SOCIOLOGY (L.L.B PART 1)
SOCIOLOGY-I
LLB (PART 1)
SOCIOLOGY (L.L.B PART 1)
Contents
INTRODUCTION OF SOCIOLOGY.................................................................................................................... 1
NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY:................................................................................................................... 2
EXPONENTS / FAMOUS SOCIOLOGISTS: .......................................................................................... 2
DEVELOPMENT FACTORS: ................................................................................................................. 3
SIGNIFICANCE FOR LAW STUDENTS:............................................................................................. 5
SOCIOLOGY AND OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES .................................................................................. 6
SOCIALIZATION............................................................................................................................................ 10
THEORIES OF SOCIALIZATION ..................................................................................................................... 19
THE MODEL OF PERSONALITY ......................................................................................................... 19
THE SOCIAL SELF ............................................................................................................................. 21
LOOKING GLASS SELF ...................................................................................................................... 23
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS ................................................................................................................................. 26
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION ............................................................................................................................. 36
CLASS AND CONFLICT Theory ..................................................................................................... 39
THREE-COMPONENT THEORY ..................................................................................................... 41
Culture ........................................................................................................................................................ 45
SOCIAL GROUPS .......................................................................................................................................... 52
SOCIAL ORGANISATIONS............................................................................................................................. 55
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ...................................................................................................................... 57
Social Paradigm ....................................................................................................................................... 59
CONTROL AND DEVIANCE ........................................................................................................................... 63
SOCIAL CONTROL, DEVIANCE, AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN.......................................... 68
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN .................................................................................................. 78
Ethnocentrism ............................................................................................................................................. 84
SOCIOLOGY (L.L.B PART 1)
INTRODUCTION OF SOCIOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION:
The study of society is called sociology. It is a branch of social science
(nonmaterial science) that deals with the relationship between an
individual’s attraction, interaction, and the science of collective behavior. A
person who studies sociology is known as a sociologist. In sociology, we
study the human individual as well as collective behavior.
2. MEANINGS:
The word sociology is derived from two "Latin" words "socio" and "logie"
which means the "study of society".
Study of human social relationships and institutions.
DERIVATION:
Sociology
Socius.
Society.
⬇
⬇
Logie
⬇
Logic/ knowledge.
⬇
Knowledge of society.
3. DEFINITIONS:
i. Science of society. (Sumner)
ii. Scientific Study of Society. (Giddens)
iii. Science of social institutions. (E. Durkheim)
iv. The scientific study of human relationship. (Simmel)
v. Science of collective behavior (park)
vi. The study of social actions (Weber).
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4. ORIGIN:
The word sociology was no more before the 19th century. It was discovered
and studied in the mid 19th century in France and Middle Europe by a wellknown and beginner sociologist "Sir Auguste Comte". After that sociology
had become a subject and was studied broadly all over the world.
Keynote:
Auguste Comte (19th century).
Somewhere in French/Europe.
5. SCOPE:
The scope of sociology is extremely wide, ranging from the encounters
between two individuals up to the analysis of world-wide social processes.
(Giddens)
6. NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY:
The nature of sociology is as follows;
• Sociology is an independent science.
• Sociology is a social science (non-material science).
• Sociology is pure and applied science.
• Sociology is a generalizing science.
• Sociology is both rational and empirical science.
7. EXPONENTS / FAMOUS SOCIOLOGISTS:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
(1798-1857) Auguste comte (Scientific, Positivism).
(1820-1903) Herbert Spencer (Evolution)
(1818-1883) Karl Marx (Class & Conflict)
(1887-1917) E. Durkheim (Social Integration)
(1864-1920) Max Weber (Historical, Cross-cultural)
Their Explanation is as under:
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I.
August Comte
Auguste Comte was a French and he is the founder of sociology. His
approach to sociology is scientific and analytical. Also, positivism in
sociology was proposed by August Comte. He’s also called the first
father of sociology.
II.
Herbert Spencer
He was an Englishman and was known as the second father of sociology.
Due to its evolutionary approach. He is also known as the Darwin of
sociology.
"Societies evolve from lower to higher form".
Herbertt Spencer
III.
Karl Marx
He was a German. A great communist and the founder of Marxism. He
was a well-known writer scholar, politician, and evolutionist. He was
also a sociologist. He believes that society exists when there is a class
conflict.
IV.
Emile Durkheim
He was a French and according to him, sociology exists due to social
integration.
V.
Max Weber
Max Weber was a German and a well-known sociologist. He studied
cross-cultural and historical keys to studying sociology.
8. DEVELOPMENT FACTORS:
i.
ii.
iii.
Industrial revolution
European colonialism
Scientific study.
Their Explanation is as follows:
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i.
Industrial Revolution
In Europe, the agricultural system was developed into an industrial
system, which saw the people from village start their migration toward
cities. so, the mass migration of people was enhanced.
ii.
European Colonialism
Europeans conquered many parts of the world, so their culture was spread
all over the world. Thus, European colonialism occurred and this factor
create the sense to study cultural diversity.
iii.
Scientific Study
The development of sociology was the success of all-natural sciences. The
sociologist used the scientific method to study the difficult aspects of
human behaviors (individually as well as collectively).
9. FIELDS OF SOCIOLOGY:
Sociology as a subject is so diverse that its applicability is visible in almost
every other subject and field. A few examples are as under;
 Historical sociology
 Political sociology
 Sociology of crime
 Industrial sociology
 Sociology of work
 Sociology of culture
 Sociology of media
 Ruler sociology
 Sociology of development
 Sociology of medicine
 Urban sociology
10.UTILITY/OBJECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY:
Objects of sociology are as under;
o To know about rapid changes in the world.
o To understand all places within the world.
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o They distinguish between personal problems and public issues.
o To understand overbwarld.
o To understand social problems.
11.SIGNIFICANCE OF SOCIOLOGY:
• It explains the problems of society.
• Studies the role of the institution in the development of individuals.
• It is necessary for understanding and planning society.
• Research-based arguments.
• Development projects identification.
• Conflict resolution.
• Cultural exploration.
• Decrease the social issues.
12.SIGNIFICANCE FOR LAW STUDENTS:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
xv.
xvi.
xvii.
xviii.
xix.
xx.
Study socio-legal disputes.
Resolve socio- legal dispites.
Study culture.
Determine social problems.
Study social issues.
Study crime.
Understand society.
Social interaction skills.
Resolve social problems.
Treasury of knowledge.
Social control.
Social order.
Make law by society.
Relation between law and society.
Study social phenomenon.
Study social patterns.
Study social behavior.
How to cope with society.
Bars as a social institution.
Judiciary as a social institution.
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xxi.
Law firms as a social organization.
13.SOCIOLOGY AND OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES
Sociology draws from a variety of other social sciences and its relation with
some other social sciences is as under;
Anthropology
Political science
Psychology
SOCIOLOGY
Economics
i.
Criminology
Anthropology
Anthropology is a social science that deals with cultural emotional behavior
and the actions of individuals.
Its scope is narrows
It is a branch or sub-branch or subject of sociology.
It purely deals with individuals.
ii.
Political Science
Political science is the science of the state.
It only deals with collective levels.
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Its scope is limited.
iii.
Psychology
Psychology is a social science that deals with the mind, mental processes,
and actions.
It mostly deals with the individual level but sometimes also deals with the
collective.
Its scope is limited.
iv.
Economics
Economics is the science of money income and values.
There are two types of economies.
Macro economies deal with the collective level.
Micro economies deal with the individual level.
v.
Static Science
Institution of sociology
There is no philosophy
vi.
Criminology
Science of criminals, crimes, violations, and offenses.
Deals with both collective and individual levels.
The scope is wide yet limited.
14.SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
Sociology is a social science and its aspect as a social science is as under.
It's based on ideological reviews.
It's based on theories.
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It's not deal with the proving and disproving of things usually.
It's a non-material science.
15.CONCLUSION
To conclude we can say that sociology is a social science that covers all aspects
of society also merely related to other social sciences, its scope is extremely
wide and it plays a vital role to study History, the present, and all the features of
society.
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Quotations.
• Function of sociology, is to reveal that which is hidden.
(P. Bourdieu)
• Sociology was born to improve society.
(W. Small)
• Sociology deals in abstractions.
(R. Russo)
• With sociology one can do anything.
(M. Bradbury)
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SOCIOLOGY (L.L.B PART 1)
SOCIALIZATION
1. INTRODUCTION:
Socialization is the long-life process of social interaction in which
humans/society members are made with each other at the individual as well
as collective level. A Man without socialization is nothing.
“Socialization is an idiocy that you need to survive”.
Pulark parkriti
2. MEANINGS:
Socialization is a long-lasting process of social interaction. it is also an
activity of mixing socially with others. its literal meaning is the social
involvement process.
Socialization
Socialize
⬇
⬇
Social Contact
ation
⬇
Process
⬇
Social Contact process
3. ORIGIN:
The first Known use of tongue socialization was firstly reported by a wellknown psychologist and author "Doctor Robert Karen" in 1839.
4. DEFINITIONS.
• Lifelong social experience whereby a man learns the culture and develops
potential.
(Macionis)
• Process whereby a man learns and practices social group.
(P. Worsley)
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• Process whereby one internalizes the norms of the group in which he lives
so that a unique self emerges.
(Horton and Hunts)
5. STAGES:
i. Childhood (0-12 years)
ii. Adolescence (12-18year)
iii. Adulthood (18-60year)
a) Early Adulthood (18-40year)
b) Middle Adulthood (40-60)
iv. Old age (above 60)
The Explanation is as Under;
i. Childhood
As per the majority of sociologists, the term childhood covers 12 years of
life. The defamation of a child varies from culture to culture. In childhood,
an individual is made to learn skills needed in life.
ii.
Adolescence
Adolescence is the buffer age between adulthood and childhood.
Adolescence is between 12-18 to 19 years. It usually overlaps are teenage of
an individual. In societies like Pakistan, we don't mark adolescence as a part
of the life course. We shift directly from childhood to adulthood.
iii.
Adulthood
Usually, adulthood begins with a late teenager. They got the right to vote
and in Pakistan, 18 years old individual is considered an adult and can get
his ID card also. These youth start their career and raise their own families.
There are two categories of adulthood.
a) Early Adulthood
b) Middle Adulthood
Their Details are as under;
a) Early Adulthood
It usually covers the life period of age 19,20 years up to 40 years, and
during this period families and personalities are developed.
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b) Middle Adulthood
It usually covers the life period of the age of 40 to 60 years. At this age,
individuals assess actual achievements and also grow up their children.
They also feel many changes in their life and see their parents very ill or
dying.
iv.
Old Age
The years/age after middle adulthood is considered old age. Old age beings
in the mid-sixties. At this age, an individual becomes ill, and can't do things.
He went and live as a retired person. In Pakistan, these people have more
wisdom so they have more respect and also they have an experience of their
whole life. But in the fast-changing societies in some areas and points of
view, their knowledge becomes irrelevant.
6. THEORIES OF SOCIALIZATION:
There are five major theories of socialization;
i. The Model Of Personality
ii. The Social Self
iii. Looking Glass Self
iv. Psycho-Social
v. I Take All Personality
7. IMPORTANCE OF SOCIALIZATION:
i. Lifelong process necessary for all
ii. Help in learning
iii. Characteristics of groups
iv. Helps to learn the culture
v. Social interaction
vi. Help to understand social norms
vii. Help to learn languages
viii. Social survival
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8. AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION:
Sach persons or groups which tend to influence the other person’s behavior
pattern and understanding of society while driving* damn through
socialization, are called agencies of socialization. There are 7 major agencies of
socialization.
i. Family
ii. Peer group
iii. Education/school
iv. Occupations/work
v. Media
vi. Religion
vii. Government
Their Details are as under;
9. FAMILY:
i. Meanings:
A group of related things/organisms
ii.
Definition:
A group of living organisms having blood relation with each other and
living together
iii.










Socializing agent:
First socializing agent
Most primary
Functions
Reproduction
learn norms
love and affection
personality development
teach culture
starts socialization
Social Control
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iv. Types:
 Maternal family
 Paternal family
v.
Example in Pakistani society:
10.PEER GROUPS:
i. Meanings:
Group of people having a common objective and closely related to each
other
ii.
Definition:
Peer groups are the social groups having some common objective and are
closely related to each other.
iii.



Role As An Agent:
Frequent Meetup/interaction.
Usually of adults and adolescence.
Neighborhood and schools.
iv.








Functions:
Social interaction.
Socialization
Personality development.
Personal talk.
Objectives.
Teaching its member.
Social development.
Social Control
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11.EDUCATION/SCHOOL:
i.
Meanings:
A body of knowledge provides learning and teaching.
ii.
Definition:
An institution that provides rational knowledge and experience about
anything.
iii.
Role As An Agent:
After family childhood adulthood old age,
Student
⇄
⇅
Administration ⇄
iv.







Functions:
Education
Knowledge
Social development
Personality development
Professional knowledge
Social interaction
Social Control
v.



Types:
The school (primary and secondary)
College (higher secondary)
Universities (professional and higher)
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teachers
⇅
teachers
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12.RELIGION:
i. Meanings:
A system of faith and worship
ii.
Definition:
Believe in and worship supernatural power that governs the affairs of
man
iii.




Role as an agent:
Given by family
Some relation and stray socialization
Worship places
Events
iv.






Function:
Spiritual peace
Morality
Socialization
Social interaction
Love for same
Social Control
v.
Sects:
Groups or Sub-groups in religion
vi.





Different religions:
Islam
Christianity
Hinduism
Sikhism
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13.GOVERNMENT/POLITICS:
i. Meaning:
Governing/Ruling authority
ii.
Definition:
Group of people to govern the affair of people of any state
iii.



Role as an agent:
Adulthood
groups
member have intimacy
iv.






Functions:
Social interaction
administration
social welfare
making policies
social security
social control and order
v. Types:
 Democracy
 Monarchy
14.MEDIA:
i. Meanings:
Means of communication
ii.
Definition:
Media are communication outlets or tools used to store and deliver
information or data
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v.
iii.



Role As An Agent:
Shapes individual socialization
Provide communication
Introduce with a wide range of people
iv.





Function:
Socialization
Social interaction
Communication
Information
Social Control
Types:
 Print media
 Electronic media
 Social media
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THEORIES OF SOCIALIZATION
1. THE MODEL OF PERSONALITY
Doctor Sigmund Freud presented the theory of the "model of personality" on
the subject of socialization.
1. EXPONENT:
 Sigmund Freud 1856-1939
 Father Of Psycho-Analysis
2. CONCEPT:
He believed that biology plays an important role in the socialization of
individuals and his theory of him was truly based on two factors.
i. Biological factors
ii. Social factors
3. EXPLANATION:
Doctor Freud believed that the model of personality is based upon 3
parts/factors.
i. ID
ii. Ego
iii. Superegor ego
Their explanation is as follows;
4. ID:
Id is the Latin word that means it, which represents the basic human drive.
Id is present at the birth of an individual and mostly or remains in childhood.
It contains basic needs.
It is the Irrational and emotional part of the mind.
It starts from birth.
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5. EGO:
Ego is a Latin word that means "I". It's a person’s conscious effort.
The ego develops as we become aware of ourselves.
Ego to strong = extremely rcetional* and efficient.
It is the balancing force between and demand of society that suppresses it.
6. SUPER EGO:
It is a Latin word meaning above or beyond ego.
When a human personality develops it develops a superego.
Superego 2 strong = feel guilty all the time.
As a moral component of personality.
Represent coalface* within us*.
Gives a feeling of guilt shows or satisfaction.
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2. THE SOCIAL SELF
1. EXPONENT:
The theory of social self was firstly proposed by George Herbert Mead
(1863 - 1931) Who was an American philosopher, sociologist, and
psychologist,
2. EXPLANATION:
• Self develops through social experience.
• The social experience is the exchange of symbols.
• Imagining self from others' points of view.
• By taking the role of others we become self-aware.
3. STAGES OF LIFE:
• I
• Me
• Self
4. STAGES OF SELF:
i. Play stage
ii. Games stage
iii. Stage of generalizing other
Their Details are as Under;
i.
Play Stage
At the play, stage children become to develop their social science.
ii.
Game Stage
At this stage, the child takes the role of our significant other* at or* time. At
this stage, the child is capable of evolving himself from the perspective of
the community.
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iii.
The Stage Of Generalizing Other
It represents the imagined perspective of society at large. The child changes
its behaviors accordingly to society.
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3. LOOKING GLASS SELF
1. EXPONENT:
This theory was proposed by C.H Cooley (1864-1929)
2. CONCEPT:
The basic concept of theory revolves around the theory of George Herbert’s
meds. "The social self" as Cooley also considered that the personality of an
individual developed through interaction with other people.
3. EXPLANATION:
The other represents a mirror in which we can see ourselves. What we think
of ourselves, depends on what others think about us.
Cooley used the phrase "looking glass self" to mean a self-image based on
how we think others see us. The looking glass self contains the following
three elements;
4. STAGES:
• Imagining self from other’s point of view.
• Interpret other reactions.
• We develop a self-concept.
Their Details are as Under;
 Imagining Self from Other’s Point Of View
imagine how we appear to those around us
For example, we may think that others see us, as wealthy or dull.
 We interpret Other Reactions.
We come to conclusions about how others evaluate us. Do they like us being
wealthy? do they dislike us for being dull?
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 We Develop A Self Concept.
Based on over interpretations of the reactions of others with developed
feelings and ideas about ourselves. A favorable reflection in this "social
mirror" leads to a positive self-concept and a negative reflection to a
negative self-concept.
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Quotes
• Personality and socialization are not the same.
(S.PINKER)
• Socialization fulfills revolutionaries' roles.
(W. Forred)
• Socialization is an ideology that we need to survive.
(P. Prakriti)
• You are who you are when nobody's watching.
(S. Fry)
• Beauty begins the moment you decide to be yourself.
(Coco Chanel)
• Be yourself and original is so much better than a copy
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SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
1. INTRODUCTION:
Social institutions are the institutions of society that works for the welfare of
the citizens of society at an individual as well as collective level.
"If the misery of poor is not caused by nature but
by our institutions,........ great is our sin".
Charles Darwin
2. MEANINGS:
A social institution is a formal structure of many individuals having a
common objective in a society.
The word social is driven by society.
The institution is a collective structure having a common objective.
Social institutions ➡
Formal Cultural Structure
+
Common Values/Goals/Purpose
3. DEFINITIONS:
i. Formal cultural structures to meet basic social needs
(Macionis)
ii.
System of the human relationship to meet various human needs
(Bertrand)
iii.
An organized system of social relationships having some common values
and procedures to meet the basic needs of society
(Horton and hunt)
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4. CHARACTERISTICS/FEATURES:
Features of social institutions are as under;
i. Social institutions are means of controlling individuals.
ii. They depend on collective activities.
iii. Every social institution has its own rules and procedures.
iv. The rules of social institutions must be obeyed by every individual.
v. Shared Values
vi. Well Defined Structure
5. FUNCTIONS:
Some major functions of a social institution are as under;
• Reproduction
• Personal identity
• Socialization
• Personal objective
• Social order
• Social control
Details are as follows;
i.
Reproduction
Social institutions always focus on the reproduction of individuals’
goods things, etc. Family is an institution that deals with the
reproduction of individuals, and economy deal with the reproduction
of goods, etc.
ii.
Personal Identity
Social institutions also give a personal identity to the individuals. All
the institutions are always concerned with a person's identity.
iii.
Socialization
All the social institutions are key to socialization. Socialization of
individuals starts from birth and to death. Every social institution
plays a vital role in the socialization of an individual.
iv.
Personal Objective
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Every institution is established on some common objective for a
special purpose. For example, hospitals provide health facility
religious institution provides religious education, etc. It means that
social institutions help people to achieve and continue their objectives.
v.
Social Order
The main aim of a social institution is to provide social order in
society and social institutions or run with the corporation of other
social institutions.
vi.
Social Control
Social control is also the main objective and function of social
institutions. Government is the major social institution that provides
social control and helps to limit society.
6. IMPORTANCE FOR LAW STUDENTS:
 Law colleges
 Bars
 Judiciary
7. IMPORTANCE IN PAKISTAN:
• Country stronger
• Progress
• Development
• Welfare
• End of social problems
• Rule of law
• Administration
• Defense system
8. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS:
There are 7 main social institutions
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i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Family
Education
Health and care
Religion
Politics/government
Media
Economy
The detail is given as follows.
i.
Family
The family is the most basic social institution and is a system of
organized relationships.
a) Meanings
A family is a domestic group of organisms related to blood Bond.
b) Functions
The functions of the family are as under;
•
•
•
•
•
Family is the basic source of reproduction of individuals.
Family provides personal identity to individuals.
First socialization of an individual starts in the family.
Family provides love and affection.
It also gives security to its members.
c) Classification
There are two types of families
 Patriarchal
 Matriarchal
The detail is given as follows.
 Patriarchal
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It is a type of family in which the father is the supreme authority in a family.
 Matriarchal
A matriarchal family is a type of family in which the mother is the supreme
authority in a family.
ii.
Education
Education/school is a social institution and which societies individual are
taught.
a) Functions
• Education provides socialization.
• It helps in personality development.
• Also tells about social integration.
• Also help in social control.
• As a tool to achieve the personal objective.
• Education is a key to the determination of social status.
b) Types of Education
• School (secondary education)
• Colleges (higher secondary education)
• Universities (professional education)
iii.
Religion
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Religion is a belief in a supernatural and particular system of faith and
worship.
a) Functions
It provides spiritual and mental peace.
Promotion of nation as one unit.
Also provides socialization.
As a key to promoting social values.
b) Religious groups
Conventional groups
These are main conventional groups based on main religious beliefs.
c) Sect
It is a subgroup in a religion.
"In reality, there are many religious as their individuals".
Mahatma Gandhi
iv.
Health/ medicine
Health/ medicine is a social institution that deals with a person’s mental
and physical condition.
a) Functions
It helps to be socialized.
Help to care for members.
Provides a healthy society.
Provides a physically strong society.
b) Types
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There are two types of health
 Mental Health
Mental health includes psychological and social well-being.
 Physical Health
Physical health deals with the health of a person's body.
v.
Politics
Politics is a social institution that deals with the state and government.
a) Functions
Its main function is socialization.
To maintain law and order.
Social control is done by politics.
Social order is also created in a society with the help of politics.
b) Types
Authoritarianism
Democracy
Monarchy
vi.
Media
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It is the main means of mass communication (broadcasting publishing,
and the internet) regarded collectively.
a) Functions
Media provides information and education.
It also helps in socialization.
It is also a key to social control.
It also provides entertainment.
Media provides social awareness to individuals.
b) Types
Print media like newspapers
Electronic media like TV channels
Digital media like the internet, web channels
vii.
Economy
I got me is a social institution that deals with money,
wealth, and values.
a) Functions
The economy helps in the growth of the individual.
It also helps in health and medicine.
It is also a main source of power in a society.
It provides resources to society.
Help to maintain social order.
b) Types
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There are two types of economy.
 Macroeconomy
It deals at the collective level.
 Micro economy
It deals with the individual level.
9. CONCLUSION.
To conclude we can say that social institutions are basic formal structures of
society and deal with all aspects of society their scope is very wide and their
functions are very important.
"Without institution, there is no management"
Peter Ducker
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Quotes
• If the misery of the poor is not caused by nature, but by our institutions, great
is over sin. (C. Darwin)
• Without institutions, there is no management (P. Ducker)
• People make institutions (S. Hite)
• Nothing is lasting without institutions (J. Monnet)
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SOCIOLOGY (L.L.B PART 1)
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
1. INTRODUCTION:
Social stratification is a term used by sociologists to describe the system of
social standing. Social stratification refers to societies’ categorization of its
people based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power.
“There are only two types of men, the great and the small”
(Emile Durkheim)
2. MEANINGS:
Social stratification means a division of society into different strata or layers
or groups. This is a process in which social inequality exists.
On the other hand, social stratification refers to a system by which a society
ranks categories of people in a hierarchy.
Social
Stratification
↓
↓
Society
Classification
↘
↙
Classification of society
3. DEFINITIONS:
• Division of society into permanent groups having categories and linking with
each other through the relationship of superiority and subordination.
(Gilbert)
• A relatively permanent ranking of statuses and roles in a social system.
(Merv. O. Hogan)
• The act or process of stratifying
(Merriam Websters)
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4. ORIGIN:
The first known use of the word stratification was in the book "living age"
by Littel's, somewhere in the mid-19th century.
5. PRINCIPLES:
i. Well-defined system of classification
ii. Classification
iii. Permanence
iv. Universal
v. Based on beliefs
Dear detail is given as below;
i.
Well Defined System of Classification;
A child born in a rich family enjoys good health, achieves academies, succeeds in
their life's work, and lives well into old age as compared to a child born in a poor
family. rich and poor both are not responsible for creating social stratification, but
this system shapes living styles.
ii.
Permanence
Social stratification carries on from generation to generation. Some individuals
also create a change in their position in society but most people’s social standing
remains much the same overall lifetime.
iii.
Universal yet variable
Social stratification is found everywhere. At the same time what is unequal and
how an equal people vary from one society to another i.e, (everywhere and
unequal).
iv.
Based On Beliefs
Social stratification is based on three main things
 Ideology
 Objective
 Faith
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6. DIMENSIONS:
• Hereditary
• Social class
• Economic
• Ideological
7. CLASSIFICATION OF STRATA:
Strata is classified into two systems
i. Closed system (Ascribed status)
ii. Open system (Achieved status)
8. SOCIAL CLASS MEASUREMENT:
 Objective Measure
 subjective Measure
 prepositional measure
Their details are as follows:
 Subjective Measures
In this individuals are directly asked to estimate there on social class
position.
 Objective Measures
This method is truly scientific and rules-based full stops in this individual
are classified by some fixed rules.
 Reputational Measures
It is based on what class other members of the same social group think that
subject belongs to.
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9. THEORIES:
i. Class and conflict by Karl Marx
ii. Status and Power theory by Max Weber
iii. David and More's view
Their detail is given below;
10.CLASS AND CONFLICT Theory:
Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, historian, politician, and
revolutionist. He was the founder of communism and among his notable
ideas, the theory of class and conflict has great importance.
"Every class struggle is a political struggle"
Karl Marx
i.
Origin:
The origin of this theory is the book of Karl Marx "Das Kapital” i.e., a
critique of political economy. It was published in 1867.
ii.
Concept:
One of the most powerful sociological explanations of social conflict is that
of Karl Marx, who posited Akhilesh’s difference between proletariat and
bourgeois intrinsic to capitalist, industrial society.
Akhilesh is formed when its members achieve class consciousness and
solidarity. This class’s collective interest conflicts with those of the other
class as a whole.
iii.
Explanation:
Society is divided into two main classes
• Proletariat (Lower Class)
• Bourgeois (Elite class
This is the only distinction that counts for these two classes that make up
modern society.
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 Means Of Production
Means of production refer to the sources by which people gain this
livelihood.
Hands people relationship to mains of production determines their social
class. Before the rise of modern industry of production consist primarily* of
land and instrument used to tend crops and pastoral animals. So in such
societies, the two main classes were those who won the land (aristocrats) and
those who work on it for production (social workers).
 Modern Industries
In modern industrial societies, factories, offices, machinery, and wealth have
become more important.
According to Marx through this revolution (Communism/ socialism) the
capitalist system is replaced by a socialist system resulting in a classless
society. in such a society humans will be able to live in the world when they
are not prevented from realizing their full potential by the constraints of
class societies.
iv.
Criticism:
We can motivate people to perform various social roles that required some
system of unequal rewards. If there is no reward or appreciation for
performance generates low productivity. between two classes 3rd class i.e
small owners, managers, supervisors, and autonomous workers have
emerged. Such a situation is not going to let the capitalist system collapse.
Key Notes
• No efficient work
• No business
• The collapse of the capitalist system
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11.THREE-COMPONENT THEORY:
i. Introduction:
This theory was given by Max Weber. He was a German sociologist,
historian, tourist, and political economist. Among his notable ideas, the
"status and power" theory has very important.
“Either one lives for politics or one life off politics"
(Max Weber)
ii. Concept:
This theory "Status and Power" is also known as Weberian Classification.
Weber developed a multi-dimensional approach to social stratification. It
reflects the interplay between wealth, prestige, and power.
iii. Explanation:
Viber argued that power can take a variety of forms full stop a person's
power can be shown in the social order through their status in the economic
order through their class and in political order through their party. Class
status and party are aspects of the distribution of power within a society.
There are three main components for stratification.
a) Class
b) Status
c) Power
Class, status, and power have not only a great deal of effect within their
areas but also a great influence over the other areas.
a) Class
In the Weberian perspective society is divided into different classes as
below;
 Upper class
Upper class
Upper middle class
 Middle class
Middle class
Lower middle class
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 Working-class
Skilled workers
Semi-skilled workers
Unskilled manual workers
 The poor
This class is typified by poverty, homelessness, and unemployment.
b) Status
Status in Weber’s theory refers to differences between social groups in
social honor. presently status is being expressed through people’s style of
living. People sharing the same status form a community in which there is a
sense of shared identity. Marx believed that status distinctions are the result
of class division various independently of class divisions.
c) Power
According to weavers’ point of view, power is the ability of people or
groups to achieve their goal despite the opposition of flash from others.
There are two basic dimensions of power.
 The position of power.
 The exercising of power.
12.DIMENSIONS IN PAKISTAN:
 Caste system
 Provincial System
 Biradari system
 Wealth
 Power
 Politics
 Religion
 Education
 Occupation
 Economic
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 Resources
 Prestige
 Social class
13.CONCLUSION
So we can say that so stratification is a process of delivering a society into
different groups and classes. It refers to a society’s categorization.
"Where justice is denied poverty is enforced, where ignorance prevails..,
neither person nor property will remain safe".
Fredrick Douglas
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SOCIOLOGY (L.L.B PART 1)
Quotes
There are only two types of men, the great and the small. (Emile Durkheim)
Inequality is the root of social evil. (P. Francis)
Inequality is bad for everyone. (R. Reich)
Man is born free but everywhere he is in Chains. (Rousseau)
Every class struggle is a political struggle. (Karl Marx)
Where justice is denied, where poverty is enforced, where ignorance prevails,....
neither man nor property will remain safe. (F. Douglas)
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SOCIOLOGY (L.L.B PART 1)
Culture
1. INTRODUCTION:
Culture is everything that exists in society. A culture includes knowledge,
beliefs, art, moral custom, and any other habits acquired by human beings. A
Culture Is the most important part of society. It is made up of traditions,
beliefs a way of life.
"Culture opens the sense of Beauty".
Ralph Waldo Emerson
2. MEANINGS:
Culture is derived from the Latin word "Cultura" Which means "Growing"
or "Cultivation".
Culture is a word for the way of life of groups of people.
Culture ➡ Cultra ➡Cultivation
3. DEFINITIONS:
i. The whole of social tradition.
(Lowie)
ii. Man-made part of the environment.
(Herskovits)
iii. The culture is social heredity that is transmitted from one generation to
another with the accumulation of individual experiences.
(Linton)
4. CHARACTERISTICS:
i. Learnet
ii. Social
iii. Transmissive
iv. Shared
v. Continuous
vi. Consistent and Integrated
vii. Dynamic and Adaptive
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The characteristics of culture are explained as under;
i.
Culture Is Learnt
Culture is not inherited biologically but learnet socially by man. It is not
ascribed.
ii.
Culture Is Social
Culture does not exist in isolation. It is a product of society and is achieved
by living together in a society.
iii.
Transmissive
Culture is transmissive as it is transferred from generation to generation
iv.
Shared
Culture is always should, as a people leaving in same society have the same
culture for example language.
v.
Continuous
Culture exists as a continuous process. So it is always continuous.
vi.
Culture Is Consistent and Integrated
Culture in its development is constant and integrated, as different parts of
culture are interconnected with each other.
vii.
Dynamic And Adoptive
Although culture is stable, it shows slow and constant change first culture is
also adopted by each member of society.
5. TYPES:
There are two types of culture
i. Material culture
ii. Non-material culture
Their Details are as follows:
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i.
Material culture
Material culture consists of man-made objects the physical substance which
has been used and changed by man
Example:
Furniture roads vehicles etc.
ii.
Non material culture
The term culture when it is used in ordinary since means nonmaterial culture
mainly non-material culture includes customs tastes attitudes, emotions,
language, etc. of people.
The other types of culture are also explained as under;
 Real Culture
Real culture is the values, norms, and beliefs that society follows. It is the
culture that can be absent in our daily life.
 Ideal Culture
The culture which is presented as a pattern or resident to the people is called
ideal culture. The term ideal culture refers to the values norms or goals that a
group considered ideal.
6. FUNCTIONS:
i. Treasury of knowledge
ii. Define the situation
iii. Define attitude
iv. Define behavior pattern
v. Decide our careers
vi. Determine towards goal
vii. Molds personality
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Functions of culture are explained as under;
i.
Treasury Of Knowledge
Culture is the Treasury of knowledge as it provides knowledge that is essential for
means of social physical and intellectual life.
ii.
Define Situation
A culture defines social situations for us. It not only defines but interprets what we
eat what we wear what we do where we live etc.
iii.
Define Attitude
Culture defines attitude i.e., how we behave feel, and act with others.
iv.
Provide Behavior Pattern
Culture provides the behavior pattern for all members of society.
Good behavior is rewarded.
Bad behavior is sanctioned*.
v.
Decide Careers
Whether we should become a politician, teachers, liars, etc are decided by our
culture. As we choose a profession by our culture and society.
vi.
Determine Towards Goals
Culture helps us to determine ourselves towards over goals.
vii.
Module Personality
Culture exercises a grade influence on the development of personality. Culture
prepares a man for group life and provides him with a good lifestyle.
7. ELEMENTS:
i. Language
ii. Symbols
iii. Norms
iv. Values
v. Beliefs
vi. Cognitive elements
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Their detail is as under;
i.
Language
Language is a Lucky symbol of any culture. Humans have a capacity for
language that no other animal species has through a language culture is
transmitted. We learn the language of our society as we learn the other
aspects of our culture.
ii.
Symbols
Culture is symbolically loaded and can be thought from one person to
another. Symbols are the basis of culture.
Culture is learned through social experience and social experience is the
exchange of symbols.
iii.
Norms
Norms as elements of culture are the rules and the guideline which specify
the behavior of an individual. The norms Govern the behavior of human
beings.
iv.
Values
Values are another important element of culture and involve judgments of
what is good or bad.
A culture's values shape its norms.
v.
Beliefs
Beliefs are tense or convictions that people hold to be true. Individuals in a
society have specific beliefs, so these beliefs are the major elements of a
culture.
vi.
Cognitive Elements
Cognitive elements of culture are the ones through which an individual now
to copes with an existing social situation.
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8. CULTURE IN PAKISTAN:
• Islam
• Provincial based
• Caste-based
• Indian
9. CONCLUSION:
Consequently, we can say that a culture is the most important part of society.
It deals with traditions beliefs ways of life, etc.
"Culture makes all men gentle"
Menander
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Quotes
 Anish and sculpture reside in the heart and the soul of its people.
(M. Gandhi)
 Culture is a simplification. (T. Mckenna)
 Culture opens the sense of beauty. (R.W. Emerson)
 Culture makes all men gentle. (Mandar)
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SOCIOLOGY (L.L.B PART 1)
SOCIAL GROUPS
1. INTRODUCTION:
2. MEANINGS:
Groupe ➡Crop
3. DEFINITIONS:
• When two or more individuals come together and influence each other.
(Ogburn & Nimkoff)
• Any organized system of social interaction.
(Johnson)
• Collection of individuals brought together through social relationships.
(M. Jones)
4. SIZE:
i. Dyad
ii. Triad
5. ESSENTIALS:
 Interaction
 Group of individuals/Two or more individuals
6. TYPES:
• Secondary group
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• Primary Group
(cooley classification)
• In group
• Out Group
(Sumner classification)
• Membership
• Non-Membership
(word’s classification)
7. CHARACTERISTICS:
 Two or more individuals
 Social order
 Social control
 Mutual behavior
 Common interest
 Direct control
8. IMPORTANCE :
• Socialization
• Social interaction
• Grooms personality
• Personal identity
• Behavior pattern
• Norms
• Social security
• Social preservations
9. MODERN GROUPS:
i. Social media groups
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ii.
iii.
Email Groups
Reference Group
10.GROUPS IN PAKISTAN:
i. Family
ii. Religious
iii. Friends
iv. Cast
v. Provincial
vi. Social Media
vii. Political parties
11.CONCLUSION:
Individually we are a drop, together we are an occasion. (P. Satoro)
We can do so little, together we can do so much. (H. Keller)
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SOCIOLOGY (L.L.B PART 1)
SOCIAL ORGANISATIONS
1. INTRODUCTION:
2. MEANING:
3. DEFINITION:
A social organization is a large secondary group organized together having
the common objective to work efficiently.
4. ESSENTIALS LARGER :
• Secondary groups
• Common objective
• Efficient work
5. TYPES:
 Utilitarian organization
 Normative organization
 Coercive organization
6. CHARACTERISTICS:
• Rational
• Normative
• Traditional
• Rule and regulation
• Decision on labor
• Promotion on merit
7. BUREAUCRACY:
System of government in which most of the important decisions are taken by
staff officers.
• Organization
• Complexed
• Multi-layered System and Process
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SOCIOLOGY (L.L.B PART 1)
8. CONCLUSIONS:
Quotes
• The achievements of an organization are the result of the combined effort
of each individual. (V. Lombardi)
• With organizations come empowerment. (L.peterson)
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SOCIOLOGY (L.L.B PART 1)
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
1. INTRODUCTION:
2. MEANINGS:
The term sociological perspective means to look closely at society.
Sociological perspective
Socio logical perspective
⬇
Social life perspective
(Latin)
⬇
To Look Closely At
⬇
To look closely at social life
3. DEFINITIONS:
i. Tools for analyzing society.
(Dawson & Gittey)
ii.
Perspective on human behavior and its connection with society.
(Prof. Mehrun)
4. LEVEL OF ANALYSIS:
There are two levels of analysis of the sociological perspective.
• Macro-level
It deals at a large scale and collective level.
• Micro-level
It deals at a small scale and individual level.
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5. WISDOM AND SCOPE:
Wisdom and scope of sociological perspective are given as under;
 Seeing General in particular.
 Applicability of sociological perspective.
 Important for society.
 Gender is a social construction.
 Survival of child at birth.
 For social experience.
 For continuity of life cycle.
6. CHARACTERISTICS:
The characteristics of the sociological perspective are as under;
 Examine society.
 Looking closely at society.
 Observing a particular area.
 Individual and collective level.
7. TYPES:
• Symbolic perspective
• Conflict perspective
• Functionalist perspective
Their details are as follows:
8. SYMBOLIC PERSPECTIVE:
Deals with individuals and their relationship with society.
i.
Other names:
Interactionist/ Individualist
ii.
iii.
Level of analysis:
Micro
Focus:
Face ➡ Face
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9. CONFLICT:
Deal with inequality (Karl Marx)
i.
Other Name:
Conflict Theory
ii. Level Of Analysis:
Micro
iii. Focus:
In-Equality
10.FUNCTIONALIST:
Relation with society and its parts with their function.
i.
Other names:
Functionalism
ii.
Level Of Analysis:
Macro
iii.
Focus:
Function Of Parts Of Society
Social Paradigm
1. INTERPRETATION
A social paradigm means a basic image of society.
The word paradime is derived from the Latin word "Paradigma" which means "To
show side by side".
Social
Paradigm
(Latin) Socio
Society
Paradigma (Latin)
To show/see side by side
To see society side by side
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2. DEFINITIONS
The definitions of social paradigm r as under;
i.
The construction of a social perspective is called the social Paradigm.
ii.
A social paradigm is a description of the world of human behavior: it is the
description of society.
iii.
Social paradigms are specific "points of view" used by sociologists in social
research.
3. ESSENTIAL
Essentials of social paradigm are;





Social thought
Knowledge
Concept
Theory
Perspective
4. TYPES
There are three types of social paradigms;
i.
ii.
iii.
i.
Structural functionalism
Social conflict
Symbolic interaction
Structural Functionalism
Structural functionalism examines the structural parts of society and their
functioning.
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 It deals with macro-level concerns with broad patterns that shape society
as a whole.
 It views society as a complex system of rules and parts that work together
to promote stability and solidarity.
Criticism
Too broad ignores inequalities of social class, race, and gender, Accuses* of
stability at the expense of conflict. Also ignores the interaction between the
individuals.
ii.
Social Conflict
It's a macro-oriented paradigm that deals with and focuses on inequalities in
society.
Karl Marx is a major exponent of social conflict as says;
"Where there is a class, there is conflict" [Karl Marx]
"Society is the arena of inequality" [Karl Marx]
 Factors such as sex, class, and age are linked to social inequality.
Criticism
Ignores the stability in the society.
iii.
Symbolic Interaction
It is a micro-level orientation based on the face-to-face interaction of
individuals in society.
o It deals at the individual level.
Criticism
It ignores larger social structures.
Ignores the effects of culture and the factors such as class, gender, and race.
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Quotes
Your perspective dedicates to your happiness. (Dan Bilzerian)
Reality is a question of perspective. (s. Rushdie)
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SOCIOLOGY (L.L.B PART 1)
CONTROL AND DEVIANCE
1. INTRODUCTION
Society sets behaviors at expectations to the members and if anyone does not
full fill those patterns or break society’s norms is called deviant, and
deviance needs to be controlled because it led to a serious offense. So social
control regulates people's thoughts and behavior.
"Social control is best managed through fare"
(Michael Crichton)
2. MEANINGS
The word Deviance is been derived from the Latin word "Deviara" which
meant to go out of the way.
Deviance
Deviare
(Latin)
To go out of the way
3. DEFINITIONS OF DEVIANCE
i. Any failure to confirm customary norms
(Horton and Hunt)
ii.
Behavior that violet significant social norms and is disapproved by a large
number of people
(Lan Robertson)
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4. DEFINITIONS OF CONTROL
The definitions of social control are given as follows;
i.
Attempt by society to regulate behavior and expectations
(Macionis)
ii.
All means and processes were by a group or society success its member’s
conformity to its expectations.
(Horton and Hurts)
5. EXAMPLES OF DEVIANCE
• Disobeying parents
• Disregarding teachers
• Violation of cultural norms
• Disrespecting elders
• Violation of religious values
6. FUNCTIONS
 Promote social change and revolution
 Clarify cultural and moral boundaries
 Promote social unity
 Affirms norms
7. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CRIME AND DEVIANCE
I.
Written:
Crimes are present in written form while deviance is not.
II.
Severity:
Crime may be severe, be deviance is not always severe.
III.
Violation.
Crime is the violation of legal norms, while deviance is the violation of
culture and social norms.
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IV.
Punishment
There is no recognized punishment behind a crime, while for a crime there are
some recognized punishments.
8. CAUSES
• Parental issues
• Misuse of media
• Lack of social training
• Lack of moral training
• Illiteracy
• Lack of ethics
9. THEORIES
I.
Functionalist Theories
There are two main functionalist theories of Deviance;
a) Strain Theory
This theory was given by Robert Merten. This theory explores that
deviance comes when we cannot meet society’s expectations.
b) Cultural Deviance Theory
This theory was Given by Clifford Shaw and Henry Mackay.
According to this theory, deviance comes from conformity to the cultural
norms of lower-class society
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II.
Conflict Theory
There are two conflict theories of Deviance.
a) Inequality (Karl Marx)
Comes from inequality in wealth and power.
b) Power elite (C.W Mills)
When empowers maintain the status quo.
III.
Symbolic Theories
There are two main theories revolving around symbolic interactionalism.
a) Control Theory (Travis Hirschi)
Feeling disconnected from society.
b) Differential association theory ( Edwin Sutherlin)
Learning and modeling by seeing deviant behavior.
10. CONCLUSION
To conclude we can say that deviance is breaking social norms and not
obeying social patterns and social control is to maintain social order in a
society.
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QUOTES
Deviant behavior is in the eye of a revolutionist.
(F. Castro)
Without deviations from normality, there can be no progress.
(Frank Zappa)
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SOCIOLOGY (L.L.B PART 1)
SOCIAL CONTROL, DEVIANCE, AND
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN
1. INTRODUCTION
There are some behavior patterns and some exceptions of a society from its
member, and if he does not confirm this behavior pattern and exceptions, he
becomes deviant. To control Deviance, there is a term used called social
control and it’s a key point to social order to maintain order in society.
Crime is also related to deviance, so if we study crime, we also the study
criminal justice system of any society.
2. INTERPRETATION OF THE TERMS:
I.
Social order:
It maintenance of the status quo in society (rule, regulations, culture, norms,
and behaviors).
II.
Deviance:
Deviance is derived from the Latin word "Deviara" which means to go out
of the way.
Deviance
⬇
Deviare.
(Latin)
⬇
To Go out of the way / To Move away
III.
Social control:
Social control is a term used to control Deviance in any society.
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3. DEFINITIONS
I. Social Order:
It refers to the way the various components of society work together to
maintain the status quo.
II. Deviance:
a) Any failure to confirm the customary Norms.
(Horton and hunt)
b) Behavior that violates significant social norms and is disproved by a
large number of people as a result.
(LAN Robertson)
III. Social Control:
a) Attempts of society to regulate behavior and exceptions.
(Macionis)
b) All means and processes whereby a society for a group securities its
members' infirmity towards its exceptions.
(Horton and hunt)
4. EXAMPLE OF DEVIANCE
The example of deviance are as under:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Disobeying parents
Violation of cultural norms
Abusing
Violation of religious norms
Dis-Respecting elders
Dis-regarding teachers
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5. DEGREES OF DEVIANCE
The alarm for degrees of deviance;
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Primary deviance
Secondary deviance
Positive deviance
Negative deviance
Their details are as under;
I.
Primary Deviance:
Primary deviance includes some isolated acts its deviance.
Examples:
A student who follows all the rules and stoles a pencil from his friend's
pouch is considered at of character, its primary deviance in Pakistani society.
An example of primary deviance is littering on the roads and cheating during
the exams.
II.
Secondary Deviance:
In secondary deviance, diviner becomes the habit of an individual.
Examples:
An individual who always breaks School rules.
In Pakistani society, a very common example of secondary deviance is the
violation of traffic rules.
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Positive Deviance:
III.
Includes deviant methods to overcome obstacles in society
Example:
Criticizing someone but for its betterment.
Negative Deviance:
IV.
It's the negation of cultural and social norms
Example:
•
•
•
•
•
Obesity
Unmotivated students
Lack of participation
Sleep in class
Fail in tests and papers
6. FUNCTIONS OF DEVIANCE
The functions of deviance are as under;
•
•
•
•
•
•
Deviance affirms and conforms to the social and cultural norms of society.
It promotes change and revolution is also caused by deviance.
It clarifies moral boundaries.
It promotes social unity and solidarity.
It clarifies cultural boundaries.
Provides job
7. CRIME AND DEVIANCE
 Crime and deviance both are closely related to each other.
 Every crime is deviance, but every deviance may not be a crime.
Their difference is given as under;
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• Written:
Crime is in written form but deviance is not present in written form.
• Severity:
Crime is usually serving, however, deviance may not be all the time.
• Violation:
Crime is the violation of legal norms,
On the other hand, deviance is the violation of socio-cultural norms.
• Punishment:
There is a recognized punishment for crime however there is no recognized
punishment for deviance.
• Subject to courts:
Crimes should be subject to the courts, but the happening of deviance
cannot be subject to the words of the courts.
8. CAUSES OF DEVIANCE:
 Parental issues
 Lake of education
 Lack of moral training
 Misuse of media
 Lake of basic facilities
 Company of bad people.
9. THEORIES OF DEVIANCE
The theories of deviance are given as under:
• Functionalist Theories
• Conflict theories
• Symbolic theories
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10. FUNCTIONALIST THEORIES
There are two major functionalist theories of deviance;
I. Strain Theory:
a) Exponent:
The exponent of strain theory is Robert Martin.
b) Concept:
According to Robert Merton deviance rises to Form a Lake of ways to
reach socially accepted goals.
c) Pakistani examples:
As Pakistani society doesn't provide class education and no one teacher us
about moral, social, and cultural boundaries, these become the cause of
deviance.
II. Cultural Deviance Theory:
a) Exponents:
The major exponents of this theory for Lyford Shaw and Henry McKay.
b) Concept:
According to the cultural deviance theory deviance, crisis forms
conformity to the cultural norms of lower-class society.
c) Pakistani Cultural Example:
Usually in Pakistan rural class is considered lower class and the urban
class is considered upper-class people from rural areas started migrating
from rulers to urban societies along with their culture so their Bad culture
causes deviance in their society.
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11. CONFLICT THEORIES
I. Inequality:
a) Exponent
The major exponent of the theory of inequality is Karl Marx.
b) Concept:
According to Karl Marx, the ones arising from the inequality in wealth
and other resources.
II. Power Elite Theory:
a) Exponent:
The major exponent of this theory is C.W Mills.
b) Concept:
Deviance arises from the ability of those in power to define deviance in
the weighted maintenance status Quo.
12. SYMBOLIC THEORIES:
There are two major assembly theories.
I. Differential Association Theory:
a) Exponent:
The major exponent of this theory is Edwin Sutherlin.
b) Concept:
Deviance rises from learning and modeling deviant behavior seen in other
people.
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II. Control Theory:
a) Exponent
The major exponent of this theory is Travis Hirsch.
b) Concept
Deviance arises from feelings of disconnection from society.
13. SOCIAL CONTROL BY KARL MANNHEIM:
According to Karl Mannheim, there are two types of social control.
I.
Direct Social Control:
Social control maintained by the primary crops like family peer groups,
etc. is called direct social control.
II.
Indirect Social Control:
Social control maintained by secondary groups like government media etc
is called indirect social control.
14.SOCIAL CONTROL BY HAYES:
According to Sir highest social control is managed by three factors;
I.
II.
III.
Socialization
Education
Sanctions
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15.SOCIAL CONTROL BY KIMBAL YOUNG
According to Kimball Young, there are also three factors of social control.
I.
Positive Social Control
It’s a social control managed by rewards, gifts, and appreciation.
II.
Negative Social Control.
Its social control is managed by sanctions and fear.
16.SOCIAL CONTROL BY C.H COOLEY:
Social control by C.H Cooley consists of two parts.
• Conscious level
• Un-conscious level
17.FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL CONTROL:
The functions of social control are as under;
 Promotes social unity
 Control on diviner
 Provides social order
 Conformity of norms
 Promotes solidarity
 Clarify Boundaries
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18.AGENTS OF SOCIAL CONTROL
The agent of socialization is as under
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Family
Educational institutions
Government
Media
Religion
Economic organization
Peer groups
19.RELATION BETWEEN SOCIAL CONTROL AND DEVIANCE.
Deviance and crime or very closely related to each other. As every society
has its boundaries and expectations if a person goes out of the way from this
behavior and expectations he shows that deviant behavior and to control this
deviant behavior there is a term used known as social control.
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN
1. INTERPRETATION
I. Crime
Crime is an act or omission violation of any penal law and carrying
punishment for such violation.
"Crimes are from which section is punitive and now rectifiable by any
person but only by the Crown"
(C.S Kenney)
II. Criminology
• Criminology is the scientific study and knowledge about crime and
criminals.
• Criminology is the branch of Social sciences that deals with crime,
criminal, and offenses.
Criminology
Crime
Criminal
Offense
III.
Criminal Justice System:
• A Criminal justice system is a set of legal and social institutions to
enforce criminal law by a defined set of procedural rules and
regulations, limitations, and Boundaries.
• A Criminal justice system is a system that deals with crime, criminals,
and their offenses in the administration of justice.
• Collection of state, federal, and local public agencies that deal with the
crime problem.
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2. OBJECTIVE:
The objection of the Criminal justice system is as under,
Retributive:
I.
They punish the law Breakers are criminals.
II.
Exemplary:
To maintain law and order in society
III.
Reformative:
To rehabilitate the criminals.
IV.
Preventive:
That prevents the economics of crime and discourages offense from
committing any criminal act in the future.
V.
Compensatory:
They compensate, refund, and satisfy the victims as for as possible.
3. COMPONENTS:
There are three major components of the criminal justice system of Pakistan;
• Police
• Prosecutor
• Judiciary
Their details are as under;
I. Police
 Investigate crimes
 Enforce laws
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 Arrest the criminals/offenses
 Maintain social order, Public security, and safety.
II.
•
•
•
III.



Prosecutor:
Local investigations
File prosecution
To appear in the trial court
Judiciary/Judge:
Judge is the like umpire in the Court.
Hear witnesses and the evidence from both sides.
Decides whether the accused is guilty or innocent.
Pronounces dissensions.
Dispense of Justice.
4. PURPOSE
• Control crime
• Prevent crime
• Provide/maintain justice
5. BRANCHES
There are three branches of the Pakistani criminal justice system of Pakistan
 Legislature
 Executive
 Judiciary
Their detail is as under;
a) Legislature:
• Defines or describes criminal behavior
• Establishes sanctions
• Recognize laws
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b) Executive:
 Provide leadership for crime control
 Investigation
 Enforcement law
c) Judiciary:
• Administer the process by which criminal responsibility is determined.
• Include civil and criminal courts.
• Interpret law.
• The most important part is the Supreme Court of Pakistan.
6. PROCESS:
 Information
 Investigation
 Trial court
 Decision
 Appeal
Enforcement
Police
Investigation
Prosecutor
Trial court
Decisions
judiciary judge
Appeal
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7. TYPES:
I. Inquisitorial process:
Parties go to trial for a decision
II.
Advisory process:
Lawyers from both sides decide about the matter.
8. DEFEATS:
• Corruption
• Police
• Illegitimate investigation
• Unfair trial
• Delayed decisions delayed submission of Challan
• Unfair procedure and adjudication
9. CONCLUSION
To conclude we can say that there are some exemptions and behavior
patterns in every society and if a person who does not fulfill these exceptions
and behaviors, shows deviant behavior and overcomes this deviant behavior
atom is used social control, to maintain social order in society deviance and
crime, both are closely related to each other. Every crime is deviance but
every deviance is not a crime. A criminal is a person who does a crime. The
system that deals with the crime criminals and their offenses in the
administration of justice are known as the criminal justice system of
Pakistan.
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Quote
Social control is best managed through fear.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is the person's use of their cultural values norms and morals to
judge another culture. Simply it's a comparison of over one culture with another
one.
"Ethnocentrism is the fundamental facts of the human condition".
(Craig Storti)
2. MEANINGS
The sense of superiority and pride is called ethnocentrism full stop the term
ethnocentrism is the driven from 2 by the Greek word "Ethnos" which means
Nation and "kentron" meaning center.
Ethno-Centrism
(Greek word) ethnos.
Tribe/Nation.
Kentron (Greek word)
Center
Center of Nation/Tribe
3. DEFINITIONS
I. Own group is the center of everything and all others are rated concerning it.
(Sumner)
II.
The habit of every group of taking for granted the superiority of its culture.
(Horton and Hurts)
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4. DIFFERENT CULTURES
Agriculture considered itself superior to other cultures. Ethnocentrism in
different cultures is as under;
 Americans
The Americans think of themselves that they are "progressive".
 Pakistanis
Pakistanis call themselves brave hard workers and faithful people.
 Arabs
The Arabs call themselves hospitable.
• Similarly, the people of every Nation field pride and claim purity on other
Nations.
5. POSITIVE EFFECTS
The positive effects of ethnocentrism are as under;
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Social Solidarity
Protection
Promotes Nationalism
Promotes Culture
Their detail is given as under;
i.
Social Solidarity
Ethnocentrism encourages social solidarity in groups and society so that
cooperation between the members of groups became stronger.
ii.
Protection
It protects group members by creating a sense of belonging among them.
iii.
Promote Nationalism
It promotes nationalism among the members of society.
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iv.
Promotes Culture
It also promotes a culture of a particular society as the member of that
society will love their culture.
6. NEGATIVE EFFECTS
The negative effects of ethnocentrism are as under;
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Limited Boundaries
Creates Conflict
Limits In A Small Social Group
Backward
Their detail is as under;
i.
Limited Boundaries
Ethnocentrism creates tight boundaries among various social groups. The
process of social relations with other groups gets slower.
ii.
Creates Conflict
It creates conflict and tensions among various social groups. Social forces of
corporation fare problem.
iii.
Limits In A Small Social Group
It limits an individual in a small social group to which he belongs.
iv.
Backward
The nation become backward and development is slowed down in such
cultures where Ethnocentrism is emphasized.
7. CONCLUSION
To conclude that we can say that ethnocentrism is a comparison of over on
culture with another and there is a sense of pride and superiority.
"Everyone smiles in the same language"
Khushand wisdom
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