Practical Research 1
Quarter 3 – Module 12:
APA Citation Style
Practical Research 1
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 12: APA Citation Style
First Edition, 2020
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Practical Research 1
Quarter 3 – Module 12
APA Citation Style
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-bystep as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the APA in-text and reference citation. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
•
Lesson 1 – APA Citation: In-text and Reference Citation
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. cite related literature using standard style
1
What I Know
Read each statement carefully. Write C if the citation is correct, W if otherwise. Write
your answers on your notebook.
1. Ammade, S., Mahmud, M., Jabu, B., & Tahmir, S. (2018). Integrating
technology in English language teaching: Global experiences and lessons for
Indonesia. International Journal of English Linguistics, 8(6), 107–114.
https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n6p107
2. Johnson, A. P. (2019). Bruner’s learning theory: In Essential learning theories
and their applications. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
3. Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C.
(2014). Bullying Prevalence cross contexts: A Meta-Analysis Measuring Cyber
and Traditional Bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(5), 602–611.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007
4. Perkins, A. E. (2014). School principals’ sources of knowledge. East Tennessee
State University.
5. Kio, A. M. (2013). The journey begins: A narrative inquiry into the mentorship
and support of novice principals. Education Journal, 9(3), 12-23.
2
Lesson
1
APA Citation: In-text and
Reference Citation
In the previous lesson, you have learned about the types of plagiarism and how to
paraphrase. Now, you are ready to use in-text and reference citation style. American
Psychological Association (APA) referencing style is the most commonly used
referencing style in the field of education. It is also known as “author-date
referencing”. However, this is not the only referencing style available. There are
Chicago manual of style (CMOS), Modern Language Association Style (MLA) Modern
Humanities Research Association (MHRA), American Sociological Association (ASA),
and the like. But in the meantime, your focus is on APA 6th Edition Manual of Style.
What’s In
Read and paraphrase the following statements. Write your answers on your
notebook.
1. Adult education as a new trend in developing the competency of the adult
learners in the 4th industrial revolution necessitates for its implementation
globally.
2. Teachers is the cornerstone of a progressive and globalized nation.
3. The exercise of conducting the research is an imperative for educators.
4. Adult education is life-long learning for it promoted a continuous process
wherein learners continuously learn things that were beneficial to what is
needed.
5. Adult education is life-wide for it exceeds through various learning areas.
3
Notes to the Teacher
This module prepares the students to make their own literature
review by knowing the types of plagiarism, paraphrasing, and APA
6th edition in-text, and reference citation style.
What’s New
The misAdventures of Bok and Nonoy
Have you ever heard the APA? It is neither a yoga style nor a Filipino translation of
cone. Like Bok, you have mistakenly interpreted it as such. But anyway, the acronym
stands for the American Psychological Association citation style. I am sure you have
heard this during your junior high school years. This lesson will have an in-depth
discussion on this citation style and in the end, you will have the skill in using it in
your research.
4
What is It
There are two (2) things that you need to remember in using APA. First, it is used as
an in-text citation and second, it is used in reference citation.
Let us begin on in-text citation.
The in-text citation is a reference citation that is made within the body of the text or
essay (Waikato Institute of Technology, 2010). The main question now is when are
we going to use in-text citation? Practically, we use in-text citations every time we
quote, summarize, and paraphrase statements, information, and ideas that came
from others. It is a scholarly acknowledgment through giving credit who stipulated
the ideas and concepts.
In-text citation with single author used in the beginning
Fernandez (2020), stressed that proper citation has to be observed among novice
researchers.
In-text citation with single author used at the end
Proper usage of citation styles promotes integrity among novice researchers
(Fernandez, 2020).
How about if the writer wanted to indicate the title of the source? Of course, you can
do it. However, title has to be in quotation marks.
In-text citation with article title
In Fernandez’s (2020) article, “Plagiarism: Writers’ Crime”, stressed that proper
citation has to be observed among novice researchers.
Another example:
In Fernandez’s (2020) book, “The Secrets of Plagiarism”, discussed on ways
plagiarism can be avoided.
In some cases, the title of book, articles, proceedings, journal articles and the like
are italicized. However, when you italicized the title, omit the quotation marks.
5
In-text citation without quotation
In Fernandez’s (2020) book, The Secrets of Plagiarism, discussed on ways plagiarism
can be avoided.
Can we use citation in the middle?
It is a common practice to see citation at the beginning or at the end of the referenced
statement. However, there are instances that citation appears in the middle of the
cited statement.
In-text citation in the middle of the statement
Fernandez (2020) attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of
the sentence, whereas Munez (2020) claimed otherwise.
Another example:
Conduct of research enables novice researchers to deal on practical aspect of
education (Fernandez, 2020), as well as the theoretical foundations of different
philosophies.
When do we use “et al.” in our citation? “Et al.” is a Latin term for “et alia” which
means “and others”. This is used when you have multiple authors. Multiple
authorship is authorship composed of six (6) or more authors. Thus, when you have
less than six authors, you need to write their surname. If you use in-text citation at
the beginning, just connect their surname with a comma and “and”. However, if it is
at the end of the statement, you connect the authors’ surname with the use of comma
and ampersand.
In-text citation with three (3) authors (beginning)
Fernandez, Munez, and Valencia (2020), attested that citation can be used only at
the beginning and end of the statement.
In-text citation with three (3) authors (end)
It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the
statement (Fernandez, Munez, & Valencia, 2020).
6
In-text citation with six (6) or more authors
Fernandez et al. (2020), attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and
end of the statement.
In-text citation with six (6) authors (end)
It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the
statement (Fernandez, et al., 2020).
What if you have two or more authors with similar facts or information? In dealing
with this scenario, all of them are placed on the same parenthesis. However, they are
separated with a semicolon. Likewise, authors’ name has to be listed in alphabetical
order.
Multiple entry with similar information
It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the
statement (Fernandez, 2020; Munez, 2019; Valencia & Montemayor, 2018).
What if the idea that you are going to cite was already cited by an author? In
circumstance like this, it can be done it two (2) ways.
In-text citation already cited by an author
Montemayor as cited in Fernandez (2020) that citation can be used only at the
beginning and end of the statement.
Another example:
Montemayor (2001) attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end
of the statement (as cited in Pitt, 2020)
How about when you are going to cite a website article without authorship or
organizational author? If you are going to cite a website article without authorship,
you need to use the webpage title or few words of the title in the parentheses.
In-text citation using website article without author
“Man in need” (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones.
7
Another example:
Eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones (“Man in need,” 2020).
How about page number, are we going to include it? Many of the in-text citations
omit page numbers. However, it is encouraged to declare even the page number.
Aside from it, this adds credibility to your sources if you are going to declare it.
In-text citation with page number
Fernandez (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones (p. 99).
In-text citation using paragraph number
According to Fernandez (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love
ones (para. 99).
Another example:
It was highlighted that eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones
(Fernandez, 2020, para. 99).
After learning how in-text citation is done, let us move on to reference citation. This
provides authority to your statements by providing your readers' access to those
sources. Likewise, it is an acknowledgment of the information you have brought out
on your research. Of course, in-text citations need to appear in the reference section
of your paper.
Practically, it is the list of the sources you have cited throughout your paper. This
will provide your readers access to all the sources you have considered in your
research. Because we have used the APA 6th edition citation style in your in-text
citation, we use also APA 6th edition reference style in your reference entry. However,
this only limited to the reference citations you will be using on your study. These are
reference citation on books, journals, online sources and theses and dissertations in
single authorship, multiple authorship, without author and date.
8
Reference Citation Style
1. Books
Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Quest for happiness. Fern Publishing Company Press.
If you can notice, the structure of this is the author’s name (surname, first letter of
the name, middle initial) then followed by a period. After that, the date of publication
and then a period are included. Next is the title of the book (remember that the whole
title is italicized and the first letter is capitalized). There is an exemption, all proper
names are capitalized. After the title, write the publishing company.
a. Single Author
Author
Place of Publication
Date of Publication
Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Quest for happiness. New York: Fern Publishing Company
Press.
Title
Publisher
When authorship reached to five (5), you are going to use “et al.” Thus, book with
one to five authorship takes the usual format.
b. Three authors
Fernandez, D. V., Munez, E. M., & Fernandez, Y. M. (2020). Quest for happiness.
New York: Fern Publishing Company Press.
Note:
Each author is joined with comma. Before the last author, there is a comma and
ampersand.
c. Six or more authors
Fernandez, D. V., et al. (2020). Quest for happiness. New York: Fern Publishing
Company Press.
Note:
After the first author, the word et al. is attached. The Latin term means “et alia”
which means “and others”. Thus, it represents the other authors of the book.
9
2. Journal Articles
a. Single Author
Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged community services.
Journal for Young Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047
If you notice, it is similar to the reference citation for book, however, what makes it
different is that it includes the journal publication (first letter of the word is
capitalized) then followed by volume, issue and page number and digital object
identifier (doi). Remember two (2) things. First is that journal publication is italicized
and second if doi is not present, you can just omit that part.
Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged community services.
Journal for Young Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047
Journal Publication
Issue Volume. Page number.
Digital Object Identifier
b. Three authors
Fernandez, D. V., Munez, E. M., & Fernandez, P. Y. M. (2020). Lived experiences of
students engaged community services. Journal for Young Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi:
10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047
c. Six or more authors
Fernandez, D. V, et al. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged community
services.
Journal
for
Young
Filipino,
44(6),
88-95.
doi:
10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047
3. Thesis and Dissertation
a. Thesis or Dissertation in Hardcopy
Fernandez,
D.
V.
(2020).
Development
of
reading
comprehension
through
contextualized graphic novel. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Bataan Peninsula State
University, Philippines.
This citation for thesis or dissertation follows the same format with books. It starts
with the author, date published, title of the thesis or dissertation. Take note that the
title needs to be italicized. Then, there is parenthesis, inside it is the description of
what reference is being cited, is it a master’s thesis or dissertation? Last part is the
10
institution where it is made and the location of the institution (commonly writers
write the country).
b. Thesis or Dissertation from Repository
Fernandez,
D.
V.
(2020).
Development
of
reading
comprehension
through
contextualized graphic novel. (Master’s thesis, Bataan Peninsula State University,
Philippines). Retrieved from http://hdl.thesismasters.net/109287/99
The format still follows similar with the hardcopy. However, the last part should
indicate the link of the thesis.
c. Thesis or Dissertation from Database
ProQuest is an example of online database for theses and dissertation.
Fernandez,
D.
V.
(2020).
Development
of
reading
comprehension
through
contextualized graphic novel. (Master’s thesis). Available from ProQuest Dissertations
& Theses Global database. (UMI No. 3371229)
Note:
UMI is the name of publishing company that stands for University Microfilm
International. The services it offers is storage of theses and dissertations.
4. Online Sources
These are articles from credible website.
Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Reading comprehension and graphic novel. Retrieved from
https://www.easybib.com/reference/guide/apa/website
Notice that on the last part of the entry, it includes the link where the article was
retrieved. Remember not to put period (.) at the end of the entry. Remember, when
you make a reference list, it should be arranged in alphabetical order using the
first letter of the surname.
11
What’s More
Examine carefully the APA in-text and reference citations. Write C if it is correct, W
if otherwise. Write your answers on your notebook.
1. (Brandon, 2014)
2. Brandon, K. J. (2014). Principals’ decision making in discipline policy
implementation: The Lutheran schools’ perspective (Eastern Michigan
University).
Retrieved
from
http://ezproxy.libraries.wright.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/
login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2014-99050-132&site=ehostlive&scope=cite
3. (Holmes, Tracy, Painter, and Oestreich, 2015)
4. Holmes, M., Tracy, E. M., Painter, L. L., & Oestreich, T. (2015). Moving from
flipcharts to the flipped classroom: Using technology driven teaching methods
to promote active learning in foundation and advanced masters social work
courses. Clinical Social Work Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-0150521-x
5. (Kio, 2013)
6. (Taguchi and Sykes, 2014)
7. Taguchi, N., & Sykes, J. M. (2014). Technology in interlanguage pragmatic
research and teaching. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
8. (Bacharo, 2015)
9. Kio, A. M. (2013). The journey begins: A narrative inquiry into the mentorship
and support of novice principals (Colorado State University; Vol. 44). Retrieved
from
https://mountainscholar.org/bitstream/handle/10217/79040/Donnalley_c
olostate_0053N_11629.pdf?sequence=1
10. Bacharo, U. V. (2015). Job satisfaction and teaching performance of college
faculty. Central Mindanao College, Bukidnon, Philippines.
12
What I Have Learned
Examine and write the correct APA format of the reference citations. Write your
answers on your notebook.
1. Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies. Attitude of Students
Towards Research. Kaur, A. 2014.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Lee, J., Thu G. T., and Kun P. L. 2007. Cultural Difference and Its Effects on
User
Research
Methodologies.
Berlin:
Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73287-7_16
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. O’Donnell, J. 2012. What Is Research? The Research Whisperer. 2012.
https://researchwhisperer.org/author/jod999/%0AWe.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Pandey, S., Tauseef A., Sagar A., Bikash R., and Bipin S. 2014. Penicillin
Production and History: An Overview Corresponding Author. International
Journal of Microbiology and Allied Sciences 1 (November): 103–8.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Peretti, G., V. Skerk, V. Magri, A. Markotic, S. Mazzoli, M.J. Parnham, E.M.E.
Wagenlehner, and K.G. Naber. 2011. Macrolides for the Treatment of Chronic
Bacterial Prostatitis: An Effective Application of Their Unique Pharmacokinetic
and Pharmacodynamic Profile (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports 4 (6):
1035–44. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2011.575
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
13
What I Can Do
Examine and write the correct APA 6th edition format of the reference and in-text
citations. Write your answers on your notebook.
1. (Kudyba and Kwatinetz, 2012)
___________________________________________________________________________
2. (2013 Nagel,)
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Kudyba, S., & Kwatinetz, M. (2012). Introduction to the big data era. Boca
Raton: Taylor & Francis Group.
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Ambrose, R., & Molina, M. (2014). Spanish/ English bilingual students’
comprehension of arithmetic story problem texts. International Journal of
Science
and
Mathematics
Education,
12(6),
1469–1496.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-013-9472-2
___________________________________________________________________________
5. (Standing, Standing, Love, and Gengatharen, 2017)
___________________________________________________________________________
Assessment
Examine carefully the APA in-text and reference citations. Write C if it is correct, W
if otherwise. Write your answers on your notebook.
1. (Florido, 2000)
2. Melnyczenko, E. (2014). Factors that contribute to principal trust in the
principal
teacher
relationship
(Purdue
University).
https://search.proquest.com/docview/1674522492
3. Cruz et al 2016
14
Retrieved
from
4. Brooks, J., & Sutherland, I. (2014). Educational leadership in the Philippines:
Principals’ perspectives on problems and possibilities for change. Planning
and Changing, 45(3), 339–355.
5. (Brooks & Sutherland, 2014)
6. Martin, H. Z., Kalali, Nader, S. K., & Anvari, M. R. A. (2012). Do demographic
variables moderate relationship between job burnout and its consequences?
Iranian Journal Management Studies, 5(1), 47–62.
7. (Ruiz-Jiménez and Fuentes-Fuentes, 2016)
8. Singh, P. J. (2018). A study of the soft skills that contribute to the success of
newly graduated business students in the workplace (Minnesota State
University).
Retrieved
from
https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds/7
96
9. (Singh, 2018)
10. (Sergis, Sampson, & Giannakos, 2018)
Additional Activities
Transform the following reference citations to its correct APA format. Write your
answers on your notebook.
1. Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New
Delhi: New Age International Publisher.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Lopez, E. C. (2017). Average Job Satisfaction Drops in PH as Millennials Continue
to
Despair
over
Work.
Retrieved
from
Entrepreneur
website:
https://www.entrepreneur.com.ph/news-and-events/average-job-satisfactiondrops-in-ph-as-millennials-continue-to-despair-over-work-a00178-20171025
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
15
3. Cropley,
A.
(2019).
Qualitative
research
methods:
A
practice-oriented
introduction for students of psychology and education. https://doi.org/doi:
10.13140/RG.2.1.3095.6888
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. Reysi-Cruz, M. (2019). Public school teachers’ debt rose to P319B in 2 years DepEd.
Retrieved
from
Inquirer
website:
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1128387/public-school-teachers-debts-rose-top319b-in-2- years-deped#ixzz64grVSHhT
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. Youngs, P., & King, M. B. (2002). Principal leadership for professional
development to build school capacity. Educational Administration Journal, 38(5),
643–670. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X02239642
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
16
What I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
17
Have Learned
Kaur, A. (2014). Attitude of students towards research.
Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies.
Lee, J., Thu G. T., and Kun P. L. (2007). Cultural difference
and its effects on user research methodologies. Berlin:
Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-732877_16
O’Donnell, J. (2012). What is research? The Research
Whisperer.
2012.
https://researchwhisperer.org/author/jod999/%0AWe
Pandey, S., Tauseef A., Sagar A., Bikash R., and Bipin S.
2014. Penicillin production and history: An overview
corresponding author. International Journal of Microbiology
and Allied Sciences, 1 (10): 103–8.
Peretti, G., et al. (2011). Macrolides for the treatment of
chronic bacterial prostatitis: An effective application of
their unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic
profile. Journal on Molecular Medicine Reports, 4 (6): 1035–
44. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2011.575
What’s In
1. It is necessary to implement adult education to adult
learners in the 4th industrial revolution.
Teachers are the foundation of the society.
It is necessary for teachers to conduct research.
Adult education promotes continuous learning.
Adult education is about different learning areas.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What’s
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
What I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
More
C
W
W
W
C
W
W
C
W
W
Know
F
T
F
F
F
Lesson 1
Answer Key
18
Additional Activities
1. Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Delhi: New Age
International Publisher.
2. Lopez, E. C. (2017). Average job satisfaction drops in PH as millennials continue to despair over
work. Retrieved from Entrepreneur website: https://www.entrepreneur.com.ph/news-andevents/average-job-satisfaction-drops-in-ph-as-millennials-continue-to-despair-over-worka00178-20171025
3. Cropley, A. (2019). Qualitative research methods: A practice-oriented introduction for students of
psychology and education. https://doi.org/doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3095.6888
4. Reysi-Cruz, M. (2019). Public school teachers’ debt rose to P319B in 2 years - DepEd. Retrieved
from Inquirer website: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1128387/public-school-teachers-debtsrose-to-p319b-in-2- years-deped#ixzz64grVSHhT
5. Youngs, P., & King, M. B. (2002). Principal leadership for professional development to build
school
Educational
38(5),
capacity.
643–670.
Administration
Jounal,
https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X02239642
Assessment
1. C
2. W
3. C
4. W
5. C
6. W
7. W
8. W
9. C
10. C
What I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Can Do
(Kudyba & Kwatinetz, 2012)
(Nagel, 2013)
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