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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The Philippine National Police (PNP) experienced a lot of birth pains and by the
turn of the millennium, various national perception surveys showed that the organization
is among the most corrupt government agencies in the country. This became a serious
national concern resulting in the conduct of in-depth studies of the main causes of
dysfunctions as a basis for the development of real and lasting solutions (Patrol Plan
2030, n.d.).
The Philippine National Police (PNP) has seen and been through the most taxing
issues that have threatened the entire organization several times in the past. Owning to a
dropping public perception and a performance that was considered its’ lowest, staying
afloat was not easy. With police in-efficiency reports hurting most men in uniform, the
top leaders had to press on a work-in-progress of transformation to reclaim its rightful
seat as the people's protector, mandated in Republic Act (RA) 6975 as amended by RA
8551 and further amended by RA 9706 that states:
To enforce the law, prevent and control crimes, maintain peace and order,
and ensure public safety and internal security with the active support of the
community.
Today, Philippine society is facing many problems and issues in the economic,
social and political aspects. As the different problems arise like terrorism, poverty,
bureaucracies and other socio-political and socio-economic issues happening today in our
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country, the Philippine National Police (PNP) is still the one people looked up to as the
institution that could at least safeguard its citizens. The PNP is mandated by our
constitution to protect the welfare of every citizenry.
The police organization is created to produce goods and services. It presupposes
to live its best to achieve the purpose for which created through its people by utilizing
skills, knowledge and techniques in the performance of their duties and responsibilities.
The PNP is an organization tasked to enforce the law, prevent crimes, maintain peace and
order and ensure public safety and internal security with the support of the community.
The performance of police in the present society has been described and analysed
in a number of ways. The PNP is charged with the responsibility of promoting peace and
order and public safety. As guardians in the continuing search for ensuring peace and
order, it shall utilize different kinds of measure, for fast and effective communication and
information dissemination. The PNP is faced with an important task and that is
motivating people to become highly professional, dynamic and motivated and all of them
most be inspired to live in service, honor and justice.
Low percentage of crime reporting was considered an indication of diminishing
public trust and confidence in the police and the criminal justice system and people
would rather depend on praying for protection. Despite these issues and concerns faced
by police, the PNP stands strong as it moves towards regaining its own glory (PNP
Transformation Plan, 2015).
Today, police organization is very much in need to identify their problems in
performing their duties and responsibilities; this would help them to have a better
understanding of the hindrances in performing their duties and responsibilities to the
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community. To address to this problem, there are ways that can help police officers to
improve themselves. This also helps identify the work performance of Police Officers in
the Municipality of Daraga, Albay. The main goal of this is to know the public
satisfaction on the performance of the police officers of their duties and responsibilities in
the Municipality of Daraga, Albay. This study also aims to improve the attitudes of the
police towards their duties and responsibilities in protecting the welfare of every citizen.
Police Officers need to be responsive to a new information and work with researchers to
“measure what matters” to their constituents.
The Municipality of Daraga is now classified as a first class municipality in the
Province of Albay and it is fast becoming an economic zone, the Daraga Police Officers’
foremost plan is maintenance of peace and order to further boost the economy and
provide the people with peace of mind, security and comfort. The researcher decided to
conduct this study to gain knowledge and evaluate the work performance of the Police
Officers. The study aims to provide update information on how the work performance of
the Police Officers plays a vital role in their service for the community.
Statement of the Problem
This study is intended to ascertain the Work Performance of Police Officers in
Daraga Police Station.
Specifically, the study concentrated on the following questions:
1. What is the Profile of the Police Officers in Daraga Police Station?
a) Age:
b) Sex:
c) Civil Status:
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d) Present Position:
e) Highest Educational Attainment:
f) Number of years in service:
g) Seminars/Trainings Attended:
2. What are the level of work performance of Police Officers in Daraga Police
Station along their duties and responsibilities in terms of:
a) Law Enforcement
b) Crime Prevention and Detection/ Control
c) Community Safety and Protection
d) Police - Community Relation
3. What are the problems encountered during its operation?
4. What are the viewed solutions and recommendations to improve the services
of Police Officers perceived by the respondents?
5. What are the sociological implications that can be derived from the study?
Scope and Delimitations
The scope of the study comprised the work performance of Police Officers in the
Municipality of Daraga,Albay. The scope basically focused on the profile of the Daraga
Police Officers which only include the age, sex, civil status, present position, highest
educational attainment, number of years in service, and seminars/trainings attended. It
also identified the level of work performance of Police Officers in Daraga Police Station
along their duties and responsibilities and problems encountered during its operation.
This study focused on 4 indicators such a) law enforcement, b) crime prevention and
detection/ control, c) community safety and protection, and d) police - community
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relation. On the other hand, the study also determined the viewed solutions and
recommendations to improve the services of Police Officers perceived by the respondents
and the sociological implications of the study.
As limitations, the study focused on the work performance of Police Officers in
the Municipality of Daraga, Albay particularly in the barangays of Salvacion, Malabog,
Busay, Bañag, Binitayan, Sipi, Peñafrancia, Gabawan, Gapo, Inarado, Maopi, Bascaran,
Poblacion, Sagpon, San Roque and Market site. It covered 50 police officers working in
Daraga Police Station and 50 public sectors (10 professionals, 10 women, 10 drivers, 10
youths, and 10 business owners residing at the Municipality of Daraga, Albay.)
Significance of the Study
This study considered beneficial to the following:
Philippine National Police.
This may provide the PNP the opportunity to
improve its past and current image by becoming a more God-fearing and service –
oriented institution. This study may give solutions to their encountered problems and will
also provide the PNP the opportunity and adopt measures to improve its interpersonal
relations with the varied stakeholders, their anti – crime activities, public safety
responsibilities and with the community. The findings of this study may help PNP to
understand and find solutions to their problems.
The PNP TOP Officials. This study may give the officers the baseline that
would evince the effectiveness of their work performance. They will therefore have a
basis for improvement if needed and for them to have understanding of the problems they
encountered. This may also help them for their professional development.
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Law Enforcer. This study may help the Law Enforcer to enhance their role and
functions by achieving peace and order. This study may also provide suggestions that will
help them fulfill responsibilities to achieve peace for the betterment of our community.
Future Police Officers. They may use this study to have knowledge on how the
Police Officers will perform their duties and responsibilities. They may build their ideas
and plans in a more progressive manner by considering the needs and wants of the people
or the society as a whole.
The Government Units and other Agencies. The results of this study may
prompt them to give the PNP their utmost support. The data extracted by this study may
be able to provide them with the PNP’s best practices worthy of praise and
commendation.
The Community. This study aims to help the Filipino community in general.
The ultimate goal of this study is to come up with a better understanding on the task
performed towards the vision of attaining safer place to live, work and do business and to
understand the problem encountered by them and also be benefited by the study for them
to be aware on the quality of service of Police Officer.
ACADEME.
This study may serve as an additional reference material to
college. This will also expose the students to enhance their interest and skills in research
and help as a guideline to those who plan to conduct a research which is relevant to the
study.
Department of Sociology.
This study may serve as documentation and
reference material in teaching Sociology of Deviancy, Social Structure and Social
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Change subjects and from this study researchable issue about the work performance of
the police officers may be gleaned by the department.
BAPS, Criminology and Sociology of Deviancy Students. The result of this
research may encourage other enthusiasts to study about peace and order. This would
furnish those pertinent data that serve as a reference material. This study would give them
insights as to the impact of Police Officers to the community.
Researcher.
As an AB Sociology student of Bicol University, this research will
be a very enriching experience for her because of the opportunity to see the 1st hand
effects of the work performance of Police Officer as perceived by the respondents.
Future Researchers. The study would serve as a reference material for those
students who would like to conduct similar or related study. This may help as a guideline
to those who plan to conduct a research which is relevant to the study. This may also give
additional awareness that could be given to students.
It will also be a source for
expansion of knowledge on this field so they may further studies and ideas that could be
applied.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the literature and studies relevant to the research
undertaking that were derived from theses/dissertations, books, journals, internet and
other reference materials. The chapter also shows the gaps to be bridged, synthesis of the
study, the theoretical and conceptual frameworks. The last section of this chapter presents
the operational definitions of key terms used in the study.
Related Literature
The duties of a police officer encompass a wide variety of tasks ranging from
simple to complex performed in various situations and environments. Tasks asked of
police officers include but are not limited to: confronting, and possibly arresting
suspicious persons, using force (even deadly force) on community members, enforcing
traffic laws (directing traffic, writing tickets, etc.), mediating disputes, assisting people in
emergency situations, writing incident reports and providing a general level of security to
the community. Police officers decide when and how to do many of these tasks on a dayto-day basis. Many of the most dangerous tasks they are asked to perform are done using
broad discretionary power and carry grave consequences if errors in decision making are
made by the officers. In the United States, police officers are granted great discretionary
power for carrying out the duties and responsibilities of their job. While large of
discretionary power can lead to abuses of its use, it is fundamental to the process and
execution of justice by police officers by enabling flexibility and common sense to
temper police decision making (Vila, 2010).
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Specifically, two of the tasks that are performed by police officers generate
concern in terms of officer and community safety: driving emergency vehicles; and
decisions to use force, especially deadly force. These two tasks have the potential to lead
to detrimental and catastrophic outcomes. Driving by police officers, which for many
encompasses a large portion of their daily shift duration, is typically done at high speeds
in highly distracting environments with expensive government owned vehicles. Decisions
to use force, which are complex decisions under any circumstance, are frequently made
under fast-paced ambiguous circumstances in which flexibility of thought, creativity of
action, and adaption to uncertainty or unexpected events is vital to the success of the
officer making the decision (Vila, 2006; Vila, 2010). These emotionally charged
situations carry with them the risk that lives, property, and liberty could be lost at a given
moment, and are often lost in a split second (Vila, 2006). Poor performance and impaired
decision making during either of these critical job tasks can result in unintended deaths of
police officers or community members, enormous monetary costs to cities, counties,
departments, and communities, and broken relationships between the community and the
police department.
St. Thomas Aquinas stated that, “Peace is the work of justice indirectly, in so far
as justice removes the obstacles to peace, but it is work of charity, according to its very
notion, cause peace” (Saint Quotes of Peace, n.d.). Articles, literature and reading
materials about police, police organizations and law enforcement and the Philippine
National Police itself, their works, functions and responsibilities are numerous. They are
useful in illustrating the police's main functions and strategies they undergo to enhance its
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system and procedures. Several aspects of the police force are dealt with and will shed
relevance to the problem at hand.
Police Administration has been as the management of police organization, which
is all about the work of the police officer or the utilization of talents to coordinate an
effort and manage resources for the achievement of police organizational goals.
Considering that a police organization as the primary responsibilities of the police
administrators making it as the primary responsibilities in applying their individual
initiative and skills necessary for the performance of the actual police roles and
responsibilities (Breva Jr., n.d),
Quinanola (n.d.) describes a Filipino Policeman, as protector and friend of the
people, his badge being a symbol of the citizen's faith and trust, his uniform a mirror of
decorum and integrity, and his whole human person an oblation of enduring love for
homeland, fellowmen and God. The author further explains that a Filipino policeman
emulates the valor of lapu-lapu, the serenity of Rizal, the leadership of Aguinaldo, the
courage of Bonifacio, the idealism of Del Pilar, the wisdom of Mabini and the fortitude
of Gomez, Burgos and Zamora; that a Filipino policeman has an oath to uphold for his
Republic; to defend the Constitution, honor the flag, obey the laws and duly constituted
authorities; that he has a covenant with his people to comply; to safeguard and protect
them even beyond the call of duty, and that he has a legacy to fulfill for his family; to
bequeath unto them the one and only treasure of his life - an unblemished name. These
are the optimistic perspectives of a person who has high regard for a police officer that
the people envisioned from way back. Not with standing, realities plague the PNP,
staining the policeman's name.
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From the establishment of the PNP, police work has become a high profile,
professional, round-clock public service. Its major mandate of peace and order is a basic
requirement for the Philippine’s sustainable development. As stated in Section 4, Article
2 of the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines provides that,
The prime duty of the government is to serve and protect the people. The
maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property, and
the promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the
people of the blessing of demography.
The Philippine National Police was created under Republic Act (RA) 6975 in
December 13, 1990. It was formally activated on January 29, 1991 coinciding with the
casing of colours or official deactivation of the Philippine Constabulary (PC) and
Integrated National Police (NP), its forerunner organizations. The country's national
leaders sought to further improve police service and institute true reforms, modernization
and reorganization of the PNP with the passage of RA 8551, which provided for the
rationalized distribution of manpower to maximize personnel deployment in the street
and communities. To support this strategic formula, the law provided for complementing
benefits to raise the quality of life of every policeman and policewoman.
The Philippine National Police Law Enforcement Manual establishes the nature of
the functions of law enforcement in the defence of public order and the manner in which
these functions are exercised to have a direct impact on the quality of life individuals as
well as of society as a whole. Conscious of the important tasks which law enforcement
officers are performing, but aware, nevertheless, of the potential for abuse which the
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exercise of such duties entails, it is essential that certain important standards and
guidelines for the humane performance of law enforcement functions be recognized and
closely adhered to by all members of law enforcement agencies, to wit; all enforcement
agencies should be representative of and responsive accountable to the community; all
enforcement agencies shall ensure the ethical standards are strictly adhered to in
accordance with popularly accepted and humane system of law and regulations; every
law enforcement officer is part of the criminal justice system, the aim of which is to
prevent, control and solve crimes; and every law enforcement agency should observe
self-discipline in conformity with the principles and standards provided and ensure that
the actions of law enforcement officers are responsive to public scrutiny. The manual is
widely adhered to by the organization.
Casey (2007) stated that police are required to understand and effectively operate
in a complex social, political and organizational environment. Pnp. Chief Police Director
General Avelino Razon, Jr, brought forth the concept of servant leadership through the
development of Mamang Pulis and Aleng Pulis as dependable, approachable, presentable,
humane and God-fearing police officers closer to people.
Successions of PNP top officials have seen various salient programs for police
professional development. It can’t be denied that the PNP suffered for a long time from a
tarnished image, a bad reputation brought about by perceived graft and corruption and
abuse of authority by some members of its uniformed personnel coupled with the
vulnerability of the organization. Police Deputy Director Ricardo F. De Leon (2005), for
his part, pushed for the KASUROG COPS when he was Regional Director of the Police
Regional Office 5. He widened KASUROG COPS when he became one of the highest
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officials of the PNP. His brainchild guided the police while doing their jobs as public
servants. KASUROG COPS stands for the value of partnership, individual worth and
dignity, integrity, and trust, commitment to service, and accountability. De Leon
elucidated that KASUROG COPS is a philosophy, a mind-set, a way of life and an
empowered action program where community folks and their police actually and
physically work hard to eradicate crimes and their causes down to the Barangay level. It
progressively assisted in alleviating poverty in the region where 55-57% of the
population is below the poverty line. Kasurog entails shaping of the hearts and minds of
the people. It is a total change from within an individual that takes his heart and instils it
in the virtues of compassion, generosity and charity in the attainment of public service
among on the least, the last and the lost among the populace for they are so many.
From the vision of a capable, effective and credible police force, the PNP has now
adopted the enhanced vision: "Imploring the aid of the Almighty, by 2030, we shall be a
highly capable, effective and credible police service working in partnership with a
responsive community towards the attainment of a safer place to live, work and do
business" (Philippine National Police Transformation Plan, 2015). With this enhanced
vision, the PNP is once again guided by its philosophy of service, honor and justice,
through consistent demonstration of the PNP's core values of being Maka-Diyos or Godfearing, Makabayan or nationalistic, Makatao o humane, Makakalikasan or natureloving.
In the Philippines, a country located in Asia, law enforcement has been mainly
entrusted to the main law enforcement group, the Philippine National Police, in
collaboration to other law enforcement agencies like the National Bureau of
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Investigation, Bureau of Corrections, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, Bureau
of Fire Protection; and the auxiliary groups like the Barangay Tanod, Traffic
Management Groups, Security agencies and the like.
Police as law enforcers are mandated to ensure that the rule of law is implicated in
the spirit equality for all citizens. However, some police are perceived as failing as to live
up to duty and uphold the law, but of directly violating the human rights of citizens or
excessive use of force. Moreover, in the performance of their duties, police officers
routinely make critical decisions which require discretion on their part. Uncontrolled
discretion may results in serious problems that can cause damaged to police organizations
background.
Values of police officers always have connection to their performance. It is a
principle or standard held in high esteem by an individual, and is related to all aspects of
one’s personal and work life (Oxford Dictionaries, n.d.). Values develop so that
individuals can meet their needs in socially acceptable ways. The more individual know
about their own values, the better they will be at determining which work environment
best fits their personal and professional needs and the skills they want to use and develop.
Research suggests that the values are stable and predictable of behaviour over time. Thus,
values play a central role in human motivation, achievement and decision-making
processes. Work values are thus one aspects of an individual’s value system.
Philippines have numerous government organizations which are established and
intended to help and serve the Filipino citizens. Under the Philippine Constitutions,
Article XI, Section 1 states that: Public Officer is a public trust. Public Officers and
employees must at all times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost
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responsibility, integrity, loyalty and efficiency, act with patriotism and justice, and lead
with a modest life (De Leon, 2002).
In the Philippines, a country located in Asia, law enforcement has been mainly
entrusted to the main law enforcement group, the Philippine National Police, in
collaboration with other law enforcement agencies like the National Bureau of
Investigation, Bureau of Corrections, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, Bureau
of Fire Protection; and the auxiliary groups like the Barangay Tanod, Traffic
Management Groups, Security agencies and the like.
Police as law enforcers are mandated to ensure that the rule of law is implicated in
the spirit equality for all citizens. However, some police are perceived as failing as to live
up to duty and uphold the law, but of directly violating the human rights of citizens or
excessive use of force. Moreover, in the performance of their duties, police officers
routinely make critical decisions which require discretion on their part. Uncontrolled
discretion may results in serious problems that can cause damaged to police organizations
background.
Performance evaluation is an effective tool in influencing behaviour since
employees tend to conform to prescribe standards in order to achieve higher performance
ratings. Hence, dishonesty is a major problem in government; integrity ought to be one of
the rateable factors in performance evaluation (Ursal 2006).
Performance evaluation in PNP shall be administered in accordance with the rules
and regulations and standards, and a code of conduct promulgated by the Commission for
members of the PNP. Performance evaluation system shall administered in such a way as
to foster the improvement of individual efficiency and behavioural discipline as well as
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the promotion of organizational effectiveness and respect for the constitutional and
human rights of the citizens, democratic principles and ideals and the supremacy of
civilian authority over the military (Breva Jr. n.d.).
Performance measures include: policy – to assist in the formulation and
implementation of planning and budgeting – to assist in the planned change; quality – to
improve the standards of the service content and of the organizational effectiveness,
economy – to review the distribution and effective uses of resource; equity – to ensure
fair distribution and accessibility to users; and accountability – to increase control and
influence over decision-making. Ultimately, there should be performance standards, but
this should be for much later, when performance can already be measured with some
degree of reliability and validity. Performance of officers cannot just measure with lazy
and uncertain rod. When one is assigned he/she must have performance goals, otherwise
he may experience a sense of injustice, a feeling of intense dissatisfaction and of being
treated unfairly. Then, there will always be resistance to change, the worst of which will
come from individuals within the organization, the enemies’ within (Tantuico Jr., 2001).
According to Jocano (2000), “work refers to the commonly shared set of beliefs
about work and how these beliefs impede or hasten the attainment of goals through
work”. These beliefs influence how people work, how they value their work, and how
they behave in the workplace.
Worker motivations, perceptions, and job performance in the public and private
sectors have been of interest to researchers from various disciplines for many decades. In
this research, factors related to the well-being of police employees in relation to their job
performance are the focus. The literature suggests a strong relationship between police
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officers personnel well-being and job performance; as well, higher individual police
officer performance is also associated with enhanced organizational performance (Berry,
2004). By analysing the factors affecting well-being, proper intervention strategies for
improving the well-being and the performance of officers and thus the police
organization overall, can be developed.
Related Studies
Some selected foreign studies added a few instances of effective police activities.
Effective police service involves public and makes them aware of the operations done
and carefully managed for their safety. Jack (2005) in his study entitled “A study of
Factors Affecting Participation and Performance of Police Officers Undertaking the
Queensland Police Service’s Management Development Program by Distance
Education”. The management education for the police officers has played a significant
role in the desired transformation of police service around the world form vocational to
professional status. This study found factors that influenced the participation and
performance of officers undertaking the program were their attitude to in-service
professional development, how they perceived professional development, issues about
their success potential, the level of personal, professional and academic support they
received, the impact of aspects related to program delivery and discourse with facilitators
of the program.
Adebayo (2005) discussed attitudes and behaviour of Police Officers in Nigeria.
His main focus was on the issue of lack of ethical behaviour amongst the Police Officers.
He established that in order to ensure adequate conformity to its constitutional roles,
police men and women are largely influenced by their training, skills and submission to
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an ethical code. Adebayo (2005) however established that, a review of the Nigerian
Police functions as provided in Section 4 of Police Act of 1967 and as amended by Police
Act Number 23 of the 1990 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria would suggest
that pro-social behaviour amongst the Nigeria police should include: involvement in
rescue operations, helping accident victims, and responding to distress calls from victims
of violent crimes whether or not they are assigned such duties. Others duties of the
Police Officer under the Act are being friendly and courteous to strangers, tolerating
inconveniences at work, being honest, kind and reliable as peacekeepers and releasing
suspects on bail without extortions. The Nigerian public experts discuss that whilst
performing these tasks allocated to them, the police should only behave in ways that are
advantageous to society but abstain from forms of behaviour that are detrimental to
themselves and the society at large. This requires the complete decency, selflessness,
protection of human rights, and the pursuit of citizens’ happiness on the part of the Police
in the discharge of their functions.
“Determinants of the well-being of Police Officers in the Turkish National
Police” evaluates the relationships of time balance, social relations, role conflict,
perception of work environment, and fourteen control variables to police officers’ wellbeing in Turkish National Police. Individual police officers were analysed to better
understand the relationship between work environment on family life, social life, and the
well-being of the police officers (Yildiz, 2008).
The findings of Yildiz’s study support some commonly expressed complaints of
police officers. These findings also suggest that attention should be paid to the effects of
time balance, income sufficiency, work environment, and workdays on the well-being of
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the officers. The analysis of this study revealed statistically significant relationships
between following latent constructs: time balance and well-being, time balance and social
relations, time balance and role conflict, social relations and role conflict, role conflict
and well-being, and perception of work environment and well-being. In addition, six
control variables (rank, department, optimism, isolation, income sufficiency, and working
days per week) were statistically significantly related with well-being. No direct
significant relationship was found between time balance and well-being, and social
relations and well-being constructs. Eight control variables (gender, marital status,
service time, extra work, confusion, region, work type, and working hours per day) had
no significant relationship.
Eyram (2011) in her case study of Police Officers at the Cantonments Station,
Ghana assesses the operations of the Ghana Police Service using Cantonments Police
Station. Other findings include some of the hindrances to operations of Police officers are
non – availability of vehicles which makes mobility very difficult, lack of logistics, poor
infrastructure and lack of modern equipment’s, discrimination, lack of motivation and
poor incentives, lack of manpower and limitation accommodation. Good supervision,
cooperation from the public and logistics were identified as factors that helped to
promote their duties efficiently. Most of the failures of the police officers were their
inability to apprehend and arrest some notorious criminals. Other failures were their
inability to show quick response to calls from the public.
Shane (2010) in his Journal of Criminal Justice entitled, “Organizational stressors
and police performance”, this study examines the impact organizational stressors have on
police performance. Evidence on police stress is mixed whether or not the nature of
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police work is inherently stressful. A growing body of research suggests police officers
are no more stressed than other groups and police work is not especially stressful.
Instead, organizational stressors may be a greater source of stress due to various
structural arrangements, policies and practices.
Vito and Higgins (2010) noted that senior police leaders should spend their time
developing and sharing their vision for the organisation, charting the journey by
establishing strategic objectives and practising collaboration and delegation of tasks. In
their study of police managers enabling others to act was the most dominant leadership
practice. Thus police leaders should seek to empower their subordinates, sponsor their
development and prepare them for excellent performance. Police are required to
understand and effectively operate in a complex social, political and organisational
environment (Casey and Mitchell, 2007).
Galino (2002), in his study entitled, “Role Performance of the Police and the
Community as Correlates of Police Community Relations”, analysed the roles
performance of the Baguio City Police Office along the areas of peace and order
maintenance and law enforcement. The author likewise analysed the role performance of
the Baguio City residents with regards to crime reporting and information system and
their participation in criminal investigation and judicial process. Moreover, the researcher
correlated the foregoing role performance of the police and the residents to the extent of
police-community relations in Baguio City.
The findings of Galino’s study revealed that the respondents perceived the role
performance of the personnel of Baguio City Police Office as generally “efficient”, and
the role performance of the Baguio City residents as generally “favourable”. Both the
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police and community perceived police-community relations in Baguio City as
“harmonious”. However, the study concluded that the Baguio City police have not
reached its full potential in the delivery of police service to the people of Baguio City as
far as peace and order maintenance and law enforcement are concerned. It likewise
concluded that the residents of Baguio City seemed to have not fully realized the essence
of social responsibility. Everyone who violate laws, rules, regulations and ordinances are
apprehend when they are reported. When this takes place, the identity of the offender is
noted. This is considered as profile for it provides information about the individual.
“Performance of the Philippine National Police in the Implementation of AntiIllegal Drug Program in the Municipality of San Gabriel, La Union”, assessed the
performance of the Philippine National Police in the implementation of anti-illegal drug
program. The study also covered the professional profile of the PNP, its level of
implementation of the anti-illegal drugs prevention program, the status of performance on
supply reduction and demand reduction and the problems encountered by the PNP and
how serious these are. The study shows that, 1) the PNP in San Gabriel, La Union are
highly educated, lower rank officers, relatively young in service and less trained in drug
prevention program, 2) The level of implementation of the anti-illegal Drugs Prevention
Program on information and education is “least implemented” while partnership with the
Local Government Units on policy formulation on a drug free community is “moderately
implemented”, 3) The status of performance on supply reduction and demand reduction is
“fair” and 4) Problems encountered by the PNP are “moderately serious” (Manzano,
2011).
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Latonio (2004) study about “Performance of PNP as Perceived by Tricycle
Drivers in Municipality of Sorsogon” stressed out that the negative factors affects the
police performance and where most the respondent question answered is the disrespect of
the police on the rights of people. Disrespect of the police officers on human rights
created a bad image of them. The members of the armed forces knows about human
rights but because of the eagerness to gather information’s to solve other cases they did
not become conscious on the rights of the civilian. Another reason based is PNP accusing
someone to be presented to the people so that their constituent will believe that their
offices are doing their duties well and they are the worthy ones. The military men should
be aware to the rights of the people and should also use actions that are applicable to the
law.
Arroyo (2004) revealed in his study about “Performance of the PNP Regional
Crime Laboratory Office”. The management resource in the crime laboratory in terms of
supplies and materials, facilities and equipment, and finding are dependent on the budget
of the management. The level of performances in the delivery of the technical services of
the crime lab in fairly adequate in providing varied functions. These are several problems
encountered/observed by the groups of the respondents in the PNP crime laboratory in
Bicol Region. Police recommendation could improve the delivery of the service of the
PNP Crime Laboratory Regional Office 5.
“The Performance of the Guinobatan Municipal Police Office” aimed to survey
the perception of the various sectors of the society, including the PNP officers of
Guinobatan, Albay regarding the performance of the Municipal Police Office on the areas
concerned. The study found out that the level of performance of Guinobatan Municipal
23
Police Office in the Law Enforcement, Anti-Crime and Police Community Relation were
“satisfactory as perceived by the local official, youth and police officer (Llamazares,
2006).
The study of Llamazares is relevant to the present study because both studies deal
with Law Enforcement, Anti- Crime and Police Community Relation as one scope of the
study. However, the previous study is different from the present study because the focus
is on the level of work performance of police officers perceived by police officers and the
public and the problems encountered during its operation.
Verzosa (2009) in her study on “Personnel Performance of Philippine National
Police (PNP) Legazpi.” gave following conclusions: 1) The level of performance of the
police personnel in Legazpi City under Administrative and Operation Branches is very
satisfactory (VS). They are very effective in the performance of their work; 2) there are
inadequacies perceived by the police personnel while in the performance of their
functions. The major ones are: lack of operational funds inadequate number of office
equipment, mobility and firepower, lack of communication equipment and lack of
training, schooling and seminars attended. 3) The proposed management intervention
strategies to enhance the performance of the PNP personnel are of two areas which are:
implementation of the opportunities cited in the “Project Bankal” of the Legazpi City;
and sourcing of funds from the local and national government through the initiative of the
Chief of Police.
Hitosis (2005) also conducted an assessment study on the Performance of Police
Stations in Albay. The performance of the police stations on their mandated activities
which covered police assistance, crime prevention; security and safety, crime resolution,
24
conduct and care for the community, and peace and order were assessed. The study
included the problems encountered and recommendations offered to enhance the
performance of the police stations. The descriptive method of research was used with the
questionnaire as the main tool in gathering data from purposely selected respondents
representing the civilian members of the community and the members of the police force
of the police stations.
Histosis’ study is similar to the present study in terms of its subject matter. The
subject matter is on performance of police stations in Albay while the present study
focused on the performance of Police officers in the Municipality of Daraga, Albay.
According to the study of Mabida (2011) entitled “The problems encountered by
the Philippine National Police in handling human trafficking cases” emphasizing the
problems faced by the PNP had considered famished because of the knowledge of the
composition of human traffickers. Filing the cases, securing of warrants of arrest and the
conduct of interrogations are mostly the problems faced by the Criminal Investigation
and Detection Group (CIDG) in regard to investigations. The researcher stated some
recommendations that could help the PNP in avoiding problems like “comprehensive
Training Program on the PNP, especially CIDG’s anti – trafficking Strategy”. Thus study
is related to the present study because it identified the problems encountered by the CIDG
in handling human trafficking cases while the present study seeks to identify the
problems encountered during operation.
Belgica (2008) focused on the “Role Performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan
in Selected Barangays of Daraga, Albay.” It also dealt with the factors that affected their
performance. It was found out that the role of the Sangguniang Kabataan in the
25
barangay; the end product of the activities of the Sangguniang Kabataan; and the
performance of their duties should always be for the benefit of their youth constituents. It
also found out that organizational work is effectively accomplished if majority, if not all
of the constituents were able to participate and thus would be benefit from such activities
and projects.
The study of the Barbudo (2003) on “Job Satisfaction and Work Performance of
the Bureau of Fire and Protection Personnel in Legazpi City,” was revealed that most of
the respondents were male, middle aged and married. These personnel occupy fire officer
positions; have acquired bachelor’s degree; were eligible as fire officers; and had
attended and completed 1 basic training with 15 years in the service. The personnel of the
BFP had a satisfied adjectival rating in terms of Herberg’s Two Factor Theory, and
Motivation and Hygiene Factor while their level of the effectiveness of the work
performance had an adjectival rating of very satisfactory.
The study conducted by Fradela (2010) on the “Resource Capability and
Performance of the Bureau of Fire Protection Daraga, Albay” revealed that the moderate
resource capability of the BFP Daraga is an indication that there is a need to develop and
improve the department to achieve its highest capability. Fradela’s study is related to the
present study as both dealt with the duties and responsibilities performed by the officers.
Her study focused on the capability and performance of the BFP in Daraga, Albay.
Similarly, the present study also focused on the performance of the officers but along the
duties and responsibilities of police in Daraga, Albay.
26
Synthesis of the Art
The various literature and studies included in this chapter aimed to offer a clear
explanation of the concepts, assumptions and important ideas relating to the work
performance of Police Officer in society. The studies were centred on the work
performance
of
Police
Officer
in
law
enforcement,
crime
prevention
and
detection/control, and in community safety and protection and police-community
relation.
Starting with the description of the traditional police role and the criticisms
against it primarily that it is reactive rather than proactive – it discussed the emergence of
work performance of Police Officer which developed on the basis of police research and
recognition of the need to involve their work performance and the benefit of it in society,
and the significance of the inter-relationships and coordination among social institutions.
The discussions of work performance of Police Officer provide insights on what
functions of Police Officer in the society and the manner by which it should be pursued.
It had presented a rich background of the problems relating to the present study and how
these may be resolved, offering the researcher inputs in recommending appropriate
measures to address such issues.
In Galino’s study (2002), it is about role performance of the police and the
community as correlates of Police-community relations and analysed their roles along
peace and order maintenance and law enforcement in which it’s also about the work
performance of police that is also related to the study. The present study is similar to the
Galino study, in that they both focused on the inter-relationships among how the police
and the community perform some specific roles and activities, and the extent their
27
performance. The study of Shane (2010), Rodger (2009), Latonio (2004), Arroyo (2004),
Verzosa (2009), and Hitosis (2005) also focused on the performance of police. Vito and
Higgins (2010) noted that senior police leaders should spend their time developing and
sharing their vision for the organisation.
Manzano (2011) assessed the performance of the Philippine National Police in the
implementation of anti-illegal drug program. This is related to the present study because
it focused on the performance of the PNP and its problems encountered during the
operation. The difference is that, this study only focused on the Anti- Illegal Drug
Program while the present study focused on those task performed by police officers in
law enforcement, crime prevention and detection/ control, and community safety and
protection and police - community relation.
Belgica (2008) made a research concerning the role performance of the
Sangguniang Kabataan in selected barangays of Daraga, Albay. This dealt with the
factors that affect their performance, the end product of the activities of Sangguniang
Kabataan and the performance of their duties and responsibilities should always be for
the benefit of their youth constituents. However, the present study is similar since it
focused on the performance of the Police Officers in line with their mandated duties and
responsibilities in the municipality.
Mabida (2011) focused on the problems encountered by the Philippine National
Police in handling human trafficking cases. This study is related to the present study
because it identified the problems encountered by the CIDG in handling human
trafficking cases while the present study seeks to identify the problems encountered
during the operation. Barbudo (2003) and Fradela (2010) study about performance of
28
Bureau of Fire Protection focused on the job satisfaction and level of the effectiveness of
the work performance of the officers in Legaspi City while Fradela’s study focused on
the resource capability and performance of the BFP officers in Daraga, Albay. It is
related to the present study as both dealth with the duties and responsibilities performed
by the officers. Similarly, the present study also focused on the performance of the
officers but along the duties and responsibilities of police in Daraga, Albay.
In sum, the foregoing literature and studies are all related to the study which is
about police officer. It had given the researcher better understanding of the subject matter
and, consequently, the challenge as well as inspiration to undertake the present study.
Some studies that were reviewed practically concentrated on the police officer,
police service, role performance of police officer, police-community relation, problems
encountered by police officers and policing system. However, there is inadequate
information about work performance of police officer. In the study Galino (2002), it
focused on the roles performance of the Baguio City Police Office along the areas of
peace and order maintenance and law enforcement. Some gaps that he did not undertake
are the other indicators of work performance like crime prevention and detection/control,
and the community safety and protection and its encountered problems as well as Shane
(2010), Rodger (2009), Latonio (2004), Arroyo (2004), Verzosa (2009) and Hitosis
(2005). Also, the gaps between the interpretation of police officers and public along the
duties and responsibilities did not take.
The study of Mabida (2011) focused on the problems encountered by the
Philippine National Police, Barbudo (2003) and Fradela (2010) focused on the
performance of BFP officers while the present study focused on work performance; their
29
duties and responsibilities performed and problems that encountered during every
operations. So therefore though the following studies have difference with the study
however it creates impact in understanding the present study.
Theoretical Paradigm
The study basically comprised three theories on sociology such as Role theory,
System theory, AGIL Scheme theory and Discrepancy theory. These theories explained
why such work performance function, becomes worthy, handled hindrances and achieve
its goals.
Role Theory posits that human behavior is guided by expectations held both by
the individual and by other people. The expectations correspond to different roles that
individuals perform or enact in their daily lives. Role theory explains the relations
between role conflict, role ambiguity, role transitions, role overload, and role balance.
Individuals assume different roles simultaneously. Different social positions require
individuals to play different roles.
Burr (1972) explains another key element in role theory, roles transitions. People
take on and build up different roles at different stages of their lives. They keep some of
these roles, and discard others. To replace those left behind, they may gain new roles.
This is called “role transition.” These transitions occur depending on timing and context,
and they may happen easily or with some difficulty (Ritzer, 2003).
In this framework of role theory, role overload and role conflicts are important
concepts. Role overload suggests that one role may not be carried out well due to limited
allocations of energy and time, which may be spent on meeting requirements of other
roles. When the expectations of one role are incompatible with other roles, role conflicts
30
happen. Together with role overload, role conflicts may cause difficulties in meeting role
expectations. This situation is known as “role strain” (Ritzer, 2003).
In connection to this study, the theory was used in the roles of police officers if
they are doing their part to achieve the desired goals in the community. Role theory is a
widespread model in the policing literature, since one of the most common problems that
police officers experience is conflicting roles.
According to Parson, there are four “functional imperatives” or requirements
encountered by all action system. This is the AGIL Theory, stands for the Adaption, Goal
Attainment, Integration, and Latency Scheme. This theory indicates that a certain system
must cope with external situation exigencies. It must adapt to its environment and adapt
the environment it needs. In order to achieve it, system must define its goal and maintain
the system. It also refers to the dilemmas or problems faced by all systems of action
(Parson n.d.).
A functions is a “complex of activities directed towards meeting a need of the
system” using this definition, Parson believes that there are four function imperatives that
are necessary for (characteristics of) all system – adaptation (A), goal attainment (G),
integration (I), and Latency (L), or pattern maintenance. Together, these four functional
imperatives are known as the AGAIL scheme. In order to survive, a system must perform
these four functions: 1. Adaptive: a system must cope with external situational
exigencies. It must adapt to its environment to its needs. 2. Goal Attainment: A system
must define and achieve its primary goals. 3. Integration: A system must regulate the
interrelationship among the other three functional imperatives (A, G, L). 4. Latency
(pattern maintenance): a system must furnish, maintain and renew both the motivation of
31
individuals and the patterns that create and sustains the motivation. The behavioural
organism is the action system that handles the adaption by adjusting and transforming the
external world (Young Sociologist, 2011).
In connection to the present study, the AGIL theory states that the four functional
imperatives can visualize what is happening to the present scenario in the situation on
performing the duties and responsibilities of Police Officers in the Municipality of
Daraga, Albay. The adaptation implied into the situation of the police officers to adapt
into the environmental aspects as protector and round-clock public server. Goal
attainment (G), systems that focuses on the primary goals, in the situation of the police
officers, the primary goal would be to be able to serve and protect the people, maintain
the peace and order, protection of life, liberty and property and attain the safer place to
live, work and do business. Integration (I), regulate the interrelationship of it components,
it is where all aspects would be control through the other components to achieve its goal.
Latency (L), which furnish, maintain and renew both the motivation of the individuals
and cultural aspects; states that the motivation for the actions is needed to fulfil the
actions needed.
Another theory is System theory by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, it focuses on
involvedness and interdependence. A system is composed of regularly interacting or
interdependent groups of activities parts that form whole. Ludwig emphasized that real
system are open to, and interact with their environments, and that they can acquire
qualitatively new properties through emergence, resulting in continual evolution. In the
study the theory was used in the involvedness of the people in the community together
32
with the Police Officer to identify the work performance of police officers in the
Municipality of Daraga, Albay.
Another theory could connect to the study present is the Discrepancy theory. The
concept of discrepancy theory is to explain the ultimate source of anxiety and dejection.
An individual who has not fulfilled his responsibility feels the sense of anxiety and regret
for not performing well. They will also feel dejection due to not being able to achieve
their hopes and aspirations. According to this theory, all individuals will learn what their
obligations and responsibilities are for a particular function, and if they fail to fulfil those
obligations and then they will feel sadness and unsatisfied. Over time, these duties and
obligations consolidate to form an abstracted set of principles, designated as a self- guide.
Agitation and anxiety are the main responses when an individual fails to achieve the
obligation or responsibility. This theory also explains that if achievement of the
obligations is obtained then the reward can be praise, approval, or love. These
achievements and aspirations also form an abstracted set of principles, referred to as the
ideal self- guided. When the individual fails to obtain these rewards, they begin to have
feelings of dejection, disappoint, or even depression (Jiang, et. al., 2011).
In connection to this study, the theory was used in the police officers, if they not
performed well and not fulfilled they can feel sad and they will regret it because they did
not achieve their desired hopes and goals. They will learn on what are their
responsibilities and obligation in their particular task. If they work with dedication and
achieved the goals, reward will be obtained (see Fig. 1).
33
ROLE THEORY
 Role of the Police Officers
DISCREPANCY
THEORY
The Work
Performance
of Police
Officers
 Agitation and anxiety
AGIL SCHEME




Adaptation
Goal Attainment
Integration
Latency
Figure 1: Theoretical Framework
SYSTEM
THEORY


Involvedness
Interdependence
34
Conceptual Paradigm
The conceptual framework of the study focused on the work performance of
Police Officer in the Municipality of Daraga, Albay. The profile of Police Officer in
Daraga Municipal Police Station and the level of work performance of police officers
along their duties and responsibilities in terms of law enforcement, crime prevention and
detection/control as well as the community safety and protection and police – community
relation to the citizens identified in this study. These served as the background
information of the respondents.
Moreover, in every operation, in each duties and responsibilities of their
performance, there will always be problems or hindrances that Police Officer will
encounter and will identified in this study.
The result of all of these led to the
formulation of the possible viewed solution and recommendations to improve the
services perceived by the respondents and the implication of the study to Sociology. (see
Fig. 2)
35
LEVEL OF WORK
PERFORMANCE OF
POLICE OFFICERS
ALONG THEIR DUTIES
AND RESPONSIBILITIES
PROFILE OF
POLICE
OFFICER
PROBLEMS
ENCOUNTERED
IMPLICATION
TO
SOCIOLOGY
VIEWED SOLUTIONS
AND
RECOMMENDATION
S
Figure 2: Conceptual Framework
36
Definition of Terms
For more clarification and understanding of the study, the following terms were
defined operationally and conceptually.
Community. This refers to the group of people who reside in one locality and are
subject to the same laws, have the same interests (The New Philippines, 2001-2003). In
this paper, it is one of the beneficiaries of the service of the Police Officer in their
performance that comprises the public, civil society and stakeholders.
Community Safety and Protection. A group of Police officers protect the rights
of the citizen and ensure community safety. It is one of the duties and responsibilities of
police officers to protect the people and maintain the safety in the community.
Crime Prevention and Detection/Control. Strategies and measures that seek to
reduce the risk of crime occurring and their potential harmful effects on individual and
society, including fear of crime by intervening to influence their multiple causes
(Handbook on Crime Prevention Guidelines, 2010). One of the duties and responsibilities
of police officers is preventing and controlling crimes and resolving conflicts in the
community.
Duties. Refers to that which one is bound, by any natural, legal, or moral
obligation, to pay, do, or perform (The New Philippines, 2001-2003). In the study, this
refers to the responsibilities of every police officer doing their own tasks in a given
situation.
Law Enforcement. A term used to define the act of enforcing the law; and a law
enforcement officer is a government employee who is responsible for the prevention,
investigation, apprehension, or detention of individuals suspected or convicted of
37
offenses against the criminal laws, including an employee engaged in this activity who is
transferred to a supervisory or administrative position; or serving as a probation or
pre-trial services officer (Law Enforcement Officer Law & Legal Definition, n.d.). A
group of police officers who enforce the law and who is responsible for the prevention of
crimes and problems in the society.
Municipality. Is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory
and its population and commonly referring to a city, town, or village or a small group of
people, municipality is typically governed by a mayor and a city councillor (Webster
Comprehensive Dictionary, 2002). In this study, it refers to the Municipality of Daraga,
Albay.
Performance. The execution or doing work or a particular deed or action
(Webster Comprehensive Dictionary, 2002). In the present study, it pertains to the work
undertaken of Police Officers in line with their mandated duties and responsibilities.
Police – Community Relation. A group of Police officer who operates various
sectors of the community and inform the public on the Criminal Justice System and who
are undertaking community-oriented activities. They are members of the local police
force, but they focus on social and community issues.
Police Officer. A body of civil officers, especially in city, organized under
authority to maintain and enforce law (The New Philippines, 2001-2003). In this study, it
refers to the executive civil force of the state to which is interested the duty and
maintaining peace and order and enforcing regulations for the prevention and detection of
crimes. It is defined as the Philippine National Police located in Daraga, Albay. They are
one of the respondents of this study.
38
Problems. A perplexing questions demanding settlements (The New Philippines,
2001-2003). An intricate questions or issues that encountered in every operation in their
duties and responsibilities in serving and protecting people.
Programs. Any pre-arranged plan or course of proceedings (The New
Comprehensive, 2013). In this study, it is the plan of action for achieving the best
performance of the Philippine National Police.
Philippine National Police. It is an agency under the Department of Interior and
Local Government. It is mandated in Republic Act (RA) 6975 as amended by RA 8551
and further amended by RA 9706 to enforce the law, prevent and control crimes,
maintain peace and order, and ensure public safety and internal security with the active
support of the community (Republic Act No. 6975, 1990). In the study, this refers to the
agency that protects people through their wide-ranging service.
Work Performance. This lexically pertains to the execution of the task given to
an individual (Webster Comprehensive Dictionary, 2002). It is used in this study as the
way in which the PNP is judged by its effectiveness.
39
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The descriptive - quantitative and evaluative type of the study used in assessing
the Work Performance of the Police Officers in the Municipality of Daraga, Albay, since
the present study is concerned with knowing the profile as well as to assess the level of
work performance of police officers along their duties and responsibilities in terms of
Law Enforcement, Crime Prevention and Detection/Control, Community Safety and
Protection and Police- Community Relation and the problems encountered during
operations and have a viewed solutions and recommendations to improve its past and
current image and its interpersonal relations with varied stakeholders, anti – crime
activities, public safety responsibilities and with the community. In quantitative research,
an investigator relies on numerical data (Charles & Mertler, 2002). The quantitative
approach employed the questionnaire-checklist as data gathering instrument. The pieces
of information that were gathered were interpreted based on the findings of the statistical
analysis. Evaluative research seeks to assess or judge in some way. Providing useful
information about something other than what might be gleaned in mere observation or
investigation of relationships (Research Methods, n.d.). The very basic purpose of this
research is to determine the work performance of Police Officer that being utilized in the
Municipality of Daraga, Albay and also to help our community to be aware on the service
implemented and also the problems encountered during operation.
40
Research Locale
The Daraga Police Station is one such branch of the PNP that gives its share of
commitment to the public. Being aware that the municipality of Daraga is fast becoming
an economic zone, the Daraga Police Officers’ foremost plan is maintenance of peace and
order to further boost the economy and provide the people with peace of mind, security
and comfort. The researcher picked respondents in the barangays of Salvacion, Malabog,
Busay, Bañag, Binitayan, Sipi, Peñafrancia, Gabawan, Gapo, Inarado, Maopi, Bascaran,
Poblacion, Sagpon, San Roque and Market site because of the numerous accident and
crime cases, traffic problems happened and also because some of the barangays were
drastically becoming an economic zone were crimes are ubiquitously.
Source of Data
The researcher used primary and secondary data; primary sources of data will be
the first hand information that the researcher will finds from the study population. The
primary data will be gathered from 50 Police Officers of Daraga Police Station, and the
public (10 professionals, 10 women, 10 drivers, 10 youths, and 10 business owners
residing at the Municipality of Daraga, Albay) Secondary data on the other hand are
information that have been processed but might have a certain link or relevance to the
project under review. This secondary data was collected from significant publication on
the study such as articles, journals, magazines, books, reports and other relevant
documents; as well as from online resources. Some of the benefits of secondary data are
that it is easier and possible to obtain information.
41
Sample and Sampling
The sampling technique used is quota sampling. This sampling technique used
because this is useful for conducting quantitative and evaluative type of research. Quota
sampling is a non-probability sampling technique wherein the assembled sample has the
same proportions of individuals as the entire population with respect to known
characteristics, traits or focused phenomenon. . The respondents were based on the
organizational chart of the PNP; 50 respondents from highest to lowest rank, and the
public (10 professionals, 10 women, 10 drivers, 10 youths, and 10 business owners
residing at the Municipality of Daraga, Albay.)
Data Gathering Procedure
To make the conclusion of the study in orderly and systematic, the researcher
undergo the following procedures; before proceeding on the study, the researcher
prepared a letter for the Chief of Daraga Police Office which asked for permission for
conducting a research. This step is vital as to what extent the study should go as far as
confidentiality is concerned, as it might jeopardize the mission utilization.
1. The researcher asked for an approval from her thesis adviser to conduct a study to
the aforementioned Daraga Police Station in Daraga, Albay.
2.
Through written request, the researcher distributed the letter to the Chief of
Daraga PNP with the approval of thesis adviser and department head.
3. The copies of questionnaires were distributed to the respondents and gathered
data.
42
4. The researcher tabulated, interpreted and analyzed the data that was gathered and
derived the conclusions and recommendations based on the information gathered
from the respondents.
5. The researcher passed the summarized data to the thesis adviser for checking.
Research Instrument
The researcher prepared a structured survey questionnaire checklist that
sufficiently provides the information needed in the study. This targeted at the Police and
its various divisions and the public. The advantages of using questionnaires are they are
cost effective, cheap to administer and may be easy to analyse. Part I of the survey
questionnaire is the Demographic profile of the respondents. Part II of the survey
questionnaire is the level of work performance of Police Officers in the Municipality of
Daraga, Albay. Part III is the problems encountered during operation. Part IV is the
viewed solutions to the problems encountered as perceived by the respondents. Part V is
the recommendations of the respondents to improve the services.
Statistical Analysis
The analysis of data completed by using the Microsoft Excel 2010. The following
statistical tools employed in the analysis: raw frequencies, percentages, and means. These
statistical treatments applied to quantitative data that will be gathered through the
questionnaire-checklist. To denote the importance of the data gathered, the following was
used:
Frequency Distribution – refers to the tabular arrangement of the data by classes
or categories together with their corresponding class frequency. This was used in tallying
the answer of the respondents.
43
𝑃=
𝑓
𝑥 100
𝑛
Where;
P = Percentage
f = frequency of the source
n = total number of the respondents
100 = constant
Mean – used to get the total average level of work performance of the Police
Officers in the Municipality of Daraga, Albay,
𝑋𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑛
Where;
Xw = Weighted mean
n = number of respondents
x = scale, category
f = frequency
For the verbal interpretation of the data, the findings on the mean responses
interpreted verbally for the discussion purposes using the following scale: (see Table 1).
44
Table1: Level of Work Performance of Police Officers in their Duties and
Responsibilities along Law Enforcement, Crime Prevention and Detection/ Control,
Community Safety and Protection and Police -Community Relation
Scale
Range
Adjectival Interpretation
Excellent level of work performance. The police
5
4.51-5.00
officer has 100% participation in carrying out the
identified indicator.
4
3.51-4.5
Good level of work performance. The police officer
has 80% participation in carrying out the identified
indicator.
3
2.51-3.5
Fair. The police officer has 60% participation in
carrying out the identified indicator.
2
1.51-2.5
Poor. The police officer has 40% participation in
carrying out the identified indicator.
1
1-1.5
Very Poor. The police officer has 20% participation in
carrying out the identified indicator.