Name: _____________________________ Date: ______________ Enduring Issues Essay Enduring Issues Essay Prompt The prompt will be the same every time An enduring issue is an issue that exists across time. It is one that many societies have attempted to address with varying degrees of success. In your essay Identify and define an enduring issue raised by this set of documents. Using your knowledge of Social Studies and evidence from the documents, argue why the issue you selected is significant and how it has endured across time. Be Sure to Identify the issue based on a historically accurate interpretation of three documents. Define the issue using evidence from at least three documents Argue that this is a significant issue that has endured by showing: How the issue has affected people or been affected by people How the issue has continued to be an issue or changed over time Include outside information from your knowledge of social studies and evidence from the documents. You will always be given 5 documents. Steps for Constructing an Enduring Issues Essay Preview the Documents Read, Annotate, and Categorize Documents 1st Read 2nd Read Identify Preliminary Enduring Issue and Claim Reread documents to identify evidence for claim Pre-Writing Planning: Complete Graphic Organizer with revised claim, thesis, and evidence 3rd Read 1. Read each document, annotate it, and identify the main idea and possible enduring issues for each document. Draw a three column chart either under the document or on the back of it. Label the left-side of chart, “MI,” for Main Idea, and the center of the chart, “E.I,” meaning possible enduring issue, and the right-side of the chart, “OI” for outside information. Read and annotate documents 1-5 and complete the MI, EI, OI chart 2. Compare each document and the ideas in them to identify similarities and differences. 3. Identify possible enduring issues that are present in more than one document and sort documents into categories based on possible enduring issues. 4. Choose an enduring issue that relates to at least three documents and that you can show has endured over time. 5. Reread documents related to the enduring issue. 6. Refine the enduring issue and define it. Enduring Issues Essay: In Class - Thursday, March 28th You will complete your introduction ahead of time Outline can be submitted for extra credit Document 1 – The Council of Clermont (1095) On November 18, 1095 CE, Pope Urban II assembled a council of clerics, or leaders in the Catholic Church, to discuss a range of Church issues in Clermont, France. On November 27th, Pope Urban II discussed the invasion of the Christian Byzantine Empire by Muslims. [...] From the confines of Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople a horrible tale has gone forth [...] has been brought to our ears [...] that a race from the kingdom of Persians [Muslims], an accursed race, a race utterly alienated from God, [...] has invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by the sword, pillage and fire; it has led away a part of the captives into its own country, and a part it has destroyed by cruel tortures; it has either entirely destroyed the churches of God or appropriated them for the rites of its own religion. They destroy the altars, after having defiled them with their uncleanness. [...] When they wish to torture people [...] they perforate their navels, and dragging forth the [...] intestines, bind it to a stake; then with flogging they lead the victim around until the viscera having gushed forth the victim falls [...] upon the ground. Others they bind to a post and pierce with arrows. [...] What shall I say of the abominable rape of the women? To speak of it is worse than to be silent. The kingdom of the Greeks [Byzantine Empire] is now dismembered by them and deprived of territory [...] On whom therefore is the labor of avenging these wrongs and of recovering this territory [...] if not upon you? [...] Let the holy sepulchre of the Lord our Saviour, which is possessed by unclean nations, especially incite you, and the holy places which are now treated with ignominy and irreverently polluted with their filthiness. [...] Accordingly undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the kingdom of heaven. When Pope Urban had said these and very many similar things [...], he so influenced [...] the desires of all who were present, that they cried out, "It is the will of God! It is the will of God!" When [he] heard that, with eyes uplifted to heaven he gave thanks to God and, with his hand commanding silence, said: [...] Let this then be your war-cry in combats, because this word is given to you by God. When an armed attack is made upon the enemy, let this one cry be raised by all the soldiers of God: It is the will of God! It is the will of God! Document 2 – Excerpts from Machiavelli’s, The Prince A controversy has arisen about this: whether it is better to be loved than feared, or vise versa. My view is that it is desirable to be both loved and feared; but it is difficult to achieve both and, if one of them has to be lacking, it is much safer to be feared than loved. Men are less hesitant about offending or harming a ruler who makes himself loved than one who inspires fear. For love is sustained by a bond of gratitude which, because men are excessively self-interested, is broken whenever they see a chance to benefit themselves. But fear is sustained by a dread of punishment that is always effective. Nevertheless, a ruler must make himself feared in such a way that, even if he does not become loved, he does not become hated. For it is perfectly possible to be feared without incurring (earning) hatred. And this can always be achieved if he refrains from (avoids) laying hands on the property of his citizens and subjects, and on their womenfolk. If it is necessary to execute anyone, this should be done only if there is a proper justification and obvious reason. But, above all, he must not touch the property of others, because men forget sooner the killing of a father than the loss of their patrimony (inherited property). …in the actions of men, and especially of princes, from which there is no appeal, the end justifies the means. Let a prince therefore aim at conquering and maintaining the state, and the means will always be judged honorable and praised by every one…. Document 3 Martin Luther Nails the 95 Theses to the Church door in Wittenberg, Germany Document 4 – The English Reformation Document # 4A - The First Act of Succession 1534 This present Parliament, your most humble and obedient subjects, believe ourselves bound to provide for the perfect security of both you, and your heirs, upon which depends all the joy and wealth of this realm This Parliament abhors and detests the Roman Church’s involvement in the lives and rule of emperors, kings and princes out of their own self-interest when doing so is against the powers given to those rulers by God. In consideration of this, Parliament declares your highness’ marriage to the Lady Katherine to be void because it goes against the laws of Almighty God. Now the marriage between you and your beloved wife Queen Anne, shall be established, and taken for true, sincere, and perfect ever hereafter. And by law now all children between your highness and your beloved wife Queen Anne, be inheritable, and inherit, the imperial crown. Any person who does anything to hurt your royalty, or your marriage with Queen Anne shall be judged high traitors and shall suffer pains of death. To ensure the success of this Act, people shall swear an oath to truly, firmly, and constantly observe, fulfill, maintain, and defend this Act. And any person who refuses to take the Oath shall be considered guilty of high treason; and shall suffer such pains and imprisonment, losses and forfeitures, and also lose privileges of sanctuaries, in like manner and form as is above mentioned for the misprisions of treasons afore limited by this Act. http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/firstactofsuccession.htm Document # 4B - Henry VIII's Act of Supremacy (1534) The King's Majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the supreme head of the Church of England, and so is recognized by the clergy of this realm. By the authority of this Parliament, the king, his heirs and successors, shall be taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England, called Anglicans Ecclesia. Document 5 – The Recant of Galileo Galilei (1633) I, Galileo, son of the late Vincenzo Galilei, Florentine, aged seventy years, arraigned personally before this tribunal, and kneeling before you, Most Eminent and Reverend Lord Cardinals, Inquisitors-General against heretical depravity throughout the entire Christian commonwealth, having before my eyes and touching with my hands, the Holy Gospels, swear that I have always believed, do believe, and by God's help will in the future believe, all that is held, preached, and taught by the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church. I must altogether abandon the false opinion that the sun is the center of the world and immovable, and that the earth is not the center of the world, and moves. With sincere heart and unfeigned faith I abjure, curse, and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies [of Copernicus], and generally every other error, heresy, and sect whatsoever contrary to the said Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I will never again say or assert, verbally or in writing, anything that might furnish occasion for a similar suspicion regarding me; but that should I know any heretic, or person suspected of heresy, I will denounce him to this Holy Office, or to the Inquisitor.
