovo), St
Petersburg (Pulkovo),
Minsk-2, Kyiv (Boryspil’),
Nizhny Novgorod (Strigino),
Samara (Kurumoch), Riga,
Ulyanovsk (Vostochny),
Helsinki (Vantaa)
(Russian language)
Moscow FIR (Russian
language)
Murmansk
(Russian and English
language)
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1989, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
Eff 10 Nov
4 NOV 16
METEOROLOGY
EE-11
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EASTERN EUROPE
Station
Namangan VOR
‘NMA’
Ident
Freqs
Tashkent- 116.00
Volmet
Navoi VOR ‘NVI’
Tashkent- 113.80
Volmet
Novosibirsk
Meteo
Volmet
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
cont.
H24
Form
METAR
TREND
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
11318
2869
8888
6693
DAY
NIGHT
H24
10-15
40-45
METAR
TREND
128.30
H24
cont.
METAR
METAR
TREND
METAR
TREND
120.80
Nukus
Meteo
127.20
H24
cont.
Odesa
Volmet
126.375
H24
cont.
SIGMET
Osh
Meteo
134.20
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
PetropavloskKamchatsky
Meteo
126.80
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
Poliarny
Meteo
127.20
HO
22301430
METAR
Prague
Volmet3
128.605
H24
cont.
SIGMET
Broadcast Contents
Tashkent (Yuzhny),
Samarkand, Namangan,
Bukhara, Navoi, Karshi,
Termez, Urgench, Nukus,
Andizhan, Fergana
(English language)
Tashkent (Yuzhny),
Samarkand, Namangan,
Bukhara, Navoi, Karshi,
Termez, Urgench, Nukus,
Andizhan, Fergana
(English language)
Novosibirsk (Tolmachevo),
Abakan, Barnaul
(Mikhaylovka), Krasnoyarsk
(Yemelyanovo), Tomsk
(Bogashevo), Kemerovo,
Kolpashevo, Novokuznetsk,
Omsk (Tsentralny)
(Russian language)
Novosibirsk (Tolmachevo),
Barnaul (Mikhaylovka),
Abakan, Krasnoyarsk
(Yemelyanovo), Omsk
(Tsentralny), Tomsk
(Bogashevo), Kemerovo,
Novokuznetsk
(Russian language)
Novosibirsk (Tolmachevo),
Barnaul (Mikhaylovka),
Abakan, Krasnoyarsk
(Yemelyanovo), Omsk
(Tsentralny)
(English language)
Nukus
(Russian language)
Odesa, Kyiv (Boryspil’),
Chisinau (Intl), Bucharest
(Henri Coanda), Bucharest
(Baneasa-Aurel Vlaicu),
Istanbul (Ataturk)
Odesa FIR/Odesa-North
UTA, Simferopol’ FIR/
Dnipropetrovs’k-South UTA,
Odesa-South UTA
Osh
(Russian and English
language)
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
(Yelizovo)
(Russian language)
Poliarny
(Russian language)
Prague FIR
(English language)
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1989, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
EE-12
METEOROLOGY
Eff 10 Nov
4 NOV 16
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EASTERN EUROPE
Station
Ident
Freqs
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
125.525
Riga
Rostov-na-Donu
Samara
Volmet4
127.65
SIGMET
QNH
METAR
H24
cont.
11297
2941
8939
6617
DAY
NIGHT
H24
25-30
Volmet
126.875
H24
cont.
Meteo
11318
2869
8888
6693
127.80
DAY
NIGHT
H24
15-20
45-50
H24
cont.
Meteo
Form
METAR
METAR
TREND
TAF
SIGMET
METAR
TREND
TAF
METAR
TREND
55-60
Samarkand
Meteo
Samarkand VOR
‘SKD’
Tashkent- 115.00
Volmet
H24
cont.
Sochi
Volmet
128.70
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
METAR
TREND
METAR
TREND
METAR
TREND
Broadcast Contents
Berlin (Schonefeld),
Bratislava (M.R. Stefanik),
Budapest (Liszt Ferenc Intl),
Frankfurt/Main, Munich,
Prague (Ruzyne), Warsaw
(Chopin), Vienna (Schwechat)
(English language)
Prague FIR
(English language)
Brno (Turany), Karlovy Vari,
Ostrava (Mosnov), Pardubice,
Prague (Ruzyne), Kunovice
(English language)
Riga, Vilnius (Intl), Tallinn
(English language)
Stockholm (Arlanda), Moscow
(Sheremetyevo), Moskow
(Vnukovo), St Petersburg
(Pulkovo), Helsinki (Vaanta),
Warsaw (Chopin)
(English language)
Rostov-na-Donu, Krasnodar
(Pashkovskiy), Sochi,
Mineralnyye Vody, Stavropol
(Shpakovskoye), Volgograd
(Gumrak), Anapa (Vityazevo),
Astrakhan
(Russian language)
Samara (Kurumoch),
Ulyanovsk (Baratayevka),
Kazan, Saratov, Nizhny
Novgorod (Strigino),
Volgograd (Gumrak), Ufa,
Orenburg
(Russian language)
Samara (Kurumoch), Kazan,
Orenburg
(Russian language)
Samarkand
(Russian language)
Tashkent (Yuzhny),
Samarkand, Namangan,
Bukhara, Navoi, Karshi,
Termez, Urgench, Nukus,
Andizhan, Fergana
(English language)
Anapa (Vityazevo),
Krasnodar (Pashkovskiy),
Rostov-na-Donu,
Mineralnyye Vody, Stavropol
(Shpakovskoye), Sochi
(Russian language)
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1989, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
Eff 10 Nov
4 NOV 16
METEOROLOGY
EE-13
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EASTERN EUROPE
Station
Ident
Volmet
Freqs
133.10
128.70
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
Form
H24
cont.
SIGMET
133.10
Sofia
Volmet
126.60
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
St Petersburg
PulkovoVolmet
125.875
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
Meteo
8939
6617
H24
H24
35-45
SivkarMeteo
11318
DAY
00-05
8888
2869
H24
NIGHT
30-35
8819
H24
3407
11279
6730
NIGHT
DAY
H24
20-30
50-00
(every
hour)
METAR
TREND
TAF
METAR
TREND
13279
DAY
4663
10090
NIGHT
H24
10-15
40-45
(every
hour)
METAR
TREND
TAF
METAR
TREND
Syktyvkar
Tashkent
Meteo
METAR
Broadcast Contents
Anapa (Vityazevo),
Krasnodar (Pashkovskiy),
Rostov-na-Donu,
Mineralnyye Vody, Stavropol
(Shpakovskoye), Sochi
(English language)
Rostov-na-Donu FIR
(Russian language)
Rostov-na-Donu FIR
(English language)
Sofia, Varna, Burgas, Plovdiv,
Budapest (Liszt Ferenc Intl),
Bucharest (Henri Coanda),
Belgrade (Nikola Tesla),
Thessaloniki (Makedonia),
Istanbul (Ataturk)
(English language)
St Petersburg (Pulkovo),
Moscow (Sheremetyevo),
Moscow (Vnukovo), Minsk-2,
Kaliningrad (Khrabrovo),
Vilnius, Stockholm (Arlanda),
Helsinki (Vantaa)
(English language)
St Petersburg (Pulkovo),
Arkangelsk (Talagi), Moscow
(Domodedovo), Moscow
(Sheremetyevo), Moscow
(Vnukovo), Murmansk, Pskov,
Kaliningrad (Khrabrovo)
(Russian and English
language)
Amderma, Arkhangelsk
(Talagi), Khatanga,
Nizhnevartovsk, Norilsk
(Alykel), Pechora, Surgut,
Syktyvkar, Ukhta, Usinsk,
Vorkuta
(Russian language)
Tashkent (Yuzhny)
(Russian language)
Samarkand, Bukhara, Navoi,
Urgench, Namangan, Termez,
Fergana, Karshi, Nukus,
Andizhan
(Russian language)
Tashkent (Yuzhny)
(English language)
Samarkand, Bukhara, Navoi,
Urgench, Namangan, Termez,
Fergana, Karshi
(English language)
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1989, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
EE-14
METEOROLOGY
Eff 10 Nov
4 NOV 16
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EASTERN EUROPE
Station
Tashkent VOR
‘TKT’
Ident
Freqs
113.2
TashkentVolmet
Termez VOR ‘TRZ’ Tashkent- 113.4
Volmet
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
cont.
H24
Form
METAR
TREND
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
METAR
SPECI
TREND
METAR
SPECI
TREND
METAR
TREND
METAR
TREND
Turkmenabat
Meteo
127.60
H24
cont.
Turkmenbashi
Meteo
127.80
H24
cont.
Urgench
Meteo
127.70
H24
cont.
Urgench VOR
‘URG’
Tashkent- 114.2
Volmet
H24
cont.
Viciebsk
Meteo
HO
cont.
METAR
TREND
126.52
119.42
Vladivostok
Volmet
126.40
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
Voronezh
Meteo
120.80
H24
cont.
Yekaterinburg
Volmet
123.0
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
METAR
SPECI
Warsaw
Volmet5
127.60
H24
cont.
1
TREND, if available.
2
TAF, if available.
METAR
Broadcast Contents
Tashkent (Yuzhny),
Samarkand, Namangan,
Bukhara, Navoi, Karshi,
Termez, Urgench, Nukus,
Andizhan, Fergana
(English language)
Tashkent (Yuzhny),
Samarkand, Namangan,
Bukhara, Navoi, Karshi,
Termez, Urgench, Nukus,
Andizhan, Fergana
(English language)
Turkmenabat
(Russian and English
language)
Turkmenbashi
(Russian and English
language)
Urgench (Russian language)
Tashkent (Yuzhny),
Samarkand, Namangan,
Bukhara, Navoi, Karshi,
Termez, Urgench, Nukus,
Andizhan, Fergana
(English language)
Viciebsk
(Russian language)
Viciebsk
(English language)
Vladivostok (Knevichi),
Khabarovsk (Novy), YuzhnoSakhalinsk (Khomutovo),
Blagoveshchensk (Ignatyevo)
(Russian and English
language)
Voronezh (Chertovitskoye)
(Russian language)
Yekaterinburg (Koltsovo),
Novosibirsk (Tolmachevo),
Samara (Kurumoch), Perm
(Bolshoe Savino), Ufa, Omsk
(Tsentralny), Magnitogorsk,
Tyumen (Roshchino),
Chelyabinsk (Balandino)
(Russian and English
language)
Copenhagen (Kastrup),
Stockholm (Arlanda), Berlin
(Schonefeld), Warsaw
(Chopin), Gdansk (Lech
Walesa), Poznan (Lawica),
Moscow (Sheremetyevo),
Budapest (Liszt Ferenc Intl),
Prague (Ruzyne)
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1989, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
Eff 10 Nov
4 NOV 16
METEOROLOGY
EE-15
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - EASTERN EUROPE
3
Prague Volmet available by phone: +420 220378100.
4
D-Volmet available.
5
Warsaw Volmet available by phone: +48 22 547 5955.
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1989, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
Eff 24 Nov
18 NOV 05
METEOROLOGY
FE-7
FAR EAST
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET
BROADCAST
Identify location for which weather is desired and
find station(s) disseminating broadcast. Contents of
broadcast of each Station is shown following the listing below.
WEATHER FOR
AVAILABLE FROM
STATIONS
Bangkok
Bangkok
Brunei
Singapore
Chiang Mai
Bangkok
Den Pasar
Singapore
Fukuoka
Tokyo
Guangzhou/Baiyun
Hong Kong
Hanoi
Bangkok
Ho Chi Minh
Bangkok
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Kota Kinabalu
Singapore
Kuala Lumpur
Bangkok, Singapore
Kuching
Singapore
Macau
Hong Kong
Mactan
Hong Kong
Manila
Hong Kong
WEATHER FOR
Taiwan
AVAILABLE FROM
STATIONS
Taipei
(Chiang Kai Shek
Intl)
(Kaohsiung Intl)
Tokyo
Tokyo
(Intl)
(New Tokyo Intl)
(Kansai Intl)
Vientiane
Bangkok
Yangon
Bangkok
(Intl)
Nagoya
Tokyo
Naha
Hong Kong
Penang
Singapore
Phnom Penh
Bangkok
Phuket
Bangkok
Rayong
Bangkok
(U-Taphao)
Sapporo
(New Chitose)
Tokyo
Seoul/Incheon
(Incheon Intl)
Tokyo
Shenzhen
Hong Kong
Singapore
Singapore
Soekarno-Hatta
Singapore
Songkhla/Hat Yai
Bangkok
Subang
Singapore
© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC. 1997, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
FE-8
Eff 24 Nov
18 NOV 05
METEOROLOGY
FAR EAST
STATION
Bangkok
CALL
SIGN
Bangkok
Radio
FREQS (kHz)
BROADCAST
TIMES
PERIOD
H+
11387 SSB
2310-1145
10-15
6676 SSB
H24
2965 SSB
1210-2245
FORM
SIGMET1
MET
Report/Special
40-45
BROADCAST
Bangkok Intl
MET Report 1
Yangon (Intl),
Hanoi (Noibai),
Chiang Mai,
Rayong
(U-Taphao),
Phuket, Songkhla
(Hat Yai), Ho Chi
Minh, Phnom Penh,
Vientiane
Aerodrome
Forecast2
Bangkok Intl
SIGMET1
MET
Report/Special
Bangkok Intl
MET Report 1
Yangon (Intl),
Hanoi (Noibai),
Chiang Mai,
Rayong
(U-Taphao),
Phuket, Songkhla
(Hat Yai), Ho Chi
Minh, Phnom Penh,
Vientiane
Aerodrome
Forecast2
Bangkok Intl
NOTE:
– 1 As available.
–
2
Valid for 9 hours.
HongKong
Hong Kong
128.875 MHz
Continuous
H24
MET
Report/Special
3
MET
Report/Special
& TREND
Forecast3
2863 SSB4
6679 SSB
8828 SSB
13282 SSB
H24
15-20
&
45-50
MET
Report/Special
& TREND
Forecast3
MET
Report/Special
3
Aerodrome
Forecast
Shenzhen
Macau, Taipei,
Gaoxiong
Hong Kong Intl,
Guangzhou/Baiyun
, Taipei Intl,
Gaoxiong, Manila
Intl, Mactan
Naha
Hong Kong (Intl)
© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC. 1997, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
METEOROLOGY
10 AUG 07
LA-7
LATIN AMERICA
VOLMET BROADCASTS IN PLAIN
LANGUAGE
STATION
CALL SIGN
New York
New York Radio
FREQS
(kHz)
3485
6604
10051
13270
BROADCAST
TIMES
H+
PERIOD
00-05
H24
05-10
10-15
15-20
30-35
35-40
40-45
45-50
FORM
AERODROME
FORECASTS
BROADCAST
CONTENTS
Detroit, Cleveland,
Cincinnati
HOURLY REPORTS Detroit, Cleveland,
Cincinnati,
Indianapolis,
Pittsburgh
SIGMET
Oceanic-New York
FIR
AERODROME
Bangor, Charlotte,
FORECASTS
Windsor Locks
HOURLY REPORTS Bangor, Windsor
Locks, Norfolk,
Charlotte
New York, Newark,
AERODROME
Boston
FORECASTS
HOURLY REPORTS New York, Newark,
Boston, Baltimore,
Washington
SIGMET
Oceanic-Miami/
San Juan FIR
Bermuda, Miami,
AERODROME
Atlanta
FORECASTS
HOURLY REPORTS Bermuda, Miami,
Nassau, Orlando,
Atlanta
AERODROME
Chicago,
FORECASTS
Milwaukee,
Minneapolis
HOURLY REPORTS Chicago, Detroit,
Boston, Milwaukee,
Minneapolis
SIGMET
Oceanic-New York
FIR
AERODROME
Indianapolis, St.
FORECASTS
Louis, Pittsburgh
HOURLY REPORTS Pittsburgh,
Indianapolis, St.
Louis, Atlantic City
Baltimore,
AERODROME
Philadelphia,
FORECASTS
Washington
HOURLY REPORTS New York, Newark,
Boston, Baltimore,
Philadelphia,
Washington
SIGMET
Oceanic-Miami/
San Juan FIR
q$z
© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 1987, 2007. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
LA-8
METEOROLOGY
10 AUG 07
LATIN AMERICA
STATION
CALL SIGN
FREQS
(kHz)
BROADCAST
TIMES
H+
PERIOD
FORM
BROADCAST
CONTENTS
AERODROME
Nassau, Orlando
FORECASTS
HOURLY REPORTS Bermuda, Miami,
Nassau, Orlando,
Tampa, West Palm
Beach, Atlanta
NY Notes:
a. All stations operate on A3 emission H24.
b. All broadcasts are made 24 hours daily, seven days a week.
© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 1987, 2007. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
3 FEB 17
METEOROLOGY
ME-5
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - MIDDLE EAST/SOUTH ASIA
RADIOTELEPHONY
Identify location for which weather is desired and find
station(s) disseminating broadcast.
Weather for
Abadan
Abu Dhabi (Intl)
Adana
Agri
Ahmedabad
Akrotiri
Alexandria (Borg El Arab Intl)
Alexandria (Intl)
Al Udeid AB
Amman (Marka Intl)
Amman (Queen Alia Intl)
Ankara (Esenboga)
Antalya
Ashgabat
Aswan (Intl)
Baghdad (Intl)
Bahrain (Intl)
Bastion
Beirut (Rafic Hariri Intl)
Benghazi (Benina Intl)
Bursa (Yenisehir)
Cairo (Intl)
Chennai (Intl)
Damascus (Intl)
Dammam (King Fahd Intl)
Delhi (Indira Gandhi Intl)
Denizli (Cardak)
Dhaka (Hazrat Shahjalal Intl)
Diyarbakir
Doha (Intl)
Dubai (Al Maktoum Intl)
Dubai (Minhad)
Dubai (Intl)
Eilat (Intl)
Elazig
Erzincan
Erzurum
Fujairah (Intl)
Gaziantep
Haifa
Islamabad (Benazir Bhutto Intl)
Istanbul (Ataturk)
Izmir (Adnan Menderes)
Jeddah (King Abdulaziz Intl)
Kabul
Kandahar
Karachi (Jinnah Intl)
Available from Stations
Beirut
Bahrain, Kuwait
Adana, Ankara, Royal Air Force
Erzurum
Mumbai
Royal Air Force
Cairo
Cairo
Royal Air Force
Beirut
Beirut, Tel Aviv
Ankara, Beirut, Istanbul, Izmir, Samsun, Sivas
Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir
Royal Air Force
Cairo
Beirut, Royal Air Force
Bahrain, Beirut, Kuwait, Muscat, Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force
Ankara, Beirut, Nicosia, Cairo
Cairo
Istanbul
Beirut, Cairo
Mumbai
Beirut, Nicosia, Cairo
Bahrain, Kuwait
Karachi, Kolkata
Izmir
Kolkata
Adana
Bahrain, Kuwait
Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force
Bahrain, Kuwait
Tel Aviv
Adana, Erzurum, Sivas
Ankara Merkez, Erzurum, Sivas
Erzurum
Royal Air Force
Adana
Tel Aviv
Karachi
Ankara, Beirut, Istanbul, Izmir, Bucharest, Simferopol,
Sofia, Odesa
Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir
Bahrain, Cairo
Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force
Karachi, Mumbai
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
ME-6
METEOROLOGY
3 FEB 17
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - MIDDLE EAST/SOUTH ASIA
Weather for
Kars (Harakani)
Khartoum
Available from Stations
Erzurum
Cairo
Kolkata
Kathmandu (Tribhuvan Intl)
Kayseri
Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Intl)
Konya
Kuwait (Intl)
Lahore (Allama Iqbal Intl)
Larnaca (Intl)
Luxor (Intl)
Malatya
Male (Velana Intl)
Mashhad (Shahid Hahemi Njad Intl)
Milas (Bodrum)
Mugla (Dalaman)
Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaaji Intl)
Mus
Muscat (Intl)
Nawabshah
Nicosia
Ovda
Pafos (Intl)
Ras Al Khaimah (Intl)
Ratmalana (Colombo)
Riyadh (King Khaled Intl)
Rodos (Diagoras)
Rosh-Pina
Salalah
Samsun (Carsamba)
Sanliurfa
Sharjah (Intl)
Sharm El Sheik (Intl)
Shiraz (Shahid Dastghaib Intl)
Sivas (Nuri Demirag)
Sofia
Tehran (Imam Khomaini Intl)
Tehran (Mehrabad Intl)
Tel Aviv (Ben Gurion)
Tel Aviv (Sde Dov)
Thumrait AB
Tokat
Trabzon
UAE aerodromes
Usak
Van (Ferit Melen)
Yangon (Intl)
Station
Adana
Ident
Volmet
Freqs
126.25
Adana, Ankara Merkez, Sivas
Kolkata
Ankara Merkez, Izmir
Bahrain, Beirut
Karachi
Ankara, Beirut, Nicosia, Cairo, Tel Aviv, Royal Air Force
Cairo
Adana, Sivas
Mumbai
Kuwait
Istanbul
Istanbul
Karachi, Mumbai
Erzurum
Muscat, Royal Air Force
Karachi
Ankara, Beirut
Tel Aviv
Nicosia
Bahrain
Mumbai
Bahrain, Kuwait
Nicosia
Tel Aviv
Royal Air Force
Ankara, Izmir, Samsun
Adana
Bahrain
Cairo
Kuwait
Ankara Merkez, Samsun, Sivas
Istanbul
Beirut
Beirut, Kuwait
Nicosia, Tel Aviv
Nicosia, Tel Aviv
Royal Air Force
Ankara Merkez, Samsun, Sivas
Ankara, Samsun, Royal Air Force
Muscat
Izmir
Erzurum
Kolkata
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
cont.
H24
Form
METAR
TREND
Contents and Sequence
Gaziantep, Malatya, Kayseri,
Elazig, Diyarbakir, Sanliurfa
(Gap)
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
3 FEB 17
METEOROLOGY
ME-7
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - MIDDLE EAST/SOUTH ASIA
Station
Ident
Freqs
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
Form
SIGMET
METAR
TREND
Ankara
Volmet
127.00
H24
cont.
Ankara
Merkez
Volmet
125.37
H24
cont.
Bahrain
Volmet
128.80
H24
cont.
Beirut
Volmet
126.00
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
QNH
Erzurum
Volmet
127.27
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
Istanbul
Volmet
127.40
H24
cont.
SIGMET
METAR
TREND
Izmir
Volmet
127.92
H24
cont.
SIGMET
METAR
TREND
Karachi
Radio
11387
0130-1500
2965
1500-0130
15-20,
45-50
cont.
6676
H24
cont.
Forecast
11387
6676
0300-1300
05-10
SIGMET
Kolkata
Radio
SIGMET
METAR
TREND
METAR
TREND
QNH
SIGMET
METAR
Forecast
Contents and Sequence
Adana
Adana, Antalya, Istanbul
(Ataturk), Izmir (Adnan
Menderes), Trabzon, Samsun
(Carsamba), Lanarca (Intl),
Nicosia, Beirut (Rafic Hariri
Intl)
Ankara (Esenboga)
Konya, Kayseri, Sivas (Nuri
Demirag), Erzincan, Tokat
Bahrain (Intl), Dammam (King
Fahd Intl), Jeddah (King
Abdulaziz Intl), Riyadh (King
Khaled Intl), Kuwait (Intl), Abu
Dhabi (Intl), Dubai (Intl), Ras
Al Khaimah (Intl), Sharjah
(Intl), Doha (Intl)
Beirut (Rafic Hariri Intl),
Nicosia, Larnaca Intl,
Damascus Intl, Amman
(Marka Intl), Amman (Queen
Alia Intl), Cairo (Intl), Baghdad
(Intl), Abadan, Kuwait (Intl),
Bahrain (Intl), Istanbul
(Ataturk), Ankara (Esenboga),
Tehran (Imam Khomaini Intl),
Tehran (Mehrabad Intl)
Elazig, Van (Ferit Melen),
Erzincan, Kars (Harakani),
Mus, Agri
Erzurum
Izmir (Adnan Menderes),
Bursa (Yenisehir), Mugla
(Dalaman Intl), Ankara
(Esenboga), Antalya,
Milas (Bodrum), Istanbul
(Sabiha Gokcen Intl), Athens
(Eleftherios Venizelos Intl),
Sofia, Bucharest (Henri
Coanda)
Istanbul (Ataturk)
Ankara (Esenboga), Samsun
(Carsamba), Istanbul
(Ataturk), Antalya, Konya,
Denizli (Cardak), Usak
Izmir (Adnan Menderes)
Karachi (Jinnah Intl),
Nawabshah, Lahore (Allama
Iqbal Intl), Islamabad (Benazir
Bhutto Intl)
Delhi (Indira Gandhi Intl),
Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaaji
Intl), Singapore (Seletar),
Singapore (Changi)
Kolkata (Netaji Subhash
Chandra Bose Intl), Delhi
(Indira Gandhi Intl)
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
ME-8
METEOROLOGY
3 FEB 17
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - MIDDLE EAST/SOUTH ASIA
Station
Ident
Freqs
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
Form
METAR
SPECI
TREND
2965
1300-0300
35-40
TAF
Kuwait
Volmet1
126.62
H24
cont.
METAR
Mumbai
Radio
11387
6676
0300-1300
H24
25-30
SIGMET
2965
1300-0300
55-60
TAF
METAR
TREND
Muscat
Control
127.40
H24
cont.
METAR
Nicosia
Volmet
127.20
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
QNH
Royal Air
Force
Volmet
5450
11253
H24
7/37
METAR
TREND
METAR
19/49
25/55
Samsun
Volmet
125.27
H24
cont.
Sivas
Volmet
124.05
H24
cont.
METAR
TREND
SIGMET
METAR
TREND
SIGMET
Contents and Sequence
Kolkata (Netaji Subhash
Chandra Bose Intl), Delhi
(Indira Gandhi Intl), Dhaka
(Hazrat Shahjalal Intl),
Yangon (Intl), Kathmandu
(Tribhuvan Intl)
Kolkata (Netaji Subhash
Chandra Bose Intl),
Delhi (Indira Gandhi Intl),
Ho-Chi-Minh (Tansonnhat)
Bahrain (Intl), Doha (Intl),
Abu Dhabi (Intl), Dubai (Intl),
Dammam (King Fahd Intl),
Riyadh (King Khaled Intl),
Tehran (Mehrabad Intl),
Mashhad (Shahid Hahemi
Njad Intl), Shiraz (Shahid
Dastghaib Intl)
Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji
Intl), Chennai (Intl)
Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji
Intl), Ratmalana (Colombo),
Chennai (Intl), Karachi
(Jinnah Intl), Male (Velana
Intl), Ahmedabad
Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji
Intl), Ratmalana (Colombo),
Male (Velana Intl)
Muscat (Intl), UAE
aerodromes, Bahrain (Intl)
Athens (Eleftherios Venizelos
Intl), Rodos (Diagoras), Beirut
(Rafic Hariri Intl), Damascus
(Intl), Tel Aviv (Ben Gurion),
Tel Aviv (Sde Dov)
Larnaca (Intl)
Pafos (Intl)
Adana
Akrotiri, Larnaca
Muscat, Kandahar, Bastion,
Dubai (Minhad), Baghdad
(Intl), Kabul (Intl), Trabzon,
Ashgabat, Baku (Heydar
Aliyed Intl), Al Udeid AB,
Thumrait AB, Salalah, Dubai
(Al Maktoum Intl), Bahrain
(Intl), Fujairah (Intl)
Ankara (Esenboga), Trabzon,
Sivas (Nuri Demirag), Tokat
Samsun (Carsamba)
Ankara (Esenboga), Malatya,
Kayseri, Elazig, Erzincan,
Tokat
Sivas (Nuri Demirag)
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2017. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
4 NOV 16
METEOROLOGY
ME-9
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - MIDDLE EAST/SOUTH ASIA
Station
Tel Aviv
Ident
Ben Gurion
Freqs
126.80
Broadcast Times
Period
H+
50
H24
DAY
when
available
1
when
available
Form
METAR
TREND
SPECI
TAF
TAF
METAR
SPECI
METAR
Contents and Sequence
Tel Aviv (Ben Gurion)
Eilat (Intl), Ovda
Eilat (Intl), Tel Aviv (Sde Dov),
Haifa, Rosh-Pina, Ovda
Lanarca (Intl), Amman
(Queen Alia Intl)
D-VOLMET available
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1993, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
Eff 24 Nov
18 NOV 05
METEOROLOGY
PB-7
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - PACIFIC BASIN
RADIOTELEPHONY
Identify location for which weather is desired and
find station(s) disseminating broadcast. Contents of
broadcast of each Station is shown following the listing below.
WEATHER FOR
AVAILABLE FROM
STATIONS
WEATHER FOR
AVAILABLE FROM
STATIONS
Mactan
Hong Kong
Manila
Hong Kong
(Intl)
Melbourne
Brisbane
Adelaide
Brisbane
Nagoya
Tokyo
Anchorage
Honolulu
Naha
Hong Kong
Auckland
Auckland
Nadi
Auckland
Bangkok
Bangkok
Noumea
Auckland
Brisbane
Brisbane
Ontario
Honolulu
Brunei
Singapore
Osaka
Tokyo
Cairns
Brisbane
(Kansai Intl)
Chiang Mai
Bangkok
Pago Pago
Auckland
Christchurch
Auckland
Penang
Singapore
Cold Bay
Honolulu
Perth
Brisbane
Darwin
Brisbane
Phnom Penh
Bangkok
Den Pasar
Singapore
Phuket
Bangkok
Elmendorf AFB
Honolulu
Portland
Honolulu
Fairbanks
Honolulu
Rayong
Bangkok
Faleolo
Auckland
Fukuoka
Tokyo
Guam
Honolulu
Guangzhou/Baiyun
Hong Kong
Hanoi
Bangkok
Hilo
Honolulu
HoChiMinh
(U-Taphao)
Sacramento
Honolulu
San Francisco
Honolulu
Sapporo
Tokyo
(New Chitose)
Seattle
Honolulu
Seoul/Incheon
(Incheon Intl)
Tokyo
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Singapore
Singapore
Honolulu
Honolulu
Soekarno-Hatta
Singapore
Kahului
Honolulu
Songkhla/Hat Yai
Bangkok
King Salmon
Honolulu
Subang
Singapore
Kota Kinabalu
Singapore
Sydney
Brisbane
Kuala Lumpur
Singapore
Tahiti
Auckland
Kuching
Singapore
Taiwan
Taipei
Las Vegas
Honolulu
Los Angeles
Honolulu
Macau
Hong Kong
(Chiang Kai Shek)
(Kaohsiung Intl)
© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC. 1993, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
PB-8
METEOROLOGY
Eff 24 Nov
18 NOV 05
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - PACIFIC BASIN
WEATHER FOR
AVAILABLE FROM
STATIONS
Tokyo
Tokyo
(Intl)
(New Tokyo Intl)
Townsville
Brisbane
Vancouver
Honolulu
Vientiane
Bangkok
Wellington
Auckland
Yangon
Bangkok
STATION
Auckland
CALL
SIGN
FREQS
(kHz)
Auckland
VOLMET
6679 SSB
BROADCAST
TIMES
PERIOD
H+
H24
20-25
8828 SSB
13282 SSB
50-55
FORM
BROADCAST
MET Reports
(including
TREND-type
landing
forecasts)
Auckland,
Christchurch,
Wellington, Nadi,
Faleolo, Noumea,
Pago Pago, Tahiti
Aerodrome
forecasts
Nadi, Noumea
MET Reports
(including
TREND-type
landing
forecasts)
Auckland,
Christchurch,
Wellington, Nadi,
Faleolo, Noumea,
Pago Pago, Tahiti
Aerodrome
Forecasts
Auckland,
Christchurch
© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC. 1993, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Eff 24 Nov
18 NOV 05
METEOROLOGY
PB-9
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - PACIFIC BASIN
STATION
Bangkok
CALL
SIGN
FREQS
(kHz)
Bangkok
Radio
BROADCAST
TIMES
PERIOD
H+
11387 SSB
2310-1145
10-15
6676 SSB
H24
2965 SSB
1210-2245
FORM
SIGMET3
BROADCAST
Bangkok Intl
MET
Report/Special1
40-45
MET Report2, 3
Yangon (Intl), Hanoi
(Noibai), Chiang Mai,
Rayong (U-Taphao),
Phuket, Songkhla (Hat
Yai), Ho Chi Minh,
Phnom Penh,
Vientiane
Aerodrome
Forecast4
Bangkok Intl
SIGMET3
Bangkok Intl
MET
Report/Special5
MET Report3, 6
Yangon (Intl), Hanoi
(Noibai), Chiang Mai,
Rayong (U-Taphao),
Phuket, Songkhla (Hat
Yai), Ho Chi Minh,
Phnom Penh,
Vientiane
Aerodrome
Forecast4
Bangkok Intl
NOTE:
– 1 Latest routine or special report between H+00 and H+10, including trend statement, repeat at end of
broadcast if time permits.
–
2
–
3
–
4
–
5
–
H+00 (or the previous H+30 report when the H+00 report is not available), including trend statement
when appended.
As available.
Valid for 9 hours.
Latest routine or special report between H+30 and H+35, including trend statement, repeated at end of
broadcast if time permits.
6 H+30 (or the H+00 report when the H+30 report is not available), including trend statement when
appended.
Brisbane
Australian
6676 SSB
11387 SSB
H24
00-05
&
TREND
Forecasts
Melbourne, Sydney,
Brisbane, Perth,
Darwin
TREND
Forecast/Aerodr
ome Forecast
Cairns
TREND Forecast
Townsville, Adelaide
30-35
© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC. 1993, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
PB-10
Eff 24 Nov
18 NOV 05
METEOROLOGY
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - PACIFIC BASIN
STATION
Honolulu
CALL
SIGN
FREQS
(kHz)
Honolulu
Radio
6679 SSB
2863 SSB
BROADCAST
TIMES
PERIOD
H24
FORM
H+
00-05
30-35
8828 SSB
13282 SSB
Aerodrome
Forecasts
Honolulu, Hilo, Guam
SIGMET
Oakland FIR
Hourly Reports
Honolulu, Hilo,
Kahului, Guam
Hourly Reports
San Francisco, Seattle
(-Tacoma Intl), Los
Angeles, Portland,
Sacramento, Ontario,
Las Vegas
SIGMET
Oakland FIR
Aerodrome
Forecasts
San Francisco, Seattle
(-Tacoma Intl), Los
Angeles
Hourly Reports
Anchorage, Elmendorf
AFB, Fairbanks, Cold
Bay, King Salmon,
Vancouver
SIGMET
Oakland FIR
Aerodrome
Forecasts
Anchorage, Fairbanks,
Cold Bay, Vancouver
MET
Report/Special3
Shenzhen
MET
Report/Special &
TREND
Forecast3
Macau, Taipei (Intl),
Gaoxiong
MET
Report/Special &
TREND
Forecast3
Taipei (Chiang Kai
Shek Intl), Gaoxiong,
Hong Kong (Intl)
MET
Report/Special3
Manila (Intl), Mactan,
Naha
Aerodrome
Forecast2
Hong Kong (Intl)
05-10
35-40
25-30
55-60
HongKong
Hong
Kong
128.875
MHz
2863 SSB4
6679 SSB
8828 SSB
13282 SSB
Continuous
H24
BROADCAST
H24
15-20
&
45-50
1
SIGMET information is prepared by the Meteorological Watch Office whenever any of the following
phenomena are occurring or are expected to occur within the Hong Kong FIR: Active thunderstorms, severe
line squall, severe turbulence, marked mountain waves, tropical cyclone, heavy hail, severe icing, widespread
sandstorm/duststorm (unlikely to be used). Tropical cyclones will be mentioned whenever they are centered
within the area 10N to 30N, 105E to 125E even though this area extends beyond the Hong Kong FIR. The
requirement to issue SIGMET information regarding active thunderstorms refers to the occurrence or
expected occurrence of an area of widespread cumulonimbus clouds (Cb) or Cb along a line with little or no
space between individual clouds, or to Cb embedded in cloud layers or concealed by haze. It does not refer
to isolated or scattered Cb not embedded in cloud layers or concealed by haze.
2
In VHHH MET Reports and Forecasts, wind information refers to the SE anemometer and the visibility refers
to that observed from the Meteorological Office on the 4th floor of the Airport Terminal Building.
3 All reports are the latest available. However, if the latest available report would be more than two hours old
at broadcast time, it is not transmitted.
4
Broadcast on 2863 kHz is to be implemented when operationally required.
© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC. 1993, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Eff 24 Nov
18 NOV 05
METEOROLOGY
PB-11
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - PACIFIC BASIN
STATION
Singapore
(Changi)
CALL
SIGN
FREQS
(kHz)
Singapore
Radio
6676 SSB
BROADCAST
TIMES
PERIOD
H+
H24
20-25
(1230 2230)
FORM
BROADCAST
SIGMET1
Singapore
2
METAR / SPECI
Singapore
METAR4
Kuala Lumpur3,
Soekarno-Hatta3,
Kuching3, Brunei3,
Kota Kinabalu3, Den
Pasar3, Penang3,
Subang
TAF4
Singapore5, Kuala
Lumpur5
SIGMET1
Singapore
METAR / SPECI
Singapore6
METAR4
Kuala Lumpur7,
Soekarno-Hatta7,
Kuching7, Brunei 7,
Kota Kinabalu7, Den
Pasar7, Penang7,
Subang
TAF4
Singapore5,
Soekarno-Hatta5
11387 SSB
(2230 1230)
50-55
NOTE:
– 1 SIGMET message or ‘NIL’ is transmitted.
–
2
–
3
H+00 (or the previous H+30 report when the H+00 report is not available) including trend statement
when appended.
–
4
–
5
–
6
–
Latest routine or special report between H+00 and H+15, including trend statement; repeated at end of
broadcast, time permitting.
As available.
Valid for 9 hours.
Latest routine or special report between H+30 and H+45, including trend statement; repeated at end of
broadcast, time permitting.
7
H+30 (or the H+00 report when the H+30 report is not available) including trend statement when
appended.
Taipei
124.4 MHz
Continuous
METAR
Repetitive
SPECI
TAF
ATC Radio
Channels
Taipei
D-VOLMET
When traffic permits
Chaing Kai Shek Intl
Kaohsiung Intl
SIGMET
Taipei FIR
SITA’s
METAR
Chaing Kai Shek Intl
Aircom
SPECI
Kaohsiung Intl
network
TAF
SIGMET
Taipei FIR
AIRMET
© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC. 1993, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
PB-12
METEOROLOGY
Eff 24 Nov
18 NOV 05
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - PACIFIC BASIN
STATION
Tokyo
CALL
SIGN
FREQS
(kHz)
Tokyo
2863 SSB
6679 SSB
8828 SSB
13282 SSB
BROADCAST
TIMES
PERIOD
H+
H24
10-15
&
FORM
BROADCAST
MET Report &
TREND*
Tokyo (New Tokyo Intl),
Osaka (Kansai Intl)
*Repeated if time
permits.
MET Report
Tokyo (Tokyo Intl),
Sapporo (New
Chitose), Nagoya,
Fukuoka,
Seoul/Incheon
(Incheon Intl)
Aerodrome
Forecast
Tokyo (New Tokyo Intl),
Osaka (Kansai Intl)
40-45
© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC. 1993, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
METEOROLOGY
1 JUL 16
US-1
SECTION 1. METEOROLOGY
7-1-1
NATIONAL WEATHER
SERVICE AVIATION
WEATHER SERVICE
PROGRAM
a. Weather service to aviation is a joint effort of
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Weather Service
(NWS), the Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA), Department of Defense, and various private sector aviation weather service providers.
Requirements for all aviation weather products
originate from the FAA, which is the Meteorological Authority for the U.S.
b. NWS meteorologists are assigned to all air
route traffic control centers (ARTCC) as part
of the Center Weather Service Units (CWSU)
as well as the Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC). These meteorologists
provide specialized briefings as well as tailored
forecasts to support the needs of the FAA and
other users of the NAS.
c. Aviation Products
1. The NWS maintains an extensive surface,
upper air, and radar weather observing program; and a nationwide aviation weather
forecasting service.
2. Airport observations (METAR and SPECI)
supported by the NWS are provided by
automated observing systems.
3. Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF) are
prepared by 123 NWS Weather Forecast Offices (WFOs) for over 700 airports.
These forecasts are valid for 24 or 30 hours
and amended as required.
4. Inflight aviation advisories (for example,
Significant Meteorological Information
(SIGMETs) and Airmen’s Meteorological
Information (AIRMETs)) are issued by
three NWS Meteorological Watch Offices;
the Aviation Weather Center (AWC) in
Kansas City, MO, the Alaska Aviation
Weather Unit (AAWU) in Anchorage, AK,
and the WFO in Honolulu, HI. Both the
AWC and the AAWU issue area forecasts
(FA) for selected areas. In addition, NWS
meteorologists assigned to most ARTCCs
as part of the Center Weather Service
Unit (CWSU) provide Center Weather
Advisories (CWAs) and gather weather
information to support the needs of the
FAA and other users of the system.
5. Several NWS National Centers for Environmental Production (NCEP) provide aviation
specific weather forecasts, or select public
forecasts which are of interest to pilots and
operators.
(a) The Aviation Weather Center (AWC)
displays a variety of domestic and
international aviation forecast products over the Internet at aviationweather.gov.
(b) The NCEP Central Operations
(NCO) is responsible for the operation of many numerical weather
prediction models, including those
which produce the many wind and
temperature aloft forecasts.
(c) The Storm Prediction Center (SPC)
issues tornado and severe weather
watches along with other guidance
forecasts.
(d) The National Hurricane Center
(NHC) issues forecasts on tropical weather systems (for example,
hurricanes).
(e) The Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) provides alerts, watches,
warnings and forecasts for space
weather events (for example, solar
storms) affecting or expected to
affect Earth’s environment.
(f) The Weather Prediction Center
(WPC) provides analysis and forecast products on a national scale
including surface pressure and
frontal analyses.
6. NOAA operates two Volcanic Ash Advisory
Centers (VAAC) which issue forecasts of
ash clouds following a volcanic eruption in
their area of responsibility.
7. Details on the products provided by the
above listed offices and centers is available in FAA Advisory Circular 00-45, Aviation Weather Services.
d. Weather element values may be expressed by
using different measurement systems depending on several factors, such as whether the
weather products will be used by the general
public, aviation interests, international services,
or a combination of these users. FIG 7-1-1
provides conversion tables for the most used
weather elements that will be encountered by
pilots.
7-1-2
FAA WEATHER SERVICES
a. The FAA provides the Flight Service program,
which serves the weather needs of pilots
through its flight service stations (FSS) (both
government and contract via 1-800-WX-BRIEF)
and via the Internet, through CSC Direct User
Access Terminal System (DUATS) and Lockheed Martin Flight Services (DUATS II).
b. The FAA maintains an extensive surface
weather observing program. Airport observations (METAR and SPECI) in the U.S. are
provided by automated observing systems. Various levels of human oversight of the METAR
and SPECI reports and augmentation may
be provided at select larger airports by either
government or contract personnel qualified to
report specified weather elements that cannot
be detected by the automated observing system.
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US-2
METEOROLOGY
1 JUL 16
q$i
FIGURE 7-1-1
Weather Elements Conversion Tables
1398194369102
c. Other Sources of Weather Information
1. Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS) (FSS); and in Alaska, Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB)
locations, and telephone access to the
TWEB (TEL-TWEB) provide continuously
updated recorded weather information for
short or local flights. Separate paragraphs
in this section give additional information
regarding these services.
REFERENCE—
AIM, Paragraph 7-1-7, Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS).
AIM, Paragraph 7-1-8, Transcribed
Weather Broadcast (TWEB) (Alaska Only).
2. Weather and aeronautical information
are also available from numerous private
industry sources on an individual or contract pay basis. Information on how to
obtain this service should be available
from local pilot organizations.
3. Pilots with a current medical certificate can
access the DUATS and Lockheed Martin Flight Services via the Internet. Pilots
can receive preflight weather data and file
domestic VFR and IFR flight plans. The
following are the FAA contract vendors:
Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC)
Tel:
For customer service:
(800) 345-3828
Internet:
http://www.duats.com
Lockheed Martin Flight Services
Tel:
For customer service:
(866) 936-6826
Internet:
http://www.1800wxbrief.
com
JEPPESEN WEATHER SERVICES
Jeppesen provides a robust worldwide weather service. The service includes access to U.S. NWS and
U.K. Met Office text weather reports, aviation specific
graphic weather maps, and custom forecasts and
briefing from our staff of professional aviation meteorologists. Jeppesen provides access to our weather
service through pc and web based applications as
well as our UNIX based dispatch client. Weather
maps can be overlaid with planned routes and
weather reports can be sent directly to the aircraft via
ACARS and SatCom Direct. Our proprietary Vector
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© JEPPESEN, 1994, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
1 JUL 16
Weather Graphics allows for enhanced overlays and
visualization of weather phenomenon. Worldwide
weather maps include access to the following map
types:
– U.S. and Canada NEXRAD Single Site Radar
– U.S. and Canada NEXRAD Radar Mosaic, including winter mosaic that depicts snow, freezing rain
and rain
– U.S. NEXRAD Radar Forecasts (6 hours)
– U.S. Low Level Significant Weather Forecasts
– Worldwide Infrared and Visible Satellite Imagery
– Worldwide Upper Level Wind and Temp Analyses
and Forecasts
– Worldwide Turbulence Analyses and Forecasts
– Worldwide Icing Analyses and Forecasts
– Worldwide Ceiling and Visibility Analyses and
Forecasts
– Worldwide High Level Significant Weather Forecasts
– Worldwide Surface Analyses and Forecasts
– Worldwide Weather Depiction
– Worldwide Hurricane/Typhoon Tracks.
Jeppesen provides a limited set of free weather
on our web site at www.jeppesen.com/weather as
well as additional information about our worldwide
weather subscription service. For additional information, please contact a sales representative at
1-800-358-6468.
7-1-3
METEOROLOGY
d.
e.
f.
USE OF AVIATION WEATHER
PRODUCTS
a. Air carriers and operators certificated under the
provisions of 14 CFR Part 119 are required to
use the aeronautical weather information systems defined in the Operations Specifications
issued to that certificate holder by the FAA.
These systems may utilize basic FAA/National
Weather Service (NWS) weather services,
contractor- or operator-proprietary weather services and/or Enhanced Weather Information
System (EWINS) when approved in the Operations Specifications. As an integral part of this
system approval, the procedures for collecting, producing and disseminating aeronautical
weather information, as well as the crew member and dispatcher training to support the use
of system weather products, must be accepted
or approved.
b. Operators not certificated under the provisions
of 14 CFR Part 119 are encouraged to use
FAA/NWS products through Flight Service Stations, Direct User Access Terminal System
(DUATS), Lockheed Martin Flight Services,
and/or Flight Information Services-Broadcast
(FIS-B).
c. The suite of available aviation weather product types is expanding, with the development
of new sensor systems, algorithms and forecast models. The FAA and NWS, supported
by various weather research laboratories and
corporations under contract to the Government,
develop and implement new aviation weather
product types. The FAA’s NextGen Aviation
Weather Research Program (AWRP) facilitates
g.
US-3
collaboration between the NWS, the FAA, and
various industry and research representatives.
This collaboration ensures that user needs
and technical readiness requirements are met
before experimental products mature to operational application.
The AWRP manages the transfer of aviation
weather R&D to operational use through technical review panels and conducting safety assessments to ensure that newly developed aviation
weather products meet regulatory requirements
and enhance safety.
The AWRP review and decision-making process
applies criteria to weather products at various
stages. The stages are composed of the following:
1. Sponsorship of user needs.
2. R&D and controlled testing.
3. Experimental application.
4. Operational application.
Pilots and operators should be aware that
weather services provided by entities other
than FAA, NWS or their contractors (such
as the DUATS and Lockheed Martin Flight
Services DUATS II) may not meet FAA/NWS
quality control standards. Hence, operators
and pilots contemplating using such services
should request and/or review an appropriate
description of services and provider disclosure.
This should include, but is not limited to, the
type of weather product (for example, current
weather or forecast weather), the currency of
the product (that is, product issue and valid
times), and the relevance of the product. Pilots
and operators should be cautious when using
unfamiliar products, or products not supported
by FAA/NWS technical specifications.
NOTE: When in doubt, consult with a FAA Flight
Service Station Specialist.
In addition, pilots and operators should be
aware there are weather services and products available from government organizations
beyond the scope of the AWRP process mentioned earlier in this section. For example,
governmental agencies such as the NWS and
the Aviation Weather Center (AWC), or research
organizations such as the National Center for
Atmospheric Research (NCAR) display weather
“model data” and “experimental” products which
require training and/or expertise to properly
interpret and use. These products are developmental prototypes that are subject to ongoing
research and can change without notice. Therefore, some data on display by government
organizations, or government data on display
by independent organizations may be unsuitable for flight planning purposes. Operators
and pilots contemplating using such services
should request and/or review an appropriate
description of services and provider disclosure.
This should include, but is not limited to, the
type of weather product (for example, current
weather or forecast weather), the currency of
the product (i.e., product issue and valid times),
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© JEPPESEN, 1994, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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US-4
h.
i.
j.
k.
METEOROLOGY
and the relevance of the product. Pilots and
operators should be cautious when using unfamiliar weather products.
NOTE: When in doubt, consult with a FAA Flight
Service Station Specialist.
With increased access to weather products via
the public Internet, the aviation community has
access to an over whelming amount of weather
information and data that support self-briefing. FAA AC 00-45 (current edition) describes
the weather products distributed by the NWS.
Pilots and operators using the public Internet
to access weather from a third party vendor
should request and/or review an appropriate
description of services and provider disclosure.
This should include, but is not limited to, the
type of weather product (for example, current
weather or forecast weather), the currency of
the product (i.e., product issue and valid times),
and the relevance of the product. Pilots and
operators should be cautious when using unfamiliar weather products and when in doubt,
consult with a Flight Service Specialist.
The development of new weather products,
coupled with the termination of some legacy
textual and graphical products may create confusion between regulatory requirements and
the new products. All flight-related, aviation
weather decisions must be based on all available pertinent weather products. As every flight
is unique and the weather conditions for that
flight vary hour by hour, day to day, multiple
weather products may be necessary to meet
aviation weather regulatory requirements. Many
new weather products now have a Precautionary Use Statement that details the proper use
or application of the specific product.
The FAA has identified three distinct types of
weather information available to pilots and operators.
1. Observations. Raw weather data collected by some type of sensor suite including surface and airborne observations,
radar, lightning, satellite imagery, and profilers.
2. Analysis. Enhanced depiction and/or
interpretation of observed weather data.
3. Forecasts. Predictions of the development
and/or movement of weather phenomena
based on meteorological observations and
various mathematical models.
Not all sources of aviation weather information
are able to provide all three types of weather
information. The FAA has determined that
operators and pilots may utilize the following
approved sources of aviation weather information:
1. Federal Government. The FAA and NWS
collect raw weather data, analyze the
observations, and produce forecasts. The
FAA and NWS disseminate meteorological observations, analyses, and forecasts
through a variety of systems. In addition, the Federal Government is the only
approval authority for sources of weather
observations; for example, contract towers
1 JUL 16
and airport operators may be approved
by the Federal Government to provide
weather observations.
2. Enhanced Weather Information System
(EWINS). An EWINS is an FAA authorized, proprietary system for tracking,
evaluating, reporting, and forecasting the
presence or lack of adverse weather phenomena. The FAA authorizes a certificate
holder to use an EWINS to produce flight
movement forecasts, adverse weather
phenomena forecasts, and other meteorological advisories. For more detailed
information regarding EWINS, see the Aviation Weather Services Advisory Circular
00-45 and the Flight Standards Information
Management System 8900.1.
3. Commercial
Weather
Information
Providers. In general, commercial
providers produce proprietary weather
products based on NWS/FAA products
with formatting and layout modifications
but no material changes to the weather
information itself. This is also referred to
as “repackaging.” In addition, commercial
providers may produce analyses, forecasts, and other proprietary weather products that substantially alter the information
contained in government-produced products. However, those proprietary weather
products that substantially alter government-produced weather products or information, may only be approved for use by
14 CFR Part 121 and Part 135 certificate holders if the commercial provider is
EWINS qualified.
NOTE: Commercial weather information
providers contracted by FAA to provide
weather observations, analyses, and forecasts (e.g., contract towers) are included
in the Federal Government category of
approved sources by virtue of maintaining
required technical and quality assurance
standards under Federal Government
oversight.
7-1-4
PREFLIGHT BRIEFING
a. Flight Service Stations (FSSs) are the primary source for obtaining preflight briefings
and inflight weather information. Flight Service
Specialists are qualified and certificated by
the NWS as Pilot Weather Briefers. They are
not authorized to make original forecasts, but
are authorized to translate and interpret available forecasts and reports directly into terms
describing the weather conditions which you
can expect along your flight route and at your
destination. Available aviation weather reports,
forecasts and aviation weather charts are displayed at each FSS, for pilot use. Pilots should
feel free to use these self briefing displays where
available, or to ask for a briefing or assistance
from the specialist on duty. Three basic types
of preflight briefings are available to serve your
specific needs. These are: Standard Briefing,
Abbreviated Briefing, and Outlook Briefing. You
should specify to the briefer the type of briefing
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© JEPPESEN, 1994, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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1 JUL 16
you want, along with your appropriate background information. This will enable the briefer
to tailor the information to your intended flight.
The following paragraphs describe the types of
briefings available and the information provided
in each briefing.
REFERENCE—AIM, Paragraph 5-1-1, Preflight
Preparation, for items that are required.
b. Standard Briefing. You should request a Standard Briefing any time you are planning a flight
and you have not received a previous briefing
or have not received preliminary information
through mass dissemination media; e.g., TIBS,
TWEB (Alaska Only), etc. International data
may be inaccurate or incomplete. If you are
planning a flight outside of U.S. controlled
airspace, the briefer will advise you to check
data as soon as practical after entering foreign
airspace, unless you advise that you have the
international cautionary advisory. The briefer
will automatically provide the following information in the sequence listed, except as noted,
when it is applicable to your proposed flight.
1. Adverse Conditions. Significant meteorological and/or aeronautical information
that might influence the pilot to alter or
cancel the proposed flight; for example,
hazardous weather conditions, airport closures, air traffic delays, etc. Pilots should
be especially alert for current or forecast
weather that could reduce flight minimums
below VFR or IFR conditions. Pilots should
also be alert for any reported or forecast
icing if the aircraft is not certified for operating in icing conditions. Flying into areas
of icing or weather below minimums could
have disastrous results.
2. VFR Flight Not Recommended. When
VFR flight is proposed and sky conditions
or visibilities are present or forecast, surface or aloft, that, in the briefer’s judgment,
would make flight under VFR doubtful,
the briefer will describe the conditions,
describe the affected locations, and use
the phrase “VFR flight not recommended.”
This recommendation is advisory in nature.
The final decision as to whether the flight
can be conducted safely rests solely with
the pilot. Upon receiving a “VFR flight not
recommended” statement, the non-IFR
rated pilot will need to make a “go or no go”
decision. This decision should be based on
weighing the current and forecast weather
conditions against the pilot’s experience
and ratings. The aircraft’s equipment,
capabilities and limitations should also be
considered.
NOTE: Pilots flying into areas of minimal
VFR weather could encounter unforecasted lowering conditions that place the
aircraft outside the pilot’s ratings and experience level. This could result in spatial
disorientation and/or loss of control of the
aircraft.
METEOROLOGY
US-5
3. Synopsis. A brief statement describing the
type, location and movement of weather
systems and/or air masses which might
affect the proposed flight.
NOTE: These first 3 elements of a briefing
may be combined in any order when the
briefer believes it will help to more clearly
describe conditions.
4. Current Conditions. Reported weather
conditions applicable to the flight will be
summarized from all available sources;
e.g., METARs/SPECIs, PIREPs, RAREPs.
This element will be omitted if the proposed
time of departure is beyond 2 hours, unless
the information is specifically requested by
the pilot.
5. En Route Forecast. Forecast en route
conditions for the proposed route are
summarized in logical order; i.e., departure/climbout, en route, and descent.
(Heights are MSL, unless the contractions “AGL” or “CIG” are denoted indicating
that heights are above ground.)
6. Destination Forecast. The destination
forecast for the planned ETA. Any significant changes within 1 hour before and
after the planned arrival are included.
7. Winds Aloft. Forecast winds aloft will be
provided using degrees of the compass.
The briefer will interpolate wind directions
and speeds between levels and stations as
necessary to provide expected conditions
at planned altitudes. (Heights are MSL.)
Temperature information will be provided
on request.
8. Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs).
(a) Available NOTAM (D) information
pertinent to the proposed flight,
including special use airspace (SUA)
NOTAMs for restricted areas, aerial
refueling, and night vision goggles
(NVG).
NOTE:
Other
SUA
NOTAMs
(D), such as military operations
area (MOA), military training route
(MTR), and warning area NOTAMs,
are considered “upon request” briefing items as indicated in paragraph
7-1-4b10(a).
(b) Prohibited Areas P-40, P-49, P-56,
and the special flight rules area
(SFRA) for Washington, DC.
(c) FSS briefers do not provide FDC
NOTAM information for special
instrument approach procedures
unless specifically asked. Pilots
authorized by the FAA to use special instrument approach procedures must specifically request FDC
NOTAM information for these procedures.
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METEOROLOGY
NOTE:
1. NOTAM information may be
combined with current conditions when the briefer believes
it is logical to do so.
2. NOTAM (D) information and
FDC NOTAMs which have
been published in the Notices
to Airmen Publication are
not included in pilot briefings
unless a review of this publication is specifically requested
by the pilot. For complete flight
information you are urged to
review the printed NOTAMs in
the Notices to Airmen Publication and the Chart Supplement
U.S. in addition to obtaining a
briefing.
9. ATC Delays. Any known ATC delays and
flow control advisories which might affect
the proposed flight.
10. Pilots may obtain the following from
flight service station briefers upon
request:
(a) Information on SUA and SUA-related
airspace, except those listed in paragraph 7-1-4b8.
NOTE:
1. For the purpose of this paragraph, SUA and related
airspace includes the following types of airspace: alert
area, military operations area
(MOA), warning area, and
air traffic control assigned
airspace (ATCAA). MTR data
includes the following types of
airspace: IFR training routes
(IR), VFR training routes (VR),
and slow training routes (SR).
2. Pilots are encouraged to
request updated information
from ATC facilities while in
flight.
(b) A review of the Notices to Airmen
Publication for pertinent NOTAMs
and Special Notices.
(c) Approximate density altitude data.
(d) Information regarding such items as
air traffic services and rules, customs/immigration procedures, ADIZ
rules, search and rescue, etc.
(e) GPS RAIM availability for 1 hour
before to 1 hour after ETA or a time
specified by the pilot.
(f) Other assistance as required.
c. Abbreviated Briefing. Request an Abbreviated Briefing when you need information to
supplement mass disseminated data, update a
previous briefing, or when you need only one
or two specific items. Provide the briefer with
appropriate background information, the time
you received the previous information, and/or
the specific items needed. You should indicate
d.
e.
f.
g.
1 JUL 16
the source of the information already received
so that the briefer can limit the briefing to the
information that you have not received, and/or
appreciable changes in meteorological/aeronautical conditions since your previous briefing.
To the extent possible, the briefer will provide
the information in the sequence shown for a
Standard Briefing. If you request only one or
two specific items, the briefer will advise you
if adverse conditions are present or forecast.
(Adverse conditions contain both meteorological and/or aeronautical information.) Details
on these conditions will be provided at your
request. International data may be inaccurate
or incomplete. If you are planning a flight outside of U.S. controlled airspace, the briefer will
advise you to check data as soon as practical after entering foreign airspace, unless you
advise that you have the international cautionary advisory.
Outlook Briefing. You should request an Outlook Briefing whenever your proposed time of
departure is six or more hours from the time
of the briefing. The briefer will provide available
forecast data applicable to the proposed flight.
This type of briefing is provided for planning purposes only. You should obtain a Standard or
Abbreviated Briefing prior to departure in order
to obtain such items as adverse conditions, current conditions, updated forecasts, winds aloft
and NOTAMs, etc.
When filing a flight plan only, you will be asked
if you require the latest information on adverse
conditions pertinent to the route of flight.
Inflight Briefing. You are encouraged to obtain
your preflight briefing by telephone or in person before departure. In those cases where you
need to obtain a preflight briefing or an update to
a previous briefing by radio, you should contact
the nearest FSS to obtain this information. After
communications have been established, advise
the specialist of the type briefing you require
and provide appropriate background information. You will be provided information as specified in the above paragraphs, depending on the
type of briefing requested. En Route advisories
tailored to the phase of flight that begins after
climb-out and ends with descent to land are provided upon pilot request. Pilots are encouraged
to provide a continuous exchange of information on weather, winds, turbulence, flight visibility, icing, etc., between pilots and inflight specialists. Pilots should report good weather as well as
bad, and confirm expected conditions as well as
unexpected. Remember that weather conditions
can change rapidly and that a “go or no go” decision, as mentioned in paragraph 7-1-4b2, should
be assessed at all phases of flight.
Following any briefing, feel free to ask for any
information that you or the briefer may have
missed or are not understood. This way, the
briefer is able to present the information in a logical sequence, and lessens the chance of important items being overlooked.
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1 JUL 16
7-1-5
INFLIGHT AVIATION
WEATHER ADVISORIES
a. Background
1. Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories are
forecasts to advise en route aircraft of
development of potentially hazardous
weather. Inflight aviation weather advisories in the conterminous U.S. are issued
by the Aviation Weather Center (AWC) in
Kansas City, MO, as well as 20 Center
Weather Service Units (CWSU) associated with ARTCCs. AWC also issues
advisories for portions of the Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, which
are under the control of ARTCCs with
Oceanic flight information regions (FIRs).
The Weather Forecast Office (WFO) in
Honolulu issues advisories for the Hawaiian Islands and a large portion of the
Pacific Ocean. In Alaska, the Alaska Aviation Weather Unit (AAWU) issues inflight
aviation weather advisories along with the
Anchorage CWSU. All heights are referenced MSL, except in the case of ceilings
(CIG) which indicate AGL.
2. There are four types of inflight aviation
weather advisories: the SIGMET, the
Convective SIGMET, the AIRMET (text
or graphical product), and the Center
Weather Advisory (CWA). All of these
advisories use the same location identifiers (either VORs, airports, or well-known
geographic areas) to describe the hazardous weather areas.
3. The Severe Weather Watch Bulletins
(WWs), (with associated Alert Messages)
(AWW) supplements these Inflight Aviation
Weather Advisories.
b. SIGMET (WS)/AIRMET (WA or G-AIRMET)
SIGMETs/AIRMET text (WA) products are
issued corresponding to the Area Forecast (FA)
areas described in FIG 7-1-2 and FIG 7-1-3.
The maximum forecast period is 4 hours for
SIGMETs and 6 hours for AIRMETs. The
G-AIRMET is issued over the CONUS every
6 hours, valid at 3-hour increments through
12 hours with optional forecasts possible during the first 6 hours. The first 6 hours of the
G-AIRMET correspond to the 6-hour period
of the AIRMET. SIGMETs and AIRMETs are
considered “widespread” because they must
be either affecting or be forecasted to affect an
area of at least 3,000 square miles at any one
time. However, if the total area to be affected
during the forecast period is very large, it could
be that in actuality only a small portion of this
total area would be affected at any one time.
1. SIGMETs/AIRMET (or G-AIRMET) for the
conterminous U.S. (CONUS)
SIGMETs/AIRMET text products for the
CONUS are issued corresponding to the
areas in FIG 7-1-2. The maximum forecast
period for a CONUS SIGMET is 4 hours
and 6 hours for CONUS AIRMETs. The
G-AIRMET is issued over the CONUS
every 6 hours, valid at 3-hour increments
METEOROLOGY
US-7
through 12 hours with optional forecasts
possible during the first 6 hours. The
first 6 hours of the G-AIRMET correspond to the 6-hour period of the AIRMET.
SIGMETs and AIRMETs are considered
“widespread” because they must be either
affecting or be forecasted to affect an
area of at least 3,000 square miles at any
one time. However, if the total area to be
affected during the forecast period is very
large, it could be that in actuality only a
small portion of this total area would be
affected at any one time. Only SIGMETs
for the CONUS are for non-convective
weather. The U.S. issues a special category of SIGMETs for convective weather
called Convective SIGMETs.
2. SIGMETs/AIRMETs for Alaska
Alaska SIGMETs are valid for up to
4 hours, except for Volcanic Ash Cloud
SIGMETs which are valid for up to 6 hours.
Alaska AIRMETs are valid for up to 8 hour.
3. SIGMETs/AIRMETs for Hawaii and U.S.
FIRs in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean,
Western Atlantic and Eastern and Central
Pacific Oceans
These SIGMETs are valid for up to 4 hours,
except SIGMETs for Tropical Cyclones and
Volcanic Ash Clouds, which are valid for
up to 6 hours. AIRMETs are issued for
the Hawaiian Islands and are valid for up
to 6 hours. No AIRMETs are issued for
U.S. FIRs in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean,
Western Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
c. SIGMET
A SIGMET advises of weather that is potentially hazardous to all aircraft. SIGMETs are
unscheduled products that are valid for 4 hours.
However, SIGMETs associated with tropical
cyclones and volcanic ash clouds are valid for
6 hours. Unscheduled updates and corrections
are issued as necessary.
1. In the CONUS, SIGMETs are issued when
the following phenomena occur or are
expected to occur:
(a) Severe icing not associated with
thunderstorms.
(b) Severe or extreme turbulence or
clear air turbulence (CAT) not associated with thunderstorms.
(c) Widespread dust storms or sandstorms lowering surface visibilities to
below 3 miles.
(d) Volcanic ash.
2. In Alaska and Hawaii, SIGMETs are also
issued for:
(a) Tornadoes.
(b) Lines of thunderstorms.
(c) Embedded thunderstorms.
(d) Hail greater than or equal to 3/4 inch
in diameter.
3. SIGMETs are identified by an alphabetic
designator from November through Yankee excluding Sierra and Tango. (Sierra,
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US-8
METEOROLOGY
Tango, and Zulu are reserved for AIRMET
text [WA] products; G-AIRMETS do not
use the Sierra, Tango, or Zulu designators.) The first issuance of a SIGMET will
be labeled as UWS (Urgent Weather SIGMET). Subsequent issuances are at the
forecaster’s discretion. Issuance for the
same phenomenon will be sequentially
numbered, using the original designator
until the phenomenon ends. For example,
the first issuance in the Chicago (CHI) FA
area for phenomenon moving from the Salt
Lake City (SLC) FA area will be SIGMET
Papa 3, if the previous two issuances,
Papa 1 and Papa 2, had been in the SLC
FA area. Note that no two different phenomena across the country can have the
same alphabetic designator at the same
time.
EXAMPLE: —
Example of a SIGMET:
BOSR WS 050600
SIGMET ROMEO 2 VALID UNTIL 051000
ME NH VT
FROM CAR TO YSJ TO CON TO MPV
TO CAR OCNL SEV TURB BLW 080
EXP DUE TO STG NWLY FLOW. CONDS
CONTG BYD 1000Z.
d. Convective SIGMET (WST)
1. Convective SIGMETs are issued in the
conterminous U.S. for any of the following:
(a) Severe thunderstorm due to:
(1) Surface winds greater than or
equal to 50 knots.
(2) Hail at the surface greater than
or equal to 3/4 inches in diameter.
(3) Tornadoes.
(b) Embedded thunderstorms.
(c) A line of thunderstorms.
(d) Thunderstorms producing precipitation greater than or equal to heavy
precipitation affecting 40 percent or
more of an area at least 3,000 square
miles.
2. Any convective SIGMET implies severe
or greater turbulence, severe icing, and
low-level wind shear. A convective SIGMET may be issued for any convective
situation that the forecaster feels is hazardous to all categories of aircraft.
3. Convective SIGMET bulletins are issued
for the western (W), central (C), and eastern (E) United States. (Convective SIGMETs are not issued for Alaska or Hawaii.)
The areas are separated at 87 and 107
degrees west longitude with sufficient
overlap to cover most cases when the
phenomenon crosses the boundaries. Bulletins are issued hourly at H+55. Special
bulletins are issued at any time as required
and updated at H+55. If no criteria meeting convective SIGMET requirements are
observed or forecasted, the message
1 JUL 16
“CONVECTIVE SIGMET... NONE” will be
issued for each area at H+55. Individual
convective SIGMETs for each area (W, C,
E) are numbered sequentially from number
one each day, beginning at 00Z. A convective SIGMET for a continuing phenomenon
will be reissued every hour at H+55 with
a new number. The text of the bulletin
consists of either an observation and a
forecast or just a forecast. The forecast is
valid for up to 2 hours.
EXAMPLE: CONVECTIVE SIGMET 44C
VALID UNTIL 1455Z
AR TX OK
FROM 40NE ADM-40ESE MLC-10W
TXK-50WNW
LFK-40ENE SJT-40NE ADM
AREA TS MOV FROM 26025KT. TOPS
ABV FL450.
OUTLOOK VALID 061455-061855
FROM
60WSW
OKC-MLC-40N
TXK-40WSW
IGB-VUZ-MGM-HRV-60S BTR-40N
IAH-60SW SJT-40ENE LBB-60WSW OKC
WST ISSUANCES EXPD. REFER TO
MOST RECENT ACUS01 KWNS FROM
STORM PREDICTION CENTER FOR
SYNOPSIS AND METEOROLOGICAL
DETAILS.
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METEOROLOGY
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US-9
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FIGURE 7-1-2
SIGMET and AIRMET Locations—Conterminous United States
1465591735292
FIGURE 7-1-3
Hawaii Area Forecast Locations
1465591735292
e. SIGMET Outside the CONUS
1. Three NWS offices have been designated
by ICAO as Meteorological Watch Offices
(MWOs). These offices are responsible
for issuing SIGMETs for designated areas
outside the CONUS that include Alaska,
Hawaii, portions of the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans, and the Gulf of Mexico.
2. The offices which issue international SIGMETs are:
(a) The AWC in Kansas City, Missouri.
(b) The AAWU in Anchorage, Alaska.
(c) The WFO in Honolulu, Hawaii.
3. SIGMETs for outside the CONUS are
issued for 6 hours for volcanic ash clouds,
6 hours for tropical cyclones (e.g. hurricanes and tropical storms), and 4 hours
for all other events. Like the CONUS SIGMETs, SIGMETs for outside the CONUS
are also identified by an alphabetic designator from Alpha through Mike and are
numbered sequentially until that weather
phenomenon ends. The criteria for an
international SIGMET are:
(a) Thunderstorms occurring in lines,
embedded in clouds, or in large
areas producing tornadoes or large
hail.
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METEOROLOGY
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Tropical cyclones.
Severe icing.
Severe or extreme turbulence.
Dust storms and sandstorms lowering visibilities to less than 3 miles.
(f) Volcanic ash.
EXAMPLE: Example of SIGMET
Outside the U.S.:
WSNT06 KKCI 022014
SIGA0F
KZMA KZNY TJZS SIGMET FOXTROT 3 VALID 022015/030015
KKCI—MIAMI OCEANIC FIR NEW
YORK OCEANIC FIR SAN JUAN
FIR FRQ TS WI AREA BOUNDED
BY 2711N6807W 2156N6654W
2220N7040W
2602N7208W
2711N6807W. TOPS TO FL470.
MOV NE 15KT. WKN. BASED ON
SAT AND LTG OBS.
MOSHER
f. AIRMET
1. AIRMETs (WAs) are advisories of significant weather phenomena but describe
conditions at intensities lower than those
which require the issuance of SIGMETs.
AIRMETs are intended for dissemination
to all pilots in the preflight and en route
phase of flight to enhance safety. AIRMET
information is available in two formats: text
bulletins (WA) and graphics (G-AIRMET).
Both formats meet the criteria of paragraph
7-1-3i and are issued on a scheduled basis
every 6 hours beginning at 0245 UTC.
Unscheduled updates and corrections are
issued as necessary. AIRMETs contain
details about IFR, extensive mountain
obscuration, turbulence, strong surface
winds, icing, and freezing levels.
2. There are three AIRMETs: Sierra, Tango,
and Zulu. After the first issuance each day,
scheduled or unscheduled bulletins are
numbered sequentially for easier identification.
(a) AIRMET Sierra describes IFR conditions and/or extensive mountain
obscurations.
(b) AIRMET Tango describes moderate
turbulence, sustained surface winds
of 30 knots or greater, and/or nonconvective low-level wind shear.
(c) AIRMET Zulu describes moderate
icing and provides freezing level
heights.
EXAMPLE: Example of AIRMET
Sierra issued for the Chicago FA
area:
CHIS WA 131445
AIRMET SIERRA UPDT 2 FOR IFR
AND MTN OBSCN VALID UNTIL
132100.
AIRMET IFR...KY
30 DEC 16
FROM 20SSW HNN TO HMV TO
50ENE DYR TO20SSW HNN
CIG BLW 010/VIS BLW 3SM PCPN/
BR/FG. CONDS ENDG BY 18Z.
.
AIRMET IFR....MN LS
FROM INL TO 70W YQT TO 40ENE
DLH TO 30WNW DLH TO 50SE GFK
TO 20 ENE GFK TO INL
CIG BLW 010/VIS BLW 3SM BR.
CONDS ENDG 15-18Z.
.
AIRMET IFR....KS
FROM 30N SLN TO 60E ICT TO 40S
ICT TO 50W LBL TO 30SSW GLD
TO 30N SLN
CIG BLW 010/VIS BLW 3SM PCPN/
BR/FG. CONDS ENDG 15-18Z.
.
AIRMET MTN OBSCN...KY TN
FROM HNN TO HMV TO GQO
TO LOZ TO HNN MTN OBSC BY
CLDS/PCPN/BR. CONDS CONTG
BYD 21Z THRU 03Z.
.....
EXAMPLE: Example of AIRMET
Tango issued for the Salt Lake City
FA area:
SLCT WA 131445
AIRMET TANGO UPDT 2 FOR
TURB VALID UNTIL 132100.
AIRMET TURB...MT
FROM 40NW HVR TO 50SE BIL TO
60E DLN TO 60SW YQL TO 40NW
HVR
MOD TURB BLW 150. CONDS
DVLPG 18-21Z. CONDS CONTG
BYD 21Z THRU 03Z.
.
AIRMET TURB....ID MT WY NV UT
CO
FROM 100SE MLS TO 50SSW BFF
TO 20SW BTY TO 40SW BAM TO
100SE MLS
MOD TURB BTN FL310 AND FL410.
CONDS CONTG BYD 21Z ENDG
21-00Z.
.
AIRMET TURB...NV AZ NM CA
AND CSTL WTRS FROM 100WSW
ENI TO 40W BTY TO 40S LAS TO
30ESE TBE TO INK TO ELP TO
50S TUS TO BZA TO 20S MZB TO
150SW PYE TO 100WSW ENI MOD
TURB BTWN FL210 AND FL380.
CONDS CONTG BYD 21Z THRU
03Z.
....
EXAMPLE: Example of AIRMET
Zulu issued for the San Francisco FA
area:
SFOZ WA 131445
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1 JUL 16
AIRMET ZULU UPDT 2 FOR ICE
AND FRZLVL VALID UNTIL 132100.
NO SGFNT ICE EXP OUTSIDE OF
CNVTV ACT.
.
FRZLVL....RANGING
FROM
SFC-105 ACRS AREA MULT
FRZLVL BLW 080 BOUNDED BY
40SE YDC-60NNW GEG-60SW
MLP-30WSW
BKE20SW
BAM-70W BAM-40SW YKM-40E
HUH- 40SE YDC
SFC ALG 20NNW HUH-30SSE
HUH-60S
SEA
50NW
LKV-60WNWOAL-30SW OAL
040
ALG
40W
HUH-30W
HUH-30NNW
SEA-40N
PDX-20NNW DSD
080 ALG 160NW FOT-80SW
ONP-50SSW
EUG
40SSE
OED-50SSE
CZQ-60E
EHF-40WSW LAS
....
3. Graphical AIRMETs (G-AIRMETs), found
on the Aviation Weather Center webpage
at http://aviationweather.gov, are graphical forecasts of en-route weather hazards
valid at discrete times no more than 3
hours apart for a period of up to 12 hours
into the future (for example, 00, 03, 06,
09, and 12 hours). Additional forecasts
may be inserted during the first 6 hours
(for example, 01, 02, 04, and 05). 00
hour represents the initial conditions, and
the subsequent graphics depict the area
affected by the particular hazard at that
valid time. Forecasts valid at 00 through
06 hours correspond to the text AIRMET
bulletin. Forecasts valid at 06 through 12
hours correspond to the text bulletin outlook. G-AIRMET depicts the following en
route aviation weather hazards:
(a) Instrument flight rule conditions (ceiling < 1000’ and/or surface visibility
<3 miles)
(b) Mountain obscuration
(c) Icing
(d) Freezing level
(e) Turbulence
(f) Low level wind shear (LLWS)
(g) Strong surface winds
G-AIRMETs are snap shots at discrete time
intervals as defined above. The text AIRMET is
the result of the production of the G-AIRMET but
provided in a time smear for a 6hr valid period.
G-AIRMETs provide a higher forecast resolution
than text AIRMET products. Since G-AIRMETs
and text AIRMETs are created from the same
forecast “production” process, there exists perfect consistency between the two. Using the two
together will provide clarity of the area impacted
by the weather hazard and improve situational
awareness and decision making.
METEOROLOGY
US-11
Interpolation of time periods between
G-AIRMET valid times: Users must keep in
mind when using the G-AIRMET that if a 00
hour forecast shows no significant weather and
a 03 hour forecast shows hazardous weather,
they must assume a change is occurring during
the period between the two forecasts. It should
be taken into consideration that the hazardous
weather starts immediately after the 00 hour
forecast unless there is a defined initiation or
ending time for the hazardous weather. The
same would apply after the 03 hour forecast.
The user should assume the hazardous weather
condition is occurring between the snap shots
unless informed otherwise. For example, if a 00
hour forecast shows no hazard, a 03 hour forecast shows the presence of hazardous weather,
and a 06 hour forecast shows no hazard, the
user should assume the hazard exists from the
0001 hour to the 0559 hour time period.
EXAMPLE: See FIG 7-1-4 for an example of the
G-AIRMET graphical product.
g. Watch Notification Messages
The Storm Prediction Center (SPC) in Norman,
OK, issues Watch Notification Messages to provide an area threat alert for forecast organized
severe thunderstorms that may produce tornadoes, large hail, and/or convective damaging
winds within the CONUS. SPC issues three
types of watch notification messages: Aviation
Watch Notification Messages, Public Severe
Thunderstorm Watch Notification Messages,
and Public Tornado Watch Notification Messages.
It is important to note the difference between a
Severe Thunderstorm (or Tornado) Watch and
a Severe Thunderstorm (or Tornado) Warning.
A watch means severe weather is possible during the next few hours, while a warning means
that severe weather has been observed, or is
expected within the hour. Only the SPC issues
Severe Thunderstorm and Tornado Watches,
while only NWS Weather Forecasts Offices
issue Severe Thunderstorm and Tornado Warnings.
1. The Aviation Watch Notification Message.
The Aviation Watch Notification Message
product is an approximation of the area
of the Public Severe Thunderstorm Watch
or Public Tornado Watch. The area may
be defined as a rectangle or parallelogram
using VOR navigational aides as coordinates.
The Aviation Watch Notification Message
was formerly known as the Alert Severe
Weather Watch Bulletin (AWW). The NWS
no longer uses that title or acronym for
this product. The NWS uses the acronym
SAW for the Aviation Watch Notification
Message, but retains AWW in the product
header for processing by weather data
systems.
EXAMPLE: Example of an Aviation Watch
Notification Message:
WWUS30 KWNS 271559
SAW2
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METEOROLOGY
SPC AWW 271559
WW 568 TORNADO AR LA MS 271605Z
- 280000Z AXIS..65 STATUTE MILES
EAST AND WEST OF LINE.. 45ESE
HEZ/NATCHEZ MS/ - 50N TUP/TUPELO
MS/ ..AVIATION COORDS.. 55NM E/W
/18WNW MCB - 60E MEM/
HAIL SURFACE AND ALOFT..3 INCHES.
WIND GUSTS..70 KNOTS. MAX TOPS
TO 550. MEAN STORM MOTION VECTOR 26030.
LAT...LON 31369169 34998991 34998762
31368948
THIS IS AN APPROXIMATION TO THE
WATCH AREA. FOR A COMPLETE
DEPICTION OF THE WATCH SEE
WOUS64 KWNS FOR WOU2.
2. Public Severe Thunderstorm Watch Notification Messages describe areas of
expected severe thunderstorms. (Severe
thunderstorm criteria are 1-inch hail or
larger and/or wind gusts of 50 knots
[58 mph] or greater). A Public Severe
Thunderstorm Watch Notification Message
contains the area description and axis, the
watch expiration time, a description of
hail size and thunderstorm wind gusts
expected, the definition of the watch, a call
to action statement, a list of other valid
watches, a brief discussion of meteorological reasoning and technical information for
the aviation community.
3. Public Tornado Watch Notification Messages describe areas where the threat of
tornadoes exists. A Public Tornado Watch
Notification Message contains the area
description and axis, watch expiration time,
the term “damaging tornadoes,” a description of the largest hail size and strongest
thunderstorm wind gusts expected, the
definition of the watch, a call to action
statement, a list of other valid watches,
a brief discussion of meteorological reasoning and technical information for the
aviation community. SPC may enhance
a Public Tornado Watch Notification Message by using the words “THIS IS A PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS SITUATION”
when there is a likelihood of multiple strong
(damage of EF2 or EF3) or violent (damage of EF4 or EF5) tornadoes.
4. Public severe thunderstorm and tornado
watch notification messages were formerly
known as the Severe Weather Watch Bulletins (WW). The NWS no longer uses that
title or acronym for this product but retains
WW in the product header for processing
by weather data systems.
EXAMPLE: Example of a Public Tornado
Watch Notification Message:
WWUS20 KWNS 050550
SEL2
SPC WW 051750
1 JUL 16
URGENT – IMMEDIATE BROADCAST
REQUESTED TORNADO WATCH NUMBER 243
NWS STORM PREDICTION CENTER
NORMAN OK 1250 AM CDT MON MAY 5
2011
THE NWS STORM PREDICTION CENTER HAS ISSUED A
*TORNADO WATCH FOR PORTIONS OF
WESTERN AND CENTRAL ARKANSAS
SOUTHERN MISSOURI
FAR EASTERN OKLAHOMA
*EFFECTIVE THIS MONDAY MORNING
FROM 1250 AM UNTIL 600 AM CDT.
...THIS IS A PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS SITUATION...
*PRIMARY THREATS INCLUDE
NUMEROUS INTENSE TORNADOES
LIKELY
NUMEROUS SIGNIFICANT DAMAGING
WIND GUSTS TO 80 MPH LIKELY
NUMEROUS VERY LARGE HAIL TO
4 INCHES IN DIAMETER LIKELY
THE TORNADO WATCH AREA IS
APPROXIMATELY
ALONG
AND
100 STATUTE MILES EAST AND WEST
OF A LINE FROM 15 MILES WEST
NORTHWEST OF FORT LEONARD
WOOD MISSOURI TO 45 MILES SOUTHWEST OF HOT SPRINGS ARKANSAS.
FOR A COMPLETE DEPICTION OF
THE WATCH SEE THE ASSOCIATED
WATCH OUTLINE UPDATE (WOUS64
KWNS WOU2). REMEMBER...A TORNADO WATCH MEANS CONDITIONS
ARE FAVORABLE FOR TORNADOES
AND SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS IN
AND CLOSE TO THE WATCH AREA.
PERSONS IN THESE AREAS SHOULD
BE ON THE LOOKOUT FOR THREATENING WEATHER CONDITIONS AND
LISTEN FOR LATER STATEMENTS AND
POSSIBLE WARNINGS.
OTHER WATCH INFORMATION...THIS
TORNADO WATCH REPLACES TORNADO WATCH NUMBER 237. WATCH
NUMBER 237 WILL NOT BE IN EFFECT
AFTER
1250
AM
CDT.
CONTINUE...
WW 239...WW 240...WW 241...WW 242...
DISCUSSION...SRN
MO
SQUALL
LINE
EXPECTED
TO
CONTINUE
EWD...WHERE
LONG/HOOKED
HODOGRAPHS SUGGEST THREAT
FOR EMBEDDED SUPERCELLS/POSSIBLE TORNADOES. FARTHER S...MORE
WIDELY SCATTERED
SUPERCELLS WITH A THREAT FOR
TORNADOES WILL PERSIST IN VERY
STRONGLY DEEP SHEARED/LCL ENVIRONMENT IN AR.
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1 JUL 16
AVIATION...TORNADOES AND A FEW
SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS WITH HAIL
SURFACE AND ALOFT TO 4 INCHES.
EXTREME TURBULENCE AND SURFACE WIND GUSTS TO 70 KNOTS. A
FEW CUMULONIMBI WITH MAXIMUM
TOPS TO 500. MEAN STORM MOTION
VECTOR 26045.
5. Status reports are issued as needed to
show progress of storms and to delineate
areas no longer under the threat of severe
storm activity. Cancellation bulletins are
issued when it becomes evident that no
severe weather will develop or that storms
have subsided and are no longer severe.
h. Center Weather Advisories (CWAs)
1. CWAs are unscheduled inflight, flow control, air traffic, and air crew advisory. By
nature of its short lead time, the CWA is
not a flight planning product. It is generally
a nowcast for conditions beginning within
the next two hours. CWAs will be issued:
(a) As a supplement to an existing
SIGMET, Convective SIGMET or
AIRMET.
(b) When an Inflight Advisory has
not been issued but observed or
expected weather conditions meet
SIGMET/AIRMET criteria based on
current pilot reports and reinforced
by other sources of information about
existing meteorological conditions.
(c) When observed or developing
weather conditions do not meet
SIGMET, Convective SIGMET, or
AIRMET criteria; e.g., in terms of
intensity or area coverage, but current pilot reports or other weather
information sources indicate that
existing or anticipated meteorological phenomena will adversely affect
the safe flow of air traffic within the
ARTCC area of responsibility.
2. The following example is a CWA issued
from the Kansas City, Missouri, ARTCC.
The “3” after ZKC in the first line denotes
this CWA has been issued for the third
weather phenomena to occur for the day.
The “301” in the second line denotes the
phenomena number again (3) and the
issuance number (01) for this phenomena.
The CWA was issued at 2140Z and is valid
until 2340Z.
EXAMPLE: ZKC3 CWA 032140
ZKC CWA 301 VALID UNTIL 032340
ISOLD SVR TSTM over KCOU MOVG
SWWD 10 KTS ETC.
7-1-6
CATEGORICAL OUTLOOKS
a. Categorical outlook terms, describing general
ceiling and visibility conditions for advanced
planning purposes are used only in area forecasts and are defined as follows:
1. LIFR (Low IFR). Ceiling less than 500 feet
and/or visibility less than 1 mile.
METEOROLOGY
US-13
2. IFR. Ceiling 500 to less than 1,000 feet
and/or visibility 1 to less than 3 miles.
3. MVFR (Marginal VFR). Ceiling 1,000 to
3,000 feet and/or visibility 3 to 5 miles inclusive.
4. VFR. Ceiling greater than 3,000 feet and
visibility greater than 5 miles; includes sky
clear.
b. The cause of LIFR, IFR, or MVFR is indicated by
either ceiling or visibility restrictions or both. The
contraction “CIG” and/or weather and obstruction to vision symbols are used. If winds or gusts
of 25 knots or greater are forecast for the outlook
period, the word “WIND” is also included for all
categories including VFR.
EXAMPLE:
1. LIFR CIG—low IFR due to low ceiling.
2. IFR FG—IFR due to visibility restricted by
fog.
3. MVFR CIG HZ FU—marginal VFR due to
both ceiling and visibility restricted by haze
and smoke.
4. IFR CIG RA WIND—IFR due to both low
ceiling and visibility restricted by rain; wind
expected to be 25 knots or greater.
7-1-7
TELEPHONE INFORMATION
BRIEFING SERVICE (TIBS)
a. TIBS, provided by FSS, is a system of automated telephone recordings of meteorological
and aeronautical information available throughout the United States. Based on the specific
needs of each area, TIBS provides route and/or
area briefings in addition to airspace procedures
and special announcements concerning aviation interests that may be available. Depending on user demand, other items may be provided; for example, surface weather observations, terminal forecasts, wind and temperatures
aloft forecasts, etc.
b. TIBS is not intended to be a substitute for specialist-provided preflight briefings from FSS.
TIBS is recommended as a preliminary briefing
and often will be valuable in helping you to make
a “go” or “no go” decision.
c. Pilots are encouraged to utilize TIBS, which can
be accessed by dialing the FSS toll-free telephone number, 1-800-WX-BRIEF (992-7433)
or specific published TIBS telephone numbers
in certain areas. Consult the “FSS Telephone
Numbers” section of the Chart Supplement U.S.
or the Chart Supplement Alaska or Pacific.
NOTE: A touch-tone telephone is necessary to fully
utilize TIBS.
7-1-8
TRANSCRIBED WEATHER
BROADCAST (TWEB)
(Alaska Only)
Equipment is provided in Alaska by which meteorological and aeronautical data are recorded on
tapes and broadcast continuously over selected
L/MF and VOR facilities. Broadcasts are made from
a series of individual tape recordings, and changes,
as they occur, are transcribed onto the tapes. The
information provided varies depending on the type
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METEOROLOGY
equipment available. Generally, the broadcast contains a summary of adverse conditions, surface
weather observations, pilot weather reports, and a
density altitude statement (if applicable). At the discretion of the broadcast facility, recordings may also
include a synopsis, winds aloft forecast, en route and
terminal forecast data, and radar reports. At selected
locations, telephone access to the TWEB has been
provided (TEL-TWEB). Telephone numbers for this
service are found in the Chart Supplement Alaska.
These broadcasts are made available primarily for
preflight and inflight planning, and as such, should
not be considered as a substitute for specialist−provided preflight briefings.
7-1-9
INFLIGHT WEATHER
BROADCASTS
a. Weather Advisory Broadcasts. ARTCCs
broadcast a Severe Weather Forecast Alert
(AWW), Convective SIGMET, SIGMET, or CWA
alert once on all frequencies, except emergency, when any part of the area described
is within 150 miles of the airspace under their
jurisdiction. These broadcasts contain SIGMET
or CWA (identification) and a brief description of
the weather activity and general area affected.
EXAMPLE:
1. Attention all aircraft, SIGMET Delta Three,
from Myton to Tuba City to Milford, severe
turbulence and severe clear icing below
one zero thousand feet. Expected to continue beyond zero three zero zero zulu.
2. Attention all aircraft, convective SIGMET
Two Seven Eastern. From the vicinity of
Elmira to Phillipsburg. Scattered embedded thunderstorms moving east at one
zero knots. A few intense level five cells,
maximum tops four five zero.
3. Attention all aircraft, Kansas City Center
weather advisory one zero three. Numerous reports of moderate to severe icing
from eight to niner thousand feet in a three
zero mile radius of St. Louis. Light or negative icing reported from four thousand
to one two thousand feet remainder of
Kansas City Center area.
NOTE:
1. Terminal control facilities have the option to
limit the AWW, convective SIGMET, SIGMET, or CWA broadcast as follows: local
control and approach control positions may
opt to broadcast SIGMET or CWA alerts
only when any part of the area described is
within 50 miles of the airspace under their
jurisdiction.
2. In areas where HIWAS is available,
ARTCC, Terminal ATC, and FSS facilities no longer broadcast Inflight Weather
Advisories as described above in paragraph a. See paragraphs b1 and b2 below.
b. Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS). HIWAS is an automated, continuous broadcast of inflight weather advisories,
provided by FSS over select VOR outlets,
which include the following weather products:
AWW, SIGMET, Convective SIGMET, CWA,
1 JUL 16
AIRMET (text [WA] or graphical [G-AIRMET]
products), and urgent PIREP. HIWAS is available throughout the conterminous United States
as an additional source of hazardous weather
information. HIWAS does not replace preflight
or inflight weather briefings from FSS. Pilots
should call FSS if there are any questions about
weather that is different than forecasted or if the
HIWAS broadcast appears to be in error.
1. Where HIWAS is available, ARTCC and
terminal ATC facilities will broadcast, upon
receipt, a HIWAS alert once on all frequencies, except emergency frequencies.
Included in the broadcast will be an alert
announcement, frequency instruction,
number, and type of advisory updated;
for example, AWW, SIGMET, Convective
SIGMET, or CWA.
EXAMPLE: Attention all aircraft. Hazardous weather information (SIGMET,
Convective SIGMET, AIRMET (text [WA]
or graphical [G-AIRMET] product), Urgent
Pilot Weather Report [UUA], or Center
Weather Advisory [CWA], Number or Numbers) for (geographical area) available on
HIWAS or Flight Service frequencies.
2. Upon notification of an update to HIWAS,
FSS will broadcast a HIWAS update
announcement once on all frequencies
except emergency frequencies. Included
in the broadcast will be the type of advisory updated; for example, AWW, SIGMET,
Convective SIGMET, CWA, etc.
EXAMPLE: Attention all aircraft. Hazardous weather information for (geographical area) available from Flight Service.
3. HIWAS availability is notated with VOR listings in the Chart Supplement U.S., and
is shown by symbols on IFR Enroute Low
Altitude Charts and VFR Sectional Charts.
The symbol depiction is identified in the
chart legend.
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METEOROLOGY
1 JUL 16
US-15
FIGURE 7-1-4
G-AIRMET Graphical Product
AWC Home • Experimental G-ARMET Product Display
Ceiling & Visibility
Turb High
Turb Low
Icing
?
Mountain Obscuration
Low Level Wind Shear
Surface Winds
Freezing Level
Clear
Slower Loop speed
Play
Faster
12Z
A-ATRMFT
15Z
18Z
21Z
VALID: 1200 UTC WED 06 MAY 2009
Example G-AIRMET
Valid at 1200Z on May 6, 2009
Displaying:
Low Level Turbulence
Icing
ISSUED: 0845 UTC WED 06 MAY 2009
ISSUED: 0846 UTC WED 06 MAY 2009
AWC Home • Experimental G-ARMET Product Display
Ceiling & Visibility
Turb High
Turb Low
Icing
?
Mountain Obscuration
Low Level Wind Shear
Surface Winds
Freezing Level
Clear
Slower Loop speed
Play
Faster
12Z
A-ATRMFT
15Z
18Z
21Z
VALID: 1500 UTC WED 06 MAY 2009
Example G-AIRMET
Valid at 1500Z on May 6, 2009
Displaying:
Low Level Turbulence
Icing
ISSUED: 0845 UTC WED 06 MAY 2009
ISSUED: 0846 UTC WED 06 MAY 2009
AWC Home • Experimental G-ARMET Product Display
Ceiling & Visibility
Turb High
Turb Low
Icing
?
Mountain Obscuration
Low Level Wind Shear
Surface Winds
Freezing Level
Clear
Slower Loop speed
Faster
Play
A-ATRMFT
12Z
15Z
18Z
21Z
VALID 1800 UTC WED 06 MAY 2009
Example G-AIRMET
Valid at 1800Z on May 6, 2009
Displaying:
Low Level Turbulence
Icing
ISSUED: 0845 UTC WED 06 MAY 2009
ISSUED: 1445 UTC WED 06 MAY 2009
1398194369102
7-1-10
FLIGHT INFORMATION
SERVICES (FIS)
a. FIS. FIS is a method of disseminating meteorological (MET) and aeronautical information (AI)
to displays in the cockpit in order to enhance
pilot situational awareness, provide decision
support tools, and improve safety. FIS augments traditional pilot voice communication with
Flight Service Stations (FSSs), ATC facilities,
or Airline Operations Control Centers (AOCCs).
FIS is not intended to replace traditional pilot
and controller/flight service specialist/aircraft
dispatcher preflight briefings or inflight voice
communications. FIS, however, can provide
textual and graphical information that can help
abbreviate and improve the usefulness of such
communications. FIS enhances pilot situational
awareness and improves safety.
1. Data link Service Providers (DLSP) —
DLSP deploy and maintain airborne,
ground-based, and, in some cases,
space-based infrastructure that supports
the transmission of AI/MET information
over one or more physical links. DLSP may
provide a free of charge or for-fee service
that permits end users to uplink and downlink AI/MET and other information. The
following are examples of DLSP:
(a) FAA FIS-B. A ground-based broadcast service provided through the
ADS-B Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) network. The service
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US-16
METEOROLOGY
provides users with a 978 MHz data
link capability when operating within
range and line-of-sight of a transmitting ground station. FIS-B enables
users of properly equipped aircraft
to receive and display a suite of
broadcast weather and aeronautical
information products.
(b) Non-FAA FIS Systems. Several commercial vendors provide customers
with FIS data over both the aeronautical spectrum and on other frequencies using a variety of data
link protocols. Services available
from these providers vary greatly
and may include tier based subscriptions. Advancements in bandwidth technology permits preflight as
well as inflight access to the same
MET and AI information available
on the ground. Pilots and operators using non-FAA FIS for MET
and AI information should be knowledgeable regarding the weather
services being provided as some
commercial vendors may be repackaging NWS sourced weather, while
other commercial vendors may alter
the weather information to produce
vendor-tailored or vendor-specific
weather reports and forecasts.
2. Three Data Link Modes. There are three
data link modes that may be used for transmitting AI and MET information to aircraft.
The intended use of the AI and/or MET
information will determine the most appropriate data link service.
(a) Broadcast Mode: A one-way interaction in which AI and/or MET updates
or changes applicable to a designated geographic area are continuously transmitted (or transmitted
at repeated periodic intervals) to
all aircraft capable of receiving the
broadcast within the service volume
defined by the system network architecture.
(b) Contract/Demand Mode: A two-way
interaction in which AI and/or MET
information is transmitted to an
aircraft in response to a specific
request.
(c) Contract/Update Mode: A two-way
interaction that is an extension of
the Demand Mode. Initial AI and/or
MET report(s) are sent to an aircraft
and subsequent updates or changes
to the AI and/or MET information
that meet the contract criteria are
automatically or manually sent to an
aircraft.
3. To ensure airman compliance with Federal
Aviation Regulations, manufacturer’s operating manuals should remind airmen to
contact ATC controllers, FSS specialists,
operator dispatchers, or airline operations
control centers for general and mission
1 JUL 16
critical aviation weather information and/or
NAS status conditions (such as NOTAMs,
Special Use Airspace status, and other
government flight information). If FIS products are systemically modified (for example, are displayed as abbreviated plain text
and/or graphical depictions), the modification process and limitations of the resultant
product should be clearly described in the
vendor’s user guidance.
4. Operational Use of FIS. Regardless of the
type of FIS system being used, several factors must be considered when using FIS:
(a) Before using FIS for inflight operations, pilots and other flight
crewmembers should become familiar with the operation of the FIS
system to be used, the airborne
equipment to be used, including
its system architecture, airborne
system components, coverage service volume and other limitations
of the particular system, modes of
operation and indications of various
system failures. Users should also
be familiar with the specific content
and format of the services available
from the FIS provider(s). Sources
of information that may provide this
specific guidance include manufacturer’s manuals, training programs,
and reference guides.
(b) FIS should not serve as the sole
source of aviation weather and
other operational information. ATC,
FSSs, and, if applicable, AOCC
VHF/HF voice remain as a redundant method of communicating aviation weather, NOTAMs, and other
operational information to aircraft in
flight. FIS augments these traditional
ATC/FSS/AOCC services and, for
some products, offers the advantage of being displayed as graphical
information. By using FIS for orientation, the usefulness of information
received from conventional means
may be enhanced. For example,
FIS may alert the pilot to specific
areas of concern that will more accurately focus requests made to FSS
or AOCC for inflight updates or similar queries made to ATC.
(c) The airspace and aeronautical environment is constantly changing.
These changes occur quickly and
without warning. Critical operational
decisions should be based on use
of the most current and appropriate data available. When differences
exist between FIS and information
obtained by voice communication
with ATC, FSS, and/or AOCC (if
applicable), pilots are cautioned to
use the most recent data from the
most authoritative source.
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1 JUL 16
(d) FIS aviation weather products (for
example, graphical ground-based
radar precipitation depictions) are
not appropriate for tactical (typical
timeframe of less than 3 minutes)
avoidance of severe weather such as
negotiating a path through a weather
hazard area. FIS supports strategic (typical timeframe of 20 minutes
or more) weather decision making
such as route selection to avoid a
weather hazard area in its entirety.
The misuse of information beyond its
applicability may place the pilot and
aircraft in jeopardy. In addition, FIS
should never be used in lieu of an
individual preflight weather and flight
planning briefing.
(e) DLSP offer numerous MET and AI
products with information that can be
layered on top of each other. Pilots
need to be aware that too much information can have a negative effect on
their cognitive work load. Pilots need
to manage the amount of information
to a level that offers the most pertinent information to that specific flight
without creating a cockpit distraction.
Pilots may need to adjust the amount
of information based on numerous
factors including, but not limited to,
the phase of flight, single pilot operation, autopilot availability, class of
airspace, and the weather conditions
encountered.
(f) FIS NOTAM products, including Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) information, are advisory-use information and are intended for situational
awareness purposes only. Cockpit
displays of this information are not
appropriate for tactical navigation
— pilots should stay clear of any
geographic area displayed as a TFR
NOTAM. Pilots should contact FSSs
and/or ATC while en route to obtain
updated information and to verify the
cockpit display of NOTAM information.
(g) FIS supports better pilot decision
making by increasing situational
awareness. Better decision making
is based on using information from
a variety of sources. In addition to
FIS, pilots should take advantage of
other weather/NAS status sources,
including, briefings from Flight Service Stations, data from other air
traffic control facilities, airline operation control centers, pilot reports, as
well as their own observations.
(h) FAA’s Flight Information Service-Broadcast (FIS-B).
(1) FIS-B is a ground-based
broadcast service provided
through the FAA’s Automatic Dependent Surveil-
METEOROLOGY
US-17
lance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Services Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) network. The service provides users with a 978
MHz data link capability when
operating within range and
line-of-sight of a transmitting
ground station. FIS-B enables
users of properly-equipped
aircraft to receive and display
a suite of broadcast weather
and aeronautical information
products.
(2) The following list represents
the initial suite of text and
graphical products available
through FIS-B and provided
free-of-charge. Detailed information
concerning
FIS-B
meteorological products can
be found in Advisory Circular 00-45, Aviation Weather
Services, and AC 00-63, Use
of Cockpit Displays of Digital Weather and Aeronautical
Information. Information on
Special Use Airspace (SUA),
Temporary Flight Restriction
(TFR), and Notice to Airmen
(NOTAM) products can be
found in Chapters 3, 4 and
5 of this manual.
[a] Text: Aviation Routine Weather Report
(METAR)
and
Special Aviation Report
(SPECI);
[b] Text: Pilot Weather
Report (PIREP);
[c] Text: Winds and Temperatures Aloft;
[d] Text: Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF)
and amendments;
[e] Text: Notice to Airmen
(NOTAM) Distant and
Flight Data Center;
[f] Text/Graphic: Airmen’s
Meteorological Conditions (AIRMET);
[g] Text/Graphic:
Significant
Meteorological
Conditions (SIGMET);
[h] Text/Graphic: Convective SIGMET;
[i] Text/Graphic: Special
Use Airspace (SUA);
[j] Text/Graphic: Temporary Flight Restriction
(TFR) NOTAM; and
[k] Graphic:
NEXRAD
Composite Reflectivity
Products (Regional and
National).
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US-18
METEOROLOGY
(3) Users of FIS-B should familiarize themselves with the operational characteristics and limitations of the system, including: system architecture; service environment; product life
cycles; modes of operation;
and indications of system failure.
(4) FIS-B products are updated
and transmitted at specific
intervals based primarily on
product issuance criteria.
Update intervals are defined
as the rate at which the product data is available from the
source for transmission. Transmission intervals are defined
as the amount of time within
which a new or updated product transmission must be completed and/or the rate or repetition interval at which the product is rebroadcast. Update and
transmission intervals for each
product are provided in TBL
7-1-1.
(5) Where applicable, FIS-B products include a look-ahead
range expressed in nautical miles (NM) for three service domains: Airport Surface;
Terminal
Airspace;
and
Enroute/Gulf-of-Mexico
(GOMEX). TBL 7-1-2 provides
service domain availability and
look-ahead ranging for each
FIS-B product.
(6) Prior to using this capability, users should familiarize
themselves with the operation of FIS-B avionics by referencing the applicable User’s
Guides. Guidance concerning the interpretation of information displayed should be
obtained from the appropriate
avionics manufacturer.
(7) FIS-B
malfunctions
not
attributed to aircraft system
failures or covered by active
1 JUL 16
NOTAM should be reported by
radio or telephone to the nearest FSS facility.
b. Non-FAA FIS Systems. Several commercial
vendors also provide customers with FIS data
over both the aeronautical spectrum and on
other frequencies using a variety of data link
protocols. In some cases, the vendors provide
only the communications system that carries
customer messages, such as the Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System
(ACARS) used by many air carrier and other
operators.
1. Operators using non-FAA FIS data for
inflight weather and other operational
information should ensure that the products used conform to FAA/NWS standards.
Specifically, aviation weather and NAS status information should meet the following
criteria:
(a) The products should be either
FAA/NWS
“accepted”
aviation
weather reports or products, or
based on FAA/NWS accepted aviation weather reports or products. If
products are used which do not meet
this criteria, they should be so identified. The operator must determine
the applicability of such products to
their particular flight operations.
(b) In the case of a weather product
which is the result of the application of a process which alters the
form, function or content of the base
FAA/NWS accepted weather product(s), that process, and any limitations to the application of the resultant product, should be described in
the vendor’s user guidance material.
2. An example would be a NEXRAD radar
composite/mosaic map, which has been
modified by changing the scaling resolution. The methodology of assigning
reflectivity values to the resultant image
components should be described in the
vendor’s guidance material to ensure that
the user can accurately interpret the displayed data.
TABLE 7-1-1 FIS-B Over UAT Product Update and Transmission Intervals
Product
AIRMET
Convective SIGMET
METARs/SPECIs
NEXRAD Composite Reflectivity (CONUS)
NEXRAD Composite Reflectivity (Regional)
NOTAMs-D/FDC/TFR
PIREP
SIGMET
SUA Status
FIS-B Over UAT Service
Update Intervals1
As Available
As Available
1 minute/As Available
15 minutes
5 minutes
As Available
As Available
As Available
As Available
FIS-B Service
Transmission Intervals2
5 minutes
5 minutes
5 minutes
15 minutes
2.5 minutes
10 minutes
10 minutes
5 minutes
10 minutes
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METEOROLOGY
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US-19
TABLE 7-1-1 FIS-B Over UAT Product Update and Transmission Intervals (continued)
FIS-B Over UAT Service
Update Intervals1
8 Hours/As Available
12 Hours
12 Hours
Product
TAF/AMEND
Temperatures Aloft
Winds Aloft
FIS-B Service
Transmission Intervals2
10 minutes
10 minutes
10 minutes
1
The Update Interval is the rate at which the product data is available from the source.
2
The Transmission Interval is the amount of time within which a new or updated product transmission must be
completed and the rate or repetition interval at which the product is rebroadcast.
TABLE 7-1-2 Product Parameters for Low/Medium/High Altitude Tier Radios
Product
CONUS NEXRAD
CONUS NEXRAD
not provided
500 NM look-ahead
range
250 NM look-ahead
range
Medium Altitude
Tier
CONUS NEXRAD
imagery
750 NM look-ahead
range
375 NM look-ahead
range
Low Altitude Tier
Surface Radios
N/A
High Altitude Tier
TAF
100 NM look-ahead
range
250 NM look-ahead
range
375 NM look-ahead
range
AIRMET, SIGMET,
PIREP, and
SUA/SAA
Regional NEXRAD
100 NM look-ahead
range. PIREP/SUA/
SAA is N/A.
150 NM look-ahead
range
100 NM look-ahead
range
250 NM look-ahead
range
375 NM look-ahead
range
CONUS NEXRAD
imagery
1,000 NM
look-ahead range
CONUS: CONUS
Class B & C airport
METARs and 500
NM look-ahead
range
Outside of CONUS:
500 NM look-ahead
range
CONUS: CONUS
Class B & C airport
TAFs and 500 NM
look-ahead range
Outside of CONUS:
500 NM look-ahead
range
500 NM look-ahead
range
150 NM look-ahead
range
100 NM look-ahead
range
200 NM look-ahead
range
100 NM look-ahead
range
250 NM look-ahead
range
100 NM look-ahead
range
Winds & Temps Aloft 500 NM look-ahead
range
METAR
100 NM look-ahead
range
NOTAMs D, FDC,
and TFR
7-1-11
WEATHER OBSERVING
PROGRAMS
a. Manual Observations. With only a few exceptions, these reports are from airport locations staffed by FAA personnel who manually
observe, perform calculations, and enter these
observations into the (WMSCR) communication
system. The format and coding of these observations are contained in paragraph 7-1-29, Key
to Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)
and Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF).
b. Automated Weather Observing System
(AWOS).
1. Automated weather reporting systems are
increasingly being installed at airports.
These systems consist of various sensors,
a processor, a computer-generated voice
subsystem, and a transmitter to broadcast local, minute-by-minute weather data
directly to the pilot.
NOTE: When the barometric pressure
exceeds 31.00 inches Hg., see paragraph
7-2-2, Procedures, for the altimeter setting
procedures.
2. The AWOS observations will include the
prefix “AUTO” to indicate that the data
are derived from an automated system.
Some AWOS locations will be augmented
by certified observers who will provide
weather and obstruction to vision information in the remarks of the report when
the reported visibility is less than 7 miles.
These sites, along with the hours of augmentation, are to be published in the Chart
Supplement U.S. [For telephone access
to AWOS stations, refer to the Jeppesen
Meteorology Section, Services and Telephone Numbers — United States and
Alaska.] Augmentation is identified in the
observation as “OBSERVER WEATHER.”
The AWOS wind speed, direction and
gusts, temperature, dew point, and altimeter setting are exactly the same as for
manual observations. The AWOS will also
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METEOROLOGY
report density altitude when it exceeds the
field elevation by more than 1,000 feet.
The reported visibility is derived from a
sensor near the touchdown of the primary instrument runway. The visibility
sensor output is converted to a visibility
value using a 10-minute harmonic average. The reported sky condition/ceiling
is derived from the ceilometer located
next to the visibility sensor. The AWOS
algorithm integrates the last 30 minutes
of ceilometer data to derive cloud layers
and heights. This output may also differ
from the observer sky condition in that the
AWOS is totally dependent upon the cloud
advection over the sensor site.
3. These real-time systems are operationally
classified into nine basic levels:
(a) AWOS-A only reports altimeter setting;
NOTE: Any other information is advisory only.
(b) AWOS-AV reports altimeter and visibility;
NOTE: Any other information is advisory only.
(c) AWOS-1 usually reports altimeter
setting, wind data, temperature, dew
point, and density altitude;
(d) AWOS-2 provides the information
provided by AWOS-1 plus visibility;
and
(e) AWOS-3 provides the information
provided by AWOS-2 plus cloud/ceiling data.
(f) AWOS-3P provides reports the
same as the AWOS 3 system, plus a
precipitation identification sensor.
(g) AWOS-3PT reports the same as the
AWOS 3P System, plus thunderstorm/lightning reporting capability.
(h) AWOS-3T reports the same as
AWOS 3 system and includes a thunderstorm/lightning reporting capability.
(i) AWOS-4 reports the same as the
AWOS 3 system, plus precipitation
occurrence, type and accumulation,
freezing rain, thunderstorm, and runway surface sensors.
4. The information is transmitted over a discrete VHF radio frequency or the voice
portion of a local NAVAID. AWOS transmissions on a discrete VHF radio frequency are engineered to be receivable
to a maximum of 25 NM from the AWOS
site and a maximum altitude of 10,000
feet AGL. At many locations, AWOS signals may be received on the surface of
the airport, but local conditions may limit
the maximum AWOS reception distance
and/or altitude. The system transmits a 20
to 30 second weather message updated
each minute. Pilots should monitor the
designated frequency for the automated
1 JUL 16
weather broadcast. A description of the
broadcast is contained in subparagraph c.
There is no two-way communication capability. Most AWOS sites also have a dial-up
capability so that the minute-by-minute
weather messages can be accessed via
telephone.
5. AWOS information (system level, frequency, phone number, etc.) concerning
specific locations is published, as the systems become operational, in the Chart
Supplement U.S., and where applicable,
on published Instrument Approach Procedures. Selected individual systems may
be incorporated into nationwide data collection and dissemination networks in the
future.
c. AWOS Broadcasts. Computer-generated voice
is used in AWOS to automate the broadcast of
the minute-by-minute weather observations. In
addition, some systems are configured to permit the addition of an operator-generated voice
message; e.g., weather remarks following the
automated parameters. The phraseology used
generally follows that used for other weather
broadcasts. Following are explanations and
examples of the exceptions.
1. Location and Time. The location/name
and the phrase “AUTOMATED WEATHER
OBSERVATION,” followed by the time are
announced.
(a) If the airport’s specific location is
included in the airport’s name, the
airport’s name is announced.
EXAMPLE: “Bremerton National Airport automated weather observation,
one four five six zulu;”
“Ravenswood Jackson County Airport automated weather observation,
one four five six zulu.”
(b) If the airport’s specific location is not
included in the airport’s name, the
location is announced followed by
the airport’s name.
EXAMPLE: “Sault Ste. Marie,
Chippewa County International Airport automated weather observation;”
“Sandusky, Cowley Field automated
weather observation.”
(c) The word “TEST” is added following
“OBSERVATION” when the system is
not in commissioned status.
EXAMPLE: “Bremerton National Airport automated weather observation
test, one four five six zulu.”
(d) The phrase “TEMPORARILY INOPERATIVE” is added when the system
is inoperative.
EXAMPLE: “Bremerton National Airport automated weather observing
system temporarily inoperative.”
2. Visibility.
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1 JUL 16
(a) The lowest reportable visibility value
in AWOS is “less than 1/4.” It is
announced as “VISIBILITY LESS
THAN ONE QUARTER.”
(b) A sensor for determining visibility is not included in some AWOS.
In these systems, visibility is not
announced. “VISIBILITY MISSING”
is announced only if the system is
configured with a visibility sensor
and visibility information is not available.
3. Weather. In the future, some AWOSs
are to be configured to determine the
occurrence of precipitation. However, the
type and intensity may not always be
determined. In these systems, the word
“PRECIPITATION” will be announced if
precipitation is occurring, but the type and
intensity are not determined.
4. Ceiling and Sky Cover.
(a) Ceiling is announced as either
“CEILING” or “INDEFINITE CEILING.” With the exception of indefinite ceilings, all automated ceiling
heights are measured.
EXAMPLE: “Bremerton National Airport automated weather observation,
one four five six zulu. Ceiling two
thousand overcast;”
“Bremerton National Airport automated weather observation, one
four five six zulu. Indefinite ceiling
two hundred, sky obscured.”
(b) The word “Clear” is not used in
AWOS due to limitations in the
height ranges of the sensors. No
clouds detected is announced as
“NO CLOUDS BELOW XXX” or, in
newer systems as “CLEAR BELOW
XXX” (where XXX is the range limit
of the sensor).
EXAMPLE: “No clouds below one
two thousand.”
“Clear below one two thousand.”
(c) A sensor for determining ceiling and
sky cover is not included in some
AWOS. In these systems, ceiling
and sky cover are not announced.
“SKY CONDITION MISSING” is
announced only if the system is configured with a ceilometer and the
ceiling and sky cover information is
not available.
5. Remarks. If remarks are included in the
observation, the word “REMARKS” is
announced following the altimeter setting.
(a) Automated “Remarks.”
(1) Density Altitude.
(2) Variable Visibility.
(3) Variable Wind Direction.
METEOROLOGY
US-21
(b) Manual Input Remarks. Manual
input remarks are prefaced with the
phrase “OBSERVER WEATHER.”
As a general rule the manual
remarks are limited to:
(1) Type and intensity of precipitation.
(2) Thunderstorms and direction;
and
(3) Obstructions to vision when
the visibility is 3 miles or less.
EXAMPLE: “Remarks ... density altitude, two thousand five
hundred ... visibility variable
between one and two ... wind
direction variable between two
four zero and three one zero ...
observed weather ... thunderstorm moderate rain showers
and fog ... thunderstorm overhead.”
(c) If an automated parameter is “missing” and no manual input for that
parameter is available, the parameter is announced as “MISSING.”
For example, a report with the dew
point “missing” and no manual input
available, would be announced as
follows:
EXAMPLE: “Ceiling one thousand
overcast ... visibility three ... precipitation ... temperature three zero, dew
point missing ... wind calm ... altimeter three zero zero one.”
(d) “REMARKS” are announced in the
following order of priority:
(1) Automated “REMARKS.”
[a] Density Altitude.
[b] Variable Visibility.
[c] Variable Wind Direction.
(2) Manual Input “REMARKS.”
[a] Sky Condition.
[b] Visibility.
[c] Weather and Obstructions to Vision.
[d] Temperature.
[e] Dew Point.
[f] Wind; and
[g] Altimeter Setting.
EXAMPLE: “Remarks
... density altitude, two
thousand five hundred
...
visibility
variable
between one and two
... wind direction variable between two four
zero and three one zero
... observer ceiling estimated two thousand
broken ... observer temperature two, dew point
minus five.”
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US-22
METEOROLOGY
d. Automated Surface Observing System
(ASOS)/Automated Weather Sensor System (AWSS). The ASOS/AWSS is the primary
surface weather observing system of the U.S.
(See Key to Decode an ASOS/AWSS (METAR)
Observation, FIG 7-1-5 and FIG 7-1-6.) The
program to install and operate these systems
throughout the U.S. is a joint effort of the NWS,
the FAA and the Department of Defense. AWSS
is a follow-on program that provides identical
data as ASOS. ASOS/AWSS is designed to
support aviation operations and weather forecast activities. The ASOS/AWSS will provide
continuous minute-by-minute observations and
perform the basic observing functions necessary to generate an aviation routine weather
report (METAR) and other aviation weather
information. The information may be transmitted over a discrete VHF radio frequency or the
voice portion of a local NAVAID. ASOS/AWSS
transmissions on a discrete VHF radio frequency are engineered to be receivable to a
maximum of 25 NM from the ASOS/AWSS site
and a maximum altitude of 10,000 feet AGL. At
many locations, ASOS/AWSS signals may be
received on the surface of the airport, but local
conditions may limit the maximum reception
distance and/or altitude. While the automated
system and the human may differ in their methods of data collection and interpretation, both
produce an observation quite similar in form and
content. For the “objective” elements such as
pressure, ambient temperature, dew point temperature, wind, and precipitation accumulation,
both the automated system and the observer
use a fixed location and time-averaging technique. The quantitative differences between
the observer and the automated observation of
these elements are negligible. For the “subjective” elements, however, observers use a fixed
time, spatial averaging technique to describe
the visual elements (sky condition, visibility and
present weather), while the automated systems
use a fixed location, time averaging technique.
Although this is a fundamental change, the manual and automated techniques yield remarkably
similar results within the limits of their respective
capabilities.
1. System Description.
(a) The ASOS/AWSS at each airport
location consists of four main components:
(1) Individual weather sensors.
(2) Data collection and processing
units.
(3) Peripherals and displays.
(b) The ASOS/AWSS sensors perform
the basic function of data acquisition. They continuously sample and
measure the ambient environment,
derive raw sensor data and make
them available to the collection and
processing units.
2. Every ASOS/AWSS will contain the following basic set of sensors:
1 JUL 16
(a) Cloud height indicator (one or possibly three).
(b) Visibility sensor (one or possibly
three).
(c) Precipitation identification sensor.
(d) Freezing rain sensor (at select sites).
(e) Pressure sensors (two sensors at
small airports; three sensors at large
airports).
(f) Ambient temperature/Dew point temperature sensor.
(g) Anemometer (wind direction and
speed sensor).
(h) Rainfall accumulation sensor.
3. The ASOS/AWSS data outlets include:
(a) Those necessary for on-site airport
users.
(b) National communications networks.
(c) Computer-generated voice (available through FAA radio broadcast to
pilots, and dial-in telephone line).
NOTE: Wind direction broadcast
over FAA radios is in reference to
magnetic north.
4. An ASOS/AWOS/AWSS report without
human intervention will contain only
that weather data capable of being
reported automatically. The modifier for
this METAR report is “AUTO.” When
an observer augments or backs-up an
ASOS/AWOS/AWSS site, the “AUTO”
modifier disappears.
5. There are two types of automated stations,
AO1 for automated weather reporting stations without a precipitation discriminator,
and AO2 for automated stations with a
precipitation discriminator. As appropriate,
“AO1” and “AO2” must appear in remarks.
(A precipitation discriminator can determine the difference between liquid and
frozen/freezing precipitation).
NOTE: To decode an ASOS/AWSS report,
refer to FIG 7-1-5 and FIG 7-1-6.
REFERENCE—A complete explanation
of METAR terminology is located in AIM,
Paragraph 7-1-29, Key to Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) and Aviation Routine Weather
Report (METAR).
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METAR: hourly (scheduled report; SPECI: special (unscheduled) report.
10-minute RVR value in hundreds of feet; reported if prevailing visibility is < one mile or
RVR <6000 feet; always appended with FT to indicate feet; value prefixed with M or P to
indicate value is lower or higher than the reportable RVR value.
RA: liquid precipitation that does not freeze; SN: frozen precipitation other than hail; UP:
precipitation of unknown type; intensity prefixed to precipitation: light (-), moderate (no sign),
heavy (+); FG: fog; FZFG: freezing fog (temperature below 0ºC); BR: mist; HZ: haze; SQ:
squall; maximum of three groups reported; augmented by observer: FC (funnel
cloud/tornado/waterspout); TS (thunderstorm); GR (hail); GS (small hail); <1/4 inch); FZRA
(intensity; freezing rain); VA (volcanic ash).
Cloud amount and height: CLR (no clouds detected below 12000 feet); FEW (few); SCT
(scattered); BKN (broken); OVC (overcast); followed by 3-digit height in hundreds of feet; or
vertical visibility (VV) followed by height for indefinite ceiling.
RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE
WEATHER PHENOMENA
SKY CONDITION
06/04
A2990
ALTIMETER
METEOROLOGY
Altimeter always prefixed with an A indicating inches of mercury; reported using four digits:
tens, units, tenths, and hundredths.
sub-zero values are prefixed with an M (minus).
TEMPERATURE/DEW POINT Each is reported in whole degrees Celsius using two digits; values are separated by a solidus;
BKN015 OVC025
-RA BR
R11/P6000FT
1SM
Prevailing visibility in statute miles and fractions (space between whole miles and fractions);
always appended with SM to indicate statute miles.
VISIBILITY
knots; as needed Gusts (character) followed by maximum observed speed; always appended
with KT to indicate knots; 00000KT for calm; if direction varies by 60º or more a Variable
wind direction group is reported.
AUTO
21016G24KT
108V240
Fully automated report, no human intervention; removed when observer signed-on.
REPORT MODIFIER
METAR
KABC
121755Z
WIND DIRECTION AND SPEED Direction in tens of degrees from true north (first three digits); next two digits: speed in whole
All dates and times in UTC using a 24-hour clock; two-digit date and four-digit time; always
appended with Z to indicate UTC.
Four alphabetic characters; ICAO location identifiers.
DATE/TIME
TYPE OF REPORT
STATION IDENTIFIER
METAR KABC 121755Z AUTO 21016G24KT 180V240 1SM R11/P6000FT-RA BR BKN015 OVC025 06/04 A2990
RMK A02 PK WND 20032/25 WSHFT 1715 VIS 3/4V1 1/2 VIS 3/4 RWY11 RAB07 CIG 013V017 CIG 017 RWY11 PRESFR
SLP125 P0003 60009 T00640036 10066 21012 58033 TSNO $
1 JUL 16
US-23
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FIGURE 7-1-5
Key to Decode an ASOS/AWSS (METAR) Observation (Front)
1398194369102
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METEOROLOGY
1 JUL 16
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FIGURE 7-1-6
Key to Decode an ASOS/AWSS (METAR) Observation (Back)
1398194369102
e. TBL 7-1-3 contains a comparison of weather
observing programs and the elements reported.
f. Service Standards. During 1995, a government/industry team worked to comprehensively
reassess the requirements for surface observations at the nation’s airports. That work resulted
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1 JUL 16
in agreement on a set of service standards,
and the FAA and NWS ASOS sites to which
the standards would apply. The term “Service
Standards” refers to the level of detail in weather
observation. The service standards consist of
four different levels of service (A, B, C, and D)
as described below. Specific observational elements included in each service level are listed
in TBL 7-1-4.
1. Service Level D defines the minimum
acceptable level of service. It is a completely automated service in which the
ASOS/AWSS observation will constitute
the entire observation, i.e., no additional
weather information is added by a human
observer. This service is referred to as a
stand alone D site.
2. Service Level C is a service in which
the human observer, usually an air traffic controller, augments or adds information to the automated observation.
Service Level C also includes backup
of ASOS/AWSS elements in the event
of an ASOS/AWSS malfunction or an
unrepresentative ASOS/AWSS report. In
backup, the human observer inserts the
correct or missing value for the automated
ASOS/AWSS elements. This service is
provided by air traffic controllers under
the Limited Aviation Weather Reporting
METEOROLOGY
US-25
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Station (LAWRS) process, FSS and NWS
observers, and, at selected sites, Non-Federal Observation Program observers.
Two categories of airports require detail
beyond Service Level C in order to
enhance air traffic control efficiency and
increase system capacity. Services at
these airports are typically provided
by contract weather observers, NWS
observers, and, at some locations, FSS
observers.
3. Service Level B is a service in which
weather observations consist of all elements provided under Service Level
C, plus augmentation of additional data
beyond the capability of the ASOS/AWSS.
This category of airports includes smaller
hubs or special airports in other ways that
have worse than average bad weather
operations for thunderstorms and/or freezing/frozen precipitation, and/or that are
remote airports.
4. Service Level A, the highest and most
demanding category, includes all the data
reported in Service Standard B, plus additional requirements as specified. Service
Level A covers major aviation hubs and/or
high volume traffic airports with average or
worse weather.
TABLE 7-1-3 Weather Observing Programs
1398194369102
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METEOROLOGY
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TABLE 7-1-4
1398194369102
7-1-12
WEATHER RADAR
SERVICES
a. The National Weather Service operates a network of radar sites for detecting coverage, intensity, and movement of precipitation. The network
is supplemented by FAA and DOD radar sites in
the western sections of the country. Local warning radar sites augment the network by operating on an as needed basis to support warning
and forecast programs.
b. Scheduled radar observations are taken hourly
and transmitted in alpha-numeric format on
weather telecommunications circuits for flight
planning purposes. Under certain conditions,
special radar reports are issued in addition
to the hourly transmittals. Data contained in
the reports are also collected by the National
Center for Environmental Prediction and used
to prepare national radar summary charts for
dissemination on facsimile circuits.
c. A clear radar display (no echoes) does not
mean that there is no significant weather within
the coverage of the radar site. Clouds and fog
are not detected by the radar. However, when
echoes are present, turbulence can be implied
by the intensity of the precipitation, and icing is
implied by the presence of the precipitation at
temperatures at or below zero degrees Celsius.
Used in conjunction with other weather products, radar provides invaluable information for
weather avoidance and flight planning.
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METEOROLOGY
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FIGURE 7-1-7
NEXRAD Coverage
1465591735292
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METEOROLOGY
1 JUL 16
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FIGURE 7-1-8
NEXRAD Coverage
1398194369102
FIGURE 7-1-9
NEXRAD Coverage
1398194369102
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d. All En Route Flight Advisory Service facilities
and FSSs have equipment to directly access
the radar displays from the individual weather
radar sites. Specialists at these locations are
trained to interpret the display for pilot briefing and inflight advisory services. The Center
Weather Service Units located in ARTCCs also
have access to weather radar displays and provide support to all air traffic facilities within their
center’s area.
e. Additional information on weather radar products and services can be found in AC 00-45, Aviation Weather Services.
REFERENCE—
Pilot/Controller Glossary Term — Precipitation
Radar Weather Description.
AIM, Paragraph 7-1-27, Thunderstorms.
Chart Supplement U.S., Charts, NWS Upper Air
Observing Stations and Weather Network for the
location of specific radar sites.
7-1-13
ATC INFLIGHT WEATHER
AVOIDANCE ASSISTANCE
a. ATC Radar Weather Display.
1. ATC radars are able to display areas of
precipitation by sending out a beam of
radio energy that is reflected back to the
radar antenna when it strikes an object
or moisture which may be in the form of
rain drops, hail, or snow. The larger the
object is, or the more dense its reflective
surface, the stronger the return will be presented. Radar weather processors indicate
the intensity of reflective returns in terms
of decibels (dBZ). ATC systems cannot
detect the presence or absence of clouds.
The ATC systems can often determine the
intensity of a precipitation area, but the
specific character of that area (snow, rain,
hail, VIRGA, etc.) cannot be determined.
For this reason, ATC refers to all weather
areas displayed on ATC radar scopes as
“precipitation.”
2. All ATC facilities using radar weather processors with the ability to determine precipitation intensity, will describe the intensity to pilots as:
(a) “LIGHT” (< 30 dBZ)
(b) “MODERATE” (30 to 40 dBZ)
(c) “HEAVY” (> 40 TO 50 dBZ)
(d) “EXTREME” (> 50 dBZ)
NOTE: Enroute ATC radar’s Weather and
Radar Processor (WARP) does not display
light precipitation intensity.
3. ATC facilities that, due to equipment limitations, cannot display the intensity levels
of precipitation, will describe the location
of the precipitation area by geographic
position, or position relative to the aircraft. Since the intensity level is not available, the controller will state “INTENSITY
UNKNOWN.”
METEOROLOGY
US-29
4. ARTCC facilities normally use a Weather
and Radar Processor (WARP) to display
a mosaic of data obtained from multiple
NEXRAD sites. There is a time delay
between actual conditions and those displayed to the controller. For example, the
precipitation data on the ARTCC controller’s display could be up to 6 minutes
old. When the WARP is not available, a
second system, the narrowband Air Route
Surveillance Radar (ARSR) can display
two distinct levels of precipitation intensity
that will be described to pilots as “MODERATE” (30 to 40 dBZ) and “HEAVY TO
EXTREME” (> 40 dBZ). The WARP processor is only used in ARTCC facilities.
5. ATC radar is not able to detect turbulence.
Generally, turbulence can be expected to
occur as the rate of rainfall or intensity of
precipitation increases. Turbulence associated with greater rates of rainfall/precipitation will normally be more severe than any
associated with lesser rates of rainfall/precipitation. Turbulence should be expected
to occur near convective activity, even in
clear air. Thunderstorms are a form of convective activity that imply severe or greater
turbulence. Operation within 20 miles of
thunderstorms should be approached with
great caution, as the severity of turbulence
can be markedly greater than the precipitation intensity might indicate.
b. Weather Avoidance Assistance.
1. To the extent possible, controllers will
issue pertinent information on weather or
chaff areas and assist pilots in avoiding
such areas when requested. Pilots should
respond to a weather advisory by either
acknowledging the advisory or by acknowledging the advisory and requesting an
alternative course of action as follows:
(a) Request to deviate off course by
stating a heading or degrees, direction of deviation, and approximate
number of miles. In this case, when
the requested deviation is approved,
navigation is at the pilot’s prerogative, but must maintain the altitude
assigned, and remain within the lateral restrictions issued by ATC.
(b) An approval for lateral deviation
authorizes the pilot to maneuver left
or right within the limits specified in
the clearance.
NOTE:
1. It is often necessary for ATC
to restrict the amount of lateral deviation (“twenty degrees
right,” “up to fifteen degrees
left,” “up to ten degrees left or
right of course”).
2. The term “when able, proceed
direct,” in an ATC weather deviation clearance, refers to the
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US-30
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
METEOROLOGY
pilot’s ability to remain clear of
the weather when returning to
course/route.
(c) Request a new route to avoid the
affected area.
(d) Request a change of altitude.
(e) Request radar vectors around the
affected areas.
For obvious reasons of safety, an IFR pilot
must not deviate from the course or altitude
or flight level without a proper ATC clearance. When weather conditions encountered are so severe that an immediate deviation is determined to be necessary and
time will not permit approval by ATC, the
pilot’s emergency authority may be exercised.
When the pilot requests clearance for a
route deviation or for an ATC radar vector,
the controller must evaluate the air traffic
picture in the affected area, and coordinate
with other controllers (if ATC jurisdictional
boundaries may be crossed) before replying to the request.
It should be remembered that the controller’s primary function is to provide safe
separation between aircraft. Any additional
service, such as weather avoidance assistance, can only be provided to the extent
that it does not derogate the primary
function. It’s also worth noting that the
separation workload is generally greater
than normal when weather disrupts the
usual flow of traffic. ATC radar limitations
and frequency congestion may also be a
factor in limiting the controller’s capability
to provide additional service.
It is very important, therefore, that the
request for deviation or radar vector be
forwarded to ATC as far in advance as
possible. Delay in submitting it may delay
or even preclude ATC approval or require
that additional restrictions be placed on
the clearance. Insofar as possible the following information should be furnished to
ATC when requesting clearance to detour
around weather activity:
(a) Proposed point where detour will
commence.
(b) Proposed route and extent of detour
(direction and distance).
(c) Point where original route will be
resumed.
(d) Flight conditions (IFR or VFR).
(e) Any further deviation that may
become necessary as the flight progresses.
(f) Advise if the aircraft is equipped with
functioning airborne radar.
To a large degree, the assistance that
might be rendered by ATC will depend
upon the weather information available to
controllers. Due to the extremely transitory
nature of severe weather situations, the
controller’s weather information may be
1 JUL 16
of only limited value if based on weather
observed on radar only. Frequent updates
by pilots giving specific information as
to the area affected, altitudes, intensity
and nature of the severe weather can be
of considerable value. Such reports are
relayed by radio or phone to other pilots
and controllers and also receive widespread teletypewriter dissemination.
7. Obtaining IFR clearance or an ATC radar
vector to circumnavigate severe weather
can often be accommodated more readily in the en route areas away from terminals because there is usually less congestion and, therefore, offer greater freedom
of action. In terminal areas, the problem
is more acute because of traffic density,
ATC coordination requirements, complex
departure and arrival routes, adjacent airports, etc. As a consequence, controllers
are less likely to be able to accommodate
all requests for weather detours in a terminal area or be in a position to volunteer such routing to the pilot. Nevertheless, pilots should not hesitate to advise
controllers of any observed severe weather
and should specifically advise controllers if
they desire circumnavigation of observed
weather.
c. Procedures for Weather Deviations and
Other Contingencies in Oceanic Controlled
Airspace.
1. When the pilot initiates communications with ATC, rapid response may be
obtained by stating “WEATHER DEVIATION REQUIRED” to indicate priority is
desired on the frequency and for ATC
response.
2. The pilot still retains the option of initiating
the communications using the urgency call
“PAN-PAN” 3 times to alert all listening parties of a special handling condition which
will receive ATC priority for issuance of a
clearance or assistance.
3. ATC will:
(a) Approve the deviation.
(b) Provide vertical separation and then
approve the deviation; or
(c) If ATC is unable to establish vertical separation, ATC must advise the
pilot that standard separation cannot
be applied; provide essential traffic
information for all affected aircraft,
to the extent practicable; and if possible, suggest a course of action.
ATC may suggest that the pilot climb
or descend to a contingency altitude (1,000 feet above or below
that assigned if operating above FL
290; 500 feet above or below that
assigned if operating at or below FL
290).
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METEOROLOGY
1 JUL 16
PHRASEOLOGY:
STANDARD SEPARATION NOT
AVAILABLE, DEVIATE AT PILOT’S
DISCRETION; SUGGEST CLIMB
(or descent) TO (appropriate altitude); TRAFFIC (position and altitude); REPORT DEVIATION COMPLETE.
4. The pilot will follow the ATC advisory altitude when approximately 10 NM from track
as well as execute the procedures detailed
in paragraph 7-1-13c5.
5. If contact cannot be established or revised
ATC clearance or advisory is not available
and deviation from track is required, the
pilot must take the following actions:
(a) If possible, deviate away from an
organized track or route system.
(b) Broadcast aircraft position and intentions on the frequency in use, as well
as on frequency 121.5 MHz at suitable intervals stating: flight identification (operator call sign), flight level,
track code or ATS route designator,
and extent of deviation expected.
(c) Watch for conflicting traffic both visually and by reference to TCAS (if
equipped).
(d) Turn on aircraft exterior lights.
(e) Deviations of less than 10 NM or
operations within COMPOSITE
(NOPAC and CEPAC) Airspace,
should REMAIN at ASSIGNED altitude. Otherwise, when the aircraft
is approximately 10 NM from track,
initiate an altitude change based on
the following criteria:
TABLE 7-1-5
Route
Centerline/
Track
East
000-179°M
Deviations >10
NM
Altitude
Change
Descend 300
Feet
Climb 300 Feet
West
Left
Climb 300 Feet
180-359°M
Right
Descend 300
Feet
Pilot Memory Slogan: “East right up, West right
down.”
Left
Right
(f) When returning to track, be at
assigned flight level when the aircraft is within approximately 10 NM
of centerline.
(g) If contact was not established prior
to deviating, continue to attempt to
contact ATC to obtain a clearance. If
contact was established, continue to
keep ATC advised of intentions and
obtain essential traffic information.
7-1-14
US-31
RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE
(RVR)
There are currently two configurations of RVR in the
NAS commonly identified as Taskers and New Generation RVR. The Taskers are the existing configuration which uses transmissometer technology. The
New Generation RVRs were deployed in November
1994 and use forward scatter technology. The New
Generation RVRs are currently being deployed in the
NAS to replace the existing Taskers.
a. RVR values are measured by transmissometers
mounted on 14-foot towers along the runway. A
full RVR system consists of:
1. Transmissometer projector and related
items.
2. Transmissometer receiver (detector) and
related items.
3. Analog
4. recorder.
5. Signal data converter and related items.
6. Remote digital or remote display programmer.
b. The transmissometer projector and receiver are
mounted on towers 250 feet apart. A known
intensity of light is emitted from the projector
and is measured by the receiver. Any obscuring matter such as rain, snow, dust, fog, haze or
smoke reduces the light intensity arriving at the
receiver. The resultant intensity measurement is
then converted to an RVR value by the signal
data converter. These values are displayed by
readout equipment in the associated air traffic
facility and updated approximately once every
minute for controller issuance to pilots.
c. The signal data converter receives information
on the high intensity runway edge light setting in
use (step 3, 4, or 5); transmission values from
the transmissometer and the sensing of day or
night conditions. From the three data sources,
the system will compute appropriate RVR values.
d. An RVR transmissometer established on a 250
foot baseline provides digital readouts to a minimum of 600 feet, which are displayed in 200 foot
increments to 3,000 feet and in 500 foot increments from 3,000 feet to a maximum value of
6,000 feet.
e. RVR values for Category IIIa operations extend
down to 700 feet RVR; however, only 600 and
800 feet are reportable RVR increments. The
800 RVR reportable value covers a range of 701
feet to 900 feet and is therefore a valid minimum
indication of Category IIIa operations.
f. Approach categories with the corresponding
minimum RVR values. (See TBL 7-1-6.)
TABLE 7-1-6 Approach Category/Minimum
RVR Table
Category
Nonprecision
Category I
Category II
Category IIIa
Visibility (RVR)
2,400 feet
1,800 feet*
1,000 feet
700 feet
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METEOROLOGY
TABLE 7-1-6 Approach Category/Minimum
RVR Table (continued)
Category
Visibility (RVR)
150 feet
Category IIIb
0 feet
Category IIIc
*1,400 feet with special equipment and
authorization
g. Ten minute maximum and minimum RVR values
for the designated RVR runway are reported in
the body of the aviation weather report when the
prevailing visibility is less than one mile and/or
the RVR is 6,000 feet or less. ATCTs report RVR
when the prevailing visibility is 1 mile or less
and/or the RVR is 6,000 feet or less.
h. Details on the requirements for the operational
use of RVR are contained in FAA AC 97-1, “Runway Visual Range (RVR).” Pilots are responsible for compliance with minimums prescribed for
their class of operations in the appropriate CFRs
and/or operations specifications.
i. RVR values are also measured by forward scatter meters mounted on 14-foot frangible fiberglass poles. A full RVR system consists of:
1. Forward scatter meter with a transmitter,
receiver and associated items.
2. A runway light intensity monitor (RLIM).
3. An ambient light sensor (ALS).
4. A data processor unit (DPU).
5. Controller display (CD).
j. The forward scatter meter is mounted on a
14-foot frangible pole. Infrared light is emitted from the transmitter and received by the
receiver. Any obscuring matter such as rain,
snow, dust, fog, haze or smoke increases the
amount of scattered light reaching the receiver.
The resulting measurement along with inputs
from the runway light intensity monitor and the
ambient light sensor are forwarded to the DPU
which calculates the proper RVR value. The
RVR values are displayed locally and remotely
on controller displays.
k. The runway light intensity monitors both the
runway edge and centerline light step settings
(steps 1 through 5). Centerline light step settings are used for CAT IIIb operations. Edge
Light step settings are used for CAT I, II, and
IIIa operations.
l. New Generation RVRs can measure and display
RVR values down to the lowest limits of Category IIIb operations (150 feet RVR). RVR values are displayed in 100 feet increments and are
reported as follows:
1. 100-feet increments for products below 800
feet.
2. 200-feet increments for products between
800 feet and 3,000 feet.
3. 500-feet increments for products between
3,000 feet and 6,500 feet.
4. 25-meter increments for products below
150 meters.
5. 50-meter increments for products between
150 meters and 800 meters.
1 JUL 16
6. 100-meter increments for products
between 800 meters and 1,200 meters.
7. 200-meter increments for products
between 1,200 meters and 2,000 meters.
7-1-15
REPORTING OF CLOUD
HEIGHTS
a. Ceiling, by definition in the CFRs and as used
in aviation weather reports and forecasts, is
the height above ground (or water) level of the
lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phenomenon that is reported as “broken,” “overcast,”
or “obscuration,” e.g., an aerodrome forecast
(TAF) which reads “BKN030” refers to height
above ground level. An area forecast which
reads “BKN030” indicates that the height is
above mean sea level.
REFERENCE—AIM, Paragraph 7-1-29, Key to
Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) and Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR), defines “broken,”
“overcast,” and “obscuration.”
b. Pilots usually report height values above MSL,
since they determine heights by the altimeter. This is taken in account when disseminating and otherwise applying information
received from pilots. (“Ceiling” heights are
always above ground level.) In reports disseminated as PIREPs, height references are given
the same as received from pilots, that is, above
MSL.
c. In area forecasts or inflight advisories, ceilings
are denoted by the contraction “CIG” when used
with sky cover symbols as in “LWRG TO CIG
OVC005,” or the contraction “AGL” after, the forecast cloud height value. When the cloud base
is given in height above MSL, it is so indicated
by the contraction “MSL” or “ASL” following the
height value. The heights of clouds tops, freezing level, icing, and turbulence are always given
in heights above ASL or MSL.
7-1-16
REPORTING PREVAILING
VISIBILITY
a. Surface (horizontal) visibility is reported in
METAR reports in terms of statute miles and
increments thereof; e.g., 1/16, 1/8, 3/16, 1/4,
5/ , 3/ , 1/ , 5/ , 3/ , 7/ , 1, 11/ , etc. (Visibility
16
8
2
8
4
8
8
reported by an unaugmented automated site
is reported differently than in a manual report,
i.e., ASOS/AWSS: 0, 1/16, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, 1, 11/4,
11/2, 13/4, 2, 21/2, 3, 4, 5, etc., AWOS: M1/4, 1/4,
1/ , 3/ , 1, 11/ , 1 1/ , 1 3/ , 2, 21/ , 3, 4, 5, etc.)
2
4
4
2
4
2
Visibility is determined through the ability to see
and identify preselected and prominent objects
at a known distance from the usual point of
observation. Visibilities which are determined
to be less than 7 miles, identify the obscuring
atmospheric condition; e.g., fog, haze, smoke,
etc., or combinations thereof.
b. Prevailing visibility is the greatest visibility
equaled or exceeded throughout at least one
half of the horizon circle, not necessarily contiguous. Segments of the horizon circle which
may have a significantly different visibility may
be reported in the remarks section of the
weather report; i.e., the southeastern quadrant
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of the horizon circle may be determined to be 2
miles in mist while the remaining quadrants are
determined to be 3 miles in mist.
c. When the prevailing visibility at the usual point
of observation, or at the tower level, is less than
4 miles, certificated tower personnel will take
visibility observations in addition to those taken
at the usual point of observation. The lower of
these two values will be used as the prevailing
visibility for aircraft operations.
7-1-17
ESTIMATING INTENSITY OF
RAIN AND ICE PELLETS
a. Rain
1. Light. From scattered drops that, regardless of duration, do not completely wet an
exposed surface up to a condition where
individual drops are easily seen.
2. Moderate. Individual drops are not clearly
identifiable; spray is observable just above
pavements and other hard surfaces.
3. Heavy. Rain seemingly falls in sheets;
individual drops are not identifiable;
heavy spray to height of several inches
is observed over hard surfaces.
b. Ice Pellets
1. Light. Scattered pellets that do not completely cover an exposed surface regardless of duration. Visibility is not affected.
2. Moderate. Slow accumulation on ground.
Visibility reduced by ice pellets to less than
7 statute miles.
3. Heavy. Rapid accumulation on ground.
Visibility reduced by ice pellets to less than
3 statute miles.
7-1-18
ESTIMATING INTENSITY OF
SNOW OR DRIZZLE (BASED
ON VISIBILITY)
a. Light. Visibility more than 1/2 statute mile.
b. Moderate. Visibility from more than 1/4 statute
mile to 1/2 statute mile.
c. Heavy. Visibility 1/4 statute mile or less.
7-1-19
PILOT WEATHER REPORTS
(PIREPs)
a. FAA air traffic facilities are required to solicit
PIREPs when the following conditions are
reported or forecast: ceilings at or below 5,000
feet; visibility at or below 5 miles (surface or
aloft); thunderstorms and related phenomena;
icing of light degree or greater; turbulence of
moderate degree or greater; wind shear and
reported or forecast volcanic ash clouds.
b. Pilots are urged to cooperate and promptly
volunteer reports of these conditions and other
atmospheric data such as: cloud bases, tops
and layers; flight visibility; precipitation; visibility
restrictions such as haze, smoke and dust; wind
at altitude; and temperature aloft.
c. PIREPs should be given to the ground facility
with which communications are established; i.e.,
FSS, ARTCC, or terminal ATC. One of the pri-
METEOROLOGY
US-33
mary duties of the Inflight position is to serve as
a collection point for the exchange of PIREPs
with en route aircraft.
d. If pilots are not able to make PIREPs by radio,
reporting upon landing of the inflight conditions
encountered to the nearest FSS or Weather
Forecast Office will be helpful. Some of the
uses made of the reports are:
1. The ATCT uses the reports to expedite the
flow of air traffic in the vicinity of the field
and for hazardous weather avoidance procedures.
2. The FSS uses the reports to brief other
pilots, to provide inflight advisories, and
weather avoidance information to en route
aircraft.
3. The ARTCC uses the reports to expedite
the flow of en route traffic, to determine
most favorable altitudes, and to issue hazardous weather information within the center’s area.
4. The NWS uses the reports to verify or
amend conditions contained in aviation
forecast and advisories. In some cases,
pilot reports of hazardous conditions are
the triggering mechanism for the issuance
of advisories. They also use the reports for
pilot weather briefings.
5. The NWS, other government organizations, the military, and private industry
groups use PIREPs for research activities
in the study of meteorological phenomena.
6. All air traffic facilities and the NWS forward
the reports received from pilots into the
weather distribution system to assure the
information is made available to all pilots
and other interested parties.
e. The FAA, NWS, and other organizations that
enter PIREPs into the weather reporting system use the format listed in TBL 7-1-7. Items 1
through 6 are included in all transmitted PIREPs
along with one or more of items 7 through 13.
Although the PIREP should be as complete and
concise as possible, pilots should not be overly
concerned with strict format or phraseology. The
important thing is that the information is relayed
so other pilots may benefit from your observation. If a portion of the report needs clarification, the ground station will request the information. Completed PIREPs will be transmitted to
weather circuits as in the following examples:
EXAMPLE:
1. KCMH UA /OV APE 230010/TM 1516/
FL085/TP BE20/SK BKN065/WX FV03SM
HZ FU/TA 20/TB LGT
NOTE:
1. One zero miles southwest of Appleton
VOR; time 1516 UTC; altitude eight thousand five hundred; aircraft type BE200;
bases of the broken cloud layer is six thousand five hundred; flight visibility 3 miles
with haze and smoke; air temperature 20
degrees Celsius; light turbulence.
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METEOROLOGY
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NOTE:
2. From 15 miles north of Beckley VOR to
Charleston VOR; time 1815 UTC; altitude 12,000 feet; type aircraft, BE-99; in
clouds; rain; temperature minus 8 Celsius; wind 290 degrees magnetic at 30
knots; light to moderate turbulence; light
rime icing during climb northwestbound
from Roanoke, VA, between 8,000 and
10,000 feet at 1750 UTC.
EXAMPLE:
2. KCRW
UV
/OV
KBKW
360015—KCRW/TM
1815/FL120//TP
BE99/SK IMC/WX RA/TA M08 /WV
290030/TB LGT—MDT/IC LGT RIME/RM
MDT MXD ICG DURC KROA NWBND
FL080—100 1750Z
TABLE 7-1-7 PIREP Element Code Chart
1.
PIREP ELEMENT
3-letter station identifier
2.
3.
4.
5.
Report type
Location
Time
Altitude
UA or UUA
/OV
/TM
/FL
CONTENTS
Nearest weather reporting location to the
reported phenomenon
Routine or Urgent PIREP
In relation to a VOR
Coordinated Universal Time
Essential for turbulence and icing reports
6.
Type Aircraft
/TP
Essential for turbulence and icing reports
7.
Sky cover
/SK
8.
Weather
/WX
9.
10.
Temperature
Wind
/TA
/WV
11.
12.
13.
Turbulence
Icing
Remarks
/TB
/IC
/RM
Cloud height and coverage (sky clear,
few, scattered, broken, or overcast)
Flight visibility, precipitation, restrictions
to visibility, etc.
Degrees Celsius
Direction in degrees magnetic north and
speed in knots
See AIM paragraph 7-1-22
See AIM paragraph 7-1-20
For reporting elements not included or to
clarify previously reported items
7-1-20
PIREP CODE
XXX
PIREPs RELATING TO
AIRFRAME ICING
a. The effects of ice on aircraft are cumulativethrust is reduced, drag increases, lift lessens,
and weight increases. The results are an
increase in stall speed and a deterioration
of aircraft performance. In extreme cases, 2 to
3 inches of ice can form on the leading edge
of the airfoil in less than 5 minutes. It takes
but 1/2 inch of ice to reduce the lifting power of
some aircraft by 50 percent and increases the
frictional drag by an equal percentage.
b. A pilot can expect icing when flying in visible precipitation, such as rain or cloud droplets, and the
temperature is between +02 and -10 degrees
Celsius. When icing is detected, a pilot should
do one of two things, particularly if the aircraft
is not equipped with deicing equipment; get out
of the area of precipitation; or go to an altitude
where the temperature is above freezing. This
“warmer” altitude may not always be a lower altitude. Proper preflight action includes obtaining
information on the freezing level and the above
freezing levels in precipitation areas. Report
icing to ATC, and if operating IFR, request new
routing or altitude if icing will be a hazard. Be
sure to give the type of aircraft to ATC when
reporting icing. The following describes how to
report icing conditions.
1. Trace. Ice becomes perceptible. Rate of
accumulation slightly greater than sublimation. Deicing/anti-icing equipment is not utilized unless encountered for an extended
period of time (over 1 hour).
2. Light. The rate of accumulation may create
a problem if flight is prolonged in this environment (over 1 hour). Occasional use of
deicing/anti-icing equipment removes/prevents accumulation. It does not present a
problem if the deicing/anti-icing equipment
is used.
3. Moderate. The rate of accumulation is
such that even short encounters become
potentially hazardous and use of deicing/anti-icing equipment or flight diversion
is necessary.
4. Severe. The rate of accumulation is such
that ice protection systems fail to remove
the accumulation of ice, or ice accumulates
in locations not normally prone to icing,
such as areas aft of protected surfaces and
any other areas identified by the manufacturer. Immediate exit from the condition is
necessary.
NOTE: Severe icing is aircraft dependent,
as are the other categories of icing intensity. Severe icing may occur at any accumulation rate.
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METEOROLOGY
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EXAMPLE: Pilot report: give aircraft identification, location, time (UTC), intensity of
type, altitude/FL, aircraft type, indicated air
speed (IAS), and outside air temperature
(OAT).
NOTE:
1. Rime ice. Rough, milky, opaque
ice formed by the instantaneous
freezing of small supercooled water
droplets.
US-35
2. Clear ice. A glossy, clear, or translucent ice formed by the relatively slow
freezing of large supercooled water
droplets.
3. The OAT should be requested by the
FSS or ATC if not included in the
PIREP.
7-1-21
DEFINITIONS OF INFLIGHT
ICING TERMS
See TBL 7-1-8, Icing Types, and TBL 7-1-9, Icing
Conditions.
TABLE 7-1-8 Icing Types
Clear Ice
Glaze Ice
Intercycle Ice
Known or Observed or
Detected Ice Accretion
Mixed Ice
Residual Ice
Rime Ice
Runback Ice
See Glaze Ice.
Ice, sometimes clear and smooth, but usually containing some air pockets, which
results in a lumpy translucent appearance. Glaze ice results from supercooled
drops/droplets striking a surface but not freezing rapidly on contact. Glaze ice
is denser, harder, and sometimes more transparent than rime ice. Factors,
which favor glaze formation, are those that favor slow dissipation of the heat of
fusion (i.e., slight supercooling and rapid accretion). With larger accretions, the
ice shape typically includes “horns” protruding from unprotected leading edge
surfaces. It is the ice shape, rather than the clarity or color of the ice, which is
most likely to be accurately assessed from the cockpit. The terms “clear” and
“glaze” have been used for essentially the same type of ice accretion, although
some reserve “clear” for thinner accretions which lack horns and conform to the
airfoil.
Ice which accumulates on a protected surface between actuation cycles of a
deicing system.
Actual ice observed visually to be on the aircraft by the flight crew or identified
by on-board sensors.
Simultaneous appearance or a combination of rime and glaze ice characteristics. Since the clarity, color, and shape of the ice will be a mixture of rime and
glaze characteristics, accurate identification of mixed ice from the cockpit may
be difficult.
Ice which remains on a protected surface immediately after the actuation of a
deicing system.
A rough, milky, opaque ice formed by the rapid freezing of supercooled
drops/droplets after they strike the aircraft. The rapid freezing results in air being
trapped, giving the ice its opaque appearance and making it porous and brittle.
Rime ice typically accretes along the stagnation line of an airfoil and is more
regular in shape and conformal to the airfoil than glaze ice. It is the ice shape,
rather than the clarity or color of the ice, which is most likely to be accurately
assessed from the cockpit.
Ice which forms from the freezing or refreezing of water leaving protected surfaces and running back to unprotected surfaces.
NOTE: Ice types are difficult for the pilot to discern and have uncertain effects on an airplane in flight. Ice type
definitions will be included in the AIM for use in the “Remarks” section of the PIREP and for use in forecasting.
TABLE 7-1-9 Icing Conditions
Appendix C Icing
Conditions
Appendix C (14 CFR, Part 25 and 29) is the certification icing condition standard
for approving ice protection provisions on aircraft. The conditions are specified
in terms of altitude, temperature, liquid water content (LWC), representative
droplet size (mean effective drop diameter [MED]), and cloud horizontal extent.
Forecast Icing Conditions Environmental conditions expected by a National Weather Service or an
FAA-approved weather provider to be conducive to the formation of inflight
icing on aircraft.
Freezing Drizzle (FZDZ)
Drizzle is precipitation at ground level or aloft in the form of liquid water drops
which have diameters less than 0.5 mm and greater than 0.05 mm. Freezing
drizzle is drizzle that exists at air temperatures less than 0°C (supercooled),
remains in liquid form, and freezes upon contact with objects on the surface
or airborne.
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METEOROLOGY
1 JUL 16
TABLE 7-1-9 Icing Conditions (continued)
Freezing Precipitation
Freezing precipitation is freezing rain or freezing drizzle falling through or
outside of visible cloud.
Freezing Rain (FZRA)
Rain is precipitation at ground level or aloft in the form of liquid water drops
which have diameters greater than 0.5 mm. Freezing rain is rain that exists
at air temperatures less than 0°C (supercooled), remains in liquid form, and
freezes upon contact with objects on the ground or in the air.
Icing in Cloud
Icing occurring within visible cloud. Cloud droplets (diameter < 0.05 mm) will be
present; freezing drizzle and/or freezing rain may or may not be present.
Icing in Precipitation
Icing occurring from an encounter with freezing precipitation, that is, supercooled
drops with diameters exceeding 0.05 mm, within or outside of visible cloud.
Known Icing Conditions
Atmospheric conditions in which the formation of ice is observed or detected in
flight.
NOTE: Because of the variability in space and time of atmospheric conditions, the
existence of a report of observed icing does not assure the presence or intensity
of icing conditions at a later time, nor can a report of no icing assure the absence
of icing conditions at a later time.
Potential Icing Conditions Atmospheric icing conditions that are typically defined by airframe manufacturers
relative to temperature and visible moisture that may result in aircraft ice accretion on the ground or in flight. The potential icing conditions are typically defined
in the Airplane Flight Manual or in the Airplane Operation Manual.
Supercooled Drizzle Drops Synonymous with freezing drizzle aloft.
(SCDD)
Supercooled Drops or
Water drops/droplets which remain unfrozen at temperatures below 0°C. Super/Droplets
cooled drops are found in clouds, freezing drizzle, and freezing rain in the atmosphere. These drops may impinge and freeze after contact on aircraft surfaces.
Supercooled Large Drops Liquid droplets with diameters greater than 0.05 mm at temperatures less than
0°C, i.e., freezing rain or freezing drizzle.
(SLD)
7-1-22
PIREPs RELATING TO
TURBULENCE
a. When encountering turbulence, pilots are
urgently requested to report such conditions
to ATC as soon as practicable. PIREPs relating
to turbulence should state:
1. Aircraft location.
2. Time of occurrence in UTC.
3. Turbulence intensity.
4. Whether the turbulence occurred in or
near clouds.
5. Aircraft altitude or flight level.
6. Type of aircraft.
7. Duration of turbulence.
EXAMPLE:
1. Over Omaha, 1232Z, moderate turbulence in clouds at Flight Level
three one zero, Boeing 707.
2. From five zero miles south of Albuquerque to three zero miles north of
Phoenix, 1250Z, occasional moderate chop at Flight Level three three
zero, DC8.
b. Duration and classification of intensity should be
made using TBL 7-1-10.
TABLE 7-1-10 Turbulence Reporting Criteria Table
Intensity
Light
Aircraft Reaction
Turbulence that momentarily
causes slight, erratic changes
in altitude and/or attitude (pitch,
roll, yaw). Report as Light
Turbulence;1
or
Turbulence that causes slight,
rapid and somewhat rhythmic
bumpiness without appreciable
changes in altitude or attitude.
Report as Light Chop.1
Reaction Inside Aircraft
Occupants may feel a slight
strain against seat belts or
shoulder straps. Unsecured
objects may be displaced
slightly. Food service may
be conducted and little or no
difficulty is encountered in
walking.
Reporting Term-Definition
Occasional — Less than 1/3 of
the time.
Intermittent — 1/3 to 2/3.
Continuous — More than 2/3.
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METEOROLOGY
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US-37
TABLE 7-1-10 Turbulence Reporting Criteria Table (continued)
Intensity
Moderate
Severe
Extreme
1
Aircraft Reaction
Turbulence that is similar to
Light Turbulence but of greater
intensity. Changes in altitude
and/or attitude occur but the
aircraft remains in positive
control at all times. It usually
causes variations in indicated
airspeed. Report as Moderate
Turbulence;1
or
Turbulence that is similar to
Light Chop but of greater
intensity. It causes rapid bumps
or jolts without appreciable
changes in aircraft altitude or
attitude. Report as Moderate
Chop.1
Turbulence that causes large,
abrupt changes in altitude
and/or attitude. It usually
causes large variations in
indicated airspeed. Aircraft may
be momentarily out of control.
Report as Severe Turbulence.1
Turbulence in which the aircraft
is violently tossed about and
is practically impossible to
control. It may cause structural
damage. Report as Extreme
Turbulence.1
Reaction Inside Aircraft
Reporting Term-Definition
Occupants feel definite strains NOTE:
against seat belts or shoulder
1. Pilots should report
straps. Unsecured objects are
location(s), time (UTC),
dislodged. Food service and
intensity, whether in or
walking are difficult.
near clouds, altitude,
type of aircraft and, when
applicable, duration of
turbulence.
2. Duration may be based on
time between two locations
or over a single location.
All locations should be
readily identifiable.
Occupants are forced violently EXAMPLE:
against seat belts or shoulder
a. Over Omaha. 1232Z,
straps. Unsecured objects are
Moderate Turbulence, in
tossed about. Food Service
cloud, Flight Level 310,
and walking are impossible.
B707.
b. From 50 miles south of
Albuquerque to 30 miles
north of Phoenix, 1210Z
to 1250Z, occasional
Moderate Chop, Flight
Level 330, DC8.
High level turbulence (normally above 15,000 feet ASL) not associated with cumuliform cloudiness, including thunderstorms,
should be reported as CAT (clear air turbulence) preceded by the appropriate intensity, or light or moderate chop.
7-1-23
WIND SHEAR PIREPs
a. Because unexpected changes in wind speed
and direction can be hazardous to aircraft operations at low altitudes on approach to and departing from airports, pilots are urged to promptly
volunteer reports to controllers of wind shear
conditions they encounter. An advance warning
of this information will assist other pilots in avoiding or coping with a wind shear on approach or
departure.
b. When describing conditions, use of the terms
“negative” or “positive” wind shear should be
avoided. PIREPs of “negative wind shear on
final,” intended to describe loss of airspeed and
lift, have been interpreted to mean that no wind
shear was encountered. The recommended
method for wind shear reporting is to state the
loss or gain of airspeed and the altitudes at
which it was encountered.
EXAMPLE:
1. Denver Tower, Cessna 1234 encountered
wind shear, loss of 20 knots at 400.
2. Tulsa Tower, American 721 encountered
wind shear on final, gained 25 knots
between 600 and 400 feet followed by
loss of 40 knots between 400 feet and
surface.
1. Pilots who are not able to report wind shear
in these specific terms are encouraged to
make reports in terms of the effect upon
their aircraft.
EXAMPLE: Miami Tower, Gulfstream 403
Charlie encountered an abrupt wind shear
at 800 feet on final, max thrust required.
2. Pilots using Inertial Navigation Systems
(INSs) should report the wind and altitude
both above and below the shear level.
7-1-24
CLEAR AIR TURBULENCE
(CAT) PIREPs
CAT has become a very serious operational factor to
flight operations at all levels and especially to jet traffic flying in excess of 15,000 feet. The best available
information on this phenomenon must come from
pilots via the PIREP reporting procedures. All pilots
encountering CAT conditions are urgently requested
to report time, location, and intensity (light, moderate,
severe, or extreme) of the element to the FAA facility
with which they are maintaining radio contact. If time
and conditions permit, elements should be reported
according to the standards for other PIREPs and
position reports.
REFERENCE—AIM, Paragraph 7-1-22, PIREPs
Relating to Turbulence.
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US-38
7-1-25
METEOROLOGY
MICROBURSTS
a. Relatively recent meteorological studies have
confirmed the existence of microburst phenomenon. Microbursts are small scale intense
downdrafts which, on reaching the surface,
spread outward in all directions from the downdraft center. This causes the presence of both
vertical and horizontal wind shears that can be
extremely hazardous to all types and categories
of aircraft, especially at low altitudes. Due to
their small size, short life span, and the fact that
they can occur over areas without surface precipitation, microbursts are not easily detectable
using conventional weather radar or wind shear
alert systems.
1 JUL 16
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b. Parent clouds producing microburst activity can
be any of the low or middle layer convective
cloud types. Note, however, that microbursts
commonly occur within the heavy rain portion
of thunderstorms, and in much weaker, benign
appearing convective cells that have little or no
precipitation reaching the ground.
c. The life cycle of a microburst as it descends in a
convective rain shaft is seen in FIG 7-1-10. An
important consideration for pilots is the fact that
the microburst intensifies for about 5 minutes
after it strikes the ground.
FIGURE 7-1-10
Evolution of a Microburst
1465591735292
d. Characteristics of microbursts include:
1. Size. The microburst downdraft is typically less than 1 mile in diameter as it
descends from the cloud base to about
1,000-3,000 feet above the ground. In the
transition zone near the ground, the downdraft changes to a horizontal outflow that
can extend to approximately 2 1/2 miles in
diameter.
2. Intensity. The downdrafts can be as strong
as 6,000 feet per minute. Horizontal winds
near the surface can be as strong as 45
knots resulting in a 90 knot shear (headwind to tailwind change for a traversing aircraft) across the microburst. These strong
horizontal winds occur within a few hundred feet of the ground.
3. Visual Signs. Microbursts can be found
almost anywhere that there is convective
activity. They may be embedded in heavy
rain associated with a thunderstorm or in
light rain in benign appearing virga. When
there is little or no precipitation at the sur-
face accompanying the microburst, a ring
of blowing dust may be the only visual clue
of its existence.
4. Duration. An individual microburst will seldom last longer than 15 minutes from the
time it strikes the ground until dissipation.
The horizontal winds continue to increase
during the first 5 minutes with the maximum
intensity winds lasting approximately 2-4
minutes. Sometimes microbursts are concentrated into a line structure, and under
these conditions, activity may continue
for as long as an hour. Once microburst
activity starts, multiple microbursts in the
same general area are not uncommon and
should be expected.
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METEOROLOGY
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US-39
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FIGURE 7-1-11
Microburst Encounter During Takeoff
1465591735292
e. Microburst wind shear may create a severe hazard for aircraft within 1,000 feet of the ground,
particularly during the approach to landing and
landing and take-off phases. The impact of a
microburst on aircraft which have the unfortunate experience of penetrating one is characterized in FIG 7-1-11. The aircraft may encounter
a headwind (performance increasing) followed
by a downdraft and tailwind (both performance
decreasing), possibly resulting in terrain impact.
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METEOROLOGY
1 JUL 16
q$i
FIGURE 7-1-12
NAS Wind Shear Product Systems
NAS Wind Shear Product Systems
BIL
MSP
ALB
BOS
SYR
PVD
BUF
BDL
MSN
HPN
LGA
LAN DTW
ISP
SUX
CID ORD
MDT
JFK
OMA
MLI MDW TOL CLE PIT
PHL EWR
DSM
CMH
PIA
BWI
LNK
IND
ADW
DEN
SPI
DAY CRW IAD
DCA
MCI
RIC
CVG
STL
ROA
ORF
COS
SDF LEX
SGF
ICT
GSO
TRP AVL
BNA TYS
CLT RDU
TUL
FSM LIT MEMCHA
FAY
GSP
ABQ
OKC
ATL
HSY
CAE
LBB
AGS
CHS
MLU JAN BHM
CSG
DFW
SAV
DAL
MAF
MGM
SHV
ELP
JAX
MOB
TLH
BTR
BSM
IAH
PNS
GNV DAB
MSY
MCO
HOU
TPA
SAT
PBI
SRQ
SJU
FLL
RSW
MIA
FSD
HNL
SLC
SFO
LAS
ONT
LAX
PHX
TUS
Wind Shear Systems
ASR-WSP
(33)
LLWAS-2
(39)
TDWR
(36)
Integrated TDWR/ (9)
LL WAS-NE
RST
GRB
MKE
ROC
GRR
HRL
1465591735292
f. Detection of Microbursts, Wind Shear and
Gust Fronts.
1. FAA’s Integrated Wind Shear Detection
Plan.
(a) The FAA currently employs an integrated plan for wind shear detection
that will significantly improve both
the safety and capacity of the majority of the airports currently served by
the air carriers. This plan integrates
several programs, such as the Integrated Terminal Weather System
(ITWS), Terminal Doppler Weather
Radar (TDWR), Weather System
Processor (WSP), and Low Level
Wind Shear Alert Systems (LLWAS)
into a single strategic concept that
significantly improves the aviation
weather information in the terminal
area. (See FIG 7-1-12.)
(b) The wind shear/microburst information and warnings are displayed on
the ribbon display terminals (RBDT)
located in the tower cabs. They are
identical (and standardized) in the
LLWAS, TDWR and WSP systems,
and so designed that the controller
does not need to interpret the data,
but simply read the displayed information to the pilot. The RBDTs are
constantly monitored by the controller to ensure the rapid and timely
dissemination of any hazardous
event(s) to the pilot.
(c) The early detection of a wind
shear/micro-burst event, and the
subsequent warning(s) issued to
an aircraft on approach or departure, will alert the pilot/crew to the
potential of, and to be prepared for,
a situation that could become very
dangerous! Without these warnings, the aircraft may NOT be able
to climb out of, or safely transition,
the event, resulting in a catastrophe. The air carriers, working with
the FAA, have developed specialized training programs using their
simulators to train and prepare their
pilots on the demanding aircraft procedures required to escape these
very dangerous wind shear and/or
microburst encounters.
2. Low Level Wind Shear Alert System
(LLWAS).
(a) The LLWAS provides wind data
and software processes to detect
the presence of hazardous wind
shear and microbursts in the vicinity of an airport. Wind sensors,
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METEOROLOGY
1 JUL 16
mounted on poles sometimes as
high as 150 feet, are (ideally) located
US-41
2,000 – 3,500 feet, but not more than
5,000 feet, from the centerline of the
runway. (See FIG 7-1-13.)
FIGURE 7-1-13
LLWAS Siting Criteria
1465591735292
(b) LLWAS was fielded in 1988 at 110
airports across the nation. Many of
these systems have been replaced
by new TDWR and WSP technology. Eventually all LLWAS systems
will be phased out; however, 39
airports will be upgraded to the
LLWAS-NE (Network Expansion)
system, which employs the very latest software and sensor technology.
The new LLWAS-NE systems will not
only provide the controller with wind
shear warnings and alerts, including
wind shear/microburst detection at
the airport wind sensor location, but
will also provide the location of the
hazards relative to the airport runway(s). It will also have the flexibility
and capability to grow with the airport as new runways are built. As
many as 32 sensors, strategically
located around the airport and in
relationship to its runway configuration, can be accommodated by the
LLWAS-NE network.
FIGURE 7-1-14
Warning Boxes
1465591735292
3. Terminal Doppler Weather Radar
(TDWR).
(a) TDWRs are being deployed at
45 locations across the U.S. Optimum locations for TDWRs are 8 to
12 miles off of the airport proper,
and designed to look at the airspace
around and over the airport to detect
microbursts, gust fronts, wind shifts
and precipitation intensities. TDWR
products advise the controller of wind
shear and microburst events impacting all runways and the areas 1/2 mile
on either side of the extended centerline of the runways out to 3 miles
on final approach and 2 miles out
on departure. (FIG 7-1-14 is a theoretical view of the warning boxes,
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US-42
METEOROLOGY
including the runway, that the software uses in determining the location(s) of wind shear or microbursts).
These warnings are displayed (as
depicted in the examples in subparagraph 5) on the RBDT.
(b) It is very important to understand
what TDWR does NOT DO:
(1) It DOES NOT warn of wind
shear outside of the alert
boxes (on the arrival and
departure ends of the runways);
(2) It DOES NOT detect wind
shear that is NOT a microburst
or a gust front;
(3) It DOES NOT detect gusty or
cross wind conditions; and
(4) It DOES NOT detect turbulence.
However, research and development
is continuing on these systems.
Future improvements may include
such areas as storm motion (movement), improved gust front detection,
storm growth and decay, microburst
prediction, and turbulence detection.
(c) TDWR also provides a geographical
situation display (GSD) for supervisors and traffic management specialists for planning purposes. The
GSD displays (in color) 6 levels of
weather (precipitation), gust fronts
and predicted storm movement(s).
This data is used by the tower supervisor(s), traffic management specialists and controllers to plan for
runway changes and arrival/departure route changes in order to both
reduce aircraft delays and increase
airport capacity.
4. Weather System Processor (WSP).
(a) The WSP provides the controller,
supervisor, traffic management specialist, and ultimately the pilot, with
the same products as the terminal
doppler weather radar (TDWR) at a
fraction of the cost of a TDWR. This
is accomplished by utilizing new
technologies to access the weather
channel capabilities of the existing
ASR-9 radar located on or near the
airport, thus eliminating the requirements for a separate radar location,
land acquisition, support facilities
and the associated communication
landlines and expenses.
(b) The WSP utilizes the same RBDT
display as the TDWR and LLWAS,
and, just like TDWR, also has a GSD
for planning purposes by supervisors, traffic management specialists
and controllers. The WSP GSD emulates the TDWR display, i.e., it also
depicts 6 levels of precipitation, gust
fronts and predicted storm move-
1 JUL 16
ment, and like the TDWR GSD, is
used to plan for runway changes
and arrival/departure route changes
in order to reduce aircraft delays and
to increase airport capacity.
(c) This system is currently under development and is operating in a developmental test status at the Albuquerque, New Mexico, airport. When
fielded, the WSP is expected to be
installed at 34 airports across the
nation, substantially increasing the
safety of the American flying public.
5. Operational aspects of LLWAS, TDWR
and WSP.
To demonstrate how this data is used by
both the controller and the pilot, 3 ribbon
display examples and their explanations
are presented:
(a) MICROBURST ALERTS
EXAMPLE: This is what the controller sees on his/her ribbon display
in the tower cab.
27A MBA 35K—2MF 250 20
NOTE: (See FIG 7-1-15 to see how
the TDWR/WSP determines the
microburst location).
This is what the controller will say
when issuing the alert.
PHRASEOLOGY:
RUNWAY
27
ARRIVAL,
MICROBURST ALERT, 35 KT
LOSS 2 MILE FINAL, THRESHOLD
WIND 250 AT 20.
In plain language, the controller is
telling the pilot that on approach
to runway 27, there is a microburst
alert on the approach lane to the
runway, and to anticipate or expect a
35 knot loss of airspeed at approximately 2 miles out on final approach
(where it will first encounter the
phenomena). With that information, the aircrew is forewarned, and
should be prepared to apply wind
shear/microburst escape procedures
should they decide to continue the
approach. Additionally, the surface
winds at the airport for landing runway 27 are reported as 250 degrees
at 20 knots.
NOTE: Threshold wind is at pilot’s
request or as deemed appropriate by
the controller.
REFERENCE—FAA Order 7110.65,
Paragraph 3-1-8b2(a), Air Traffic Control, Low Level Wind
Shear/Microburst Advisories.
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METEOROLOGY
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US-43
FIGURE 7-1-15
Microburst Alert
1398194369102
(b) WIND SHEAR ALERTS
EXAMPLE: This is what the controller sees on his/her ribbon display
in the tower cab.
27A WSA 20K—3MF 200 15
NOTE: (See FIG 7-1-16 to see how
the TDWR/WSP determines the
wind shear location).
This is what the controller will say
when issuing the alert.
PHRASEOLOGY:
RUNWAY 27 ARRIVAL, WIND
SHEAR ALERT, 20 KT LOSS 3 MILE
FINAL, THRESHOLD WIND 200 AT
15.
In plain language, the controller is
advising the aircraft arriving on runway 27 that at about 3 miles out
they can expect to encounter a wind
shear condition that will decrease
their airspeed by 20 knots and possibly encounter turbulence. Additionally, the airport surface winds for
landing runway 27 are reported as
200 degrees at 15 knots.
NOTE: Threshold wind is at pilot’s
request or as deemed appropriate by
the controller.
REFERENCE—FAA Order 7110.65,
Air Traffic Control, Low Level Wind
Shear/Microburst Advisories, Paragraph 3-1-8b2(a).
FIGURE 7-1-16
Weak Microburst Alert
1398194369102
(c) MULTIPLE WIND SHEAR ALERTS
EXAMPLE: This is what the controller sees on his/her ribbon display
in the tower cab.
27A WSA 20K+ RWY 250 20
27D WSA 20K+ RWY 250 20
NOTE: (See FIG 7-1-17 to see how
the TDWR/WSP determines the gust
front/wind shear location.)
This is what the controller will say
when issuing the alert.
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METEOROLOGY
PHRASEOLOGY:
MULTIPLE WIND SHEAR ALERTS.
RUNWAY 27 ARRIVAL, WIND
SHEAR ALERT, 20 KT GAIN ON
RUNWAY; RUNWAY 27 DEPARTURE, WIND SHEAR ALERT, 20 KT
GAIN ON RUNWAY, WIND 250 AT
20.
EXAMPLE: In this example, the
controller is advising arriving and
departing aircraft that they could
encounter a wind shear condition
1 JUL 16
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right on the runway due to a gust
front (significant change of wind
direction) with the possibility of a
20 knot gain in airspeed associated
with the gust front. Additionally, the
airport surface winds (for the runway
in use) are reported as 250 degrees
at 20 knots.
REFERENCE—FAA Order 7110.65,
Air Traffic Control, Low Level Wind
Shear/Microburst Advisories, Paragraph 3-1-8b2(d).
FIGURE 7-1-17
Gust Front Alert
1465591735292
6. The Terminal Weather Information for
Pilots System (TWIP).
(a) With the increase in the quantity and
quality of terminal weather information available through TDWR, the
next step is to provide this information directly to pilots rather than relying on voice communications from
ATC. The National Airspace System
has long been in need of a means
of delivering terminal weather information to the cockpit more efficiently
in terms of both speed and accuracy to enhance pilot awareness
of weather hazards and reduce air
traffic controller workload. With the
TWIP capability, terminal weather
information, both alphanumerically
and graphically, is now available
directly to the cockpit at 43 airports
in the U.S. NAS. (See FIG 7-1-18.)
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METEOROLOGY
US-45
FIGURE 7-1-18
TWIP Image of Convective Weather at MCO International
1465591735292
(b) TWIP products are generated using
weather data from the TDWR or the
Integrated Terminal Weather System
(ITWS) testbed. TWIP products are
generated and stored in the form
of text and character graphic messages. Software has been developed
to allow TDWR or ITWS to format the
data and send the TWIP products to
a database resident at Aeronautical
Radio, Inc. (ARINC). These products can then be accessed by pilots
using the ARINC Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting
System (ACARS) data link services.
Airline dispatchers can also access
this database and send messages
to specific aircraft whenever wind
shear activity begins or ends at an
airport.
(c) TWIP products include descriptions
and character graphics of microburst
alerts, wind shear alerts, significant precipitation, convective activity
within 30 NM surrounding the terminal area, and expected weather that
will impact airport operations. During inclement weather, i.e., whenever a predetermined level of precipitation or wind shear is detected
within 15 miles of the terminal area,
TWIP products are updated once
each minute for text messages and
once every five minutes for character graphic messages. During good
weather (below the predetermined
precipitation or wind shear parameters) each message is updated
every 10 minutes. These products
are intended to improve the situational awareness of the pilot/flight
crew, and to aid in flight planning
prior to arriving or departing the
terminal area. It is important to
understand that, in the context of
TWIP, the predetermined levels for
inclement versus good weather has
nothing to do with the criteria for
VFR/MVFR/IFR/LIFR; it only deals
with precipitation, wind shears and
microbursts.
TABLE 7-1-11 TWIP – Equipped Airports
Airport
Andrews AFB, MD
Hartsfield−Jackson Atlanta Intl
Airport
Nashville Intl Airport
Logan Intl Airport
Baltimore/Washington Intl Airport
Hopkins Intl Airport
Charlotte/Douglas Intl Airport
Port Columbus Intl Airport
Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Intl
Airport
Dallas Love Field Airport
James M. Cox Intl Airport
Ronald Reagan Washington National
Airport
Denver Intl Airport
Dallas−Fort Worth Intl Airport
Detroit Metro Wayne County Airport
Newark Liberty Intl Airport
Fort Lauderdale−Hollywood Intl
Airport
William P. Hobby Airport
Washington Dulles Intl Airport
George Bush Intercontinental Airport
Wichita Mid−Continent Airport
Indianapolis Intl Airport
John F. Kennedy Intl Airport
Identifier
KADW
KATL
KBNA
KBOS
KBWI
KCLE
KCLT
KCMH
KCVG
KDAL
KDAY
KDCA
KDEN
KDFW
KDTW
KEWR
KFLL
KHOU
KIAD
KIAH
KICT
KIND
KJFK
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METEOROLOGY
TABLE 7-1-11 TWIP – Equipped
Airports (continued)
Airport
LaGuardia Airport
Kansas City Intl Airport
Orlando Intl Airport
Midway Intl Airport
Memphis Intl Airport
Miami Intl Airport
General Mitchell Intl Airport
Minneapolis St. Paul Intl Airport
Louis Armstrong New Orleans Intl
Airport
Will Rogers World Airport
O’Hare Intl Airport
Palm Beach Intl Airport
Philadelphia Intl Airport
Pittsburgh Intl Airport
Raleigh−Durham Intl Airport
Louisville Intl Airport
Salt Lake City Intl Airport
Lambert−St. Louis Intl Airport
Tampa Intl Airport
Tulsa Intl Airport
7-1-26
Identifier
KLGA
KMCI
KMCO
KMDW
KMEM
KMIA
KMKE
KMSP
KMSY
KOKC
KORD
KPBI
KPHL
KPIT
KRDU
KSDF
KSLC
KSTL
KTPA
KTUL
PIREPs RELATING TO
VOLCANIC ASH ACTIVITY
a. Volcanic eruptions which send ash into the
upper atmosphere occur somewhere around
the world several times each year. Flying into a
volcanic ash cloud can be extremely dangerous.
At least two B747s have lost all power in all four
engines after such an encounter. Regardless of
the type aircraft, some damage is almost certain to ensue after an encounter with a volcanic
ash cloud. Additionally, studies have shown
that volcanic eruptions are the only significant
source of large quantities of sulphur dioxide
(SO2) gas at jet-cruising altitudes. Therefore,
the detection and subsequent reporting of SO2
is of significant importance. Although SO 2 is colorless, its presence in the atmosphere should
be suspected when a sulphur-like or rotten egg
odor is present throughout the cabin.
b. While some volcanoes in the U.S. are monitored, many in remote areas are not. These
unmonitored volcanoes may erupt without prior
warning to the aviation community. A pilot
observing a volcanic eruption who has not
had previous notification of it may be the only
witness to the eruption. Pilots are strongly
encouraged to transmit a PIREP regarding volcanic eruptions and any observed volcanic ash
clouds or detection of sulphur dioxide (SO2) gas
associated with volcanic activity.
c. Pilots should submit PIREPs regarding volcanic
activity using the Volcanic Activity Reporting
(VAR) form as illustrated in Appendix 2. If a VAR
form is not immediately available, relay enough
information to identify the position and type of
volcanic activity.
1 JUL 16
d. Pilots should verbally transmit the data required
in items 1 through 8 of the VAR as soon as possible. The data required in items 9 through 16 of
the VAR should be relayed after landing if possible.
7-1-27
THUNDERSTORMS
a. Turbulence, hail, rain, snow, lightning, sustained
updrafts and downdrafts, icing conditions-all are
present in thunderstorms. While there is some
evidence that maximum turbulence exists at the
middle level of a thunderstorm, recent studies
show little variation of turbulence intensity with
altitude.
b. There is no useful correlation between the external visual appearance of thunderstorms and the
severity or amount of turbulence or hail within
them. The visible thunderstorm cloud is only a
portion of a turbulent system whose updrafts
and downdrafts often extend far beyond the
visible storm cloud. Severe turbulence can be
expected up to 20 miles from severe thunderstorms. This distance decreases to about 10
miles in less severe storms.
c. Weather radar, airborne or ground based, will
normally reflect the areas of moderate to heavy
precipitation (radar does not detect turbulence).
The frequency and severity of turbulence generally increases with the radar reflectivity which
is closely associated with the areas of highest
liquid water content of the storm. NO FLIGHT
PATH THROUGH AN AREA OF STRONG
OR VERY STRONG RADAR ECHOES SEPARATED BY 20-30 MILES OR LESS MAY BE
CONSIDERED FREE OF SEVERE TURBULENCE.
d. Turbulence beneath a thunderstorm should not
be minimized. This is especially true when the
relative humidity is low in any layer between the
surface and 15,000 feet. Then the lower altitudes may be characterized by strong out flowing winds and severe turbulence.
e. The probability of lightning strikes occurring
to aircraft is greatest when operating at altitudes where temperatures are between minus
5 degrees Celsius and plus 5 degrees Celsius.
Lightning can strike aircraft flying in the clear in
the vicinity of a thunderstorm.
f. METAR reports do not include a descriptor for
severe thunderstorms. However, by understanding severe thunderstorm criteria, i.e., 50 knot
winds or 3/4 inch hail, the information is available
in the report to know that one is occurring.
g. Current weather radar systems are able to
objectively determine precipitation intensity. These precipitation intensity areas are
described as “light,” “moderate,” “heavy,” and
“extreme.”
REFERENCE—Pilot/Controller Glossary —
Precipitation Radar Weather Descriptions.
EXAMPLE:
1. Alert provided by an ATC facility to an aircraft:
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1 JUL 16
(aircraft identification) EXTREME precipitation between ten o’clock and two o’clock,
one five miles. Precipitation area is two five
miles in diameter.
2. Alert provided by an FSS:
(aircraft identification) EXTREME precipitation, two zero miles west of Atlanta
V-O-R, two five miles wide, moving east
at two zero knots, tops Flight Level three
niner zero.
7-1-28
THUNDERSTORM FLYING
a. Thunderstorm Avoidance. Never regard any
thunderstorm lightly, even when radar echoes
are of light intensity. Avoiding thunderstorms is
the best policy. Following are some Do’s and
Don’ts of thunderstorm avoidance:
1. Don’t land or takeoff in the face of an
approaching thunderstorm. A sudden gust
front of low level turbulence could cause
loss of control.
2. Don’t attempt to fly under a thunderstorm
even if you can see through to the other
side. Turbulence and wind shear under the
storm could be disastrous.
3. Don’t attempt to fly under the anvil of
a thunderstorm. There is a potential for
severe and extreme clear air turbulence.
4. Don’t fly without airborne radar into a cloud
mass containing scattered embedded
thunderstorms. Scattered thunderstorms
not embedded usually can be visually circumnavigated.
5. Don’t trust the visual appearance to be a
reliable indicator of the turbulence inside a
thunderstorm.
6. Don’t assume that ATC will offer radar navigation guidance or deviations around thunderstorms.
7. Don’t use data-linked weather next generation weather radar (NEXRAD) mosaic
imagery as the sole means for negotiating
a path through a thunderstorm area (tactical maneuvering).
8. Do remember that the data-linked
NEXRAD mosaic imagery shows where
the weather was, not where the weather
is. The weather conditions may be 15 to
20 minutes older than the age indicated on
the display.
9. Do listen to chatter on the ATC frequency
for Pilot Weather Reports (PIREP) and
other aircraft requesting to deviate or
divert.
10. Do ask ATC for radar navigation guidance
or to approve deviations around thunderstorms, if needed.
11. Do use data-linked weather NEXRAD
mosaic imagery (for example, Flight Information Service-Broadcast (FIS-B)) for
route selection to avoid thunderstorms
entirely (strategic maneuvering).
METEOROLOGY
US-47
12. Do advise ATC, when switched to another
controller, that you are deviating for thunderstorms before accepting to rejoin the
original route.
13. Do ensure that after an authorized weather
deviation, before accepting to rejoin the
original route, that the route of flight is
clear of thunderstorms.
14. Do avoid by at least 20 miles any thunderstorm identified as severe or giving an
intense radar echo. This is especially true
under the anvil of a large cumulonimbus.
15. Do circumnavigate the entire area if the
area has 6/10 thunderstorm coverage.
16. Do remember that vivid and frequent lightning indicates the probability of a severe
thunderstorm.
17. Do regard as extremely hazardous any
thunderstorm with tops 35,000 feet or
higher whether the top is visually sighted
or determined by radar.
18. Do give a PIREP for the flight conditions.
19. Do divert and wait out the thunderstorms
on the ground if unable to navigate around
an area of thunderstorms.
20. Do contact Flight Service for assistance
in avoiding thunderstorms. Flight Service
specialists have NEXRAD mosaic radar
imagery and NEXRAD single site radar
with unique features such as base and
composite reflectivity, echo tops, and VAD
wind profiles.
b. If you cannot avoid penetrating a thunderstorm,
following are some Do’s before entering the
storm:
1. Tighten your safety belt, put on your shoulder harness (if installed), and secure all
loose objects.
2. Plan and hold the course to take the aircraft
through the storm in a minimum time.
3. To avoid the most critical icing, establish a
penetration altitude below the freezing level
or above the level of -15°C.
4. Verify that pitot heat is on and turn on carburetor heat or jet engine anti-ice. Icing can
be rapid at any altitude and cause almost
instantaneous power failure and/or loss of
airspeed indication.
5. Establish power settings for turbulence
penetration airspeed recommended in the
aircraft manual.
6. Turn up cockpit lights to highest intensity to
lessen temporary blindness from lightning.
7. If using automatic pilot, disengage Altitude
Hold Mode and Speed Hold Mode. The
automatic altitude and speed controls will
increase maneuvers of the aircraft thus
increasing structural stress.
8. If using airborne radar, tilt the antenna up
and down occasionally. This will permit the
detection of other thunderstorm activity at
altitudes other than the one being flown.
c. Following are some Do’s and Don’ts during the
thunderstorm penetration:
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METEOROLOGY
1 JUL 16
1. Do keep your eyes on your instruments.
Looking outside the cockpit can increase
danger of temporary blindness from lightning.
2. Don’t change power settings; maintain settings for the recommended turbulence penetration airspeed.
3. Do maintain constant attitude. Allow the
altitude and airspeed to fluctuate.
4. Don’t turn back once you are in the thunderstorm. A straight course through the
storm most likely will get the aircraft out
of the hazards most quickly. In addition,
turning maneuvers increase stress on the
aircraft.
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7-1-29
METEOROLOGY
US-49
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KEY TO AERODROME
FORECAST (TAF) AND
AVIATION ROUTINE
WEATHER REPORT
(METAR)
FIGURE 7-1-19
Key to Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) and Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) (Front)
1398194369102
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METEOROLOGY
1 JUL 16
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FIGURE 7-1-20
Key to Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) and Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) (Back)
1398194369102
7-1-30
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL
AVIATION ORGANIZATION
(ICAO) WEATHER FORMATS
The U.S. uses the ICAO world standard for aviation
weather reporting and forecasting. The World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) publication No. 782
“Aerodrome Reports and Forecasts” contains the
base METAR and TAF code as adopted by the WMO
member countries.
a. Although the METAR code is adopted worldwide, each country is allowed to make modifications or exceptions to the code for use in
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1 JUL 16
their particular country, e.g., the U.S. will continue to use statute miles for visibility, feet for
RVR values, knots for wind speed, and inches
of mercury for altimetry. However, temperature
and dew point will be reported in degrees Celsius. The U.S. reports prevailing visibility rather
than lowest sector visibility. The elements in the
body of a METAR report are separated with a
space. The only exceptions are RVR, temperature, and dew point which are separated with
a solidus (/). When an element does not occur,
or cannot be observed, the preceding space
and that element are omitted from that particular report. A METAR report contains the following sequence of elements in the following order:
1. Type of report.
2. ICAO Station Identifier.
3. Date and time of report.
4. Modifier (as required).
5. Wind.
6. Visibility.
7. Runway Visual Range (RVR).
8. Weather phenomena.
9. Sky conditions.
10. Temperature/dew point group.
11. Altimeter.
12. Remarks (RMK).
b. The following paragraphs describe the elements
in a METAR report.
1. Type of report. There are two types of
report:
(a) Aviation Routine Weather Report
(METAR); and
(b) Nonroutine
(Special)
Aviation
Weather Report (SPECI).
The type of report (METAR or SPECI) will
always appear as the lead element of the
report.
2. ICAO Station Identifier. The METAR code
uses ICAO 4-letter station identifiers. In the
contiguous 48 States, the 3-letter domestic station identifier is prefixed with a “K;”
i.e., the domestic identifier for Seattle is
SEA while the ICAO identifier is KSEA.
Elsewhere, the first two letters of the ICAO
identifier indicate what region of the world
and country (or state) the station is in.
For Alaska, all station identifiers start with
“PA;” for Hawaii, all station identifiers start
with “PH.” Canadian station identifiers start
with “CU,” “CW,” “CY,” and “CZ.” Mexican
station identifiers start with “MM.” The
identifier for the western Caribbean is “M”
followed by the individual country’s letter;
i.e., Cuba is “MU;” Dominican Republic
“MD;” the Bahamas “MY.” The identifier for
the eastern Caribbean is “T” followed by
the individual country’s letter; i.e., Puerto
Rico is “TJ.” For a complete worldwide
listing see ICAO Document 7910, Location
Indicators.
METEOROLOGY
US-51
3. Date and Time of Report. The date
and time the observation is taken are
transmitted as a six-digit date/time group
appended with Z to denote Coordinated
Universal Time (UTC). The first two digits
are the date followed with two digits for
hour and two digits for minutes.
EXAMPLE: 172345Z (the 17th day of the
month at 2345Z)
4. Modifier (As Required). “AUTO” identifies
a METAR/SPECI report as an automated
weather report with no human intervention.
If “AUTO” is shown in the body of the report,
the type of sensor equipment used at the
station will be encoded in the remarks section of the report. The absence of “AUTO”
indicates that a report was made manually by an observer or that an automated
report had human augmentation/backup.
The modifier “COR” indicates a corrected
report that is sent out to replace an earlier
report with an error.
NOTE: There are two types of automated
stations, AO1 for automated weather
reporting stations without a precipitation discriminator, and AO2 for automated
stations with a precipitation discriminator.
(A precipitation discriminator can determine the difference between liquid and
frozen/freezing precipitation). This information appears in the remarks section of
an automated report.
5. Wind. The wind is reported as a five digit
group (six digits if speed is over 99 knots).
The first three digits are the direction the
wind is blowing from, in tens of degrees referenced to true north, or “VRB” if the direction is variable. The next two digits is the
wind speed in knots, or if over 99 knots, the
next three digits. If the wind is gusty, it is
reported as a “G” after the speed followed
by the highest gust reported. The abbreviation “KT” is appended to denote the use
of knots for wind speed.
EXAMPLE: 13008KT — wind from 130
degrees at 8 knots
08032G45KT — wind from 080 degrees at
32 knots with gusts to 45 knots
VRB04KT — wind variable in direction at 4
knots
00000KT — wind calm
210103G130KT — wind from 210 degrees
at 103 knots with gusts to 130 knots
If the wind direction is variable by 60
degrees or more and the speed is greater
than 6 knots, a variable group consisting
of the extremes of the wind direction separated by a “v” will follow the prevailing wind
group.
32012G22KT 280V350
(a) Peak Wind. Whenever the peak
wind exceeds 25 knots “PK WND”
will be included in Remarks, e.g., PK
WND 28045/1955 “Peak wind two
eight zero at four five occurred at
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METEOROLOGY
one niner five five.” If the hour can
be inferred from the report time, only
the minutes will be appended, e.g.,
PK WND 34050/38 “Peak wind three
four zero at five zero occurred at
three eight past the hour.”
(b) Wind shift. Whenever a wind shift
occurs, “WSHFT” will be included
in remarks followed by the time the
wind shift began, e.g., WSHFT 30
FROPA “Wind shift at three zero due
to frontal passage.”
6. Visibility. Prevailing visibility is reported in
statute miles with “SM” appended to it.
EXAMPLE: 7SM — seven statute miles
15 SM — fifteen statute miles
1/ SM — one-half statute mile
2
(a) Tower/surface visibility. If either
visibility (tower or surface) is below
four statute miles, the lesser of the
two will be reported in the body of the
report; the greater will be reported in
remarks.
(b) Automated visibility. ASOS/AWSS
visibility stations will show visibility 10 or greater than 10 miles as
“10SM.” AWOS visibility stations will
show visibility less than 1/4 statute
mile as “M1/4 SM” and visibility 10 or
greater than 10 miles as “10SM.”
NOTE: Automated sites that are
augmented by human observer to
meet service level requirements can
report 0, 1/16 SM, and 1/8 SM visibility increments.
(c) Variable visibility. Variable visibility is shown in remarks (when rapid
increase or decrease by 1/2 statute
mile or more and the average prevailing visibility is less than three
miles) e.g., VIS 1V2 “visibility variable between one and two.”
(d) Sector visibility. Sector visibility is
shown in remarks when it differs from
the prevailing visibility, and either the
prevailing or sector visibility is less
than three miles.
EXAMPLE: VIS N2 — visibility north
two
7. Runway Visual Range (When Reported).
“R” identifies the group followed by the runway heading (and parallel runway designator, if needed) “/” and the visual range
in feet (meters in other countries) followed
with “FT” (feet is not spoken).
(a) Variability Values. When RVR
varies (by more than on reportable
value), the lowest and highest values
are shown with “V” between them.
(b) Maximum/Minimum Range. “P”
indicates an observed RVR is above
the maximum value for this system
(spoken as “more than”). “M” indicates an observed RVR is below
1 JUL 16
the minimum value which can be
determined by the system (spoken
as “less than”).
EXAMPLE: R32L/1200FT — runway
three two left R-V-R one thousand
two hundred.
R27R/M1000V4000FT — runway
two seven right R-V-R variable from
less than one thousand to four thousand.
8. Weather Phenomena. The weather as
reported in the METAR code represents a
significant change in the way weather is
currently reported. In METAR, weather is
reported in the format:
Intensity/Proximity/Descriptor/Precipitation/Obstruction to visibility/Other
NOTE: The “/” above and in the following descriptions (except as the separator
between the temperature and dew point)
are for separation purposes in this publication and do not appear in the actual
METARs.
(a) Intensity applies only to the first
type of precipitation reported. A “-”
denotes light, no symbol denotes
moderate, and a “+” denotes heavy.
(b) Proximity applies to and reported
only for weather occurring in the
vicinity of the airport (between 5 and
10 miles of the point(s) of observation). It is denoted by the letters “VC.”
(Intensity and “VC” will not appear
together in the weather group).
(c) Descriptor. These eight descriptors
apply to the precipitation or obstructions to visibility:
TS — thunderstorm
DR — low drifting
SH — showers
MI — shallow
FZ — freezing
BC — patches
BL — blowing
PR — partial
NOTE: Although “TS” and “SH” are
used with precipitation and may be
preceded with an intensity symbol,
the intensity still applies to the precipitation, not the descriptor.
(d) Precipitation. There are nine types
of precipitation in the METAR code:
RA — rain
DZ — drizzle
SN — snow
GR — hail (1/4” or greater)
GS — small hail/snow pellets
PL — ice pellets
SG — snow grains
IC — ice crystals (diamond dust)
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UP — unknown precipitation (automated stations only)
(e) Obstructions to visibility. There
are eight types of obscuration phenomena in the METAR code (obscurations are any phenomena in the
atmosphere, other than precipitation, that reduce horizontal visibility):
FG — fog (vsby less than 5/8 mile)
HZ — haze
FU — smoke
PY — spray
BR — mist (vsby 5/8 — 6 miles)
SA — sand
DU — dust
VA — volcanic ash
NOTE: Fog (FG) is observed or forecast only when the visibility is less
than five-eighths of mile, otherwise
mist (BR) is observed or forecast.
(f) Other. There are five categories of
other weather phenomena which are
reported when they occur:
SQ — squall
SS — sandstorm
DS — duststorm
PO — dust/sand whirls
FC — funnel cloud
+FC — tornado/waterspout
Examples:
TSRA — thunderstorm with moderate rain
+SN — heavy snow
-RA FG — light rain and fog
BRHZ — mist and haze (visibility 5/8
mile or greater)
FZDZ — freezing drizzle
VCSH — rain shower in the vicinity
+SHRASNPL — heavy rain showers, snow, ice pellets (intensity indicator refers to the predominant rain)
9. Sky Condition. The sky condition as
reported in METAR represents a significant change from the way sky condition is
currently reported. In METAR, sky condition is reported in the format:
Amount/Height/(Type) or Indefinite Ceiling/
Height
(a) Amount. The amount of sky cover
is reported in eighths of sky cover,
using the contractions:
SKC — clear (no clouds)
FEW — >0 to 2/8
SCT — scattered (3/8s to 4/8s of
clouds)
BKN — broken (5/8s to 7/8s of clouds)
OVC — overcast (8/8s clouds)
CB — Cumulonimbus when present
METEOROLOGY
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
US-53
TCU — Towering cumulus when
present
NOTE:
1. “SKC” will be reported at manual stations. “CLR” will be used
at automated stations when no
clouds below 12,000 feet are
reported.
2. A ceiling layer is not designated in the METAR code. For
aviation purposes, the ceiling
is the lowest broken or overcast layer, or vertical visibility into an obscuration. Also
there is no provision for reporting thin layers in the METAR
code. When clouds are thin,
that layer must be reported as
if it were opaque.
Height. Cloud bases are reported
with three digits in hundreds of
feet above ground level (AGL).
(Clouds above 12,000 feet cannot
be reported by an automated station).
(Type). If Towering Cumulus Clouds
(TCU) or Cumulonimbus Clouds
(CB) are present, they are reported
after the height which represents
their base.
EXAMPLE:
(Reported
as)
SCT025TCU
BKN080 BKN250
(spoken as) “TWO THOUSAND
FIVE HUNDRED
SCATTERED
TOWERING CUMULUS, CEILING
EIGHT
THOUSAND
BROKEN,
TWO FIVE THOUSAND BROKEN.”
(Reported as) SCT008 OVC012CB
(spoken as) “EIGHT HUNDRED
SCATTERED CEILING ONE THOUSAND TWO HUNDRED OVERCAST CUMULONIMBUS CLOUDS.”
Vertical Visibility (indefinite ceiling height). The height into an indefinite ceiling is preceded by “VV” and
followed by three digits indicating the
vertical visibility in hundreds of feet.
This layer indicates total obscuration.
EXAMPLE: 1/8 SM FG VV006 — visibility one eighth, fog, indefinite ceiling six hundred.
Obscurations are reported when
the sky is partially obscured by a
ground-based phenomena by indicating the amount of obscuration
as FEW, SCT, BKN followed by
three zeros (000). In remarks, the
obscuring phenomenon precedes
the amount of obscuration and three
zeros.
EXAMPLE: BKN000 (in body) —
“sky partially obscured”
FU BKN000 (in remarks) — “smoke
obscuring five-to seven-eighths of
the sky”
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METEOROLOGY
(f) When sky conditions include a layer
aloft, other than clouds, such as
smoke or haze the type of phenomena, sky cover and height are shown
in remarks.
EXAMPLE: BKN020 (in body) —
“ceiling two thousand broken”
RMK FU BKN020 — “broken layer of
smoke aloft, based at two thousand”
(g) Variable ceiling. When a ceiling is
below three thousand and is variable,
the remark “CIG” will be shown followed with the lowest and highest
ceiling heights separated by a “V.”
EXAMPLE: CIG 005V010 — “ceiling
variable between five hundred and
one thousand”
(h) Second site sensor. When an automated station uses meteorological
discontinuity sensors, remarks will
be shown to identify site specific sky
conditions which differ and are lower
than conditions reported in the body.
EXAMPLE: CIG 020 RY11 — “ceiling two thousand at runway one one”
(i) Variable cloud layer. When a layer
is varying in sky cover, remarks will
show the variability range. If there is
more than one cloud layer, the variable layer will be identified by including the layer height.
EXAMPLE: SCT V BKN — “scattered layer variable to broken”
BKN025 V OVC — “broken layer at
two thousand five hundred variable
to overcast”
(j) Significant clouds. When significant clouds are observed, they
are shown in remarks, along with
the specified information as shown
below:
(1) Cumulonimbus
(CB),
or
Cumulonimbus
Mammatus
(CBMAM), distance (if known),
direction from the station,
and direction of movement,
if known. If the clouds are
beyond 10 miles from the airport, DSNT will indicate distance.
EXAMPLE: CB W MOV E —
“cumulonimbus west moving
east”
CBMAM DSNT S — “cumulonimbus mammatus distant
south”
(2) Towering Cumulus (TCU),
location, (if known), or direction from the station.
EXAMPLE: TCU OHD — “towering cumulus overhead”
TCU W — “towering cumulus
west”
1 JUL 16
(3) Altocumulus
Castellanus
(ACC), Stratocumulus Standing Lenticular (SCSL), Altocumulus Standing Lenticular
(ACSL), Cirrocumulus Standing Lenticular (CCSL) or rotor
clouds, describing the clouds
(if needed) and the direction
from the station.
EXAMPLE: ACC W — “altocumulus castellanus west”
ACSL SW-S — “standing
lenticular altocumulus southwest through south”
APRNT ROTOR CLD S —
“apparent rotor cloud south”
CCSL OVR MT E — “standing
lenticular cirrocumulus over
the mountains east”
10. Temperature/Dew Point. Temperature
and dew point are reported in two, two-digit
groups in degrees Celsius, separated by
a solidus (“/”). Temperatures below zero
are prefixed with an “M.” If the temperature
is available but the dew point is missing,
the temperature is shown followed by a
solidus. If the temperature is missing, the
group is omitted from the report.
EXAMPLE: 15/08 — “temperature one
five, dew point 8”
00/M02 — “temperature zero, dew point
minus 2”
M05/ — “temperature minus five, dew point
missing”
11. Altimeter. Altimeter settings are reported
in a four-digit format in inches of mercury
prefixed with an “A” to denote the units of
pressure.
EXAMPLE: A2995 — “Altimeter two niner
niner five”
12. Remarks. Remarks will be included in
all observations, when appropriate. The
contraction “RMK” denotes the start of the
remarks section of a METAR report.
Except for precipitation, phenomena
located within 5 statute miles of the point of
observation will be reported as at the station. Phenomena between 5 and 10 statute
miles will be reported in the vicinity, “VC.”
Precipitation not occurring at the point of
observation but within 10 statute miles
is also reported as in the vicinity, “VC.”
Phenomena beyond 10 statute miles will
be shown as distant, “DSNT.” Distances
are in statute miles except for automated
lightning remarks which are in nautical
miles. Movement of clouds or weather will
be indicated by the direction toward which
the phenomena is moving.
(a) There are two categories of remarks:
(1) Automated, manual, and plain
language.
(2) Additive and automated maintenance data.
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(b) Automated, Manual, and Plain
Language. This group of remarks
may be generated from either manual or automated weather reporting
stations and generally elaborate on
parameters reported in the body of
the report. (Plain language remarks
are only provided by manual stations).
(1) Volcanic eruptions.
(2) Tornado, Funnel Cloud, Waterspout.
(3) Station Type (AO1 or AO2).
(4) PK WND.
(5) WSHFT (FROPA).
(6) TWR VIS or SFC VIS.
(7) VRB VIS.
(8) Sector VIS.
(9) VIS @ 2nd Site.
(10) (freq) LTG (type) (loc).
(11) Beginning/Ending of Precipitation/TSTMS.
(12) TSTM Location MVMT.
(13) Hailstone Size (GR).
(14) Virga.
(15) VRB CIG (height).
(16) Obscuration.
(17) VRB Sky Condition.
(18) Significant Cloud Types.
(19) Ceiling Height 2nd Location.
(20) PRESFR PRESRR.
(21) Sea-Level Pressure.
(22) ACFT Mishap (not transmitted).
(23) NOSPECI.
(24) SNINCR.
(25) Other SIG Info.
(c) Additive and Automated Maintenance Data.
(1) Hourly Precipitation.
(2) 3-and 6-Hour Precipitation
Amount.
(3) 24-Hour Precipitation.
(4) Snow Depth on Ground.
(5) Water Equivalent of Snow.
(6) Cloud Type.
(7) Duration of Sunshine.
(8) Hourly Temperature/Dew Point
(Tenths).
(9) 6-Hour Maximum Temperature.
(10) 6-Hour Minimum Temperature.
(11) 24-Hour Maximum/Minimum
Temperature.
(12) Pressure Tendency.
(13) Sensor Status.
PWINO
FZRANO
METEOROLOGY
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TSNO
RVRNO
PNO
VISNO
EXAMPLES OF METAR REPORTS AND
EXPLANATION:
METAR KBNA 281250Z 33018KT 290V360 1/2SM
R31/2700FT SN BLSN FG VV008 00/M03 A2991
RMK RAE42SNB42
METAR
aviation routine weather
report
KBNA
Nashville, TN
281250Z
date 28th, time 1250 UTC
(no modifier)
This is a manually
generated report, due
to the absence of “AUTO”
and “AO1 or AO2” in
remarks
33018KT
wind three three zero at
one eight
290V360
wind variable between two
nine zero and three six
zero
visibility one half
1/2SM
Runway three one RVR two
R31/2700FT
thousand seven hundred
moderate snow
SN
visibility obscured by
BLSN FG
blowing snow and fog
VV008
indefinite ceiling eight
hundred
temperature zero, dew
00/M03
point minus three
A2991
altimeter two niner niner
one
RMK
remarks
RAE42
rain ended at four two
snow began at four two
SNB42
METAR KSFO 041453Z AUTO VRB02KT 3SM BR
CLR 15/12 A3012 RMK AO2
METAR
aviation routine weather
report
KSFO
San Francisco, CA
041453Z
date 4th, time 1453 UTC
fully automated; no human
AUTO
intervention
VRB02KT
wind variable at two
visibility three
3SM
BR
visibility obscured by mist
no clouds below one two
CLR
thousand
temperature one five, dew
15/12
point one two
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A3012
RMK
AO2
METEOROLOGY
altimeter three zero one
two
remarks
this automated station has
a weather discriminator
(for precipitation)
SPECI KCVG 152224Z 28024G36KT 3/4SM
+TSRA BKN008 OVC020CB 28/23 A3000 RMK
TSRAB24 TS W MOV E
SPECI
(nonroutine) aviation
special weather report
KCVG
Cincinnati, OH
152228Z
date 15th, time 2228 UTC
(no modifier)
This is a manually
generated report due
to the absence of “AUTO”
and “AO1 or AO2” in
remarks
wind two eight zero at two
28024G36KT
four gusts three six
visibility three fourths
3/4SM
thunderstorms, heavy rain
+TSRA
BKN008
ceiling eight hundred
broken
two thousand overcast
OVC020CB
cumulonimbus clouds
temperature two eight, dew
28/23
point two three
A3000
altimeter three zero zero
zero
RMK
remarks
thunderstorm and rain
TSRAB24
began at two four
thunderstorm west moving
TS W MOV E
east
c. Aerodrome Forecast (TAF). A concise statement of the expected meteorological conditions
at an airport during a specified period. At most
locations, TAFs have a 24 hour forecast period.
However, TAFs for some locations have a 30
hour forecast period. These forecast periods
may be shorter in the case of an amended TAF.
TAFs use the same codes as METAR weather
reports. They are scheduled four times daily
for 24-hour periods beginning at 0000Z, 0600Z,
1200Z, and 1800Z.
Forecast times in the TAF are depicted in two
ways. The first is a 6-digit number to indicate
a specific point in time, consisting of a two-digit
date, two-digit hour, and two-digit minute (such
as issuance time or FM). The second is a pair of
four-digit numbers separated by a “/” to indicate
a beginning and end for a period of time. In this
case, each four-digit pair consists of a two-digit
date and a two-digit hour.
TAFs are issued in the following format:
TYPE OF REPORT/ICAO STATION IDENTIFIER/DATE AND TIME OF ORIGIN/VALID
PERIOD DATE AND TIME/FORECAST METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
1 JUL 16
NOTE: The “/” above and in the following
descriptions are for separation purposes in this
publication and do not appear in the actual
TAFs.
TAF KORD 051130Z 0512/0618 14008KT 5SM
BR BKN030
TEMPO 0513/0516 1 1/2SM BR
FM051600 16010KT P6SM SKC
FM052300 20013G20KT 4SM SHRA
OVC020
PROB40 0600/0606 2SM TSRA OVC008CB
BECMG 0606/0608 21015KT P6SM NSW
SCT040
TAF format observed in the above example:
TAF = type of report
KORD = ICAO station identifier
051130Z = date and time of origin (issuance
time)
0512/0618 = valid period date and times
14008KT 5SM BR BKN030 = forecast meteorological conditions
Explanation of TAF elements:
1. Type of Report. There are two types of
TAF issuances, a routine forecast issuance
(TAF) and an amended forecast (TAF
AMD). An amended TAF is issued when
the current TAF no longer adequately
describes the on-going weather or the
forecaster feels the TAF is not representative of the current or expected weather.
Corrected (COR) or delayed (RTD) TAFs
are identified only in the communications
header which precedes the actual forecasts.
2. ICAO Station Identifier. The TAF code
uses ICAO 4-letter location identifiers as
described in the METAR section.
3. Date and Time of Origin. This element
is the date and time the forecast is actually prepared. The format is a two-digit
date and four-digit time followed, without a
space, by the letter “Z.”
4. Valid Period Date and Time. The UTC
valid period of the forecast consists of
two four-digit sets, separated by a “/”.
The first four-digit set is a two-digit date
followed by the two-digit beginning hour,
and the second four-digit set is a two-digit
date followed by the two-digit ending hour.
Although most airports have a 24-hour
TAF, a select number of airports have a
30-hour TAF. In the case of an amended
forecast, or a forecast which is corrected
or delayed, the valid period may be for less
than 24 hours. Where an airport or terminal
operates on a part-time basis (less than
24 hours/day), the TAFs issued for those
locations will have the abbreviated statement “AMD NOT SKED” added to the end
of the forecasts. The time observations
are scheduled to end and/or resume will
be indicated by expanding the AMD NOT
SKED statement. Expanded statements
will include:
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(a) Observation ending time (AFT
DDHHmm; for example, AFT
120200)
(b) Scheduled observations resumption
time (TIL DDHHmm; for example, TIL
171200Z) or
(c) Period of observation unavailability
(DDHH/DDHH); for example, 2502/
2512).
5. Forecast Meteorological Conditions.
This is the body of the TAF. The basic
format is:
WIND/VISIBILITY/WEATHER/SKY CONDITION/OPTIONAL DATA (WIND SHEAR)
The wind, visibility, and sky condition elements are always included in the initial time
group of the forecast. Weather is included
only if significant to aviation. If a significant,
lasting change in any of the elements is
expected during the valid period, a new
time period with the changes is included.
It should be noted that with the exception
of a “FM” group the new time period will
include only those elements which are
expected to change, i.e., if a lowering of
the visibility is expected but the wind is
expected to remain the same, the new
time period reflecting the lower visibility
would not include a forecast wind. The
forecast wind would remain the same as
in the previous time period. Any temporary
conditions expected during a specific time
period are included with that time period.
The following describes the elements in
the above format.
(a) Wind. This five (or six) digit group
includes the expected wind direction
(first 3 digits) and speed (last 2 digits
or 3 digits if 100 knots or greater).
The contraction “KT” follows to
denote the units of wind speed.
Wind gusts are noted by the letter
“G” appended to the wind speed
followed by the highest expected
gust. A variable wind direction is
noted by “VRB” where the three digit
direction usually appears. A calm
wind (3 knots or less) is forecast as
“00000KT.”
EXAMPLE: 18010KT — wind one
eight zero at one zero (wind is blowing from 180).
35012G20KT — wind three five zero
at one two gust two zero.
(b) Visibility. The expected prevailing
visibility up to and including 6 miles
is forecast in statute miles, including
fractions of miles, followed by “SM” to
note the units of measure. Expected
visibilities greater than 6 miles are
forecast as P6SM (plus six statute
miles).
EXAMPLE: 1/2 SM — visibility
one-half
4SM — visibility four
METEOROLOGY
US-57
P6SM — visibility more than six
(c) Weather
Phenomena.
The
expected weather phenomena is
coded in TAF reports using the
same format, qualifiers, and phenomena contractions as METAR
reports (except UP). Obscurations
to vision will be forecast whenever
the prevailing visibility is forecast to
be 6 statute miles or less. If no significant weather is expected to occur
during a specific time period in the
forecast, the weather phenomena
group is omitted for that time period.
If, after a time period in which significant weather phenomena has been
forecast, a change to a forecast of
no significant weather phenomena
occurs, the contraction NSW (No
Significant Weather) will appear as
the weather group in the new time
period. (NSW is included only in
TEMPO groups).
NOTE: It is very important that pilots
understand that NSW only refers to
weather phenomena, i.e., rain, snow,
drizzle, etc. Omitted conditions, such
as sky conditions, visibility, winds,
etc., are carried over from the previous time group.
(d) Sky Condition. TAF sky condition
forecasts use the METAR format
described in the METAR section.
Cumulonimbus clouds (CB) are the
only cloud type forecast in TAFs.
When clear skies are forecast, the
contraction “SKC” will always be
used. The contraction “CLR” is never
used in the TAF. When the sky is
obscured due to a surface-based
phenomenon, vertical visibility (VV)
into the obscuration is forecast. The
format for vertical visibility is “VV”
followed by a three-digit height in
hundreds of feet.
NOTE: As in METAR, ceiling layers
are not designated in the TAF code.
For aviation purposes, the ceiling is
the lowest broken or overcast layer
or vertical visibility into a complete
obscuration.
SKC — “sky clear”
SCT005 BKN025CB — “five hundred scattered, ceiling two thousand
five hundred broken cumulonimbus
clouds”
VV008 — “indefinite ceiling eight
hundred”
(e) Optional Data (Wind Shear). Wind
shear is the forecast of nonconvective low level winds (up to 2,000
feet). The forecast includes the letters “WS” followed by the height of
the wind shear, the wind direction
and wind speed at the indicated
height and the ending letters “KT”
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METEOROLOGY
(knots). Height is given in hundreds
of feet (AGL) up to and including
2,000 feet. Wind shear is encoded
with the contraction “WS,” followed
by a three-digit height, slant character “/,” and winds at the height
indicated in the same format as surface winds. The wind shear element
is omitted if not expected to occur.
WS010/18040KT — “LOW LEVEL
WIND SHEAR AT ONE THOUSAND,
WIND ONE EIGHT ZERO AT FOUR
ZERO”
d. Probability Forecast. The probability or chance
of thunderstorms or other precipitation events
occurring, along with associated weather conditions (wind, visibility, and sky conditions). The
PROB30 group is used when the occurrence
of thunderstorms or precipitation is 30-39%
and the PROB40 group is used when the
occurrence of thunderstorms or precipitation
is 40-49%. This is followed by two four-digit
groups separated by a “/”, giving the beginning
date and hour, and the ending date and hour of
the time period during which the thunderstorms
or precipitation are expected.
NOTE: NWS does not use PROB 40 in the TAF.
However U.S. Military generated TAFS may
include PROB40. PROB30 will not be shown
during the first nine hours of a NWS forecast.
EXAMPLE: PROB40 2221/2302 1/2 SM +TSRA
“chance between 2100Z and 0200Z of visibility one-half statute mile in thunderstorms and
heavy rain.”
PROB30 3010/3014 1SM RASN. “chance
between 1000Z and 1400Z of visibility one
statute mile in mixed rain and snow.”
e. Forecast Change Indicators. The following
change indicators are used when either a rapid,
gradual, or temporary change is expected in
some or all of the forecast meteorological conditions. Each change indicator marks a time
group within the TAF report.
1. From (FM) group. The FM group is used
when a rapid change, usually occurring in
less than one hour, in prevailing conditions
is expected. Typically, a rapid change of
prevailing conditions to more or less a
completely new set of prevailing conditions is associated with a synoptic feature
passing through the terminal area (cold or
warm frontal passage). Appended to the
“FM” indicator is the six-digit date, hour,
and minute the change is expected to
begin and continues until the next change
group or until the end of the current forecast. A “FM” group will mark the beginning
of a new line in a TAF report (indented 5
spaces). Each “FM” group contains all the
required elements-wind, visibility, weather,
and sky condition. Weather will be omitted
in “FM” groups when it is not significant
to aviation. FM groups will not include the
contraction NSW.
1 JUL 16
EXAMPLE: FM210100 14010KT P6SM
SKC — “after 0100Z on the 21st, wind one
four zero at one zero, visibility more than
six, sky clear.”
2. Becoming (BECMG) group. The BECMG
group is used when a gradual change in
conditions is expected over a longer time
period, usually two hours. The time period
when the change is expected is two fourdigit groups separated by a “/”, with the
beginning date and hour, and ending date
and hour of the change period which follows the BECMG indicator. The gradual
change will occur at an unspecified time
within this time period. Only the changing forecast meteorological conditions are
included in BECMG groups. The omitted
conditions are carried over from the previous time group.
NOTE: The NWS does not use BECMG in
the TAF.
EXAMPLE: OVC012 BECMG 0114/0116
BKN020 — “ceiling one thousand two
hundred overcast. Then a gradual change
to ceiling two thousand broken between
1400Z on the 1st and 1600Z on the 1st.”
3. Temporary (TEMPO) group. The TEMPO
group is used for any conditions in wind,
visibility, weather, or sky condition which
are expected to last for generally less than
an hour at a time (occasional), and are
expected to occur during less than half the
time period. The TEMPO indicator is followed by two four-digit groups separated
by a “/”. The first four digit group gives the
beginning date and hour, and the second
four digit group gives the ending date and
hour of the time period during which the
temporary conditions are expected. Only
the changing forecast meteorological conditions are included in TEMPO groups. The
omitted conditions are carried over from
the previous time group.
EXAMPLE:
1. SCT030
TEMPO
0519/0523
BKN030 — “three thousand scattered with occasional ceilings three
thousand broken between 1900Z on
the 5th and 2300Z on the 5th.”
2. 4SM HZ TEMPO 1900/1906 2SM
BR HZ — “visibility four in haze with
occasional visibility two in mist and
haze between 0000Z on the 19th
and 0600Z on the 19th.”
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 1994, 2016. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
q$i
23 SEP 05
METEOROLOGY
US-101
UNITED STATES
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE
NUMBERS FLIGHT SERVICE
STATIONS AND NATIONAL WEATHER
SERVICE
Telephone numbers for ATIS, ASOS, AWOS, and
PATWAS are included.
LEGEND
AFSS
Automated Flight Service Station
ATIS
Automated Terminal Information System.
ASOS
Automated Surface Observing System. Reports the same as AWOS-3 plus precipitation
identification and intensity and freezing rain occurrence (future enhancement).
AWOS
Automated Weather Observing System.
AWOS-A — Only reports altimeter setting.
AWOS-1 — Usually reports altimeter setting, wind data, temperature, dewpoint, and density
altitude.
AWOS-2 — Provides the information provided by AWOS-1, plus visibility.
AWOS-3 — Provides the information provided by AWOS-2, plus cloud/ceiling data.
D-ATIS
Digital ATIS
FFFP
Fast File Flight Plan System.
For pilots who already have obtained a weather briefing and desire only to file a flight plan.
Pilots may call the discrete telephone numbers listed and file flight plans in accordance with
recorded taped instructions. IFR flight plans will be extracted and entered in the appropriate
ARTCC computer. VFR flight plans will be retained at the FSS for activation by the pilot. This
equipment is designed to automatically disconnect after 8 seconds of no transmission, so
pilots are instructed to speak at a normal speech rate without lengthy pauses between flight
plan elements. Pilots are urged to file flight plans into this system at least 30 minutes in
advance of proposed departure.
FSS
Flight Service Station.
LC
Local Call
NWS
National Weather Service.
SAWRS
Identifies airports that have a Supplemental Aviation Weather Reporting Station available to
pilots for current weather information.
Telephone numbers for the above services are listed
on the following pages.
© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC. 1991, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
METEOROLOGY
15 OCT 10
US-103
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
800-WX-BRIEF will contact FSS from many locations in the United States. Cell phone users who are
outside their cell phone area code and want to call a FSS, call toll-free 800-555-1212 for a directory listing.
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE
NUMBERS
ALABASTER
ALBERTVILLE
(Brumlik)
ALEXANDER CITY
(Russell)
ANDALUSIA/OPP
ANNISTON
(Metro)
AUBURN
(-Opelika Pitts)
BESSEMER
BIRMINGHAM
(Intl)
BREWTON
CLAYTON
(Mun)
CULLMAN
(Folsom)
DECATUR
(Pryor Regl)
DEMOPOLIS
(Mun)
DOTHAN
(Regl)
EVERGREEN
(Middleton)
FAIRHOPE
(HL Sonny
Callahan
FORT PAYNE
(Isbell)
GADSDEN
(Mun)
GREENVILLE
GULF SHORES
(Edwards)
HALEYVILLE
(Posey Fld)
HUNTSVILLE
(Jones)
(Madison Co Exec)
JASPER
(Bevill)
MOBILE
(Downtown)
(Regl)
ALABAMA
MONTGOMERY
(Dannelly)
MUSCLE SHOALS
(NW Alabama
Regl)
PELL CITY
SYLACAUGA
(Merkel)
TALLADEGA
(Mun)
TROY
(Mun)
TUSCALOOSA
(Regl)
ALABAMA
ASOS
205-663-5881
AWOS-3
256-891-8259
AWOS-3
ASOS
256-329-1820
334-222-9770
ASOS
256-835-3931
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
334-821-4932
205-424-3127
ASOS
AWOS-3
205-591-6172
251-809-2987
AWOS-3
334-775-8414
AWOS-3
256-775-7476
ASOS
256-350-4270
AWOS-3
334-289-1466
ASOS
334-983-5999
ASOS
251-578-1438
AWOS-3
251-928-3242
AWOS-3
256-845-5397
AWOS-3
ASOS
256-442-7094
334-383-9676
AWOS-3
251-968-7581
ASOS
205-486-0035
ASOS
AWOS-3
256-772-8074
256-829-1242
AWOS-3
205-295-5539
BENSON
(Mun)
BUCKEYE
(Mun)
BULLHEAD CITY
(Laughlin/Bullhead
Intl)
CASA GRANDE
(Mun)
CHANDLER
(Mun)
CLIFTON/
MORENCI
Greenlee Cty)
COLORADO CITY
(Mun)
DOUGLAS BISBEE
(-Intl)
FLAGSTAFF
(Pulliam)
FT HUACHUCASIERRA VISTA
(Mun/Libby AAF)
GLENDALE
(Mun)
(Luke AFB)
GLOBE
GRAND CANYON
(Grand Canyon
Natl Park)
KAYENTA
ASOS
ASOS
251-431-6762
251-607-0469
KINGMAN
LAKE HAVASU
CITY
ASOS
334-288-0445
ASOS
AWOS-3
256-383-1033
205-884-4359
AWOS-3
256-249-2620
AWOS-3
256-362-5847
ASOS
334-566-3081
ASOS
205-750-8940
ARIZONA
AWOS-3
520-586-4409
AWOS-3
623-386-7627
AWOS-3
928-754-4462
AWOS-3
520-836-3392
AWOS-3
480-814-9952
AWOS-3
928-687-1116
AWOS-3
928-875-8045
ASOS
520-364-7208
ASOS
928-779-2439
ASOS
520-459-7316
AWOS-3
ASOS
AWOS-3
623-877-8609
623-856-4361
928-475-5560
ASOS
AWOS-3
ASOS
928-638-0672
928-697-3638
928-692-8104
AWOS-3
928-764-2317
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-104
METEOROLOGY
15 OCT 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
ARIZONA
MARANA
(Pinal Airpark)
MESA
(Falcon)
NOGALES
(Intl)
PAGE
(Mun)
PARKER
(Avi Suquilla)
PAYSON
PHOENIX
(-Sky Harbor Intl)
(Deer Valley Mun)
(Phoenix-Mesa
Gateway)
PRESCOTT
(Love Fld)
SAFFORD
(Regl)
ST JOHNS
(Industrial)
SAN MANUEL
SCOTTSDALE
SEDONA
SHOW LOW
(Regl)
SPRINGERVILLE
(Mun)
TAYLOR
TUCSON
(MaranaNorthwest Regl)
(Ryan)
(-Intl)
WICKENBURG
(Mun)
WILLIAMS
(Clark Mem)
WINDOW ROCK
WINSLOW
(Lindbergh Regl)
ALMYRA
ARKADELPHIA
(Florence Meml)
BATESVILLE
(Regl)
AWOS-3
520-682-3519
ATIS
480-641-9378
ASOS
520-287-9332
ASOS
928-645-1228
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
928-669-2160
928-472-4260
ASOS
ASOS
602-231-8557
623-587-7764
AWOS-3
480-988-9428
ASOS
928-717-1287
ASOS
928-428-5178
ASOS
AWOS-3
ATIS
ASOS
AWOS-2
928-337-3061
520-385-4238
480-998-5144
480-483-3049
928-282-1993
AWOS-3
928-532-0379
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
928-333-5716
928-536-2609
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
ATIS
ASOS
520-682-4104
520-578-0269
520-741-1177
520-889-7236
AWOS-3
928-684-2487
AWOS-3
ASOS
928-635-1278
928-871-3421
ASOS
928-289-0134
ARKANSAS
Clearance
Delivery
501-379-2908
ASOS
870-403-0945
AWOS-3
870-251-1369
ARKANSAS
BENTONVILLE
(Mun)
AWOS-3
BLYTHEVILLE
(Mun)
ASOS
CAMDEN
(Harrell Fld)
AWOS-3
CARLISLE
Clearance
(Mun)
Delivery
CLINTON
(Mun)
AWOS-3
CONWAY
Clearance
(Cantrell)
Delivery
CORNING
(Mun)
AWOS-3
DE QUEEN
(Helms Sevier Co)
ASOS
EL DORADO
(South Arkansas
Regl)
ASOS
FAYETTEVILLE
(Drake)
ASOS
FAYETTEVILLE /
SPRINGDALE
(Northwest
Arkansas Regl)
ASOS
FLIPPIN
(Marion Co Regl)
AWOS-3
FORT SMITH
(Regl)
ASOS
HARRISON
(Boone Co)
ASOS
HOT SPRINGS
(Memorial)
ASOS
JONESBORO
ASOS
LITTLE ROCK
(Adams)
ASOS
MENA
(Intermountain
Mun)
AWOS-3
MONTICELLO
(Mun/Ellis)
ASOS
MOUNTAIN HOME
(Baxter Co Regl)
ASOS
NEWPORT
(Mun)
ASOS
NORTH LITTLE
ROCK
Clearance
(Mun)
Delivery
PINE BLUFF
(Grider)
ASOS
Clearance
Delivery
479-273-9198
870-763-8206
870-574-1011
501-379-2908
501-745-5000
501-379-2908
870-857-9702
870-642-7829
870-862-3090
479-442-5237
479-203-0109
870-453-2380
479-646-2504
870-365-8550
501-624-7633
870-932-4010
501-376-0247
479-394-5149
870-367-1019
870-481-5946
870-523-2189
501-379-2908
870-536-0228
501-379-2908
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
15 OCT 10
METEOROLOGY
US-105
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
CALIFORNIA
ARKANSAS
ROGERS
(Mun-Carter)
RUSSELVILLE
(Regl)
SEARCY
(Mun)
SILOAM SPRINGS
(Smith)
SPRINGDALE
(Mun)
STUTTGART
(Mun)
WALNUT RIDGE
(Regl)
WEST MEMPHIS
(Mun)
AWOS-3
479-631-9196
ASOS
479-968-2267
Clearance
Delivery
ASOS
501-379-2908
501-268-4280
AWOS-3
479-524-9893
AWOS-3
479-750-2967
Clearance
Delivery
AWOS-3
501-918-4608
870-673-1884
AWOS-3
870-886-2537
ASOS
870-733-9987
CALIFORNIA
ALTURAS
(Mun)
ARCATA - EUREKA
AUBURN
(Mun)
AVALON
(Catalina)
BAKERSFIELD
(Meadows)
BIG BEAR CITY
BISHOP
(Eastern Sierra
Regl)
BLYTHE
BORREGO
SPRINGS
(Borrego Valley)
BURBANK
(Bob Hope)
BYRON
CAMARILLO
CARLSBAD
(McClellanPalomar)
CHICO
(Mun)
CHINO
ASOS
ASOS
530-233-5251
707-839-7429
AWOS-3
530-888-8934
ASOS
310-510-9641
ATIS
ASOS
AWOS-3
661-399-9425
661-393-3766
909-585-4033
ASOS
ASOS
760-872-2658
760-922-3000
AWOS-1
760-767-3308
D-ATIS
ASOS
AWOS
ATIS
ASOS
818-843-6633
818-841-1384
925-634-0906
805-484-3351
805-384-9294
ATIS
ASOS
760-438-2117
760-930-0864
AWOS-3
ATIS
ASOS
530-879-3850
909-393-5365
909-393-5823
COALINGA
(New Coalinga
Mun)
COLUMBIA
CONCORD
(Buchanan)
CORONA
(Mun)
CRESCENT CITY
(McNamara)
DAGGETT
(Barstow-Daggett)
DAVIS
(University)
DAVIS /
WOODLAND /
WINTERS
(Yolo Co)
DELANO
(Mun)
EL MONTE
EMIGRANT GAP
(Blue CanyonNyack)
FRESNO
(Yosemite Intl)
FRESNO
(Chandler Exec)
FULLERTON
(Mun)
GRASS VALLEY
(Nevada Co)
HALF MOON BAY
HANFORD
(Mun)
HAWTHORNE
(Jack Northrop/
Mun)
HAYWARD
(Executive)
HEALDSBURG
HEMET-RYAN
HERLONG
(Amedee AAF)
HOLLISTER
(Mun)
IMPERIAL
(Co)
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
559-935-5960
209-536-9384
ATIS
ASOS
925-685-4567
925-689-2077
ASOS
951-340-4764
ASOS
707-465-5458
ASOS
760-254-3630
AWOS-3
530-754-6839
AWOS-3
530-750-2759
AWOS-3
ATIS
661-721-2668
626-444-1107
ASOS
530-389-2091
ASOS
559-255-3413
AWOS-3
559-488-1040
ATIS
ASOS
714-870-6222
714-870-1372
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
530-273-0029
650-728-5649
ASOS
559-585-8076
ATIS
ASOS
310-675-7945
310-973-8930
ATIS
ASOS
AWOS-A
AWOS-3
510-786-3988
510-786-3052
617-262-3825
951-925-6886
ASOS
530-827-4520
AWOS-3
831-636-4394
ASOS
760-355-2851
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-106
METEOROLOGY
15 OCT 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
CALIFORNIA
JACKSON
(Westover Amador
Co)
AWOS-3
LAKEPORT
(Lampson)
AWOS-2
LANCASTER
(Fox)
ASOS
LA VERNE
(Brackett)
ATIS
LINCOLN
(Regl/Harder)
AWOS-3
LIVERMORE
(Mun)
ATIS
ASOS
LOMPOC
AWOS-3
LONG BEACH
(-Daugherty)
ATIS
ASOS
LOS ANGELES
(Intl)
D-ATIS
ASOS
LOS BANOS
(Muni)
AWOS-3
MADERA
(Mun)
ASOS
MAMMOTH
(Yosemite)
AWOS-3
MARINA
(Mun)
AWOS-3
MARIPOSAYOSEMITE
AWOS-3
MARYSVILLE
(Yuba Co)
ASOS
MERCED
(Castle)
AWOS-3
(Mun/Macready)
ASOS
MODESTO CITY
(Co - Sham)
ASOS
MOJAVE
AWOS-3
MONTAGUE
(Siskiyou Co)
ASOS
MONTEREY
(Peninsula)
ATIS
ASOS
MURRIETA/
TEMECULA
(French Valley)
AWOS-3
NAPA
(Co)
ATIS
ASOS
NEEDLES
ASOS
CALIFORNIA
209-257-1292
707-262-0380
661-949-2840
909-596-1523
NOVATO
(Gnoss)
OAKLAND
(Metro Oakland
Intl)
OCEANSIDE
(Mun)
ONTARIO
(Intl)
916-645-0698
925-447-9516
925-606-5412
805-735-3075
562-595-8564
562-424-0572
310-646-2297
310-568-1486
209-827-7084
559-674-1781
760-934-6020
831-384-2967
209-966-2912
530-742-0695
209-725-0104
209-381-0926
209-572-0914
661-824-5218
530-459-0267
831-375-7433
831-642-0241
951-696-1018
707-255-2847
707-252-7916
760-326-4281
OROVILLE
(Mun)
OXNARD
PALMDALE
(AF Plant 42)
PALM SPRINGS
(Jacqueline
Cochran Regl)
(Intl)
PALO ALTO
(- of Santa Clara
Co)
PASO ROBLES
(Mun)
PETALUMA
(Mun)
PLACERVILLE
PORTERVILLE
(Mun)
RAMONA
RED BLUFF
(Mun)
REDDING
(Mun)
REEDLEY
(Mun)
RIVERSIDE
(Mun)
SACRAMENTO
(-Executive)
(Intl)
(Mather)
(McClellan)
SALINAS
(Mun)
AWOS-3
D-ATIS
415-897-2236
ASOS
510-635-5850
(N and S
complex)
510-383-9514
ASOS
760-439-9683
D-ATIS
ASOS
909-605-0056
909-937-2186
ASOS
ATIS
ASOS
530-533-5792
805-985-1758
805-382-0569
ASOS
661-272-3798
ASOS
ATIS
ASOS
760-399-8054
760-327-2770
760-320-7645
ATIS
650-858-0606
ASOS
805-239-3593
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
707-773-1529
530-622-5698
AWOS-3
ASOS
559-784-3874
760-789-0736
ASOS
530-528-8030
ASOS
530-221-7144
AWOS-3
559-637-9453
ATIS
ASOS
951-688-7257
951-352-4392
ATIS
ASOS
D-ATIS
ASOS
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
916-428-7066
916-421-0923
916-874-0679
916-649-3996
916-231-0103
916-641-1272
ASOS
831-422-2830
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 DEC 10
METEOROLOGY
US-107
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
CALIFORNIA
CALIFORNIA
SAN ANDREAS
(Calaveras
Co-Rasmussen)
SAN
BERNARDINO
(Intl)
SAN CARLOS
SAN DIEGO
(Brown Mun)
(Intl)
(Montgomery)
SAN DIEGO / EL
CAJON
(Gillespie)
SAN FRANCISCO
(Intl)
SAN JOSE
(Mineta Intl)
(Reid-Hillview)
SAN LUIS OBISPO
(San Luis Co Regl)
SANTA ANA
(Wayne-Orange
Co)
SANTA BARBARA
(Mun)
SANTA MARIA
(Hancock)
SANTA MONICA
(Mun)
SANTA ROSA
(Schultz-Sonoma
Co)
SANTA YNEZ
SOUTH LAKE
TAHOE
(Lake Tahoe)
STOCKTON
(Metro)
SUSANVILLE
(Mun)
AWOS-3
209-736-2523
AWOS-3
ATIS
AWOS-3
909-382-0067
650-593-0613
650-593-0613
ATIS
ASOS
D-ATIS
ASOS
ATIS
ASOS
619-661-0152
619-661-8297
619-298-0997
619-296-8934
858-277-3075
858-576-4337
AWOS-3
ATIS
619-449-1228
619-449-1228
650-877-3585/
D-ATIS
8422
ASOS 650-872-0246
D-ATIS
ASOS
ATIS
408-980-8459
408-969-0838
408-923-7100
ASOS
805-547-1260
D-ATIS
ASOS
714-546-2279
714-424-0590
ATIS
ASOS
805-967-0283
805-681-0583
ATIS
ASOS
805-347-9136
805-928-0384
ATIS
ASOS
310-450-4620
310-392-6453
ATIS
ASOS
AWOS-3
707-545-ATIS
707-573-8393
805-686-8903
ASOS
530-541-5739
ATIS
ASOS
209-982-4667
209-982-4270
AWOS-3
530-257-0315
TEHACHAPI
(Mun)
TORRANCE
(Zamperini)
TRACY
(Mun)
TRUCKEE
(-Tahoe)
TULARE
(Mefford)
UKIAH
(Mun)
VACAVILLE
(Nut Tree)
VAN NUYS
VICTORVILLE
(Southern
California Logistics)
VISALIA
(Mun)
WATSONVILLE
(Mun)
WEAVERVILLE
(Pool Fld)
AWOS-3
661-823-0473
ATIS
310-534-2847
AWOS-3
209-831-4335
AWOS-3
530-587-4599
AWOS-3
559-686-2613
ASOS
707-462-7343
ASOS
ATIS
ASOS
707-448-1594
818-780-4993
818-904-9213
AWOS-3
760-246-3635
AWOS-3
559-651-2418
ASOS
831-724-8794
AWOS-3
530-623-3810
COLORADO
AKRON
(Colorado Plains
Regl)
ALAMOSA
(San Luis Valley
Regl/Bergman)
ASPEN
(-Pitkin Co/Sardy)
BOULDER
(Mun)
BUENA VISTA
(Central Colorado
Regl)
BURLINGTON
(Kit Carson Co)
COLORADO
SPRINGS
(Mun)
CORTEZ
(Mun)
CRAIG
(-Moffat)
DELTA
(Blake Fld)
ASOS
970-345-2320
ASOS
719-589-5669
ASOS
970-925-9168
AWOS-3
303-541-9540
AWOS-3
719-395-2599
ASOS
719-346-7036
ATIS
ASOS
719-596-7040
719-637-9696
ASOS
970-564-0193
ASOS
970-824-2373
AWOS-3
970-874-3251
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-108
METEOROLOGY
10 DEC 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
COLORADO
COLORADO
DENVER
(Centennial)
(Denver Intl)
(Front Range)
(Rocky Mtn Metro)
DURANGO
(La Plata Co)
EAGLE
(Co Regl)
ERIE
(Mun)
FT COLLINS/
LOVELAND
(Mun)
FORT MORGAN
(Mun)
GRANBY
(Grand Co)
GRAND
JUNCTION
(Walker)
GREELEY
(Weld Co)
GUNNISON
(Crested Butte
Regl)
HAYDEN
(Yampa Valley)
HOLYOKE
KREMMLING
(McElroy Airfld)
LA JUNTA
(Mun)
LAMAR
(Mun)
LEADVILLE
(Lake Co)
LIMON
(Mun)
LONGMONT
(Vance Brand)
MEEKER
MONTROSE
(Regl)
NUCLA
(Hopkins Fld)
ATIS
ASOS
D-ATIS (arr)
D-ATIS (dep)
ASOS
AWOS-3
ATIS
AWOS-3
303-799-6722
303-706-9098
303-342-0819
303-342-0820
303-342-0838
303-261-9104
303-466-8744
720-887-8067
ASOS
970-259-3579
AWOS-3
970-524-7386
AWOS-3
303-604-4339
AWOS-3
970-669-9187
AWOS-3
970-867-4823
AWOS-1
970-887-1803
ASOS
970-245-7881
AWOS-3
970-352-3511
AWOS-3
970-641-3240
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
970-276-3690
970-854-3679
AWOS-3
970-724-9659
ASOS
719-384-5961
ASOS
719-336-3854
ASOS
719-486-2735
ASOS
719-775-0515
ASOS
ASOS
303-684-7545
970-878-5036
ASOS
970-249-1534
AWOS-3
970-864-2325
PAGOSA
SPRINGS
(Stevens Fld)
PUEBLO
(Meml)
RIFLE
(Garfield Co)
SAGUACHE
(Mun)
SALIDA
(Harriet Alexander
Fld)
STEAMBOAT
SPRINGS
(Adams)
STERLING
(Mun)
TELLURIDE
(Regl)
TRINIDAD
(Perry Stokes)
WALDEN
(Jackson Co)
WALSENBURG
(Spanish Peaks
Afld)
WRAY
(Mun)
BRIDGEPORT
(Sikorsky Meml)
CHESTER
DANBURY
(Mun)
AWOS-3
970-731-0365
ASOS
719-948-2803
ASOS
970-625-2206
AWOS-3
719-655-2229
AWOS-3
719-539-5268
AWOS-3
970-879-7794
AWOS-3
970-526-3009
AWOS-3
970-728-1534
ASOS
719-845-1156
AWOS-3
970-723-4513
AWOS-3
719-738-1053
AWOS-3
970-332-5930
CONNECTICUT
AFSS
FSS
ASOS
AWOS-3
866-293-5149
203-377-4197
203-381-9453
860-526-1551
ASOS
DANIELSON
GROTON
(New London)
HARTFORD
(-Brainard)
MERIDAN
(Markham Mun)
NEW HAVEN
(Tweed - New
Haven)
OXFORD
(WaterburyOxford)
AWOS-3
203-791-8227
(1200-0300Z)
860-779-7251
ASOS
860-449-8921
ATIS
ASOS
860-246-5929
860-527-5837
ASOS
203-639-9405
ASOS
203-466-6205
ATIS
AWOS-3
203-262-1190
203-262-1190
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 DEC 10
METEOROLOGY
US-109
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
FLORIDA
CONNECTICUT
WILLIMANTIC
(Windham)
WINDSOR LOCKS
(Bradley Intl)
ASOS
860-456-8839
D-ATIS
ASOS
860-386-3570
860-627-9732
DELAWARE
GEORGETOWN
(Sussex Co)
MIDDLETOWN
(Summit)
WILMINGTON
(New Castle)
ASOS
302-856-2927
AWOS-3
Clearance
Delivery
302-378-2063
ASOS
302-328-1536
800-354-9884
FLORIDA
APALACHICOLA
(Mun)
AVON PARK
(Executive)
BARTOW
(Mun)
BOCA RATON
BROOKSVILLE
(Hernando Co)
CLEWISTON
(Airglades)
CRESTVIEW
(Sikes)
CRYSTAL RIVER
DAYTONA BEACH
(Intl)
DELAND
(Taylor Field)
DESTIN
(-Ft Walton Beach)
FERNANDINA
BEACH
(Mun)
FT LAUDERDALE
(Exec)
(-Hollywood Intl)
FT MYERS
(Page)
(Southwest Florida
Intl)
FT PIERCE
(St Lucie Co Intl)
GAINESVILLE
(Regl)
ASOS
850-653-8271
AWOS-3
863-453-4223
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
863-533-9004
561-391-2696
ASOS
352-799-5881
AWOS-3
863-983-7020
ASOS
AWOS-3
850-682-1237
352-563-6600
ASOS
386-253-7469
AWOS-3
386-740-5811
ASOS
850-654-7128
AWOS-3
904-277-7323
ASOS
ASOS
954-772-2537
954-359-7857
ASOS
239-936-2318
ASOS
239-561-0966
ASOS
772-489-4281
ASOS
352-335-8672
HOLLYWOOD
(North Perry)
HOMESTEAD
(Gen Aviation)
IMMOKALEE
INVERNESS
JACKSONVILLE
(Craig Mun)
(Cecil Fld)
(Herlong)
(Intl)
KEYSTONE
HEIGHTS
KEY WEST
(Intl)
LAKE CITY
(Mun)
LAKE WALES
(Mun)
LEESBURG
(Regl)
LIVE OAK
MARATHON
MARCO ISLAND
MARIANNA
(Mun)
MELBOURNE
(Intl)
MERRITT ISLAND
MIAMI
(Dade-Collier)
(Intl)
(Kendall-Tamiami
Exec)
(Opa Locka)
NAPLES
(Mun)
NEW SMYRNA
BEACH
(Mun)
OCALA
(Intl/Taylor)
OKEECHOBEE
(Co)
ORLANDO
(Exec)
(Intl)
(Kissimmee)
(Sanford)
ASOS
954-983-5904
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
305-247-2791
239-657-2038
352-341-0264
ASOS
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
ASOS
904-646-4670
904-778-6934
904-695-0334
904-741-4304
AWOS-3
352-473-8273
ASOS
305-292-4046
AWOS-3
386-754-9366
AWOS-3
863-678-1334
ASOS
AWOS-3
ASOS
AWOS-3
352-787-1565
386-362-1731
305-743-8373
239-394-8187
ASOS
850-482-6082
ASOS
AWOS-3
321-723-7403
321-986-8864
AWOS-3
ATIS (Arr)
ATIS (Dep)
ASOS
239-695-9198
305-869-5445
305-869-5446
305-870-0235
ASOS
ASOS
305-235-1332
305-681-4063
ATIS
ASOS
239-643-5230
239-643-9886
AWOS-3
386-409-7405
AWOS-3
352-237-8525
ASOS
863-467-1148
ASOS
ASOS
AWOS-3
ASOS
407-658-6753
407-855-5235
407-847-0533
407-321-9384
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-110
METEOROLOGY
10 DEC 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
FLORIDA
FLORIDA
ORMOND BEACH
(Mun)
PALATKA
(Mun)
PALM COAST
(Flagler Co)
PANAMA CITY
(NW FloridaPanama City, Intl)
PENSACOLA
(Regl)
PERRY
(-Foley)
PLANT CITY
(Mun)
POMPANO BEACH
PUNTA GORDA
(-Charlotte Co)
ST AUGUSTINE
ST PETERSBURG
(Albert Whitted)
(Clearwater Intl)
SARASOTA
(-Bradenton Intl)
SEBRING
(Regl)
STUART
(Witham)
TALLAHASEE
(Regl)
TAMPA
(Intl)
(Peter O Knight)
(Exec)
TITUSVILLE
(Arthur Dunn)
VENICE
(Mun)
VERO BEACH
(-Mun)
WEST PALM
BEACH
(North Palm Beach
Co)
(Palm Beach Co
Park)
(Palm Beach Intl)
AWOS-3
386-615-7084
AWOS-3
386-312-2212
AWOS-3
386-437-7334
WILLISTON
(Mun)
WINTER HAVEN’S
GILBERT
ZEPHYRHILLS
(Mun)
AWOS-3
352-528-9949
ASOS
863-956-2097
ASOS
813-780-0031
GEORGIA
ASOS
850-235-7857
ASOS
850-436-4799
AWOS-1
850-838-3526
AWOS-3
ASOS
813-764-8259
954-783-3720
ASOS
AWOS-3
941-639-0076
904-824-7084
ASOS
ASOS
727-821-4334
727-531-3456
ASOS
941-359-0117
AWOS-3
863-655-6424
AWOS-3
772-692-7399
ASOS
850-576-3665
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
813-873-7228
813-251-6824
813-630-0924
AWOS-3
321-385-0383
AWOS-1
941-486-2718
ASOS
772-978-9535
AWOS-3
561-630-6932
AWOS-3
ASOS
561-964-0308
561-683-2548
ALBANY
(Southwest Georgia
Regl)
ALMA
(Bacon Co)
AMERICUS
(Souther)
ATHENS
(Epps)
ATLANTA
(Cobb Co)
(Dekalb- Peachtree)
(Fulton Co - Brown)
(Hartsfield Atlanta
Intl)
(Newnan Coweta
Co)
(Peachtree City Falcon)
AUGUSTA
(Regl at Bush)
(Daniel)
BAINBRIDGE
(Decatur Co
Industrial)
BLAIRSVILLE
BLAKELY
(Early Co)
BRUNSWICK
(Golden Isles)
(Malcolm McKinnon)
CALHOUN
(David Fld)
CANTON
(Cherokee Co)
CARROLLTON
(West Georgia Regl)
CARTERSVILLE
CLAXTON
(-Evans Cty)
COLUMBUS
(Metro)
CORDELE
(Crisp Co-Cordele)
ASOS
229-434-7494
ASOS
912-632-8738
AWOS-3
229-928-0934
ASOS
706-613-7373
AWOS-3
ASOS
ASOS
770-425-3406
770-457-1691
404-696-5660
ASOS
404-762-1121
AWOS-3
770-254-1617
ASOS
770-487-1610
ASOS
ASOS
706-790-0631
706-481-8629
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
229-248-2104
706-745-9271
AWOS-3
229-723-5511
AWOS-3
ASOS
912-261-0531
912-638-7042
AWOS-3
706-602-5906
AWOS-3
770-704-6235
AWOS-3
ASOS
404-214-9667
770-606-0375
AWOS-3
912-739-3768
ASOS
706-576-4715
AWOS-3
229-276-2669
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 DEC 10
METEOROLOGY
US-111
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
GEORGIA
GEORGIA
CORNELIA
(-Habersham Co)
COVINGTON
(Mun)
DALLAS
(Paulding Co Regl)
DALTON
(Mun)
DOUGLAS
(Mun)
DUBLIN
(Barron)
EASTMAN
ELBERTON
(Elbert Co-Patz)
FITZGERALD
(Mun)
GAINSVILLE
(Gilmer Meml)
GREENSBORO
(Greene Co)
GRIFFIN
(Spalding Co)
HAMPTON
(Clayton Co-Tara)
HOMERVILLE
JEFFERSON
(Jackson Co)
LAFAYETTE
(Barwick Lafayette)
LA GRANGE
(Callaway)
LAWRENCEVILLE
(Gwinnett
Co-Briscoe)
MACON
(Middle Georgia
Regl)
MILLEDGEVILLE
(Baldwin Co)
MOULTRIE
(Mun)
NEWNAN
(Coweta Co)
PERRY
(Houston Co)
ROME
(Russell)
SANDERSVILLE
(Kaolin)
SAVANNAH
(/Hilton Head Intl)
AWOS-3
706-778-3675
AWOS-3
770-385-7057
AWOS-3
770-445-3870
AWOS-3
706-278-7010
AWOS-3
912-383-7258
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
478-277-9051
478-374-9979
AWOS-3
706-283-8133
AWOS-3
229-426-5072
ASOS
770-532-4687
AWOS-3
706-453-0017
AWOS-3
770-227-3934
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
770-707-1719
912-487-1253
ASOS
706-367-1607
ASOS
706-639-1976
AWOS-3
706-845-0677
AWOS-3
770-339-7753
ASOS
478-784-8825
(0100-1300Z)
AWOS-3
478-445-7718
AWOS-3
229-890-5320
AWOS-3
770-254-1617
AWOS-3
478-987-8768
ASOS
706-235-3467
AWOS-3
478-240-9432
ASOS
912-966-0364
STATESBORO
(Bulloch Co)
SWAINSBORO
(Emanuel Co)
SYLVANIA
(Plantation Airpark)
THOMASTON
(Upson Co)
THOMASVILLE
(Regl)
THOMSON
(McDuffie Co)
TIFTON
(Myers)
TOCCOA
(-Letourneau)
VALDOSTA
(Regl)
VIDALIA
(Regl)
WASHINGTON
(Wilkes Co)
WAYCROSS
(Ware Co)
WINDER
(Barrow)
AWOS-3
912-764-9321
AWOS-3
478-237-8437
AWOS-3
912-875-9000
AWOS-3
706-646-4123
AWOS-3
229-225-4336
AWOS-3
706-597-9801
AWOS-3
229-386-8937
AWOS-3
706-297-7473
ASOS
229-245-8746
AWOS-3
912-538-0219
AWOS-3
706-678-3647
AWOS-3
912-287-4466
AWOS-3
770-868-0642
IDAHO
BOISE
(Boise Air Term/
Gowen)
BURLEY
(Mun)
CALDWELL
(Industrial)
CHALLIS
COEUR D’ ALENE
(Pappy Boyington
Fld)
DRIGGS
(Reed Mem)
HAILEY
(Friedman Meml)
IDAHO FALLS
(Regl)
JEROME
(Co)
LEWISTON
(Nez Perce Co)
McCALL
(Mun)
ASOS
208-388-4640
ASOS
208-677-3604
AWOS-3
ASOS
208-454-3953
208-879-5121
AWOS-3
208-772-8215
ASOS
208-354-6661
AWOS-3
208-788-9213
208-524-6048/
ASOS
4553
ATIS 208-524-6048
ASOS
208-324-7076
ASOS
208-746-4185
ASOS
208-634-7198
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-112
METEOROLOGY
10 DEC 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
ILLINOIS
IDAHO
NAMPA
(Mun)
POCATELLO
(Regl)
REXBURG
(Madison Co)
SALMON
(Lemhi Co)
SANDPOINT
TWIN FALLS
(Joslin-Magic
Valley Regl)
AWOS-3
208-318-0040
ATIS
ASOS
208-232-2269
208-235-1287
ASOS
208-356-0986
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
208-756-4381
208-263-3074
ASOS
208-733-1878
ILLINOIS
ALTON / ST LOUIS
(Regl)
BLOOMINGTON/
NORMAL
(Central Ill Regl
at Bloomington/
Normal)
CAHOKIA/ST
LOUIS
(St Louis Downtown)
CAIRO
(Regl)
CARBONDALE/
MURPHYSBORO
(Southern Ill)
CARMI
(Mun)
CENTRALIA
(Mun)
CHAMPAIGN
URBANA
(Univ of IllinoisWillard)
CHICAGO
(-O’Hare Intl)
(Lansing)
(-Midway)
CHICAGO/
AURORA
(Aurora Mun)
CHICAGO-WEST
CHICAGO
(Dupage)
AWOS-3
618-259-7231
ASOS
309-661-9478
ASOS
618-332-0001
AWOS-3
618-734-9173
ASOS
618-529-1821
AWOS-3
618-382-3760
AWOS-3
618-533-4417
ASOS
217-352-9118
D-ATIS
ASOS
AWOS-3
ASOS
ATIS
773-601-8921
773-462-0118
708-895-9526
773-581-8094
773-581-9967
ASOS
630-466-4024
ASOS
630-584-2728
CHICAGO/
PROSPECT
HEIGHTS/
WHEELING)
(Chicago Exec)
CHICAGO/
ROCKFORD
(Intl)
CHICAGO/
ROMEOVILLE
(Lewis University)
CHICAGO/
WAUKEGAN
(Regl)
DANVILLE
(Vermilion Co)
DECATUR
DE KALB TAYLOR
(Mun)
EFFINGHAM
(Co Meml)
FAIRFIELD
(Mun)
FLORA
(Mun)
FREEPORT
(Albertus)
GALESBURG
(Mun)
HARRISBURG
(-Raleigh)
JACKSONVILLE
(Mun)
JOLIET
(Regl)
KANKAKEE
(Greater Kankakee)
LACON
(Marshall Co)
LAWRENCEVILLE
(Vincennes Intl)
LINCOLN
(Logan Co)
LITCHFIELD
(Mun)
MACOMB
(Mun)
MARION
(Williamson Co
Regl)
MATTOON/
CHARLESTON
(Coles Co Meml)
ASOS
847-465-0291
ASOS
815-399-0627
AWOS-3
815-588-4802
ASOS
847-782-0876
AWOS-3
ASOS
217-442-4660
217-429-0052
AWOS-3
815-748-2350
AWOS-3
217-536-5976
AWOS-3
618-847-4709
AWOS-3
618-662-8355
AWOS-3
815-233-4472
AWOS-3
309-343-3711
AWOS-3
618-253-3010
AWOS-3
217-243-6379
AWOS-3
815-730-9560
AWOS-3
815-939-4044
AWOS-3
309-246-3089
ASOS
618-943-5252
AWOS-3
217-732-9605
AWOS-3
217-324-4735
AWOS-3
309-837-4022
AWOS-3
618-942-8877
ASOS
217-234-8442
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 DEC 10
METEOROLOGY
US-113
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
INDIANA
ILLINOIS
METROPOLIS
(Mun)
MOLINE
(Quad City Intl)
MORRIS
(-Mun-Washburn)
MOUNT CARMEL
(Mun)
MOUNT VERNON
OLNEY/NOBLE
PARIS
(Edgar Co)
PEORIA
(Greater Peoria
Regl)
PERU
(Illinois Valley Regl Duncan)
PITTSFIELD
(-Penstone Mun)
PONTIAC
(Mun)
QUINCY
(Regl - Baldwin)
RANTOUL
(Rantoul Natl
Aviation Center Elliott)
ROBINSON
(Mun)
ROCHELLE
(Mun-Koritz)
ROCKFORD
(Intl)
SALEM
(Leckrone)
SAVANNA
(Tri-Township)
SPARTA
(-Community Hunter)
SPRINGFIELD
(Capital)
STERLING
ROCKFALLS
(Whiteside Co
Bittorf)
TAYLORVILLE
(Mun)
VANDALIA
(Mun)
AWOS-3
618-524-7483
ASOS
309-799-7096
AWOS-3
815-941-1815
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
618-948-2184
618-242-7933
618-393-4416
AWOS-3
217-465-4304
ASOS
309-697-3611
AWOS-3
815-223-8442
AWOS-3
217-285-1428
AWOS-3
815-844-0923
ASOS
217-885-3319
AWOS-3
217-892-4999
AWOS-3
618-586-2772
AWOS-3
815-562-2955
ASOS
815-399-0627
AWOS-3
618-548-0469
AWOS-3
815-273-4429
AWOS-3
618-443-3296
ASOS
217-789-7389
AWOS-3
815-626-2704
AWOS-3
217-824-9323
AWOS-A
618-283-9595
ANDERSON
(Mun-Darlington)
ANGOLA
(Tri-state Steuben
Co)
AUBURN
(De Kalb Co)
BEDFORD
(Grissom Mun)
BLOOMINGTON
(Monroe Co)
COLUMBUS
(Mun)
CONNERSVILLE
(Mettel)
ELKHART
(Mun)
EVANSVILLE
(Regl)
FT WAYNE
(Intl)
(Smith Fld)
FRANKFORT
(Mun)
FRENCH LICK
(Mun)
GARY
(Chicago)
GOSHEN
(Mun)
GREENCASTLE
(Putnam Co)
HUNTINGBURG
INDIANAPOLIS
(Downtown Heliport)
(Eagle Creek)
(Executive)
(Greenwood Mun)
(Hendricks
Co-Graham Fld)
(Intl)
(Metropolitan)
(Mount Comfort)
JEFFERSONVILLE
(Clark Co)
KENDALLVILLE
(Mun)
KNOX
(Starke Co)
KOKOMO
(Mun)
AWOS-3
765-378-1510
AWOS-3
260-668-5630
AWOS-3
260-925-8225
AWOS-3
812-275-8306
ASOS
812-825-8046
AWOS-3
812-376-7584
AWOS-3
765-827-6649
AWOS-3
574-264-9002
ASOS
812-426-2174
ASOS
AWOS-3
260-478-5615
260-490-4030
AWOS-3
765-654-0328
AWOS-3
812-936-2252
AWOS-3
219-944-0010
ASOS
574-642-4231
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
765-653-1789
812-683-4003
AWOS-3
ASOS
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
317-955-3160
317-329-1754
317-769-3154
317-882-5862
AWOS-3
ASOS
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
317-718-4872
317-241-0348
317-842-3911
317-335-3037
AWOS-3
812-246-1278
AWOS-3
260-347-2967
AWOS-3
574-772-2041
AWOS-3
765-452-3014
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-114
METEOROLOGY
10 DEC 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
INDIANA
LAFAYETTE
(Purdue University)
LA PORTE
(Mun)
MADISON
(Mun)
MARION
(Mun)
MUNCIE
(Delaware
Co-Johnson)
NORTH VERNON
PORTLAND
(Mun)
RENSSELAER
(Jasper Co)
RICHMOND
(Mun)
ROCHESTER
(Fulton Co)
SEYMOUR
(Freeman Mun)
SHELBYVILLE
(Mun)
SOUTH BEND
(Regl)
TERRE HAUTE
(Intl-Hulman)
VALPARAISO
(Porter Co Mun)
WARSAW
(Mun)
IOWA
ASOS
765-743-9687
AWOS-3
219-326-6916
AWOS-3
812-866-1798
AWOS-3
765-674-1317
ASOS
AWOS-3
765-288-9617
812-346-5041
AWOS-3
260-726-7882
AWOS-3
219-866-7167
AWOS-3
765-983-1903
AWOS-3
574-223-3560
AWOS-3
812-522-4244
ASOS
317-398-0246
ASOS
574-233-2716
ASOS
812-877-9136
ASOS
219-531-1770
AWOS-3
574-269-7035
IOWA
ALGONA
(Mun)
AMES
(Mun)
ANKENY
(Regl)
ATLANTIC
(Mun)
AUDUBON
(Co)
BOONE
(Mun)
BURLINGTON
(Southeast Iowa
Regl)
CARROLL
(Neu)
AWOS-3
515-295-9634
ASOS
515-233-2611
AWOS-3
515-965-5764
AWOS-3
712-243-2748
AWOS-3
712-563-2101
AWOS-3
515-432-9042
ASOS
319-752-6246
AWOS-3
712-792-2306
CEDAR RAPIDS
(The Eastern Iowa)
CENTERVILLE
(Mun)
CHARITON
(Mun)
CHARLES CITY
(NE Iowa Regl)
CHEROKEE
(Co Regl)
CLARINDA
(Schenck)
CLARION
(Mun)
CLINTON
(Mun)
COUNCIL BLUFFS
(Mun)
CRESTON
(Mun)
DAVENPORT
(Mun)
DECORAH
(Mun)
DENISON
(Mun)
DES MOINES
(Intl)
DUBUQUE
(Regl)
ESTHERVILLE
(Mun)
FAIRFIELD
(Mun)
FOREST CITY
(Mun)
FT DODGE
(Regl)
FT MADISON
(Mun)
GRINNEL
(Regl)
HAMPTON
(Mun)
HARLAN
(Mun)
INDEPENDENCE
(Mun)
IOWA CITY
(Mun)
ASOS
319-363-9021
ASOS
641-437-1213
AWOS-3
641-774-5645
AWOS-3
641-228-7069
AWOS-3
712-225-1088
AWOS-3
712-542-3345
AWOS-3
515-532-3515
AWOS-3
563-243-8934
AWOS-3
712-323-1542
AWOS-3
641-782-6286
ASOS
563-388-2154
AWOS-3
563-382-2990
AWOS-3
712-263-6558
ASOS
ATIS
515-287-1012
515-974-8046
ASOS
563-557-2579
ASOS
712-362-7250
AWOS-3
641-472-4548
AWOS-3
641-581-2347
AWOS-3
515-955-5490
AWOS-3
319-372-5147
AWOS-3
641-236-9720
AWOS-3
641-456-4055
AWOS-3
712-744-4400
AWOS-3
319-334-3879
ASOS
319-339-9491
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 DEC 10
METEOROLOGY
US-115
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
IOWA
IOWA
IOWA FALLS
(Mun)
KEOKUK
(Mun)
KNOXVILLE
(Mun)
LAMONI
(Mun)
LE MARS
(Mun)
MARSHALLTOWN
(Mun)
MASON CITY
(Mun)
MONTICELLO
(Regl)
MOUNT PLEASANT
(Mun)
MUSCATINE
(Mun)
NEWTON
(Mun)
OELWEIN
(Mun)
ORANGE CITY
(Mun)
OSCEOLA
(Mun)
OSKALOOSA
(Mun)
OTTUMWA
(-Industrial)
PELLA
(Mun)
PERRY
(Mun)
RED OAK
(Mun)
SHELDON
(Mun)
SHENANDOAH
(Mun)
SIOUX CITY
(Sioux Gateway/ Col
Bud Day)
SPENCER
(Mun)
STORM LAKE
(Mun)
VINTON
(-Veterans Meml)
AWOS-3
641-648-2469
AWOS-3
319-524-7884
AWOS-3
641-828-8406
ASOS
641-784-8122
AWOS-3
712-546-8439
ASOS
641-752-2339
ASOS
641-357-8490
AWOS-3
319-465-6155
AWOS-3
319-385-4926
AWOS-3
563-263-0902
AWOS-3
641-791-3302
AWOS-3
319-283-3518
AWOS-3
712-737-3193
AWOS-3
641-342-1422
AWOS-3
641-933-4312
ASOS
641-684-9164
AWOS-3
641-628-3459
AWOS-3
515-465-2269
AWOS-3
712-623-3220
AWOS-3
712-324-5159
AWOS-3
712-246-4021
ASOS
712-255-6474
ASOS
712-262-8885
AWOS-3
712-732-2301
AWOS-3
319-472-3122
WASHINGTON
(Mun)
WATERLOO
(Regl)
WEBSTER CITY
(Mun)
AWOS-3
319-653-4149
ASOS
319-233-8984
AWOS-3
515-832-2794
KANSAS
ATCHISON
(Amelia Earhart)
ATWOOD
(-Rawlins Co)
BELOIT
(-Moritz Meml)
BURLINGTON
(Coffey Co)
CHANUTE
(Martin Johnson)
COFFEYVILLE
(Mun)
COLBY
(Shalz)
CONCORDIA
(Blosser Mun)
DODGE CITY
(Regl)
ELKHART
(-Morton Co)
ELLSWORTH
(Mun)
EMPORIA
(Mun)
EUREKA
(Mun)
FORT SCOTT
(Mun)
GARDEN CITY
(Regl)
GOODLAND
(Renner - Mun)
GREAT BEND
(Mun)
HAYS
(Regl)
HILL CITY
(Mun)
HUGOTON
(Mun)
HUTCHINSON
(Mun)
AWOS-3
913-367-1449
AWOS-3
785-626-3572
AWOS-3
785-534-1141
AWOS-3
620-364-2435
ASOS
620-431-6781
ASOS
620-251-1959
AWOS-3
785-460-4499
ASOS
785-243-3441
ASOS
620-227-9721
AWOS-1
620-697-4973
AWOS-3
785-472-5609
ASOS
620-343-3733
AWOS-3
620-583-5442
AWOS-3
620-223-0655
ASOS
620-275-0803
ASOS
785-899-6591
AWOS-3
620-792-5019
AWOS-3
785-625-3562
ASOS
785-421-3471
AWOS-3
620-544-4000
ASOS
620-662-1071
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-116
METEOROLOGY
10 DEC 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
KANSAS
KANSAS
INDEPENDENCE
(Mun)
IOLA
(Allen Co)
JOHNSON
(Stanton Co Mun)
KINGMAN
(Cessna Fld)
LARNED
(Pawnee Co)
LAWRENCE
(Mun)
LIBERAL
(Mid-America Regl)
MANHATTEN
(Regl)
McPHERSON
(Mun)
MEADE
(Mun)
MEDICINE LODGE
NEWTON
(City-Co)
NORTON
(Mun)
OAKLEY
(Mun)
OLATHE
(Johnson Co Exec)
(New Century
Aircenter)
PARSONS
(Tri-City)
PHILLIPSBURG
(Mun)
PITTSBURG
(Atkinson Mun)
PRATT
(-Industrial)
RUSSELL
(Mun)
ST FRANCIS
(Cheyenne Cty)
SALINA
(Mun)
SCOTT CITY
(Mun)
SMITH CENTER
(Mun)
AWOS-3
620-331-5980
AWOS-3
620-365-1466
AWOS-3
620-492-2100
AWOS-3
620-532-1272
ASOS
620-285-8552
ASOS
785-749-1309
AWOS-3
620-624-1221
ASOS
785-537-1035
AWOS-3
620-241-2498
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
620-873-8447
620-886-3290
AWOS-3
316-283-8789
AWOS-3
785-874-4277
AWOS-3
785-672-4194
ASOS
ATIS
913-780-6969
913-764-9272
ASOS
913-780-6987
ASOS
620-336-3834
AWOS-3
785-543-8960
AWOS-3
620-230-5654
AWOS-3
620-672-2793
ASOS
785-483-5770
AWOS-3
785-332-2691
ASOS
785-823-3402
AWOS-3
620-872-2233
AWOS-3
785-282-3552
SYRACUSE
(Hamilton Cty Mun)
TOPEKA
(Billard Mun)
(Forbes)
TRIBUNE
(Mun)
ULYSSES
WELLINGTON
(Mun)
WICHITA
(Jabara)
(Mid Continent)
WINFIELD/
ARKANSAS CITY
(Strother)
AWOS-3
620-384-5869
ASOS
ASOS
785-234-1591
785-862-8258
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
620-376-2336
620-424-3747
AWOS-3
620-326-2470
ASOS
ATIS
ASOS
316-636-2541
316-350-1528
316-945-8022
ASOS
620-221-9121
KENTUCKY
ASHLAND
(Regl)
BARDSTOWN
(Samuels)
BOWLING GREEN
(Warren Co Regl)
CADIZ
(Lake Barkley)
CAMPBELLSVILLE
(Taylor Co)
COVINGTON
(Cincinnati / Northern
Kentucky Intl)
DANVILLE
(Stuart Powell)
ELIZABETHTOWN
(Addington)
FLEMINGSBURG
(Fleming-Mason)
FRANKFORT
(Capital City)
GEORGETOWN
SCOTT CO
(Marshall)
GILBERTSVILLE
(Kentucky Dam State
Park)
GLASGOW
(Mun)
GREENVILLE
(Muhlenberg Co)
HAZARD
(Wendell H Ford)
AWOS-3
606-836-2682
AWOS-3
502-348-1867
ASOS
270-843-8136
AWOS-3
270-924-5916
AWOS-3
270-789-1985
ASOS
859-767-8210
AWOS-3
859-854-0058
AWOS-3
270-763-6433
AWOS-3
606-742-2008
ASOS
502-227-5087
AWOS-3
502-867-1564
AWOS-3
270-362-9685
AWOS-3
270-678-5787
AWOS-3
270-338-7788
AWOS-3
606-435-2452
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 DEC 10
METEOROLOGY
US-117
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
LOUISIANA
KENTUCKY
HENDERSON
(City- Co)
HOPKINSVILLE
(Christian Co)
JACKSON
(Carroll)
JAMESTOWN
(Russell Co)
LEWISPORT
Hancock Co)
LEXINGTON
(Blue Grass)
LONDON
(Corbin-Magee)
LOUISVILLE
(Bowman)
(Intl - Standiford)
MADISONVILLE
(Mun)
MAYFIELD
(Graves Co)
MIDDLESBORO
(Bell Co)
MONTICELLO
(Wayne Co)
MOUNT STERLING
(Montgomery Co)
MURRAY
(Kyle - Oakley)
OWENSBORO
(Owensboro-Daviess
Co)
PADUCAH
(Barkley Regl)
PIKEVILLE
(Pike Co)
PRESTONBURG
(Big Sandy Regl)
SOMERSET
(Pulaski Co - Wilson)
SPRINGFIELD
(LebanonSpringfield)
STURGIS
(Mun)
WILLIAMSBURG
(-Whitley Co)
AWOS-3
270-826-0511
AWOS-3
270-886-6311
ASOS
606-666-2794
AWOS-3
270-343-5556
AWOS-3
270-295-3565
ASOS
859-281-5700
ASOS
606-877-1699
ASOS
ASOS
502-473-0693
502-367-1492
AWOS-3
270-821-4554
AWOS-3
270-247-2094
AWOS-3
606-248-3095
ASOS
606-348-0862
AWOS-3
859-498-7001
AWOS-3
270-489-2424
ASOS
270-683-3228
ASOS
270-744-6719
AWOS-3
606-437-6701
AWOS-3
606-298-4143
AWOS-3
606-679-5710
AWOS-3
866-754-5623
AWOS-3
270-333-2967
AWOS-3
606-549-1585
ABBEVILLE
(Chrus Crusta
Meml)
ALEXANDRIA
(Intl)
(Esler Regl)
BASTROP
(Morehouse Meml)
BATON ROUGE
(Metro/Ryan)
BOGALUSA
(Carr Meml)
DE RIDDER
(Beauregard Regl)
GALLIANO
(S. La Fourche)
HAMMOND
(Northshore Regl)
HOUMATERREBONNE
LAFAYETTE
(Regl)
LAKE CHARLES
(Chennault Intl)
(Regl)
MINDENWEBSTER
MONROE
(Regl)
NATCHITOCHES
(Regl)
NEW IBERIA
(Acadiana Regl)
NEW ORLEANS
(Armstrong Intl)
(Lakefront)
OAKDALE
(Allen Parish)
PATTERSON
(Williams Meml)
RUSTON
(Regl)
SHREVEPORT
(Regl)
(Downtown)
SLIDELL
SULPHUR
(Southland Fld)
TALLULAH/
VICKSBURG
AWOS-3
337-892-0526
ASOS
ASOS
318-442-6583
318-484-9031
AWOS-3
318-281-1443
ASOS
225-356-2305
AWOS-3
985-732-6224
AWOS-3
337-463-8278
AWOS-3
985-475-5178
AWOS-3
985-542-3433
AWOS-3
985-876-4055
ASOS
337-237-8153
AWOS-3
ASOS
337-436-3452
337-477-3371
AWOS-3
318-371-7874
ASOS
318-361-0684
AWOS-3
318-352-1575
ASOS
337-365-0128
ASOS
ASOS
504-461-5345
504-242-5993
AWOS
318-215-9728
AWOS-3
985-395-6735
AWOS-3
318-242-0062
ASOS
ASOS
ASOS
318-636-5767
318-425-7967
985-643-7263
AWOS-3
337-558-5321
ASOS
318-574-4866
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-118
METEOROLOGY
10 DEC 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
MARYLAND
MAINE
AUBURN/
LEWISTON
(Mun)
AUGUSTA STATE
BANGOR
(Intl)
BAR HARBOR
(Hancock Co)
BETHEL
(Regl)
CARIBOU
(Mun)
FRENCHVILLE
(Northern
Aroostook Regl)
FRYEBURG
(Eastern Slopes
Regl)
HOULTON
(Intl)
MACHIAS
(Machias Valley)
MILLINOCKET
(Mun)
PORTLAND
(Intl Jetport)
PRESQUE ISLE
(Northern Maine
Regl)
RANGELY
(Bean Mun)
ROCKLAND
(Knox Co Regl)
SANFORD
(Regl)
WATERVILLE
(Lafleur)
WISCASSET
AWOS-3
ASOS
207-783-2806
207-623-0432
ASOS
207-947-5293
AWOS-3
207-667-7364
AWOS-3
207-824-0475
ASOS
207-496-3153
ASOS
207-543-7456
ASOS
207-935-2882
ASOS
207-532-1584
AWOS-3
207-255-3488
ASOS
207-723-8396
ATIS
ASOS
207-775-1039
207-874-7914
AWOS-3
207-764-7248
AWOS-3
207-864-5250
AWOS-3
207-594-7946
AWOS-3
207-324-1958
AWOS-3
AWOS-A
207-877-0519
207-882-8094
MARYLAND
BALTIMORE
(Washington Intl)
(Martin State)
CAMBRIDGE
(-Dorchester)
COLLEGE PARK
CUMBERLAND
(Greater
Cumberland Regl)
EASTON
(Newnam)
ASOS
AWOS-3
410-691-1278
410-682-8848
ASOS
AWOS-3
410-228-7559
301-864-5497
AWOS-3
304-738-0451
AWOS-3
410-822-2817
FREDERICK
(Mun)
FRIENDLY
(Potomac Afld)
GAITHERSBURG
(Montgomery Co)
HAGERSTOWN
(Reg - Henson)
LEONARDTOWN
(Duke Regl)
OAKLAND
(Garrett Co)
OCEAN CITY
(Mun)
RIDGELY
SALISBURY
(- Ocean City
Wicomico Regl)
STEVENSVILLE
(Bay Bridge)
WESTMINSTER
(Carroll Co Regl)
AWOS-3
301-600-1457
AWOS-A
617-262-3825
AWOS-3
301-977-2971
ASOS
301-745-3497
AWOS-3
301-373-6514
AWOS-3
301-746-8443
ASOS
AWOS-3
410-213-1530
410-634-1072
ASOS
410-341-0868
AWOS-3
410-643-8795
AWOS-3
410-876-1281
MASSACHUSETTS
BEDFORD
(Hanscom)
BEVERLY
(Mun)
BOSTON
(Logan Intl)
CHATHAM
(Mun)
FITCHBURG
(Mun)
HYANNIS
(Barnstable
-Mun Boardman/
Polando)
LAWRENCE
(Mun)
MARSHFIELD
(Mun)
NANTUCKET
(Meml)
NEW BEDFORD
(Regl)
ATIS
ASOS
781-274-6283
781-274-9733
ASOS
978-921-5042
D-ATIS
ASOS
617-567-0160
617-567-5762
ASOS
508-945-5034
ASOS
978-343-9121
ATIS
ASOS
508-778-1143
508-862-2601
ASOS
978-687-8017
(0300-1200Z)
AWOS-3
781-837-0555
ATIS
ASOS
508-228-5375
508-325-6082
ATIS
ASOS
508-994-6277
508-992-0195
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 DEC 10
METEOROLOGY
US-119
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
MASSACHUSETTS
NORTH ADAMS
(Harriman)
ASOS
NORWOOD
(Meml)
ATIS
ASOS
ORANGE
(Mun)
ASOS
PITTSFIELD
(Mun)
ASOS
PLYMOUTH
(Mun)
ASOS
PROVINCETOWN
(Mun)
AWOS-3
TAUNTON
(Mun)
ASOS
VINEYARD HAVEN
ATIS
(Martha’s Vineyard)
ASOS
WESTFIELD/
SPRINGFIELD
(Barnes Mun)
ATIS
ASOS
WORCESTER
(Regl)
ATIS
ASOS
MICHIGAN
413-499-3273
CHARLOTTE
(Beach)
CHEBOYGAN
(Co)
COLDWATER
(Branch Co Meml)
DETROIT
(Young Mun)
(Metro Wayne Co)
508-746-8003
(Willow Run)
508-487-6435
DETROIT/
GROSSE ILE
(Mun)
DRUMMOND
ISLAND
ESCANABA
(Delta Co)
FLINT
(Bishop Intl)
FRANKFORT
(Dow Meml)
FREMONT
(Mun)
GAYLORD
(Regl)
GRAND RAPIDS
(Ford Intl)
413-664-6658
781-769-3825
781-762-4314
978-544-6774
508-824-5005
508-693-7685
508-696-6988
413-572-4561
413-568-2267
508-757-0962
508-795-7546
MICHIGAN
ADRIAN
(Lenawee Co)
ALMA
(Gratiot Comm)
ALPENA
(Co Regl)
ANN ARBOR
(Mun)
BAD AXE
(Huron Co-Meml)
BATTLE CREEK
(Kellogg)
BEAVER IS
BELLAIRE
(Antrim Co)
BENTON HARBOR
(Southwest
Michigan Regl)
BIG RAPIDS
(Roben- Hood)
CADILLAC
(Wexford Co)
CARO
(Tuscola Area)
CHARLEVOIX
(Mun)
ASOS
517-265-9089
AWOS-3
989-463-3433
ASOS
989-356-3662
ASOS
734-668-7173
AWOS-3
989-269-4137
ASOS
AWOS-3
269-964-0283
231-448-3081
AWOS-3
231-533-8941
ASOS
269-925-9008
AWOS-3
231-796-0884
AWOS-3
231-779-9536
AWOS-3
989-672-4182
AWOS-3
231-237-9703
GRAYLING AAF
HANCOCK
(Houghton Co
Meml)
HARBOR
SPRINGS
HART/SHELBY
(Oceana Cty)
HILLSDALE
(Mun)
HOLLAND
(Tulip City)
HOUGHTON LAKE
(Roscommon Co)
HOWELL
(Livingston Co)
IRON MOUNTAIN/
KINGSFORD
(Ford)
IRONWOOD
(Gogebic-Iron Co)
AWOS-3
517-543-2288
AWOS-3
231-627-4671
AWOS-3
517-279-1810
ASOS
D-ATIS
ASOS
ATIS
ASOS
313-371-9696
734-941-5363
734-941-7848
734-482-6590
734-485-9056
AWOS-3
734-692-9686
AWOS-3
906-493-6410
AWOS-3
906-786-9001
ASOS
810-232-4477
AWOS-3
231-352-7573
AWOS-3
231-928-0715
ASOS
989-732-1571
ATIS
ASOS
AWOS-3
616-336-4755
616-956-3224
989-348-3127
ASOS
906-482-4248
AWOS-3
231-347-5231
AWOS-A
231-861-7415
AWOS-3
517-437-5638
ASOS
616-394-0190
ASOS
989-366-4825
AWOS-3
517-546-4450
ASOS
906-774-1999
AWOS-3
906-932-4039
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-120
METEOROLOGY
10 DEC 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
JACKSON
(Co- Reynolds)
KALAMAZOO
(Battle Creek Intl)
LAMBERTVILLE
(Toledo Suburban)
LANSING
(Capital City)
LUDINGTON
(Mason Co)
MACKINAC
ISLAND
MANISTEE
(Co - Blacker)
MANISTIQUE
(Schoolcraft Co)
MARQUETTE
(Sawyer Intl)
MARSHALL
(Brooks)
MASON
(Jewett)
MENOMINEE
(-Marinette Twin
Co)
MIDLAND
(Jack Barstow)
MONROE
(Custer)
MOUNT
PLEASANT
(Mun)
MUSKEGON
(Co)
NEWBERRY
(Luce Co)
OSCODA
(-Wurtsmith)
OWOSSO
(Community)
PELLSTON
(- Regl of Emmet
Co)
PONTIAC
(Oakland Co Intl)
PORT HURON
(St Claire Co Intl)
ROGERS CITY
(Presque I Co)
SAGINAW
(MBS Intl)
ASOS
517-768-7506
ASOS
269-384-5729
AWOS-3
734-856-1563
ASOS
517-886-0015
AWOS-3
231-843-0459
AWOS-3
906-847-3778
AWOS-3
231-723-6073
AWOS-3
906-341-8585
AWOS-3
906-346-5126
AWOS-3
269-781-9070
AWOS-3
517-676-5607
AWOS-3
906-863-8801
AWOS-3
989-835-5841
AWOS-3
734-384-0259
AWOS-3
989-773-2885
ASOS
231-798-1317
AWOS-3
906-293-2979
AWOS-3
989-739-1310
AWOS-3
989-729-2967
ASOS
231-539-7700
ASOS
248-666-1818
AWOS-3
810-364-7787
AWOS-3
989-734-7419
ASOS
989-695-2488
(Saginaw Co
Browne)
SAULT STE MARIE
(Chippewa Co Intl)
(Mun/Sanderson)
SOUTH HAVEN
(Area Regl)
STURGIS
(Kirsch Mun)
THREE RIVERS
(Mun)
TRAVERSE CITY
(Cherry Capital)
TROY
(Oakland/Troy)
AWOS-3
989-752-3408
AWOS-3
ASOS
906-495-7134
906-632-8501
AWOS-3
269-637-7016
AWOS-3
269-659-8715
AWOS-3
269-273-6705
ASOS
231-933-0401
AWOS-3
248-288-4649
MINNESOTA
AITKIN
(Mun)
AWOS-3
ALBERT LEA
(Mun)
AWOS-3
ALEXANDRIA
(Chandler)
ASOS
APPLETON
(Mun)
AWOS-3
AUSTIN
(Mun)
AWOS-3
BAUDETTE
(Intl)
ASOS
BEMIDJI
(- Beltrami Co)
AWOS-3
BENSON
(Mun)
AWOS-3
BIGFORK
(Mun)
AWOS-3
BRAINERD LAKES
ASOS
BUFFALO
(Mun)
AWOS-3
CAMBRIDGE
(Mun)
AWOS-3
CANBY
(Myers Fld)
AWOS-3
CLOQUET
(Carlton Co)
AWOS-3
COOK
(Mun)
AWOS-3
CRANE LAKE
(Scotts SPB)
AWOS-3
CROOKSTON
(Mun - Kirkwood)
AWOS-3
DETROIT LAKES
(-Wething)
AWOS-3
218-927-2101
507-377-1583
320-763-7174
320-289-1265
507-433-6667
218-634-3080
218-759-2501
320-843-3242
218-743-3289
218-828-3314
763-684-0762
763-689-9562
507-223-5293
218-879-0783
218-666-2539
218-993-2467
218-281-3018
218-847-8626
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 DEC 10
METEOROLOGY
US-121
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
MINNESOTA
DODGE CENTER
AWOS-3
DULUTH
(Intl)
ASOS
(Sky Harbor)
AWOS-3
ELBOW LAKE
(Mun)
AWOS-3
ELY
(Mun)
AWOS-3
EVELETH
(Virginia Mun)
AWOS-3
FAIRMONT
(Mun)
AWOS-3
FARIBAULT
(Mun)
AWOS-3
FERGUS FALLS
(Mun - Mickelson)
AWOS-3
FOSSTON
(Mun)
AWOS-3
GLENCOE
(Mun)
AWOS-3
GLENWOOD
(Mun)
AWOS-3
GRAND MARAIS
(Cook Co)
AWOS-3
GRAND RAPIDS
(Itasca Co Newstrom)
AWOS-3
GRANITE FALLS
(Mun-Lenzen- Roe)
AWOS-3
HALLOCK
(Mun)
AWOS-3
HIBBING
(Chisholm)
ASOS
HINCKLEY
(Fld of Dreams)
AWOS-3
HUTCHINSON
(Mun - Butler)
AWOS-3
INTERNATIONAL
FALLS
(Intl)
ASOS
JACKSON
(Mun)
AWOS-3
LITCHFIELD
(Mun)
AWOS-3
LITTLE FALLS
(Morrison Co)
AWOS-3
LONG PRAIRIE
(Todd Fld)
AWOS-3
LONGVILLE
(Mun)
AWOS-3
LUVERNE
(Aanenson Fld)
AWOS-3
MINNESOTA
507-374-6369
218-723-8340
218-720-4886
218-685-6456
218-365-3814
218-744-2369
507-238-1562
507-332-2505
218-736-7216
218-435-6448
320-864-5830
320-634-5660
218-387-1971
218-326-8337
320-564-9388
218-843-2415
218-263-8384
320-384-6169
320-587-3343
218-285-2996
507-847-5810
320-693-6456
320-632-6791
320-732-3508
218-363-3347
507-283-5027
MADISON
(Lac Qui Parle Co)
MANKATO
(Regl)
MAPLE LAKE
(Mun)
MARSHALL
(Southwest
Rgl-Marshall/
Ryan)
McGREGOR
(Isedor Iverson)
MINNEAPOLIS
(Airlake)
(Anoka Co)
(Crystal)
(Flying Cloud)
(-St Paul Intl)
MONTEVIDEO
(-Chippewa Co)
MOOREHEAD
(Mun)
MOOSE LAKE
(Carlton Co)
MORA
(Mun)
MORRIS
(Mun)
NEW ULM
(Mun)
OLIVIA
(Regl)
ORR
(Regl)
ORTONVILLE
(Mun-Martinson)
OWATONNA
(Owatonna Degner
Regl)
PARK RAPIDS
(Mun-Konshok)
PAYNESVILLE
(Mun)
PINE RIVER
(Regl)
PIPESTONE
(Mun)
PRESTON
(Fillmore Co)
PRINCETON
(Mun)
AWOS-3
320-598-3863
AWOS-3
507-625-3726
AWOS-3
320-963-3300
AWOS-3
507-532-5269
AWOS-3
218-768-2593
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
ASOS
ASOS
D-ATIS
ASOS
952-469-5850
763-780-9025
763-531-2343
952-941-4156
612-726-9240
612-725-0939
AWOS-3
320-269-5830
AWOS-3
218-287-5049
AWOS-3
218-485-5199
AWOS-3
320-679-1629
AWOS-3
320-589-1303
AWOS-3
507-359-1656
AWOS-3
320-523-5924
AWOS-3
218-757-3169
AWOS-3
320-839-2363
AWOS-3
507-455-0642
ASOS
218-732-0920
AWOS-3
320-243-4538
AWOS-3
218-587-3420
AWOS-3
507-825-6895
AWOS-3
507-765-2182
AWOS-3
763-389-0615
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-122
METEOROLOGY
10 DEC 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
MINNESOTA
RED WING
(Regl)
AWOS-3
REDWOOD FALLS
(Mun)
ASOS
ROCHESTER
(Intl)
ASOS
ROSEAU
(Mun/Billberg)
AWOS-3
RUSH CITY
(Regl)
AWOS-3
ST CLOUD
(Regl)
ASOS
ST JAMES
(Mun)
AWOS-3
ST PAUL
(Downtown
Holman)
ASOS
(Lake Elmo)
AWOS-3
SAUK CENTRE
(Mun)
AWOS-3
SILVER BAY
(Mun)
AWOS-3
SLAYTON
(Mun)
AWOS-3
SOUTH ST PAUL
(Mun - Fleming)
AWOS-3
STANTON
AWOS-3
STAPLES
(Mun)
AWOS-3
THIEF RIVER
FALLS
(Regl)
AWOS-3
TRACY
(Mun)
AWOS-3
TWO HARBORS
(Helgeson)
AWOS-3
WADENA
(Mun)
AWOS-3
WARROAD
(Intl Mem)
AWOS-3
WASECA
(Mun)
AWOS-3
WASKISH
(Mun)
AWOS-3
WHEATON
(Mun)
AWOS-3
WILLMAR
(Mun)
AWOS-3
MINNESOTA
715-594-3763
507-644-3564
507-285-0298
218-463-1803
320-358-3339
320-240-8781
507-375-7105
651-298-1410
651-779-5949
320-352-0136
218-226-3537
507-836-6128
651-457-8120
507-664-3806
218-894-3666
218-681-1918
507-629-9006
218-834-6591
218-631-7774
218-386-1813
507-835-3657
218-647-8415
320-563-4975
320-235-8287
WINDOM
(Mun)
WINONA
(Mun - Conrad)
WORTHINGTON
(Mun)
AWOS-3
507-831-1833
AWOS-3
507-453-2991
AWOS-3
507-376-9441
MISSISSIPPI
ABERDEEN
(Amory)
BATESVILLE
(Panola Co)
BAY ST LOUIS
(Stennis Intl)
BROOKHAVEN
(Lincoln Cty)
CLARKSDALE
(Fletcher)
CLEVELAND
(Mun)
COLUMBUS
(Golden Triangle
Regl)
CORINTH
(Roscoe Turner)
GREENVILLE
(Mid Delta Rgnl)
GREENWOOD
(-Leflore)
GRENADA
(Mun)
GULFPORT
(-Biloxi Intl)
HATTIESBURG
(Chain Mun)
HATTIESBURG/
LAUREL
(Regl)
JACKSON
(Hawkins)
(Intl)
LAUREL
(Hesler - Noble)
MADISON
(Campbell)
McCOMB
(- Pike Co- Lewis)
MERIDIAN
(Key)
AWOS-3
662-369-3498
AWOS-3
662-563-6267
AWOS-3
228-466-9320
AWOS-3
601-833-3209
AWOS-3
662-624-9777
AWOS-3
662-843-3021
AWOS-3
662-328-7798
AWOS-3
662-287-5103
ASOS
662-332-0863
ASOS
662-453-3304
AWOS-3
662-227-3407
ASOS
228-867-9937
ASOS
601-544-2185
AWOS-3
601-584-6701
ASOS
ASOS
601-354-4037
601-932-2822
AWOS-3
601-425-9792
AWOS-3
601-605-8137
ASOS
601-249-3223
ASOS
601-693-5650
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 DEC 10
METEOROLOGY
US-123
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
MISSISSIPPI
NATCHEZ
(Hardy - Anders
Natchez - Adams
Co)
OLIVE BRANCH
OXFORD
(University Oxford)
PASCAGOULA
(Trent Lott Intl)
PHILADELPHIA
(Mun)
PICAYUNE
(Mun)
RAYMOND
(Williams)
STARKVILLE
(Bryan)
TUNICA
(Mun)
TUPELO
(Regl)
VICKSBURG/
TALLULAH
(Regl)
BRANSON
CAPE
GIRARDEAU
(Regl)
CHILLICOTHE
(Mun)
CLINTON
(Mem)
COLUMBIA
(Regl)
FARMINGTON
(Regl)
HANNIBAL
(Regl)
HARRISONVILLE
(Lawrence Smith
Mem)
JEFFERSON CITY
(Meml)
JOPLIN
(Regl)
KAISER/LAKE
OZARK
(Fine Meml)
KANSAS CITY
(Intl)
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
601-446-8022
662-893-5906
AWOS-3
662-234-9751
ASOS
228-474-2836
AWOS-3
601-663-0040
AWOS-3
601-798-4136
AWOS-3
601-857-3887
AWOS-3
662-323-4966
AWOS-3
662-363-1652
ASOS
662-840-8528
ASOS
318-574-4866
MISSOURI
AWOS-3
417-334-0218
ASOS
573-335-3811
AWOS-3
660-646-0713
AWOS-3
660-885-3851
ASOS
573-499-1400
AWOS-3
573-756-6042
AWOS-3
573-221-2584
AWOS-3
816-380-5936
ASOS
573-635-9266
ASOS
417-623-8892
AWOS-3
573-348-0847
D-ATIS
816-329-2725
(Wheeler
Downtown)
KIRKSVILLE
(Regl)
LEBANON
(Floyd W. Jones
Lebanon)
LEE’S SUMMIT
(Mun)
MALDEN
(Mun)
MARSHALL
(Marshall Mem
Mun)
MARYVILLE
(NW Missouri Regl)
MEXICO
(Mem)
MOBERLY
(Omar N. Bradley)
MONETT
(Mun)
NEVADA
(Mun)
PIEDMONT
(Mun)
POPLAR BLUFF
(Mun)
ROLLA/VICHY
(Rolla Natl)
ST CHARLES
(Smartt)
ST JOSEPH
(Rosecrans Meml)
ST LOUIS
(Lambert)
(Spirit of St Louis)
ST LOUIS / ALTON,
IL
(St Louis Regl)
ST LOUIS /
CAHOKIA, IL
(St Louis
Downtown)
SEDALIA
(Meml)
SIKESTON
(Mun)
MISSOURI
ASOS
816-243-6415
ATIS
ASOS
816-329-2850
816-471-2549
ASOS
660-665-9153
AWOS-3
417-533-3419
ASOS
816-347-9807
AWOS-3
573-276-9970
AWOS-3
660-886-9130
AWOS-3
660-562-9980
AWOS-3
573-581-7868
AWOS-3
660-269-8028
AWOS-3
417-476-2613
AWOS-3
417-448-1635
AWOS-3
573-223-2796
ASOS
573-778-9172
ASOS
573-299-4419
ASOS
636-250-4590
ASOS
816-233-0666
ASOS
ATIS
ASOS
314-426-0159
636-532-3213
636-536-3734
AWOS-3
618-259-7231
ASOS
618-332-0001
ASOS
660-826-8225
AWOS-3
573-471-7371
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-124
METEOROLOGY
10 DEC 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
MONTANA
MISSOURI
SPRINGFIELDBRANSON
(Natl)
SULLIVAN
(Regl)
WARRENSBURG
(Skyhaven)
WARSAW
(Mun)
WASHINGTON
(Regl)
WEST PLAINS
(Mun)
ASOS
417-863-6158
AWOS-3
573-860-2596
AWOS-3
660-422-7010
AWOS-3
660-547-3761
AWOS-3
636-433-5914
ASOS
417-257-1313
MONTANA
ANACONDA
(Bowman Fld)
BAKER
(Mun)
BILLINGS
(Logan Intl)
BOZEMAN
(Gallatin)
BUTTE
(Bert Mooney)
CHINOOK
(Obie)
CUT BANK
(Mun)
DILLON
EUREKA
FT BENTON
GLASGOW
(Intl)
GLENDIVE
(Dawson Comm)
GREAT FALLS
(Intl)
HAMILTON
(Ravalli Co)
HAVRE
(City-Co)
HELENA
(Regl)
KALISPELL
(Glacier Park Intl)
LEWISTOWN
(Mun)
LIBBY
AWOS-A
406-563-8275
ASOS
406-778-3312
ASOS
406-248-2773
ASOS
406-388-4882
ASOS
406-494-1870
AWOS-A
406-357-3453
ASOS
ASOS
AWOS-A
AWOS-A
406-873-2939
406-683-5470
406-889-3366
406-622-5976
ASOS
406-228-8294
AWOS-3
406-687-3346
ASOS
406-452-9844
AWOS-A
406-375-9149
(press *3)
ASOS
406-265-6638
ASOS
406-443-4317
ASOS
406-756-8879
ASOS
AWOS-A
406-538-2653
406-293-4631
LIVINGSTON
(Mission)
MILES CITY
(Wiley)
MISSOULA
(Intl)
SIDNEY
(Richland Mun)
WEST
YELLOWSTONE
WOLF POINT
(Clayton)
ASOS
406-222-2338
ASOS
406-232-1465
ASOS
406-728-3743
AWOS-3
406-482-7323
AWOS-3
406-646-7727
ASOS
406-653-3865
NEBRASKA
AINSWORTH
(Mun)
ALBION
(Mun)
ALLIANCE
(Mun)
AURORA
(Mun)
BEATRICE
(Mun)
BLAIR
(Mun)
BROKEN BOW
(Mun)
CHADRON
(Mun)
COLUMBUS
(Mun)
FALLS CITY
(Brenner)
FREMONT
(Mun)
GRAND ISLAND
(Central Nebraska
Regl)
HASTINGS
(Mun)
HEBRON
(Mun)
HOLDREGE
(Brewster)
IMPERIAL
(Mun)
KEARNEY
(Mun)
KIMBALL
(Mun/Robert E.
Arraj)
AWOS-3
402-387-2329
AWOS-3
402-395-2052
ASOS
308-762-1221
AWOS-3
402-694-5472
AWOS-3
402-228-3229
AWOS-3
402-426-0448
ASOS
308-872-5354
ASOS
308-432-5574
AWOS-3
402-563-3895
ASOS
402-245-5948
AWOS-3
402-727-9135
ASOS
308-382-5590
ASOS
402-463-4029
AWOS-3
402-768-2501
AWOS-3
308-995-6433
ASOS
308-882-5186
AWOS-3
308-237-5608
AWOS-3
308-235-2516
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 DEC 10
METEOROLOGY
US-125
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
NEBRASKA
LEXINGTON
(Mun)
LINCOLN
(Mun)
McCOOK
(Mun)
NEBRASKA CITY
(Mun)
NORFOLK
(Stefan Meml)
NORTH PLATTE
(Regl - Bird)
OGALLALA
(Searle)
OMAHA
(Eppley)
(Millard)
O’NEILL
(Mun - Baker)
ORD
(Sharp)
PLATTSMOUTH
(Mun)
SCOTTSBLUFF
(Heilig)
SIDNEY
(Mun)
TEKAMAH
(Mun)
THEDFORD
(Thomas)
VALENTINE
(Miller)
WAYNE (Mun)
YORK
(Mun)
AWOS-3
308-324-5975
ASOS
402-474-9214
ASOS
308-345-1193
AWOS-3
402-873-7375
ASOS
402-644-4480
ASOS
308-534-1617
AWOS-3
308-284-6573
ASOS
AWOS-3
402-344-0324
402-895-6778
AWOS-3
402-336-4834
ASOS
308-728-7954
AWOS-3
402-298-7524
ASOS
308-632-8949
ASOS
308-254-3525
ASOS
402-374-2853
AWOS-3
308-645-0488
ASOS
AWOS-3
402-376-1673
402-375-0111
AWOS-3
402-362-3785
NEVADA
BATTLE
MOUNTAIN
BOULDER CITY
(Mun)
CARSON CITY
ELKO
(Regl)
ELY
(Yelland)
HAWTHORNE
(Indl)
LAS VEGAS
(McCarran Intl)
AWOS-3
775-635-8419
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
702-293-1532
775-884-4708
ASOS
775-778-9639
ASOS
775-289-4466
AWOS-3
775-945-0727
D-ATIS
ASOS
702-736-0950
702-736-1416
(North Las Vegas)
(Henderson Exec)
MINDEN-TAHOE
RENO
(Reno/Tahoe Intl)
(Stead)
TONOPAH
WINNEMUCCA
(Mun)
NEVADA
ASOS
ASOS
AWOS-3
ATIS
ASOS
AWOS-3
ASOS
702-648-6633
702-614-4537
775-782-6264
775-348-1550
775-324-6659
775-677-0589
775-482-3441
ASOS
775-625-2200
NEW HAMPSHIRE
BERLIN
(Regl)
ASOS 603-449-3328
CONCORD
(Mun)
ASOS 603-224-6558
JAFFREY
(Silver Ranch)
ASOS 603-532-6195
KEENE
(Dillant - Hopkins)
AWOS-3 603-358-6424
LACONIA
(Mun)
AWOS-3 603-524-5134
LEBANON
(Mun)
ASOS 603-298-8780
MANCHESTER
ASOS 603-668-8992
NASHUA
ASOS 603-578-0473
PLYMOUTH
(Mun)
AWOS-3 603-536-1698
PORTSMOUTH
(Pease Intl)
ATIS 603-430-3232
ROCHESTER
(Skyhaven)
ASOS 603-332-7814
WHITEFIELD
(Mt Washington
Regl)
ASOS 603-837-2769
NEW JERSEY
ATLANTIC CITY
(Intl)
ATIS
BELMAR/
FARMINGDALE
(Monmouth Exec)
AWOS-3
CALDWELL
(Essex Co)
ASOS
LINDEN
AWOS-3
MILLVILLE
(Mun)
ASOS
MORRISTOWN
(Mun)
AWOS-3
MOUNT HOLLY
(South Jersey Regl)
ASOS
NEWARK
(Liberty Intl)
D-ATIS
609-485-4444
732-938-3330
973-575-4417
908-862-7383
856-327-3455
973-290-0135
609-267-1176
973-824-4417
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-126
METEOROLOGY
10 DEC 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
NEW JERSEY
SOMERVILLE
(Somerset)
SUSSEX
TOMS RIVER
(Miller Airpark)
TRENTON
(Mercer)
WILDWOOD
(Cape May Co)
WOODBINE
(Mun)
ASOS
ASOS
908-722-2139
973-875-0859
AWOS-3
732-244-4450
ASOS
609-538-8690
AWOS-3
609-886-9089
AWOS-3
609-861-0610
NEW MEXICO
ALAMOGORDO
(White Sand Regl)
ALBUQUERQUE
(Intl Sunport)
(Double Eagle II)
ANGEL FIRE
ARTESIA
(Mun)
BELAN
(Alexander Mun)
CARLSBAD
(Cavern City Air
Terminal)
CLAYTON
(Mun)
CLOVIS
(Mun)
DEMING
(Mun)
FARMINGTON
(Four Corners Regl)
GALLUP
(Mun)
GRANTS
(Milan Mun)
HOBBS
(Lea Co Regl)
LAS CRUCES
(Intl)
LAS VEGAS
(Mun)
LOS ALAMOS
MORIARTY
PORTALES
(Mun)
RATON
(Mun- Crews)
AWOS-3
575-439-4112
D-ATIS
ASOS
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
505-856-4928
505-242-4044
505-842-2009
575-377-0526
AWOS-3
NEW MEXICO
ROSWELL
(Intl Air Center)
ASOS
RUIDOSO
(Sierra Blanca Regl)
AWOS-3
SANTA FE
(Mun)
ASOS
SANTA ROSA
(Rte 66)
AWOS-3
SANTA TERESA
(Dona Ana Cty)
AWOS-A
SILVER CITY
(Grant Co)
AWOS-3
SOCORRO
(Mun)
AWOS-3
TAOS
(Regl)
AWOS-3
TRUTH OR
CONSEQUENCES
(Mun)
ASOS
TUCUMCARI
(Mun)
ASOS
575-748-2103
AWOS-3
505-966-2655
ASOS
575-887-6858
BATAVIA
(Genessee Co)
BINGHAMTON
(Greater
Binghamton/Link)
BUFFALO
(Niagara Intl)
CANANDAIGUA
CORTLAND
(Co - Chase)
DANSVILLE
(Mun)
DUNKIRK
(Chautauqua Co/
Dunkirk)
ELMIRA/CORNING
(Regl)
ENDICOTT
(Tri-Cities)
FARMINGDALE
(Republic)
FULTON
(Oswego Co)
GLENS FALLS
(Bennett Meml)
575-374-2565
AWOS-3
575-389-1056
ASOS
575-544-4347
ASOS
505-324-6252
ASOS
505-726-8232
ASOS
505-287-7909
AWOS-3
575-393-8418
AWOS-3
575-526-4831
ASOS
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
505-454-4645
505-662-8423
505-832-9379
AWOS-3
575-478-2864
ASOS
505-445-9207
575-336-8455
505-474-3117
575-472-9943
617-262-3825
575-388-5947
575-838-3993
575-758-5663
575-894-2909
575-461-4940
NEW YORK
ALBANY
(Co)
ASOS
575-347-0040
D-ATIS
ASOS
800-342-0120
518-464-6423
AWOS-3
716-343-6369
ASOS
607-729-8335
ASOS
AWOS-3
716-635-0532
585-396-5861
AWOS-3
607-753-9784
ASOS
585-335-2380
ASOS
716-366-7664
ASOS
607-796-0065
AWOS-3
607-785-2926
ASOS
631-752-8129
ASOS
315-598-8773
ASOS
518-743-1728
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 DEC 10
METEOROLOGY
US-127
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
NEW YORK
NEW YORK
HAMILTON
(Mun)
AWOS-3
HORNELL
(Mun)
AWOS-3
HUDSON
(Columbia Co)
AWOS-3
ISLIP
(MacArthur)
ASOS
ITHACA
(Tompkins Regional)
ASOS
JAMESTOWN
(Chautauqua Co /
Jamestown)
AWOS-3
MASSENA
(Intl - Richards)
ASOS
MONTGOMERY
(Orange Co)
ASOS
MONTICELLO
(Sullivan Co Intl)
AWOS-3
NEWBURGH
(Stewart Intl)
ATIS
NEW YORK
(Kennedy Intl)
ASOS
(La Guardia)
D-ATIS (arr)
D-ATIS
(dep)
ASOS
NIAGARA FALLS
(Intl)
ASOS
NORWICH
(Eaton)
AWOS-3
OGDENSBURG
(Intl)
AWOS-3
OLEAN
(Cattaraugus Co
-Olean)
AWOS-3
ONEONTA
(Mun)
AWOS-3
PENN YAN
ASOS
PLATTSBURGH
(Intl)
ASOS
POTSDAM
(Mun/Damon)
AWOS-3
POUGHKEEPSIE
(Dutchess Co)
ASOS
ROCHESTER
(Greater Rochester
Intl)
ASOS
ROME
(Griffiss Intl)
ASOS
SARANAC LAKE
(Adirondock Regl)
ASOS
845-567-9311
SARATOGA
SPRINGS
(Saratoga Co)
SCHENECTADY
(Co)
SENECA FALLS
(Fingerlakes Regl)
SHIRLEY
(Brookhaven)
SIDNEY
(Mun)
SYRACUSE
(Hancock Intl)
WATERTOWN
(Intl)
WELLSVILLE
WESTHAMPTON
BEACH
(Gabreski)
WHITE PLAINS
(Westchester Co)
718-656-0956
718-478-6070
WILLIAMSON
(-Sodus)
718-478-0118
718-672-6317
NORTH CAROLINA
AHOSKIE
(Tri-Co)
AWOS-3 252-345-2967
ALBEMARLE
(Stanly Co)
AWOS-3 704-986-2097
ANDREWS
(Western Carolina
Regl)
AWOS-3 828-321-1049
ASHEBORO
(Mun)
AWOS-3 336-626-7933
ASHEVILLE
(Regl)
ASOS 828-681-0131
BEAUFORT
(Smith)
ASOS 252-728-2055
BURLINGTONALAMANCE
(Regl)
ASOS 336-570-9813
CHAPEL HILL
(Williams)
ASOS 919-942-2538
CHARLOTTE
(/Douglas Intl)
ASOS 704-359-0235
CLINTON
(Sampson Co)
AWOS-3 910-592-7488
CONCORD
(Regl)
AWOS-3 704-785-2145
CURRITUCK
(Co)
AWOS-3 252-453-8939
315-824-1825
607-324-9138
518-828-2577
631-471-0690
607-257-2390
716-664-6005
315-764-0481
845-457-1486
845-583-5056
716-297-6984
607-336-8583
315-393-8982
716-557-2001
607-643-0253
315-536-4102
518-324-5539
315-265-6106
845-462-0648
585-235-7322
315-334-4360
518-891-6696
AWOS-3
518-884-9289
AWOS-3
518-399-6586
AWOS-3
315-568-5362
ASOS
631-399-7095
AWOS-3
607-561-2333
ASOS
315-455-3444
ASOS
ASOS
315-639-4002
585-593-0203
ASOS
631-288-0588
D-ATIS
ASOS
914-948-0130
914-288-0216
AWOS-3
315-483-6171
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-128
METEOROLOGY
10 DEC 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
NORTH CAROLINA
EDENTON
(Regl)
AWOS-3 252-482-0757
ELIZABETH CITY
CG AIR STATION
(Regl)
ASOS 252-338-4750
ELIZABETHTOWN
(Brown)
AWOS-3 910-862-9982
ERWIN
(Harnett Co)
AWOS-3 910-814-3946
FAYETTEVILLE
(Regl/Grannis)
ASOS 910-484-1546
FRANKLIN
(Macon Co)
AWOS-3 828-349-3156
GASTONIA
(Mun)
ASOS 704-868-9034
GOLDSBORO
(- Wayne Mun)
AWOS-3 919-731-4473
GREENSBORO
(Piedmont Triad Intl)
ASOS 336-393-0168
GREENVILLE
(Pitt-Greenville)
AWOS-3 252-758-6485
HATTERAS
(Mitchell)
ASOS 252-995-3646
HICKORY
(Regl)
ASOS 828-322-2996
JACKSONVILLE
(Ellis)
AWOS-3 910-324-5233
JEFFERSON
(Ashe Co)
AWOS-3 336-982-5555
KENANSVILLE
(Duplin Co)
AWOS-3 910-296-9688
KILL DEVIL HILLS
(First Flight)
AWOS-3 252-449-0698
KINSTON
(Stallings)
AWOS-3 252-522-2712
LEXINGTON
(Davidson Co)
AWOS-3 336-956-2967
LINCOLNTON
(Co)
AWOS-3 704-735-6954
LOUISBURG
(Franklin Co)
AWOS-3 919-497-0810
LUMBERTON
(Mun)
ASOS 910-671-1906
MANTEO
(Dare Co Regl)
AWOS-3 252-473-2826
MAXTON
(Laurinburg)
ASOS 910-844-5338
MONROE
(Regl)
ASOS 704-283-5185
MORGANTON
(-Lenoir)
AWOS-3 828-757-0788
NORTH CAROLINA
MOUNT AIRY
(Surry Co)
AWOS-3 336-789-2299
NEW BERN
(Craven Co Regl)
ASOS 252-514-2086
NORTH
WILKESBORO
(Wilkes Co)
AWOS-3 336-696-3788
OAK ISLAND
(Brunswick Co)
AWOS-3 910-457-1710
OXFORD
(Henderson- Oxford)
AWOS-3 919-693-9516
PINEHURST/
SOUTHERN PINES
(Moore Co)
AWOS-3 910-692-4287
RALEIGHDURHAM
(Intl)
ASOS 919-840-0816
REIDSVILLE
(Rockingham Co)
AWOS-3 336-573-3677
ROANOKE RAPIDS
(HalifaxNorthampton Regl)
ASOS 252-583-3446
ROCKINGHAM
(-Richmond Co)
AWOS-3 910-997-4093
ROCKY MOUNT
(Wilson Regl)
ASOS 252-446-0732
ROXBORO
(Person Co)
AWOS-3 336-364-1651
RUTHERFORDTON
(-Marchman)
AWOS-3 828-287-6498
SALISBURY
(Rowan Co)
AWOS-3 704-637-6197
SANFORD
(- Lee Co Regl)
AWOS-3 919-708-5382
SHELBY
(Cleveland Co Regl)
AWOS-3 704-487-0100
SMITHFIELD
(Johnston Co)
AWOS-3 919-934-3851
STATESVILLE
(Regl)
AWOS-3 704-873-1978
WADESBORO
(Anson Co)
AWOS-3 704-695-0623
WASHINGTON
(Warren)
AWOS-3 252-975-6133
WHITEVILLE
(Columbus Co Mun)
AWOS-3 910-642-7508
WILMINGTON
(Intl)
ASOS 910-343-9489
WINSTON SALEM
(Reynolds)
ASOS 336-661-3096
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 DEC 10
METEOROLOGY
US-129
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
NORTH DAKOTA
NORTH DAKOTA
AWOS-3
701-872-9225
ASOS
701-255-7563
AWOS-3
701-523-3412
AWOS-3
701-968-3625
BEACH
BISMARCK
(Mun)
BOWMAN
(Mun)
CANDO
(Mun)
CARRINGTON
(Mun)
CAVALIER
(Mun)
COOPERSTOWN
(Mun)
CROSBY
(Mun)
DEVILS LAKE
(Regl)
DICKINSON
(Roosevelt Regl)
FARGO
(Hector Intl)
GRAFTON
(Hutson Fld)
GRAND FORKS
(Intl)
GWINNER
(- Melroe)
HARVEY
(Mun)
HETTINGER
(Mun)
JAMESTOWN
(Regl)
LANGDON
(Robertson Fld)
LINTON
(Mun)
MANDAN
(Mun)
MINOT
(Intl)
OAKES
(Mun)
ROLLA
(Mun)
RUGBY
(Mun)
STANLEY
(Mun)
TIOGA
(Mun)
AWOS-3
VALLEY CITY
(Barnes Co Mun)
WAHPETON
(Stern)
WATFORD
(City Mun)
WILLISTON
(Sloulin Intl)
701-652-1875
AWOS-3
701-265-8050
AWOS-3
701-797-2566
AWOS-3
701-965-6732
AWOS-3
701-662-7214
ASOS
701-227-0280
ASOS
701-298-3877
AWOS-3
701-352-0581
ASOS
701-772-3486
AWOS-3
701-678-6801
AWOS-3
701-324-2058
ASOS
701-567-4594
ASOS
701-251-9002
AWOS-3
701-256-2121
AWOS-3
701-254-4965
AWOS-3
701-663-0271
ASOS
701-837-9379
AWOS-3
701-742-3991
AWOS-3
701-447-0055
AWOS-3
701-776-6100
AWOS-3
701-628-1737
AWOS-3
701-664-4490
AWOS-3
701-845-9117
AWOS-3
701-642-9800
AWOS-3
701-842-4855
ASOS
701-774-3124
OHIO
AKRON
(- Canton Regl)
(Fulton Intl)
ASHTABULA
(Co)
ATHENS - ALBANY
(Ohio Univ)
BELLEFONTAINE
(Regl)
BOWLING GREEN
(Wood Co)
BUCYRUS
(Port BucyrusCrawford Cty)
CAMBRIDGE
(Mun)
CHILLICOTHE
(Ross Co)
CINCINNATI
(Blue Ash)
(- Mun - Lunken)
CINCINNATI/
COVINGTON
(-/Northern Kentucky
Intl)
CLEVELAND
(Hopkins Intl)
(Burke Lakefront)
COLUMBUS
(Bolton Fld)
(Ohio State Univ)
(Port Columbus Intl)
(Rickenbacker Intl)
COSHOCTON
(Downing)
DAYTON
(Cox Dayton Intl)
(Greene Co Jackson Regl)
(Wright Bros.)
ASOS
ASOS
330-966-9545
330-724-4237
ASOS
440-576-6907
AWOS-3
740-597-2687
AWOS-3
937-599-4654
AWOS-3
419-354-1415
AWOS-3
419-562-0297
AWOS-3
740-435-0086
AWOS-3
740-779-1364
AWOS-3
ASOS
513-794-1520
513-321-6291
ASOS
859-767-8210
ASOS
ASOS
216-267-9955
216-267-9956
216-241-6904
AWOS-3
ASOS
ASOS
AWOS-3
614-878-1722
614-451-2465
614-338-0561
614-492-2441
AWOS-3
740-295-7370
ASOS
937-454-7845
AWOS-3
ASOS
937-372-4668
937-885-2171
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-130
METEOROLOGY
10 DEC 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
OHIO
OHIO
DEFIANCE
(Meml)
DELAWARE
(Mun)
FINDLAY
FOSTORIA
(Metro)
FREMONT
(Sandusky Co Regl)
GALLIPOLIS
(Meigs Regl)
HAMILTON
(Butler Co Regl)
HILLSBORO
(Highland Co)
JACKSON
(Rhodes)
LANCASTER
(Fairfield Co)
LEBANON
(-Warren Co)
LIMA
(Allen Co)
LORAIN
(Elyria)
MANSFIELD
(Lahm Regl)
MARION
(Mun)
MARYSVILLE
(Union Co)
MIDDLETOWN
(Hook Mun)
MILLERSBURG
(Holmes Co)
MOUNT VERNON
(Knox Co)
NEWARK
(-Heath)
NEW PHILADELPHIA
(Clever)
OTTAWA
(Putnam Co)
OXFORD
(Miami U)
PORT CLINTON
(Keller)
PORTSMOUTH
(Greater Portsmouth
Regl)
ASOS
419-658-2301
AWOS-3
ASOS
740-362-4416
419-427-8524
AWOS-3
419-436-0053
AWOS-3
419-547-6932
AWOS-3
740-446-2149
ASOS
513-863-6137
AWOS-3
937-393-9038
AWOS-3
740-286-1760
ASOS
740-681-1097
AWOS-3
513-934-5500
ASOS
419-224-6098
ASOS
440-323-7088
ASOS
419-522-1375
ASOS
740-383-3400
AWOS-3
937-644-2967
AWOS-3
513-422-3505
AWOS-3
330-674-6279
AWOS-3
740-397-6297
ASOS
740-522-1066
ASOS
330-339-1125
ASOS-3
419-523-4151
AWOS-3
513-273-2032
AWOS-3
419-734-9955
AWOS-3
740-820-2500
RAVENNA
(Portage Co)
SYDNEY
(Mun)
TIFFIN
-Seneca Cty)
TOLEDO
(-Express)
(Metcalf)
URBANA
(Grimes)
VAN WERT
(Co)
VERSAILLES
(-Darke Cty)
WAPAKONETA
(Armstrong)
WILMINGTON
(Airborne)
(Clinton)
WOOSTER
(Wayne Co)
YOUNGSTOWN/
WARREN
(Regl)
ZANESVILLE
(Mun)
AWOS-3
330-298-9353
AWOS-3
937-492-3683
AWOS-3
419-443-1043
ASOS
ASOS
419-865-8351
419-838-5034
AWOS
937-484-5863
AWOS-3
419-232-2967
AWOS-3
937-526-3154
AWOS-3
419-753-2821
ASOS
AWOS-3
937-383-7334
937-382-1376
ASOS
330-669-9105
ASOS
330-856-9357
ASOS
740-453-8139
OKLAHOMA
ADA
(Mun)
ALTUS
(/Quartz Mountain
Regl)
ALVA
(Regl)
ARDMORE
(Mun)
(Downtown Exec)
ATOKA
(Mun)
BARTLESVILLE
(Mun)
BLACKWELLTONKAWA
(Mun)
CHANDLER
(Regl)
CHICKASHA
(Mun)
CLAREMORE
(Regl)
AWOS-3
580-332-6222
AWOS-3
580-477-1745
AWOS-3
580-327-6778
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
580-389-5078
580-226-1536
AWOS-3
580-889-6924
ASOS
918-336-2070
AWOS-3
580-363-0688
AWOS-3
405-258-6724
AWOS-3
405-574-1016
AWOS-3
918-343-0184
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 DEC 10
METEOROLOGY
US-131
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
OKLAHOMA
OKLAHOMA
CLINTON
(Regl)
(- Sherman)
DUNCAN
(Halliburton)
DURANT
(Eaker)
ELK CITY
(Mun)
EL RENO
(Regl)
ENID
(Woodring Regl)
FREDERICK
(Mun)
GAGE
GROVE
(Mun)
GUTHRIE
(Edmund Regl)
GUYMON
(Mun)
HOBART
(Mun)
HUGO
(Mun)
IDABEL
(McCurtain Co
Regl)
LAWTON
(Lawton-Ft Sill
Regl)
McALESTER
(Regl)
MUSKOGEE
(Davis)
NORMAN
(Univ of Okla
Westheimer)
OKLAHOMA CITY
(Page Mun)
(Wiley Post)
(Will Rogers World)
OKMULGEE
(Regl)
PAULS VALLEY
(Mun)
PONCA CITY
(Regl)
AWOS-3
ASOS
580-323-8477
580-562-4811
AWOS-3
580-252-4547
AWOS-3
580-931-3790
AWOS-3
580-303-9147
AWOS-3
405-262-0087
AWOS-3
580-237-1475
ASOS
ASOS
580-335-7591
580-923-7581
AWOS-3
918-786-8350
ASOS
405-282-0478
ASOS
580-468-1476
ASOS
580-726-6651
AWOS-3
580-326-2134
AWOS-3
580-286-2217
ASOS
580-581-1351
ASOS
918-426-1601
ASOS
918-683-6987
AWOS-3
405-325-7302
AWOS-3
ATIS
ASOS
D-ATIS
ASOS
405-354-2617
405-495-4063
405-495-7192
405-681-9853
405-682-4871
AWOS-3
918-756-9502
AWOS-3
405-238-4452
ASOS
580-765-0049
POTEAU
(Kerr)
SALLISAW
(Mun)
SAND SPRINGS
(Pogue Mun)
SEMINOLE
(Mun)
SHAWNEE
(Regl)
STILLWATER
(Regl)
TAHLEQUAH
(Mun)
TULSA
(Intl)
(Jones Jr.)
WATONGA
WEATHERFORD
(Stafford)
WOODWARD
(West Woodward)
ASTORIA
(Regl)
AURORA STATE
BAKER CITY
(Mun)
BEND
BROOKINGS
BURNS
(Mun)
CORVALLIS
(Mun)
EUGENE
(Mahlon Sweet)
FLORENCE
(Mun)
GOLD BEACH
(Mun)
HERMISTON
(Mun)
HOOD RIVER
(Jernstedt Fld)
JOHN DAY
(Grant Co
Regl/Ogilvie)
AWOS-3
918-647-4063
AWOS-3
918-775-4136
AWOS-3
918-246-2635
AWOS-3
405-382-0111
AWOS-3
405-878-1745
ASOS
405-743-8150
AWOS-3
918-453-2729
D-ATIS
ASOS
ASOS
AWOS-3
918-834-3764
918-838-8437
918-299-0740
580-623-7388
AWOS-3
580-772-7020
AWOS-3
580-254-5217
OREGON
NWS
ASOS
ASOS
503-861-2722
503-861-1371
503-678-3011
ASOS
AWOS-3
ASOS
541-523-5412
541-382-1477
541-412-8682
ASOS
541-573-1382
AWOS-3
541-754-0081
ATIS
ASOS
541-607-4699
541-461-3114
AWOS-3
541-997-8664
AWOS-3
541-247-2518
ASOS
541-567-8580
AWOS-3
541-386-2386
AWOS-3
541-575-1122
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-132
METEOROLOGY
10 DEC 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
OREGON
JOSEPH
(State)
KLAMATH FALLS
LA GRANDE
(Union Co)
LAKEVIEW
(Lake Co)
LEXINGTON
McMINNVILLE
(Mun)
MEDFORD
(Rogue Valley Intl)
NEWPORT
(Mun)
NORTH BEND
(Mun)
ONTARIO
(Mun)
PENDLETON
(Eastern Oregon
Regl)
PORTLAND
(Intl)
(Hillsboro)
(Troutdale)
REDMOND
(Roberts)
ROSEBURG
(Regl)
SALEM
(McNary)
SCAPPOOSE
(Industrial)
THE DALLES
(Columbia Gorge
Regl/The Dalles
Mun)
TILLAMOOK
AWOS-3
ASOS
541-432-0458
541-883-8127
AWOS-3
541-963-6824
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
541-947-5069
541-989-8557
ASOS
503-434-9153
ASOS
541-776-1238
AWOS-3
541-867-4175
AWOS-3
541-756-0135
ASOS
541-889-7388
ASOS
541-278-2329
D-ATIS
ASOS
ASOS
ASOS
503-493-7557
503-284-6771
503-640-2984
503-492-2887
ASOS
541-504-8743
ASOS
541-673-1483
ASOS
503-371-1062
ASOS
503-543-6401
ASOS
AWOS-3
509-767-1726
503-842-8792
PENNSYLVANIA
ALLENTOWN
(Lehigh Valley Intl)
ASOS
(Queen City Mun)
AWOS-3
ALTOONA
(Blair Co)
ASOS
BEDFORD
(-Co)
AWOS-3
BRADFORD
(Regl)
ASOS
BUTLER
(Co/Scholter)
AWOS-3
610-266-3579
610-791-5463
814-793-9655
814-623-2936
814-368-2581
724-586-6434
PENNSYLVANIA
CLARION
(Co)
AWOS-3
CLEARFIELD
(-Lawrence)
ASOS
COATESVILLE
(Chester Co)
AWOS-3
COLLEGEVILLE
Clearance
(Perkiomen Valley)
Delivery
CONNELSVILLE
AWOS-3
DANVILLE
(Geisinger Rooftop)
AWOS-3
DOYLESTOWN
Clearance
Delivery
ASOS
DUBOIS
(Regl)
ASOS
ERIE
(Intl)
ASOS
FORT INDIANTOWN
GAP
(Annville-Muir AAF)
ASOS
FRANKLIN
(Venango Regl)
AWOS-3
HARRISBURG
(Capital City)
ASOS
(Harrisburg Intl)
ASOS
HAZELTON
(Mun)
AWOS-3
INDIANA CO
(Stewart)
AWOS-3
JOHNSTOWN
(-Cambria Co)
ASOS
LANCASTER
ASOS
LATROBE
(Palmer Regl)
AWOS-3
LEHIGHTON
(Arner Mml)
ASOS
MEADVILLE
(Port Meadville)
ASOS
MONONGAHELA
(Rostraver)
AWOS-3
MOUNT POCONO
(Pocono Mountains
Mun)
ASOS
PERKASIE
Clearance
(Pennridge)
Delivery
AWOS-3
PHILADELPHIA
(Intl)
ASOS
(NE Philadelphia)
Clearance
Delivery
ASOS
814-227-2899
814-765-9703
610-384-6132
800-354-9884
724-626-8745
570-271-8192
800-354-9884
215-345-0392
814-328-5140
814-835-7112
717-861-6493
814-437-2066
717-770-0880
717-944-1372
570-459-4901
724-463-8551
814-535-3511
717-569-8860
724-537-0671
570-386-3423
814-337-2590
724-379-5815
570-839-1584
800-354-9884
215-257-7291
215-492-9617
800-354-9884
215-677-0146
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 DEC 10
METEOROLOGY
US-133
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
(Wings)
RHODE ISLAND
PENNSYLVANIA
Clearance
Delivery
AWOS-3
800-354-9884
215-646-1068
AWOS-3
814-343-4531
ASOS
ASOS
412-472-0145
412-466-8968
Clearance
Delivery
ASOS
800-354-9884
610-495-0823
PHILIPSBURG
(Mid-State)
PITTSBURGH
(Intl)
(Allegheny Co)
POTTSTOWN
(Limerick)
POTTSVILLE
(Schuylkill Co)
QUAKERTOWN
READING
(Regl/Spaatz)
REEDSVILLE
(Mifflin Co)
ST MARYS
(Mun)
SELINSGROVE
(Penn Valley)
SHAMOKIN
(Northumberland Co)
SOMERSET
(Co)
STATE COLLEGE
(University Park)
TOUGHKENAMON
(New Garden)
TOWANDA
(Bradford Co)
WASHINGTON
(Co)
WEST CHESTER
(Brandywine)
WILKES-BARRE/
SCRANTON
(Intl)
WILLIAMSPORT
(Regl)
YORK
ZELIENOPLE
AWOS-3
Clearance
Delivery
AWOS-3
570-544-2778
ASOS
610-372-9863
AWOS-3
717-667-3993
AWOS-3
814-834-9416
ASOS
570-374-4099
AWOS-3
570-672-0389
AWOS-3
814-443-2114
AWOS-3
814-865-8799
Clearance
Delivery
800-354-9884
AWOS-3
570-265-1024
AWOS-3
724-228-3529
AWOS-3
Clearance
Delivery
610-692-6190
ASOS
570-457-3111
ASOS
ASOS
ASOS
570-368-3420
717-792-5529
724-452-5304
800-354-9884
215-538-7610
800-354-9884
BLOCK ISLAND
(State)
NEWPORT
(State)
PAWTUCKET
(North Central
State)
PROVIDENCE
(Green State)
WESTERLY STATE
AWOS-3
401-466-5495
ASOS
401-846-5910
AWOS-3
401-334-0324
D-ATIS
ASOS
ASOS
401-737-3215
401-737-7612
401-596-9543
SOUTH CAROLINA
AIKEN
(Mun)
AWOS-3 803-643-8664
ANDERSON
(Regl)
ASOS 864-226-9522
BARNWELL
(Co)
AWOS-3 803-259-4536
BEAUFORT
(Co)
AWOS-3 843-524-1000
BENNETSVILLE
(Marlboro Cty)
AWOS-3 843-479-5817
CAMDEN
(Woodward)
AWOS-3 803-424-1979
CHARLESTON
(AFB/Intl)
ASOS 843-554-9862
(Executive)
AWOS-3 843-559-3123
CHERAW
(Mun)
AWOS-3 843-537-3301
CHESTER
(Catawba Regl)
AWOS-3 803-385-2011
CLEMSON
(Oconee Co Regl)
ASOS 864-882-0144
COLUMBIA
(Metro)
ASOS 803-822-4168
(Owens)
ASOS 803-929-0665
CONWAY
(-Horry Co)
AWOS-3 843-397-8046
DARLINGTON
(Co Jetport)
AWOS-3 843-393-8220
FLORENCE
(Regl)
ASOS 843-665-1306
GEORGETOWN
(Co)
AWOS-3 843-527-3851
GREENVILLE
(Donaldson Center)
AWOS-3 864-277-5674
(Downtown)
ASOS 864-239-0014
GREENWOOD
(Co)
ASOS 864-388-9115
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-134
METEOROLOGY
10 DEC 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
SOUTH CAROLINA
GREER
(Greenville Spartanburg Intl)
ASOS 864-879-0614
HARTSVILLE
(Regl)
AWOS-3 843-339-9625
HILTON HEAD
ISLAND
AWOS-3 843-342-5072
KINGSTREE
(Williamsburg Regl)
AWOS-3 843-382-3000
LANCASTER
(Co-McWhirter Fld)
AWOS-3 803-286-6444
LAURENS
(Co)
AWOS-3 864-682-3639
MANNING
(Santee Cooper
Regl)
AWOS-3 803-478-6060
MARION
(Co)
AWOS-3 843-423-4231
MONCKS
CORNER
(Berkeley Co)
AWOS-3 843-761-1486
MOUNT
PLEASANT
(Regl)
AWOS-3 843-849-0438
MYRTLE BEACH
(Intl)
AWOS-3 843-238-0335
NEWBERRY
(Co)
AWOS-3 803-276-2419
N MYRTLE BEACH
(Grand Strand)
ASOS 843-361-2802
ORANGEBURG
(Mun)
ASOS 803-536-3901
PICKENS
(Co)
AWOS-3 864-843-5801
ROCK HILL
(York Co)
ASOS 803-981-9388
SPARTANBURG
(Downtown Meml)
AWOS-3 864-587-2529
SUMMERVILLE
ASOS 843-821-8403
SUMTER
AWOS-3 803-469-6750
WALTERBORO
(Low Country Regl)
AWOS-3 843-538-3575
WINNSBORO
(Fairfield Co)
AWOS-3 803-712-2577
SOUTH DAKOTA
ABERDEEN
(Regl)
ASOS
BELLE FOURCHE
(Mun)
AWOS-A
BROOKINGS
(Regl)
AWOS-3
605-229-4512
617-262-3825
605-692-1809
SOUTH
CUSTER
(Co)
EAGLE BUTTE
(Cheyenne)
GETTYSBURG
(Mun)
GREGORY
(Mun-Flynn Fld)
HOT SPRINGS
(Mun)
HURON
(Regl)
LEMMON
(Mun)
MADISON
(Mun)
MILLER
(Mun)
MITCHELL
(Mun)
MOBRIDGE
(Mun)
PHILIP
PIERRE
(Regl)
PINE RIDGE
RAPID CITY
(Regl)
SIOUX FALLS
(Foss)
SPEARFISH
(Black Hills-Ice)
STURGIS
Mun)
VERMILLION
(Harold Davidson
Fld)
WATERTOWN
(Mun)
WESSINGTON
SPRINGS
WINNER
(Wiley)
YANKTON
(Gurney Mun)
DAKOTA
ASOS
605-673-5744
AWOS-A
617-262-3825
AWOS-A
617-262-3825
AWOS-A
617-262-3825
AWOS-A
617-262-3825
ASOS
605-352-7531
AWOS-A
617-262-3825
AWOS-3
605-427-9380
AWOS-A
617-262-3825
ASOS
605-995-5803
ASOS
ASOS
605-845-2056
605-859-3281
ASOS
ASOS
605-224-6087
605-867-1584
ASOS
605-393-2832
ASOS
605-331-7833
AWOS-3
605-642-8536
AWOS-A
617-262-3825
AWOS-A
617-262-3825
ASOS
605-882-0578
AWOS-3
617-262-3825
ASOS
605-842-3989
AWOS-3
605-665-6072
TENNESSEE
ATHENS
(McMinn Co)
BOLIVAR
(Whitehurst)
AWOS-3
423-745-3422
AWOS-3
901-658-6436
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 DEC 10
METEOROLOGY
US-135
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
TENNESSEE
TENNESSEE
BRISTOL/
JOHNSON/
KINGSPORT
(Tri Cities Regl)
CHATTANOOGA
(Lovell)
CLARKSVILLE
(Outlaw)
COLLEGEDALE
(Mun)
COLUMBIA- MT
PLEASANT
(Maury Co)
COVINGTON
(Mun)
CROSSVILLE
(Meml)
DAYTON
(Anton)
DICKSON
(Mun)
DYERSBURG
(Mun)
ELIZABETHTON
(Mun)
FAYETTEVILLE
(Mun)
GALLATIN
(Sumner Co Regl)
GREENEVILLEGREEN CO
(Mun)
HUNTINGDON
(Carroll Co)
JACKSBORO
(Campbell Co)
JACKSON
(McKellar-Sipes
Regl)
KNOXVILLE
(Downtown I)
(McGhee Tyson)
LAWRENCEBURG
(Lawrence Co)
LEBANON
(Mun)
LEWISBURG
(Ellington)
LEXINGTON
–Parsons, Beech
River Rgl)
LIVINGSTON
(Mun)
ASOS
423-279-0363
ASOS
423-499-5973
ASOS
931-431-3045
AWOS-A
423-236-4028
AWOS-3
931-379-0844
AWOS-3
901-476-1705
ASOS
931-456-4406
AWOS-3
423-775-4695
AWOS-3
615-446-5481
AWOS-3
731-287-0300
AWOS-3
423-543-1801
AWOS-3
931-433-5916
AWOS-3
615-230-8005
AWOS-3
423-639-5081
AWOS-3
731-352-2854
AWOS-3
423-566-6474
ASOS
731-424-0692
AWOS-3
ASOS
865-579-6151
865-981-4053
AWOS-3
931-766-1585
AWOS-3
615-444-5778
AWOS-3
931-270-1014
AWOS-3
731-845-5738
AWOS-3
931-823-3329
MADISONVILLE
(Monroe Co)
McMINNVILLE
(Warren Co Meml)
MEMPHIS
(Intl)
MILLINGTON
(Regl Jetport)
MORRISTOWN
(Moore - Murrell)
MOUNTAIN CITY
(Johnson Co)
MURFREESBORO
(Mun)
NASHVILLE
(Intl)
(Tune)
ONEIDA
(Scott Mun)
PARIS
(Henry Co)
PORTLAND
(Mun)
PULASKI
(Abernathy)
ROCKWOOD
(Mun)
SAVANNAH
(Hardin Co)
SELMER
(Sibley)
SEVIERVILLE
(Gatlinburg - Pigeon
Forge)
SHELBYVILLE
(Bomar - Shelbyville
Mun)
SMYRNA
SOMERVILLE
(Fayette Co)
SPARTA
(Upper Cumberland
Regl)
SPRINGFIELD
(Robertson Co)
TULLAHOMA
(Arnold AFB)
UNION CITY
(Everett - Stewart)
WINCHESTER
(Mun)
AWOS-3
423-442-6170
AWOS-3
931-668-7056
ASOS
901-332-3679
AWOS-3
901-873-3630
AWOS-3
423-587-5886
AWOS-3
423-727-4365
AWOS-3
615-849-2622
ASOS
AWOS-3
615-360-6133
615-350-6222
800-645-6753
AWOS-3
423-569-6651
AWOS-3
731-644-0451
AWOS-3
615-325-4971
AWOS-3
931-363-6760
AWOS-3
865-354-9262
AWOS-3
731-925-6080
AWOS-3
731-645-8184
AWOS-3
865-429-5401
AWOS-3
ASOS
931-685-4723
615-223-7716
AWOS-3
901-465-6367
AWOS-3
931-738-3111
AWOS-3
615-384-8206
AWOS-3
931-454-2052
AWOS-3
731-885-9161
AWOS-3
931-967-8445
q$z
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-136
METEOROLOGY
10 DEC 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
TEXAS
TEXAS
ABILENE
(Regl)
ALICE
(Intl)
ALPINE
(Casparis Mun)
AMARILLO
(Husband Intl)
ANGLETON/ LAKE
JACKSON
(Brazaria Co)
ARLINGTON
(Mun)
AUSTIN
(-Bergstrom Intl)
(Executive)
BAY CITY
(Mun)
BEAUMONT/
PORT ARTHUR
(SE Texas Regl)
BEEVILLE
(Mun)
BIG SPRING
(-McMahonWrinkle)
BORGER
(Hutchinson Co)
BOWIE
(Mun)
BRADY
(Curtis)
BRECKENRIDGE
(Stephens Co)
BRENHAM
(Mun)
BRIDGEPORT
(Mun)
BROWNSVILLE
(S Padre I Intl)
BROWNWOOD
(Regl)
BURNET
(Mun-Craddock)
CALDWELL
(Mun)
CANADIAN
(Hemphill Co)
ATIS
ASOS
325-877-1597
325-676-3524
ASOS
361-668-0069
AWOS-3
432-837-9613
ASOS
806-335-1060
ASOS
979-849-3319
ASOS
817-557-0251
D-ATIS
ASOS
AWOS-3
512-369-7867
512-369-7881
512-616-2967
AWOS-3
979-323-1801
ASOS
409-722-3408
AWOS-3
361-362-7627
AWOS-3
432-263-3842
ASOS
806-274-7318
AWOS-3
940-872-2366
AWOS-3
325-597-9139
800-510-1996
CASTROVILLE
(Mun)
CHILDRESS
(Mun)
CLARKSVILLE
(Red River Co)
CLEBURNE
(Mun)
CLEVELAND
(Mun)
COLEMAN
(Mun)
COLLEGE
STATION
(Easterwood)
COMANCHE
(Co-City)
CORPUS CHRISTI
(Intl)
CORSICANA
(Campbell-Mun)
COTULLALASALLE
(Co)
CROCKETT
(Houston Co)
DALHART
(Mun)
DALLAS-FT
WORTH
(Addison)
(Intl)
AWOS-3
254-559-5525
AWOS-3
979-836-2303
AWOS-3
940-683-8027
ASOS
956-546-4540
AWOS-3
888-297-9399
ASOS
512-756-7277
AWOS-3
979-567-6784
AWOS-3
806-323-8497
(Executive)
(Love)
DECATUR
(Mun)
DEL RIO
(Intl)
DENTON
(Mun)
DUMAS
(Moore Co)
EDINBURG
(Intl)
EL PASO
(Intl)
FALFURRIAS
(Brooks Co)
AWOS-3
830-931-0232
ASOS
940-937-6337
AWOS-3
903-427-1367
AWOS-3
817-641-4135
AWOS-3
281-593-1754
AWOS-3
325-625-3563
ASOS
979-846-1708
AWOS-3
325-356-7032
ASOS
361-289-0191
ASOS
903-872-9321
ASOS
830-879-2861
AWOS-3
936-545-8510
ASOS
806-249-5671
AWOS-3
ATIS
D-ATIS
ASOS
ASOS
D-ATIS
ASOS
972-386-4855
972-628-2439
972-615-2701
972-453-0992
214-330-5317
214-358-5355
214-904-0251
AWOS-3
940-627-2365
ASOS
830-774-6251
ASOS
940-383-8457
AWOS-3
806-934-3390
AWOS-3
956-380-1426
D-ATIS
ASOS
915-772-9412
915-779-6452
AWOS-3
361-325-4055
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 DEC 10
METEOROLOGY
US-137
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
TEXAS
TEXAS
FT STOCKTON
(Pecos Co)
FT WORTH
(Alliance)
(Meacham Intl)
(Spinks)
FREDERICKSBURG
(Gillespie Co)
GAINESVILLE
(Mun)
GALVESTON
(Scholes Intl)
GATESVILLE
(Mun)
GEORGETOWN
(Mun)
GIDDINGS
(-Lee Co)
GILMER
(Stephens-Gilmer
Mun)
GRAHAM
(Mun)
GRANBURY
(Mun)
GRAND PRAIRIE
(Mun)
GREENVILLE
(Majors)
HAMILTON
(Mun)
HARLINGEN
(Valley Intl)
HEARNE
(Mun)
HEBRONVILLE
(Hogg Co)
HENDERSON
(Rusk Co)
HEREFORD
(Mun)
HILLSBORO
(Mun)
HONDO
(Mun)
HORSESHOE BAY
(Resort)
HOUSTON
(Bush
Intercontinental)
(Ellington Fld)
(Executive)
ASOS
432-336-7591
ASOS
ASOS
AWOS-3
817-491-8625
817-626-5811
817-426-4172
AWOS-3
830-990-2716
AWOS-3
940-612-3549
ASOS
409-740-9248
AWOS-3
254-865-6742
AWOS-3
512-869-3430
AWOS-3
979-542-0382
AWOS-3
903-734-7313
AWOS-3
940-521-0685
AWOS-3
817-573-7514
AWOS-3
972-606-1433
AWOS-3
903-454-9801
AWOS-3
254-386-8211
ASOS
956-428-7297
AWOS-3
979-280-5596
AWOS-3
361-527-2109
AWOS-3
903-657-0384
AWOS-3
806-258-7283
AWOS-3
254-582-0063
ASOS
830-426-3060
AWOS-3
830-598-2059
D-ATIS
ASOS
ATIS
281-443-1744
281-443-6397
281-464-4190
(Hobby)
(Hooks Mem)
(Lone Star
Executive
(Pearland Regl)
(Southwest)
(Sugar Land Regl)
HUNTSVILLE
(Mun)
INGLESIDE
(McCampbell)
JACKSONVILLE
(Cherokee Co)
JASPER CO
(Bell)
JUNCTION
(Kimble Co)
KERRVILLE
(Mun/Louis
Schreiner)
KILLEEN
(Skylark)
KINGSVILLE
(Kleberg Co)
LAGO VISTA
(Allen)
LA GRANGE
(Fayette Regl)
LAMPASAS
LANCASTER
LAREDO
(Intl)
LLANO
(Mun)
LONGVIEW
(East Texas Regl)
LUBBOCK
(Smith Intl)
LUFKIN
MARFA
(Mun)
MARSHALL
(Harrison Co)
McALLEN
(-Miller Intl)
McKINNEY
(Collin Co Regl)
MESQUITE
METRO
AWOS 3
D-ATIS
ASOS
ASOS
281-945-5451 or
713-932-8437
713-847-1491
713-847-1462
281-251-7853
ASOS
ASOS
AWOS-3
ASOS
936-760-4237
281-992-1853
281-431-6572
281-242-7605
ASOS
936-291-7997
AWOS-3
361-758-8961
AWOS-3
903-586-0124
AWOS-3
409-489-1603
ASOS
325-446-4594
AWOS-3
830-895-2204
AWOS-3
254-690-3131
AWOS-3
361-592-9152
AWOS-3
512-267-1365
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
979-242-5777
512-556-6392
972-227-0471
ASOS
956-712-8640
AWOS-3
325-247-2189
ASOS
903-643-7028
ASOS
ASOS
806-747-7217
936-637-9420
AWOS-3
432-729-3364
AWOS-3
903-938-2060
ASOS
956-664-8212
ASOS
972-548-8525
AWOS-3
972-222-7631
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-138
METEOROLOGY
10 DEC 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
TEXAS
TEXAS
MIDLAND
(Airpark)
(Intl)
MIDLOTHIAN/
WAXAHACHIE
(Mid-Way Regl)
MINEOLA
(-Quitman)
MINERAL WELLS
MOUNT
PLEASANT
(Regl)
NACOGDOCHES
(Mangham Regl)
NEW BRAUNFELS
(Mun)
ODESSA
(Schlemeyer)
ORANGE (Co)
OZONI
(Mun)
PALACIOS
(Mun)
PALESTINE
(Mun)
PAMPA
(Lefors)
PARIS
(Cox)
PECOS
(Mun)
PERRYTON
(Ochiltree Co)
PLAINVIEW
(Hale Co)
PLEASANTON
(Mun)
PORT ARANSAS
(Mustang Beach)
PORT ISABEL
(Cameron Co)
PORT LAVACA
(Calhoun Co)
ROBSTOWN
(Nueces Co)
ROCKPORT
(Aransas Co)
ROCKSPRINGS
(Edwards Co)
SAN ANGELO
(Regl/Mathis)
AWOS-3
ASOS
432-687-4605
432-561-5935
AWOS-3
972-937-4747
AWOS-3
ASOS
903-768-3065
940-325-2457
AWOS-3
903-575-4027
AWOS-3
936-564-5074
ASOS
830-629-7979
ASOS
AWOS-3
432-363-9719
409-670-9591
AWOS-3
325-392-2051
ASOS
361-972-0101
AWOS-3
903-729-3641
AWOS-3
806-669-1333
AWOS-3
903-737-8784
AWOS-3
432-445-3867
AWOS-3
806-435-9963
AWOS-3
806-261-8679
AWOS-3
830-569-5749
AWOS-3
361-749-0537
ASOS
956-233-5740
AWOS-3
361-552-3060
AWOS-3
361-767-1982
ASOS
361-729-2372
AWOS-3
830-683-2425
ASOS
325-949-6686
SAN ANTONIO
(Boerne Stage Fld)
(Intl)
(Stinson Mun)
SAN MARCOS
(Mun)
SAN SABA CO
(Mun)
SEMINOLE
(Gaines Co)
SHERMAN/
DENISON
(Grayson Co)
SNYDER
(Winston)
SONORA
(Mun)
STEPHENVILLE
(Clark Mun)
SULPHUR
SPRINGS
(Mun)
SWEETWATER
(Avenger)
TEMPLE
(Draughon - Miller
Central Texas Regl)
TERRELL
(Mun)
TYLER
(Pounds Regl)
UVALDE
(Garner)
VERNON
(Wilbarger Co)
VICTORIA
(Regl)
WACO
(McGregor Exec)
(TSTC Waco)
(Regl)
WESLACO
(Mid Valley)
WHARTON
(Regl)
WICHITA FALLS
(Kickapoo
Downtown)
(Sheppard AFB)
WINK
(Winker Co)
AWOS-3
ASOS
ASOS
830-755-9099
210-829-4782
210-927-9391
AWOS-3
512-353-8005
AWOS-3
325-372-6027
AWOS-3
432-758-3102
AWOS-3
903-786-7790
AWOS-3
325-573-5724
AWOS-3
325-387-3801
AWOS-3
254-965-8672
AWOS-3
903-885-9605
AWOS-3
325-236-9652
AWOS-3
254-774-8337
ASOS
972-551-1334
ASOS
903-535-9105
AWOS-3
830-278-8862
AWOS-3
940-552-8600
ASOS
361-578-9916
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
ASOS
254-848-4581
254-867-3880
254-754-6148
AWOS-3
956-447-0502
AWOS-3
979-532-2791
AWOS-3
ASOS
940-766-2967
940-855-9045
ASOS
432-527-3320
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 DEC 10
METEOROLOGY
US-139
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
UTAH
BEAVER
(Mun)
BLANDING
(Mun)
BRIGHAM CITY
BRYCE CANYON
CEDAR CITY
(Regl)
DELTA
(Mun)
FILLMORE
(Mun)
HALLS CROSSING
(Black Mem)
HANKSVILLE
HEBER CITY
(Mun)
KANAB
(Mun)
LOGAN
(Cache)
MILFORD
(Mun/Briscoe)
MOAB
(Canyonlands)
NEPHI
(Mun)
OGDEN
(-Hinckley)
PANGUITCH
(Mun)
PRICE
(Corbon Co)
PROVO
(Mun)
RICHFIELD
(Mun)
ROOSEVELT
(Mun)
ST GEORGE
(Mun)
SALT LAKE CITY
(Intl)
(S. Valley Regl)
TOOELE
(Bolinder-Tooele
Valley)
VERNAL
WENDOVER
VERMONT
AWOS-3
435-438-5829
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
ASOS
435-678-2636
435-723-3852
435-834-5270
ASOS
435-867-0278
AWOS-3
435-864-4241
AWOS-3
435-743-4182
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
435-684-2405
435-542-1020
AWOS-3
435-657-0892
AWOS-3
435-644-2267
ASOS
435-752-6941
ASOS
435-387-5201
ASOS
435-259-8576
AWOS-3
435-623-1397
ASOS
801-622-5600
AWOS-3
435-676-8784
ASOS
435-637-2790
AWOS-3
801-373-9782
AWOS-3
435-896-1775
AWOS-3
435-722-4201
AWOS-3
435-634-0940
D-ATIS
ASOS
AWOS-3
801-325-9749
801-328-3567
801-562-0271
801-566-2084
AWOS-3
ASOS
AWOS-3
435-882-6648
435-781-1224
435-665-2521
BARREMONTPELIER
(Knapp State)
BURLINGTON
(Intl)
HIGHGATE
(Franklin Co State)
LYNDONVILLE
(Caledonia Co)
MORRISVILLE
(Stowe State)
NEWPORT
(State)
RUTLAND
(-Southern Vermont
Regl)
SPRINGFIELD
(Hartness State)
ASOS
802-229-2037
ASOS
802-658-8382
AWOS-3
802-868-9941
AWOS-3
802-626-4532
ASOS
802-888-7934
AWOS-3
802-334-4427
AWOS-3
802-747-3044
ASOS
802-886-6006
VIRGINIA & D.C.
ABINGDON
(Virginia Highlands)
AWOS-3
BLACKSBURG
(Virginia Tech)
AWOS-3
CHARLOTTESVILLE
(-Albemarle)
ASOS
CULPEPER
(Regl)
AWOS-3
DANVILLE
(Regl)
ASOS
DUBLIN
(New River Valley)
AWOS-3
EMPORIA
(Greenville Regl)
AWOS-3
FARMVILLE
(Regl)
AWOS-3
FRANKLIN
(Mun)
AWOS-3
FREDERICKSBURG
(Shannon)
AWOS-3
GALAX/
HILLSVILLE
(Twin Co)
AWOS-3
HOT SPRINGS
(Ingalls)
AWOS-3
LEESBURG
(Executive)
AWOS-3
LOUISA
(Co/Freeman)
AWOS-3
LURAY
AWOS-3
LYNCHBURG
(Regl-Glenn)
ASOS
276-628-2940
540-231-4837
434-973-5024
540-727-0523
434-799-1701
540-674-2731
804-434-0656
434-392-9718
757-562-8765
540-372-6794
276-728-5897
540-839-5974
703-777-3781
540-967-1983
540-743-1148
434-239-0025
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-140
METEOROLOGY
10 DEC 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
VIRGINIA & D.C.
MANASSAS
(Regl-Davis)
AWOS-3 703-361-6160
MARION/
WYTHEVILLE
(Mountain Empire)
AWOS-3 276-686-6420
MARTINSVILLE
(Blue Ridge)
AWOS-3 276-957-3784
MELFA
(Accomack Co)
AWOS-3 757-787-5660
NEWPORT NEWS
(Newport News/
Williamsburg Intl)
ASOS 757-874-3682
NORFOLK
(Intl)
ATIS 804-464-1390
ASOS 757-460-9348
(Chesapeake Regl)
AWOS-3 757-421-0252
(Hampton Roads
Exec)
AWOS-3 757-465-2175
ORANGE
(Co)
AWOS-3 540-672-0505
PETERSBURG
(Dinwiddie Co)
AWOS-3 804-861-5551
RICHLANDS
(Tazewell Co)
AWOS-3 276-596-9927
RICHMOND
(Chesterfield Co)
AWOS-3 804-271-8426
(Intl)
ASOS 804-236-1091
RICHMOND/
ASHLAND
(Hanover Co Mun)
ASOS 804-752-2902
ROANOKE
(Regl - Woodrum)
ASOS 540-265-0680
SOUTH HILL
(MecklenburgBrunswick Regl)
AWOS-3 434-729-2229
STAFFORD
(Regl)
AWOS-3 540-657-8283
STAUNTON / WAYNESBORO /
HARRISONBURG
(Shenandoah Valley)
AWOS-3 540-234-0110
SUFFOLK
(Exec)
AWOS-3 757-934-3942
TAPPAHANNOCK
(-Essex Co)
AWOS-3 804-445–8724
WAKEFIELD
(Mun)
ASOS 757-899-2300
WARRENTON
(-Fauquier)
ASOS 540-788-4078
WASHINGTON, DC
(Dulles)
D-ATIS 703-661-6347
ASOS 703-661-2990
(Natl)
D-ATIS 703-419-3917
VIRGINIA & D.C.
ASOS
WEST POINT
(Regl)
WILLIAMSBURGJAMESTOWN
WINCHESTER
(Regl)
WISE
(Lonesome Pine)
703-412-8140
AWOS-3
804-785-2307
AWOS-3
757-220-8810
AWOS-3
540-662-6970
AWOS-3
276-328-3727
WASHINGTON
ARLINGTON
(Mun)
BELLINGHAM
(Intl)
BREMERTON
(Natl)
BURLINGTON/ MT
VERNON
(Skagit Regl)
CHEHALIS
(-Centralia)
DEER PARK
EASTSOUND
(Orcas I)
ELLENSBURG
(Bowers)
EPHRATA
(Mun)
EVERETT
(Snohomish Co)
FRIDAY HARBOR
HOQUIAM
(Bowerman)
KELSOLONGVIEW
MOSES LAKE
(Grant Co Intl)
OAK HARBOR
(Wes Lupien)
OLYMPIA
OMAK
PASCO
(Tri-Cities)
PORT ANGELES
(Fairchild Intl)
PULLMAN/
MOSCOW
(Regl)
PUYALLUP
AWOS-3
360-435-8045
ASOS
ATIS
360-671-8688
360-647-5939
AWOS-3
360-674-2811
AWOS-3
360-757-7767
AWOS-3
ASOS
360-740-5164
509-276-2303
AWOS-3
360-376-6045
ASOS
509-925-2040
ASOS
509-754-3761
ATIS
ASOS
ASOS
425-355-9797
425-355-6192
360-378-8491
ASOS
360-538-7021
AWOS-3
360-577-1964
ASOS
509-762-5082
AWOS-3
ASOS
ASOS
360-675-8431
360-943-1278
509-826-2655
ASOS
509-547-7379
ASOS
360-457-1070
ASOS
AWOS-3
509-334-3222
253-848-2748
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 DEC 10
METEOROLOGY
US-141
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
QUILLAYUTE
RENTON
(Mun)
RICHLAND
SEATTLE
(Boeing/King Co
Intl)
(-Tacoma Intl)
SHELTON
(Sanderson)
SPOKANE
(Felts)
(Intl)
TACOMA
(-Narrows)
VANCOUVER
(Pearson)
WALLA WALLA
(Regl)
WENATCHEE
(Pangborn)
WINTHROP
(Methow Valley
State)
YAKIMA
(Air Terminal /
McAllister Fld)
WASHINGTON
ASOS
360-374-9731
ASOS
AWOS-3
425-255-6080
509-375-4247
ATIS
ASOS
D-ATIS
ASOS
206-767-4113
206-763-6904
206-241-6025
206-431-2834
ASOS
360-427-3835
ASOS
ASOS
509-535-3290
509-624-4406
ASOS
253-858-6507
ASOS
360-696-1280
ASOS
509-525-3014
ASOS
509-886-4226
AWOS-3
509-997-0142
ASOS
509-248-1502
WEST VIRGINIA
BECKLEY
(Raleigh Co Meml)
ASOS
BLUEFIELD
(Mercer Co)
ASOS
BUCKHANNON
(Upshur Co Regl)
AWOS-3
CHARLESTON
(Yeager)
ASOS
CLARKSBURG
(N.Central W.
Virginia)
ASOS
ELKINS
(- Randolph
Co - Jennings
Randolph)
ASOS
HUNTINGTON
(Tri-State)
ASOS
LEWISBURG
(Greenbrier Valley)
AWOS-3
MARTINSBURG
(Eastern WVA
Regl/Shepherd)
ASOS
304-253-5214
304-327-5766
304-472-9428
304-346-4797
304-842-9240
304-636-5603
304-453-3408
304-645-4533
304-264-0988
WEST VIRGINIA
MORGANTOWN
(Mun-Hart)
ASOS
MOUNDSVILLE
AWOS-3
PARKERSBURG
(Mid-Ohio Valley
Regl)
ASOS
PETERSBURG
(Grant Co)
AWOS-3
PINEVILLE
(Kee Fld)
AWOS-3
POINT PLEASANT
(Mason Co)
AWOS-3
RAVENSWOOD
(Jackson Co)
AWOS-2
SPENCER
(Boggs Fld)
AWOS-3
WHEELING
(Ohio Co)
ASOS
304-296-7103
304-845-2959
304-464-5547
304-257-2477
304-732-7311
304-675-4618
304-273-3424
304-927-0123
304-277-3504
WISCONSIN
ANTIGO
(Langlade Co)
APPLETON
(Outagamie Co
Regl)
ASHLAND
(JFK Meml)
BARABOO
(Wisconsin Dells)
BOSCOBEL
BURLINGTON
(Mun)
CLINTONVILLE
(Mun)
EAGLE RIVER
(Union)
EAU CLAIRE
(Chippewa Valley
Regl)
FOND DU LAC
(Co)
GREEN BAY
(Austin Straubel)
HAYWARD
(Sawyer Co)
JANESVILLE
(Southern
Wisconsin Regl)
JUNEAU
(Dodge Co)
KENOSHA
(Regl)
AWOS-3
715-627-2869
AWOS-3
920-832-2597
ASOS
715-682-5541
AWOS-3
ASOS
608-356-1071
608-375-2712
AWOS-3
262-757-0907
AWOS-3
715-823-7691
AWOS-3
715-479-1465
ASOS
715-832-7990
ASOS
920-922-4444
ASOS
920-494-7140
ASOS
715-634-6138
AWOS-3
608-758-1723
AWOS-3
920-386-5682
ASOS
262-652-7730
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
US-142
METEOROLOGY
10 DEC 10
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
WISCONSIN
LA CROSSE
(Mun)
ASOS
LADYSMITH
(Rusk Co)
AWOS-3
LAND O’ LAKES
(Kings Land O’
Lakes)
AWOS-3
LONE ROCK
(Tri-County Regl)
ASOS
MADISON
(Dane Co Regl Truax)
ASOS
MANITOWOC
(Co)
AWOS-3
MARSHFIELD
(Mun)
ASOS
MEDFORD
(Taylor Co)
AWOS-3
MENOMONIE
(Mun-Score)
AWOS-3
MERRILL
(Mun)
AWOS-3
MIDDLETON
(Mun-Morey Fld)
AWOS-3
MILWAUKEE
(Gen Mitchell Intl)
ASOS
(Timmerman)
AWOS-3
MINERAL POINT
(Iowa Co)
AWOS-3
MINOCQUA WOODRUFF
(Lakeland/Lee
Meml)
AWOS-3
MONROE
(Mun)
AWOS-3
MOSINEE
(Central Wisconsin)
AWOS-3
NEW RICHMOND
(Regl)
AWOS-3
OSCEOLA
(Simenstad Mun)
AWOS-3
OSHKOSH
(Wittman Regl)
ASOS
PHILLIPS
(Price Co)
AWOS-3
PLATTEVILLE
(Mun)
AWOS-3
PRARIE DU CHIEN
(Mun)
AWOS-3
RACINE
(Batten)
ASOS
WISCONSIN
608-781-9067
715-532-2665
715-547-6313
608-583-2576
608-249-0615
920-682-1164
715-387-6516
715-678-6030
715-235-5342
715-539-8422
608-833-1686
414-769-7161
414-461-2954
608-987-2157
715-356-2417
608-328-8359
715-693-1116
715-246-3202
RHINELANDER
(Oneida Co)
RICE LAKE
(Regl-Carl’s)
SHAWANO
(Mun)
SHEBOYGAN
(Co Meml)
SIREN
(Burnett Co)
SPARTA
(Fort McCoy)
STEVENS POINT
(Mun)
STURGEON BAY
(Door Co
Cherryland)
SUPERIOR
(Bong)
TOMAHAWK
(Regl)
VOLK
(Fld)
WATERTOWN
(Mun)
WAUKESHA
(Co)
WAUPACA
(Mun)
WAUSAU
(Downtown)
WAUTOMA
(Mun)
WEST BEND
(Mun)
WISCONSIN
RAPIDS
(Alexander - South
Wood Co)
715-294-3845
920-426-1644
715-339-4520
608-348-3637
608-326-9122
262-635-0959
ASOS
715-362-7980
AWOS-3
715-458-4481
AWOS-3
715-526-2967
ASOS
920-467-0744
AWOS-3
715-349-8563
AWOS-3
608-269-0724
AWOS-3
715-344-5960
AWOS-3
920-743-7087
AWOS-3
715-394-0283
AWOS-3
715-453-5716
ASOS
608-427-1066
AWOS-3
920-261-0734
AWOS-3
262-521-5226
AWOS-3
920-867-2407
ASOS
715-843-7215
ASOS
920-787-0515
AWOS-3
262-334-6161
ASOS
715-421-2120
WYOMING
AFTON
(Mun)
BIG PINEY
(Marbleton)
BUFFALO
(Johnson Co)
CASPER
(Natrona Intl)
CHEYENNE
(Regl/Olson Fld)
AWOS-3
307-885-2654
ASOS
307-276-9917
ASOS
307-684-2558
ASOS
307-265-4461
ASOS
307-632-7680
© JEPPESEN, 2004, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 DEC 10
METEOROLOGY
US-143
UNITED STATES – SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
WYOMING
CODY
(Yellowstone Regl)
COWLEY/
LOVELL/BYRON
DOUGLAS
(Converse Co)
DUBOIS
(Mun)
ELK MOUNTAIN
EVANSTON
(Unita Co Burns)
FORT BRIDGER
GILLETE
(Campbell Co)
GREYBULL
(South Big Horn
Co)
HULETT
(Mun)
JACKSON HOLE
KEMMERER
(Mun)
LANDER
(Hunt)
LARAMIE
(Regl)
LUSK
(Mun)
NEWCASTLE
(Mondell)
PINE BLUFFS
(Mun)
PINEDALE
(Wenz)
POWELL
(Mun)
RAWLINS
(Mun/Harvey Fld)
RIVERTON
(Regl)
ROCK SPRINGS
(Sweetwater Co)
SARATOGA
(Shively)
SHERIDAN
(Co)
TORRINGTON
(Mun)
WORLAND
(Mun)
AWOS-3
307-527-5197
AWOS-3
307-548-2560
ASOS
307-358-4448
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
307-455-2211
307-348-7320
ASOS
AWOS-2
307-789-0585
307-782-3226
ASOS
307-682-1745
ASOS
307-765-9406
AWOS-3
AWOS-3
307-467-5575
307-739-9108
AWOS-3
307-877-9838
ASOS
307-332-7707
ASOS
307-742-6398
AWOS-3
307-334-4028
AWOS-3
307-746-4896
AWOS-3
307-245-3613
AWOS-3
307-367-6425
AWOS-3
307-754-7093
ASOS
307-328-0031
ASOS
307-856-4473
ASOS
307-362-2541
AWOS-3
307-326-5387
ASOS
307-672-5349
ASOS
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