MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA IN ASSOCIATION WITH NKUMBI
INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
GEOGRAPHY
FIELD
PROJECT
TITLE:
GLOBAL WARMING
THIRD YEAR (2015) GEOGRAPHY DIPLOMA STUDENT
MINISTER OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA IN ASSOCIATION WITH NKUMBI
INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
GEOGRAPHY
FIELD
PROJECT
TITLE:
GLOBAL WARMING
THIRD YEAR (2014) GEOGRAPHY DIPLOMA STUDENT
ACKNOWLEDGEGEMENT
My special appreciation goes to the following titles that helped me to carry out my
project successfully.
 The Management of Nkumbi International College.
 My Geography Lecturer Mr.Mwewa.
 The Librarian Mr.simbeye
Name: Siame Austin
THIRD YEAR GEOGRAPHY DIPLOMA STUDENT 2015
DECLARATION
I declare that the project was prepared by the undersigned with help of
information gathered from different books and magazines.
ACKNOWLEDEDICATION
I would like to dedicate this research project to the following
people
 My entire Family especially Brother Peter Munkondya for
his sponsorship to my education.
 To my friendsfor their support and encouragement.
 Pastor Boas Chungu and the Church at large for their
prayers and words of exaltation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTROUDCTION: …………………………………………………
2. HYPOTHESIS: ……………………………………………………..
3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: ………………………………………....
4. METHEDOLOGY: ………………………………………………....
5. FINDINGS: ………………………………………………………….
6. INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS: ………………………….
7. CONCLUSION: ……………………………………………………..
8. RECOMMENDATION: …………………………………………….
9. REFFERENCES: …………………………………………………….
INTRODUCTION
Climate changes have threatened almost all the world‘s cultural, economic, social, and the
physical environment. The records of the earth‘s past climate reconstructed from ice core
pale climate figure prints in sediment and even ship records of sea-surface temperatures ,
confirm that global warming is real and unprecedented .
HYPOTHESIS
Global Warming is caused by the massive increase of greenhouse gases, such as
carbon dioxide emissionin the atmosphere resulting from human activities,
burning of fossils fuel and deforestation.
However, heat from the earth’s surface escapes into the atmosphere; some of it
is absorbed by greenhouse gases which then emit energy back towards Earth
and the Earth is warmed. Meaning the more the heat on earth the higher
changes of climate may likely to occur.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
This project aims at finding the
 Sources of global warming.
 Causes and damages of global warming socially, economically, and the physical
impact on environment.
 Suggestions or Possible solutions to the stated challenges.
METHODOLOGY
The study was undertaken from 19th June 2013 to September 2014. It involved collecting
data from
a. Magazines about climate change,
b.
readings articles from newspapers,
c. Book research
d. watching documentaries suchas [An Inconvenience Truth DVD]
e.
Internet research
FINDINGS
SOURCES OF GLOBAL WARMING
The diagram below shows how earth is warmed.
SUN
CLOUDS
EARTH
KEY
a. The Orange line represents = incoming shortwave(solar radiation) from the SUN
b. Red lines =solar radiation that have been reflected back into the atmosphere
c. Purple lines =long wave radiation which is emitted back to Earth’s surface; though
some are absorbed by greenhouse gases.
According Kirstin, D and Thomas, E, D. (2006) “solar radiation is about 30 % of
incoming short wave is reflected back to space by atmosphere (clouds and particulates)
and by the
Earth’s surface varies like in snow, ice and water which reflect more energy than land
surfaces. However, solar radiation that reaches the surface is converted to heat energy,
warming the Earth’s surface and evaporating water. Long wave or heat from the Earth’s
surface escapes into atmosphere while some of it continues on into space but some of it is
absolvedby greenhouse gases.
Below is the pie chart that was taken from the book of (Atlas of Climate Change)
showing the contribution of different gases since Industrial Revolution which leads to
increasing in temperatures.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Halocarbon dioxide
5
%
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
12%
Tropospheric
53%
13%
Ozone (03)
17%
Methane (CH4)
Over the last century, global average temperature has increased by more than one degree
Fahrenheit or 0.7 degree Celsius from 2001-2010 decades is the warmest since 1880 the earliest
year for which comprehensive global temperature records were available.
CAUSES AND DAMAGES OF GLOBAL WARMING ON THE ENVIRONMENT
However, a warming world has also the potential to change rainfall and patterns, increase
drought and severe storm, reduce lake ice cover, melt glaciers and increase in sea levels which
can lead to change of animal behavior and plants .For example in 2005 the Atlantic Hurricane
season broke record for the frequency of storms and for the number of category 5 hurricane.
The diagram below is showing a hurricane in japan.
Other signs of change were the foods in Bolivia, heavy rain and flooding early in 2006 affected
around 17,500 people.
According to Kirstin, D and Thomas, E, D (2006) 11million people in Horn Africa were affected
and led to cities imposing water restrictions.
Change in china increasing of temperatures rainfall and glacial melt rates are consistent with
expectations of climate change in Northwest of China.
Warming in the polar region is driving large –scale melting of ice hat will have both the local
and global consequences.
The picture below is showing how ice melting is reducing at the Arctic Circle.
The average temperatures in the artic and much of the Antarctic are increasing and ice is melting
in both regions. Floating artic has covered the North Pole for millions of years it extent fluctuates
with the season but has decline by is to 20percent over the past 30 years.
Most the world‘s glaciers are retreating at unprecedented rates a clear sign of warming. Warmer
temperatures lead to increased precipitation, so in some parts of the world, even though glacier is
retreating they are getting thicker. However, the total volume of ice held in glacier is decreasing
dramatically .Glacier melting changes the flow of rivers, adding to water tress for millions of
people .Lakes formed from melting glacier are unstable, prone to abrupt collapse and flooding
threating lives downstream .
INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS
THE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming has brought impact on economic, social and physical environment which are
increasing daily.
Kirstin, D and Thomas E, D, (2006) postulates some of disaster that has been caused by extreme
weather event in recent year, caused heavy loss of life and extensive damage. In Mumbai, India,
The diagram showing deaths caused by floods
800 people were killed in July 2005 as flood swept through the street after nearly a meter of life
fell in just24hours. Now we are understand that an intensive heat causes more evaporation to
take place and these leads to higher rainfall causing flood in India and this is because of global
warming .Record kept by International DisasterDatabase indicate that the incidence of flood and
windstorm disasters has not only increased markedly since the 1960s but event themselves are
more intensive, last longer and affect more people. Most climate models indicate an increase in
the frequency and duration of extreme events in some areas. For instance, in the United State of
American total precipitation has increased between 5and 10 percent over the last decade and rain
and snow are failing in fewer, more extreme,events. Summer heats are likely to become more
common in Europe.
Below are a bar chart showing number of deaths worldwide from weather-related disasters from
2000 -2005. According to Kirstin, D and Thomas, E, D (2006) a lot of deaths are a result of
natural cause.
52,279
30,988
15,963
4,537
.
1,171
Drought Extreme temperature
Floods
Slides
Windstorms
Shah, A, (2009) argued that climate change will accelerate the extension of a wide range of
species; some regions rich in biodiversity are already being affected. The change in average
temperatures can disrupt ecosystems built on the inter-independency of thousand species,sealevel rise is destroying low-lying habitats. There are unprecedented rates of migration by both
animals and plants will be needed if species are to keep up with climate change .Moreover, the
effect of warmer temperature will lead to general shift of ecosystem towards the pole.
However, climate change is threatening parts of the world’s cultural and history heritage .for
example the oldest human foot print ,estimated to have been 11700 years ago ,were found near
langebaan lagoon in the national park.
Flooding increases the risk of waterborne disease such as cholera, typhoid and dysentery;
including malaria and yellow fever. Over 3.2of billion people are currently exposed to the risk of
malaria and over million died from it each year. These numbers are likely to increase with
climate change .malaria is carried by mosquitoes, which in tolerably warmer temperatures,
mature more quickly , bite more often reproduce and breed longer.
The impacts of climate on agriculture may begin with changes in crop at a local scale, but are
ultimately felt around the world in higher price sand transportation cost .Vast subsides in many
industrialized countries ensure farmers in these countries remain in business, poor farmers in
developing countries with little support are lightly vulnerable . Food manufactures will find
alternative suppliers and consumers will face changes in price quality and availability. Federal
government will be called on to reduce the impact6s of all such changes.
Economic impact of global warming is costing the world more than $1.2 trillion a year, wiping
1.2% annually from global gross domestic production domestic production. For
example,Bangladeshi villagers rebuild an embankment after cyclone Ail nit in 2009; Bangladeshi
faces total losses of about 3.45% OF Gross Domestic product due to climate change. Climate
change is already contributing to the deaths of nearly 400000 people a year and costing the world
more than $1.2 trillion, wiping 1.6 annually from global gross domestic product according to a
new study. The drought which occurs can lead to higher princes of foods and in India the
disruption to the monsoon this caused widespread damage to farmers. Connie hedegard, the
European Union’s climate chief warmed that extreme weather was becoming more common as
the effects of climate change and weather extreme are not about a distant future.
CONCLUSION
Finally, the united nation frame work convection on climate change (UNFCC) aims to stabilize
greenhouse gas emission a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic (human induced)
interference with the climate system. This level should be achieved within a time –frame that
allows ecosystems to adapt not threatened and enable economic development to proceed in a
sustainable manner.
Negotiations over climate change response recognized a complex pattern of causes, relative
contribution to the problem. Moreover, nations have signed agreement of international. Buyers
invest in project or companies where there is a commitment to use money to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions compared with what would have happened without the investment. Countries,
companies or individuals are awarded carbon credits in exchange.
These can be used to meet regulatory targets for greenhouse gas emission, such as those set in
the Kyoto protocol, or voluntary target that companies are increasingly setting for themselves.
However, increasing the use of renewable energy sources is an important way of reducing
greenhouse gas emission. For example in Columbia 15 wind turbine have funded to provide
power for the indigenous wayuu people, the wind turbine will serve more than 1.1 million tons of
carbon dioxide over 21 years, compared with emission from fossil fueled powered . Individual
effort is essential stating point and knowledge and technology exist to support substantial
improvement but meeting the scale of this challenge will require more than our personal
commitment.
RECOMMENDATION
Having looked at global warming the causes and impacts on mankind and to environment, I
would like to advise the nations to create some serious policy towards environment such as
I.
Each and every families must engage themselves in planting trees in order to
reduce deforestation
II.
The government to employ individuals on the correct way of refuse disposal
III.
No burning of bushes or forest
IV.
Industries to set up some technologies to trap dangerous gases that may destroy
the ozone layer
V.
Encouraging people to buy transport equipment that does not release carbon
monoxide like bicycles.
VI.
Using the sources of energy that does not emeses gas promoting global warming
such as HYDRO ELECTRO POWER STATION, SOLAR SYSTEM, BLOW WIND
MIL and the like.
Above all teaching people to be responsible of their activities knowing that man is the cause of
all these problems we are facing like global warming which can be the rewards of our own
actions from nature.
REFERENCE
Bill, m, (2002), Global Catastrophes: Oxford University, press Inc. New York
Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change (IPCC), (2007)
Climate Change impart, Adaptation and Vulnerability .Cambridge University press.
Keratin, D and Thomas E, D, (2006), the atlas of Climate Change.
Earth scan .United Kingdom
Mark, M, (2004), A short Introduction to Global Warming.
Oxford University .press Inc. New York
Newell, P, J, (2000), Climate for Change, Non State After and Global politics of Green
House.Cambridge University press.
Weart, S, R, (2003), The Discovery of Global Warming, New Histories of science, technology
and medicine. Harvard University press.