Engineering via English
Учебно-методическое пособие
по английскому языку
Владивосток
2021
Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации
Дальневосточный федеральный университет
Engineering via English
Учебно-методическое пособие
по английскому языку
Для студентов направлений подготовки бакалавриата
и специалитета в области образования по инженерному делу,
технологиям и техническим наукам
Учебное электронное издание
Владивосток
2021
© ФГАОУ ВО ДВФУ, 2021
ISBN 978-5-7444-4990-2
УДК 811.111(076)
ББК 81.432.1р30-2
Авторы:
П.С. Минакова, Н.А. Роговая, О.И. Тараненко, Л.А. Федько
Рецензенты:
Л.Е. Пак, канд. филол. наук, доц. каф. межкультурных коммуникаций
и переводоведения Владивостокского государственного
университета экономики и сервиса
Engineering via English : учебно-методическое пособие : для студентов направлений
подготовки бакалавриата и специалитета в области образования по инженерному делу,
технологиям и техническим наукам / П.С. Минакова, Н.А. Роговая, О.И. Тараненко,
Л.А. Федько. – Владивосток : Издательство Дальневосточного федерального университета,
2021. – [130 с.]. – ISBN 978-5-7444-4990-2. – URL: https://www.dvfu.ru/science/publishingactivities/catalogue-of-books-fefu/. – Дата публикации: 23.03.2021. – Текст. Изображения :
электронные.
Пособие разработано в соответствии с федеральными государственными стандартами
и предназначено для формирования иноязычной профессиональной компетенции студентов.
Пособие помогает освоить профессиональную терминологию в различных областях инженерного дела, развить и совершенствовать навыки профессионально-ориентированного чтения, аудирования и говорения в ситуациях профессионального общения.
Предназначено для студентов, обучающихся по направлениям подготовки высшего
образования – бакалавриата и специалитета в области образования по инженерному делу,
технологиям и техническим наукам.
Текстовое электронное издание
Минимальные системные требования:
Веб-браузер Internet Explorer версии 6.0 или выше,
Opera Версии 7.0 или выше, Google Chrome 3.0 или выше.
Компьютер с доступом к сети Интернет.
Минимальные требования к конфигурации и операционной системе компьютера
определяются требованиями перечисленных выше программных продуктов.
Размещено на сайте 2.04.2021 г.
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Дальневосточный федеральный университет
690922, Приморский край, г. Владивосток, о. Русский, п. Аякс, 10.
E-mail: prudkoglyad.sa@dvfu.ru
Тел.: (423) 226-54-43
© ФГАОУ ВО ДВФУ, 2021
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Настоящее пособие предназначено для студентов бакалавриата и специалитета направлений подготовки по инженерному делу, технологиям и техническим наукам. Пособие предназначено для формирования иноязычной профессиональной компетенции студентов. Пособие помогает освоить профессиональную терминологию в различных областях инженерного дела, развить и совершенствовать навыки профессионально-ориентированного чтения, аудирования и говорения в ситуациях профессионального общения.
Пособие разработано в соответствии с федеральными государственными
образовательными стандартами. Целью пособия является формирование способности студентов к свободной научной и профессиональной коммуникации в
иноязычной среде в процессе подготовки к профессиональной деятельности.
В пособии выдержан принцип преемственности для разных образовательных уровней. Издание имеет прикладной характер, т.е. содержит ту информацию, которая будет непосредственно востребована у студентов в предстоящей профессиональной деятельности. Язык пособия доступен для восприятия
потенциальному кругу обучающихся на различных направлениях подготовки
инженерных специальностей вуза.
Пособие состоит из 6 модулей. Каждый модуль предлагает активный словарь, текстовый материал с заданиями проблемного и творческого характера.
В каждом модуле имеются задания, систематизирующие и обобщающие учебный материал.
В конце пособия в разделе для дополнительного чтения предлагаются
аутентичные познавательные и информативные тексты, взятые из научнотехнической литературы. Специальные задания к ним и тесты с ключами могут
использоваться как для аудиторной, так и для самостоятельной работы студентов.
CONTENTS
Unit I. Numerals ............................................................................................................ 5
Unit II. Shapes ............................................................................................................. 20
Unit III. Dimensions .................................................................................................... 28
Unit IV. Engineering Field .......................................................................................... 32
Section I. Engineering Fundamentals ...................................................................... 32
Section II. Undergraduate and Postgraduate Engineering Programs ....................... 44
Section III. International Engineering Education .................................................... 54
Unit V. Contemporary Engineering Trends ................................................................ 75
Section I. Science, Engineering and Technological Breakthroughs ........................ 75
Section II. Examples of Modern Technologies ........................................................ 83
Section III. Robotics ................................................................................................. 87
Unit VI. Environmental Protection ............................................................................ 93
Section I. Our Planet is in Danger ............................................................................ 93
Section II. Environmental Protection and Management of Natural Resources ....... 98
Section III. Technosphere Safety ........................................................................... 102
Reading Bank ............................................................................................................ 108
Internet Recourses ..................................................................................................... 129
Unit I
Numerals
Exercise 1. Before starting the unit, check that you remember the numerals in English. Here are symbols and words representing cardinal numbers:
Symbol
Word
Symbol
Word
0
naught
17
seventeen
1
one
18
eighteen
2
two
19
nineteen
3
three
20
twenty
4
four
21
twenty-one
5
five
30
thirty
6
six
40
forty
7
seven
50
fifty
8
eight
60
sixty
9
nine
70
seventy
10
ten
80
eighty
11
eleven
90
ninety
12
twelve
100
one hundred
13
thirteen
101
one hundred and one
14
fourteen
1,000
one thousand
15
fifteen
1,000,000
one million
16
sixteen
1,000,000,000
one billion
Here are ordinal numbers in figures and in words:
In figures
Word
In figures
Word
st
th
1
the first
20
the twentieth
nd
th
2
the second
21
the twenty-first
rd
th
3
the third
22
the twenty-second
th
th
4
the fourth
23
the twenty-third
th
th
5
the fifth
24
the twenty-fourth
th
th
6
the sixth
25
the twenty-fifth
th
th
7
the seventh
26
the twenty-sixth
th
th
8
the eighth
27
the twenty-seventh
th
th
9
the ninth
28
the twenty-eighth
th
th
10
the tenth
29
the twenty-ninth
th
th
11
the eleventh
30
the thirtieth
th
th
12
the twelfth
40
the fortieth
th
th
13
the thirteenth
50
the fiftieth
th
th
14
the fourteenth
60
the sixtieth
th
th
15
the fifteenth
70
the seventieth
th
th
16
the sixteenth
80
the eightieth
th
th
17
the seventeenth 90
the ninetieth
th
th
18
the eighteenth 100
the hundredth
th
th
19
the nineteenth 101
the hundred and first
5
Exercise 2. Read the text and answer the questions:
1. What does the noun “numerals” define in English?
2. What are two main types of numerals?
3. What numerals correspond to the interrogative word “How many?” Give examples
of your own.
4. What numerals correspond to the interrogative word “Which”? Give examples of
your own.
5. When can the words “a hundred”, “a thousand” and “a million” have the plural
ending “s”? Give examples of your own.
6. What is the common rule to write groups of three digits in numerals of one thousand and higher? Give examples of your own.
7. What are the ways to pronounce 0 in English? Give examples of your own.
Numerals
We cannot imagine our life without numbers. We are surrounded by numbers,
especially in the field of engineering: to solve problems (equations), to measure
weight, height, to count meters and kilometers of distance between places, etc. For all
measurements, we need to use numerals. Numerals in English are a part of speech
that defines the number (quantity) or the order of items.
Numerals can be divided into two main types: cardinal and ordinal numerals.
There are simple numerals (1-12), derivative numerals (13-19) and composite
numerals (for example: 21, 67, 147).
1. Cardinal numerals show the number (amount, quantity) of certain items. They
correspond to the interrogative word “How many”: 220 Volts, 660 kilometers,
25,000,000 people, 402 tons, 31 students, 18 laptops.
Such words as “a hundred”, “a thousand” and “a million” are nouns, not numerals. If these words are used in a singular form, they always go with the indefinite
article “a” or the numeral “one”. These words are not used with the plural ending:
five hundred plants, nineteen thousand substations, twenty-four million books.
But the words “a hundred”, “a thousand” and “a million” could have the plural ending, if they are followed with the “of” preposition and a noun: thousands of
people, millions of stars, hundreds of ideas.
2. Ordinal numerals are used to show the order of items. They correspond to the
question starting with the word “Which?” Generally, ordinal numerals are used as adjectives and stand before nouns. An ordinal numeral is usually preceded by the definite article "the". The first story was interesting. The second one was dull.
Both in British English and in American English groups of three digits in numerals of one thousand and higher are usually separated by a comma, counting from
the right: 5,286 (five thousand two hundred (and) eighty-six); 12,345; 378,925;
6
6,540,210 (six million five hundred forty thousand (and) two hundred ten), 93,005
(ninety-three thousand five).
There are a number of ways you can say 0 in English:
0-naught (In Mathematics): 0.7 – naught point seven
0 – nil/nothing (In Sports): 4:0 – score is four nothing (nil)
0 – o [ou]- (Phone number): 220450 – double two o [ou] four five o [ou]
0 – zero (in Science): -32 0C – thirty-two degrees below zero
O = oh
[ou]
When we use it
after a decimal point
in bus or room numbers
In phone numbers
in years
O = naught before a decimal point
O = zero
in temperature
US English for the
number
O = nil
in football
O = love
in tennis
Example
9.02 = “Nine point oh two”
Room 201 = “Room two oh one”
Bus 602 = “Bus six oh two”
9130472 = “Nine one three oh four seven”
1906 = “Nineteen oh six”
0.06 = “Naught point oh six”
-20°C = “20 degrees below zero”
0 = “Zero”
Spartak 2 - Dinamo 0 = “Spartak two - Dinamo nil”
40:0 = “Forty love”
Exercise 3.Find English equivalents in the text
Решить уравнение, длина, простые числительные, производные, расстояние,
измерение, запятая, точка, ноутбук, количество, счет, градусы.
Exercise 4. Make up questions and answers:
Example: a) A: Is it nineteen [naɪnˈtiːn] ?
B: No. It’s ninety [ˈnaɪntɪ] .
a) A: 19?
B: 19 90
b) A: 50?
B: 50 15
c) A: 13?
B: 13 30
d) A: 80?
B: 80 18
e) A: 14?
B: 14 40
f) A: 70?
B: 70 17
7
g) A: 16?
B: 16 60
h) A: 30?
B: 30 13
i) A: 40?
B: 40 14
Exercise 4. Read out numbers.
457
1,002
1,245
5,241
10,676
1,000,009
860,000
888, 010
24,999
222,456
24,555,000
275,000,504
Exercise 5. Match words and numbers.
Exercise 6. Read the text and sum up the difference between figure, digit, numeral
and number. Match the parts of the sentences (1-4) with the (a-h).
Language learners sometimes may have some difficulties with the words "figure, digit, numeral, number". We can say "the figure 5; the digit 5; the numeral 5; the
number 5", but the meanings of these word combinations are not the same.
The word "figure" refers to a numerical symbol for a number and can also refer
to the numerical value of a number: the figure 5; Arabic figures; a five-figure number; a figure of 5 million; write these numbers in figures and in words. The word
"figures" can also mean "arithmetic": He is good at figures.
8
The word "digit" refers to any of Arabic figures from 0 to 9. Examples: the digit 2; the digit 9; a four-digit number; a group of three digits; use digits to write these
numbers.
A numeral is a name used for denoting a number. Numerals can be in the form
of any symbols denoting a number. In the texts of general character, numerals are
usually written as figures or words: the numeral 5; the numeral five; cardinal and ordinal numerals; Arabic numerals, Roman numerals.
The word "number" refers to quantity or amount (in various fields of application) and is one of the main concepts in mathematics: whole numbers; natural numbers; prime numbers; even numbers; odd numbers; large numbers; round numbers;
negative numbers; the number 10; the number twelve; the number 225. One of the
meanings of the word "number" is "numeral". Because of that, the word "number" can
be used in many cases where the word "numeral" is meant, for example, you can say
"cardinal numerals" or "cardinal numbers"; "ordinal numerals" or "ordinal numbers".
1. Figure
2.Digit
3.Numeral
4.Number
a) refers to quantity or amount.
b) refers to the name used for denoting a
number.
c) refers to the numerical value of a number.
d) refers to any of Arabic figures from 0
to 9.
e) refers to a numerical symbol for a
number.
f) is usually written as figures or words.
g) is one of the main concepts in mathematics.
h) can be in the form of any symbols denoting a number.
Exercise 7. Read the text.
Fractions
A fraction is a number we need for measuring. When we measure something,
such as a length, it will not always be a whole number. Therefore, we need numbers
that are less than 1, 2 or other figures – numbers that are the parts of these figures:
half of one, a third/ a fourth/ a fifth/ a millionth part of some figure.
The first number in fraction, written before a slash (/), is called numerator and
is expressed by a cardinal numeral. The second number, written after a slash (/), is
called denominator and is expressed by an ordinal numeral.
9
Examples of fractions, represented by symbols and words:
one-half / a half
1/2
one-third/ a third
1/3
one-fourth / a quarter
1/4
one-fifth
1/5
one thirty-second
1/32
one-hundredth
1/100
one-thousandth
1/1000
two-thirds
2/3
three-fourths / three-quarters
3/4
seven thirty-sixths
7/36
thirty-three hundredths
33/100
sixty-five thousandths
65/1000
one and a half
1 1/2
four and a quarter
4 1/4
six and three-sevenths
6 3/7
Decimal Fractions
The decimal point (not a comma) separates the whole from the fraction in decimal fractions in English. Decimals are written in figures. When pronouncing decimals we use the word "point" to represent the dot. The numbers following the dot are
pronounced separately: When you have the number 1.36 we say "One point three
six."
The digits to the left of the decimal point are usually read as a whole cardinal
number, and the digits to the right of the decimal point are usually read as separate
digits: 546.132 can be read as "five hundred forty-six point one-three-two".
Exercise 8. Read out these common and decimal fractions.
¼; 4/7; 7 ½; 8 5/9; 21 7/9; 0.25; 0.008; 12.57; 455.67; 2/5; .45; 6.22.
Exercise 9. Read the text.
Writing the Date
There are different ways to write and to say the date in English according to formal or informal writing and also in British or American English. There are three
parts to write a date. These are:
 Day
(Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, etc.)
 Month (January, February, March, etc.)
 Year
(1900, 1999, 2019, etc.)
10
The
most
common
way
to
write
the
date
in
British
English
is
1 September, 2020 - 01.09.2020 - 01/09/2000
The most common way to write the date in American English is
March 2, 2021 - 03.02.2021 - 03/02/2021
Saying the Date
The most common way to say the date in English is
On
the
оf
Month
Preposition Ordinal number Preposition
On
the first
of
On
the second
of
September
March
in
year
Preposition
in
in
2020
2022
We talk about years like this: it is necessary to divide the four-digit number into two
two-digit numbers and to pronounce them separately:
1986 is read like nineteen eighty-six.
In the dates like 1907, 1702.etc. zero is pronounced not as zero, but as the letter o
[əu].
 1907 - nineteen o seven;
 1702 – seventeen o two.
Dates signifying the beginning of this or that century are read in a peculiar way.
In such cases, the word "hundred" is used:
 1600 - sixteen hundred;
 1900 - nineteen hundred.
Since mankind has long crossed the boundary between the twentieth and twenty-first
centuries, the dates containing the words "two thousand" are used in the speech of
people more often:
 2000 - two thousand;
 2008 - two thousand (and) eight.
Dates, beginning in 2010, can be read in both ways: with the words "two thousand"
or classically, broken down into two two-digit numbers:
11


2015 - two thousand (and) fifteen, or twenty fifteen;
2027 - two thousand (and) twenty seven, or twenty twenty-seven.
Exercise 10. Write and pronounce the following dates: first in British and then in
American English
8/4/2000; 5/12/1999; 12/6/1900; 7/9/2009; 2/10/2019; 1/10/2020; 4/3/1988.
Exercise 11. Find information and match the dates with the inventions. Read out
the sentences with the dates.
1. October 10, 1911
a). The first transcontinental telegraph
system was completed, making it possible to transmit messages rapidly (by mid19th-century standards) from coast to
coast.
2.September 8, 1994
b). A patent for a ballpoint pen was received by John Loud.
3. September 24, 1852
c). The first artificial Earth satellite was
launched.
4. October 30, 1888
d). Henry Ford received a patent for an
automobile transmission mechanism.
5. October 24,1861
6. October 4,1957
7. August 9,1898
e). Rudolf Diesel of France was granted
patent.
f). Microsoft gave “Windows” its new
name. Previously, the operating system
had been referred to by its code name of
"Chicago."
g). A new invention, the dirigible or airship, was first demonstrated.
Exercise12. Ask your group mate the following questions. First, write the answers
down and then present the information in the classroom. Mind the writing and
pronunciation of the dates.
1. When were you born?
2. When did you enter the University?
3. When was your first day at the University?
4. When do you get your scholarship?
5. What date is it today?
12
6. When will you graduate from the university?
7. When will you take your first exam this semester?
8. When do we celebrate International Students’ Day?
9. When do we celebrate International Day of Engineers?
Exercise13. Study the information and solve the problems. These words will help
you.
Addition
Plus
Division
Involution
Subtraction
Evolution
Multiplication
Root
To equal
Power
To be equal to
Proportion
To add
I. Addition and Subtraction
–seven plus five equals twelve
7 + 5 = 12
62 + 15 = 77 – sixty-two plus fifteen is equal to seventy-seven
– ten minus six equals four
10 -6 = 4
82 – 32 = 50 – eighty-two minus thirty-two is equal to fifty
Solve the problems:
4. 230 – 130 = ?
7. 5,555 + 2,222 = ?
2. 120 + 361 = ?
5. 5,200 – 4, 150 = ?
8. 22 +22 = ?
3. 51 – 11 = ?
6. 1,203 + 413 = ?
9. 5.02 + 4.02 = ?
1.
89 + 11 = ?
1x1=1
2x2=4
3x3=9
4 x 4 = 16
12 x 10 = 120
35 : 7 = 5
1000 : 25 = 40
II. Multiplication and Division
– once one is one
– twice two is four
– three times three equals nine
– four times four is equal to sixteen
– twelve multiplied by ten is equal to one hundred and twenty
– thirty-five divided by seven equals five
– one thousand divided by twenty-five is equal to forty
13
Solve the problems:
1. 749 : 7 =
2. 100 x 100 =
3. 12 x 12 =
4. 900 : 9 =
5. 2,000 : 2 =
6. 80 x 5 =
2
23
25
III. Involution
the square of two/ the second power of two/ two squared
the cube of two/ the third power of two/ two cubed
the fifth power of two / two to the fifth power
√
√
IV. Evolution
the square root of four is two
the cube root of twenty-seven is three
2
=3
Solve the problems:
1. 54 =
2. √
3. 42 =
4. 109 =
5. √
6. 106 =
V. Ratio
the ratio of four to two
the ratio of a to b
VI. Proportion
two is to three as four is to six
the ratio of two to three equals the ratio of four to six
Exercise14. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. This calculator solves math equations which add, subtract, multiply and divide positive and negative numbers and exponential numbers. 2. Here are two numbers for you to multiply. 3. Any improper fraction can be converted into a mixed fraction. 4. To add the two vulgar fractions you'll have to find first their common denominator. 5. To what power can the calculator raise numbers? 6. I can't find the 6th power of the number manually. 7. You should multiply six by three. 8. The fourth power
of .25 is easy to calculate. 9. Please, find the square root of this number. 10. It took us
about a decade to find the solution. 11. The fraction is improper if the denominator is
smaller than the numerator. 12. This is an equation in two unknowns. 13. There must
be a mistake in the subtraction exercise, check up the difference by addition. 14. You
should have added the numbers rather than subtracted them. 15. The calculator can
multiply two five-digit numbers. 16. Please, divide the number by 5 and tell me what
14
the quotient is equal to. 17. Before trying to solve the problem, you should check up
the multiplication factors. 18. You’ve missed the division sign. 19. The distance to
the Moon is 239,000 miles. The distance to the Sun is 90,000,000 miles. 20. The
plane flew at the altitude of 30,000 ft. 21. The rocket speed was as high as 3,500 km
per hr. 22. The wall was 10.3 in thick. 23. The motor is said to operate at a rate of ca
2,000 r. p. m. 24. The pipe diameter was .55 in. 25. The building site area was 16
acres.
Exercise15. Translate into English.
1. В 1980 году Шакунтала Деви из Индии попала в Книгу Рекордов Гиннеса,
верно умножив два 13-значных числа за 28 секунд.
2. Самарт Патель из Индии поставил рекорд, когда быстрее всех правильно
решил 10 случайных задач на умножение за 1 минуту. На момент рекорда
ему было всего 7 лет.
3. Основные признаки делимости:
 число делится на два тогда, когда его последняя цифра делится на два, то
есть является четной;
 число делится на три или на девять тогда, когда сумма его цифр делится
на три или на девять;
 число делится на пять тогда, когда последняя цифра делится на пять (то
есть равна нулю или пяти).
Exercise 16.
Be ready to voice the video “Global Energy Consumption Five
Key Facts”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEYkoaRSz0k
Exercise 17.
Watch the video and fill in the blanks with numbers. Answer
the question: How Much Oil Is Left On Earth?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynaOH7OmMcM
а) ______ marks World Energy Day, when we observe the need to take environmental actions in the face of energy dependence. This holiday originated at
b)_____ , intended to address the future of oil and sustainability. Although peak oil
usage was supposed to have occurred in the c) _____, today production and use is as
high as ever. So we wanted to know, just how much oil do we actually have ?
Well, unlike more modern forms of energy, crude oil is a non-renewable resource, meaning that once we use it all up, it’s gone. Almost all of the world’s oil is
located in vast reservoirs, centralized in a number of countries. However, whether
that oil can actually be extracted is referred to as “proven or unproven”.
Proven reserves simply mean that there is a d) _____ chance of the oil being
extracted, and we know it is there. Unproven generally means that we believe it is
15
there, but for a number of reasons cannot extract it with certainty. Generally, oil estimates focus on proven reserves. So how much oil is still left?
Well, as of e) ______, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries reports that roughly f)_______of proven reserves are still available. For comparison,
some have estimated that g) _______have been used up since commercial oil drilling
began in the h)______, although other estimates vary wildly. And while a century and
a half seems like a pretty long time, oil use has been rapidly increasing.
Today the world consumes about i)_______a year, with China expected to account
for half of that usage within the next j)________.
But China only holds about k) ______ itself. Roughly l)_____ of the world’s
oil comes from the m)____ members of OPEC, with roughly n)_____located in the
Middle East.
However, the single largest reserve on the Earth is nowhere near most of the
other OPEC countries. o) ____ of the world’s oil is located in Venezuela, South
America. They reportedly hold about r) ____ billion barrels.
Saudi Arabia comes in close with about s) ____ billion barrels. However, t)
_____highest reserves are found in Canada, which is a non-OPEC nation. In fact, of the
u) _____barrels held outside OPEC, more than v)____ is in Canada. But how long all
that oil will last us is a somewhat shaky subject. Some are saying that we’ll soon end up
relying on unconventional oil extraction like fracking to power the world.
Others say we’ll make a shift to alternative energies like solar or wind before
it's too late. But the most recent estimates by British Petroleum say that we have a little over w) ____ years before the oil runs out. Still, almost every figure; including the
amount of oil reserves, consumption rate, and number of years left has been widely
disputed, and past estimates have been repeatedly revised.
How much oil do we really have left? It seems like nobody really knows. While we
don’t know how much oil we have left, we do know where we get it from.
Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Tick (✔) the statements, which are true, continue
the list.
� I know the types of numerals in English.
� I know how to read fractions.
� I know how to read and say date in English.
� I know….
� I can say 0 in different situations.
� I can read out the ratio and proportion….
� I can ….
� I understand the difference between figure, digit, numeral and number.
16
� I understand how to read out involution and evolution.
� I understand ….
Key Words
Figure, digit, numeral, number, multiplication, to equal, to add, to subtract, involution, evolution, root, power, fraction, division, to calculate, an equation, natural
numbers, prime numbers, even numbers, odd numbers, decimal, cardinal numerals,
ordinal numerals, numerator, denominator, slash, comma, point, numerical value,
amount, quantity.
TEST “Numerals”
1. Write the following cardinal numerals with letters .
13 14 816 25 307 52 6,790
74 99 1,905
533
31
2. Write the following ordinal numerals with letters
3 12 28 46 83 222
2 4
5 3,562
7,324 245
3. Write it in English.
1. Сто книг; сотня страниц; сотни людей.
2. Тысяча машин; тысячи людей; миллион книг.
3. 2+3=5; 7-4=3; 3 х 5=15; 10:2=5.
4. 01.02.1900 (Br. + Am)
5. 3.45; 88.09; 0.009
6. 2/3; 44 4/5.
7. √
? 82 =?
4. Read and translate into Russian:
Decimal fraction; denominator; numeral; vulgar fraction; numerator; multiplication; division; ratio; ordinal numerals; slash; comma; point; amount; quantity.
5. Read correctly.
Global average PV module selling prices have decreased by more than two orders of magnitude in a 40-year period (1, 2). Two years ago, we observed that if PV
17
could continue on its historical learning curve, then PV module prices would reach
$0.50/W and $0.25/W at a cumulative deployment of 1 and 8 TW, respectively.
Choose the correct variant
1. 145 _____ live in the Russian Federation.
a. millions people
b. millions of people
c. million of people
d. million people
2._____ are starving in the world today.
a. Thousands people
b. Thousands of people
3. You are _____ who asks me this stupid question.
a. fifth
b. the fiveth
c. the fifth
d. five
4.Two _____ of my income I spend on my pet’s food.
a. twelve
b. twelfth
c. twelves
d. twelfths
5. Every _____ person in our company is not satisfied with his salary.
a. three
b. the third
c. third
6. Ok! See you on _____ of April.
a. the twentyth-seventh
b. twenty-seven
c. the twenty-seventh
7. It is _____ hit. I like such songs.
a. his the third
b. his third
c. the third his
8._____ of the territory is covered with ice.
a. one thirds
b. one third
9.This bouquet costs _____ dollars!
a. two hundreds
18
b. two hundred
c. two hundred of
10.Two thirds of my work _____ dedicated to the theory of the subject.
a. are
b. is
11.Two _____ two is four.
a. on
b. to
c. by
12.I need _____ of your annual turnover.
a. three-nineths
b. three-ninths
c. three-nine
13. So, this will be two _____ five.
a. point
b. comma
14._____ can save the situation.
a. ten percent
b. ten percents
15.A fortnight means _____ weeks.
a. two
b. three
c. four
16._____ we need to think this problem over.
a. the first of all
b. first of all
17.The length of this avenue is 5 kilometers _____ four hundred _____ fifty meters.
a. and ... and
b. and ...
c. ... and
18.I wonder what the world will be at the end of _____ century?
a. twenty one
b. the twentieth-first
c. the twenty-first
19.Personally, I prefer music of _____ .
a. nineteen seventys
b. the nineteen seventies
c. the nineteen seventeens
19
Unit II
Shapes
Exercise 1. Before starting the unit name shapes you remember and tell where we
can use the names of shapes in engineering.
Exercise 2. The below-mentioned words all appear in the text you are going to
read:
a) Work with the dictionary and find the transcription and the meaning of the
words;
b) Practice pronouncing the words;
c) Make up the word combinations of your own using these words.
Angle
equilateral
approximately
helix
circle
circumference
cone
cube
degree
ellipse
acute
blunt angled
quadrilateral
rectangle
square
triangle
regular
vertex
leg
isosceles
Exercise 3. Read the words correctly and guess their meaning. Consult the dictionary.
Diameter, sphere, rhombus, cylinder, geometry, oval, pyramid, regular, circular, technically, radius, Pythagoras, Pythagorean theorem.
Exercise 4. Match the words and the number of sides. Pay special attention to the
prefix. Note! - 'gon' from Greek means 'sides'.
Word
Number of sides
1. Pentagon
a) ten
2. Hendecagon
b) seven
3. Heptagon
c) five
4. Decagon
d) twelve
5. Hexagon
e) six
6. Octagon
f) eleven
7. Dodecagon
g) eight
20
Exercise 5. Write down the names of the following shapes in English. Compare
your result with your desk neighbor one.
Exercise 6. Match the words (1-8) with the definitions (A-H).
1 - helix
2 - rectangle
3 - square
4 - cone
5 - angle
6 - oval
7 - semi-circle
8 - heptagon
A - a shape with four equal and straight sides
B - a shape that is a half of a circle
C - a seven – sided figure
D - an elongated circle
E - a combination of two rays with a common endpoint called the vertex
F - a shape formed by a smooth curve
G - a shape with a circular base and a top that forms a point
H - a shape with four sides and right angles
Exercise 7. Read and translate text A, complete the sentences and find the necessary words in the box.
rectangle triangle octagon oval hexagon legs heptagon shapes square sides
ellipse length pentagon circle parallelogram equilateral corners polygons
Text A. Shapes
Once you start looking, you'll see shapes all over the place! You could perhaps
create a list of objects that have regular____ or draw them, or make a collage from
digital photos.
The easiest shape to recognize is a ____. It has no straight edges, and drawing
one accurately is difficult by hand. You can see circles all over the place: a ring is
circular, so is a biscuit, or a counter in many board games. Wheels are circular too.
21
An elongated circle, as if it's been stretched, is called ____.You don't see so
many of these in everyday life, but you might have a bathroom light or mirror
that's oval. Actually this shape is technically called an ____; an oval is a more
general term for anything egg-shaped, so that one side can be fatter than the other.
Most shapes, however, are drawn with straight lines. A ____ is the simplest
shape. An equilateral triangle is one that has all three sides of exactly the same ____.
In an orchestra the instrument called a triangle is a simple piece of metal which has
this shape. The word ' ____’ is from Latin, meaning 'equal ___’. The word 'triangle' is
from Greek, where 'tri' is from the word meaning 'three'. There are other words using
it, such as a tripod (something with three ____ ) or a tricycle (something with three
wheels).
You can make triangles that are not equilateral, of course. They can be tall, thin
ones or short, fat ones, or totally irregular ones. To be a triangle, the shape simply has
to have three sides.
If you have a shape with four equal and straight sides, it's a ____. This is another regular shape - or polygon, if you want to use the official term. Polygon is also
from Greek: 'poly' means 'several' (or 'a lot') and 'gon' means 'sides'.
This is a ____ or oblong shape. It's one of the most commonly seen shapes in
everyday life. Look at a curtain, or a pillowcase, or a table-top, or even a wall. With
some exceptions, they're mostly rectangles. A rectangle has four sides, and four
square ____ , but two of the sides are longer than the other two. A square is actually a
specific type of rectangle that has all four sides the same.
This related shape is a diamond or rhombus. If you squash a square, so that you
still have four equal sides but they're no longer straight, this is what you get. It's also
a special instance of a ___, which is like a squashed rectangle.
A five-sided figure is a regular ____. The word ‘pente’ comes from the Greek,
meaning five. You don't see many of these in everyday life, but a child's drawing of a
house tends to be five-sided, even if the sides aren't the same lengths.
A six-sided figure is a ____. Not surprisingly, the word hex- is from the Greek,
meaning six. Hexagons are the shapes found in honeycombs. You can divide a hexagon into six equilateral triangles if you draw three lines from each pair of opposite
corners.
There are many more ____ if you know the Greek numbers, you can usually
guess the names of the shapes with that number of sides. A ____ is a seven-sided figure, an ____ is an eight-sided figure, and so on.
If you draw two straight lines that cross in some place, you have something like
this...X. At the point where the lines cross, there are four gaps, which are called 'angles'.
22
Exercise 8. Give English equivalents of the following words and wordcombinations.
Предметы правильной формы, точно, равносторонний треугольник, колесо, геометрическая фигура, равные и прямые стороны, разделить на восемь частей, противоположные углы, шестисторонний, одинаковая длина, прямые линии пересекаются, удлиненная форма, количество сторон.
Exercise 9. Do sight translation of text B into English.
Text B
Познакомимся с основными фигурами геометрии.
Прямоугольник – фигура, которая имеет четыре стороны и четыре прямых угла. У прямоугольника противоположные стороны равны.
В геометрии прямоугольник обозначают четырьмя заглавными латинскими буквами.
Противоположные стороны прямоугольника
ABCD: AB = CD, BC = DA.
Углы: ABC = BCD = CDA = DAB = 90° 
все углы прямые.
Квадрат – это прямоугольник, у которого все стороны равны. В геометрии квадрат, также как и прямоугольник, обозначают четырьмя большими латинскими буквами.
Стороны квадрата KLFM: KL = LF = FM = MK.
Углы: KLF = LFM = FMK = MKL = 90° - все углы прямые.
Треугольник – это геометрическая фигура, которая имеет три стороны и
три угла (вершины треугольника).
Треугольник обозначается тремя заглавными латинскими буквами, перед которыми ставится знак: .
Треугольник EFG  EFG.
23
Виды треугольников
Вид
треугольника
Углы треугольника
Прямоугольный
Один угол прямой, два других острых.
Остроугольный
Все углы острые
Тупоугольный
Один угол тупой, два других - острые
Пример
Многоугольники – это геометрические фигуры различной формы.
Вершины многоугольника - это точки, соединяющие отрезки, из которых состоит многоугольник.
Стороны многоугольника  это отрезки, из которых состоит многоугольник.
Многоугольник ELNFK.
Вершины многоугольника  E, L, F, N, K.
Стороны многоугольника  EL, LN, NF, FK, KE.
Окружность – это геометрическая фигура, образованная замкнутой кривой линией, все точки которой находятся на одинаковом расстоянии от центра.
Круг – это геометрическая фигура, которая ограничена окружностью.
Окружность  это граница круга. Радиус круга  это расстояние от центра
окружности до любой её точки.
24
Диаметр круга  это отрезок, который соединяет две точки
окружности и проходит через её центр. Диаметр круга равен двум его радиусам.
Точка O  центр круга.
AB  диаметр круга.
OK  радиус круга.
АB = 2 x OK.
Exercise 10. Do the crosswords.
A)
Down:
4. A bathroom tile,
a checkerboard game my four straight sides
are all the same!
I’m a ____.
6. A door, a book,
a tabletop—
four corners wait
where my four sides stop.
I’m a ____.
7. ____ is a stretched circle.
Across:
1. Geometric ___.
2. An arrowhead,
a party hat I’ve got three sides.
Now think of that.
I’m a ____.
3. A pizza, a clock,
a bicycle wheel I have no sides,
but I’m a ___.
5. A ____ is called a parallelogram, in which all sides are
equal.
25
B)
1. Polygon with three edges
2. The rectangle is a _____ .
3. Opposite sides of ____ are of equal length.
4. It has at least one pair of parallel sides.
5. It has four sides of equal length.
6. It is made up of a curved line.
7. Triangle, trapezoid, square, rectangle are all _____ .
Exercise 11. Describe any device, machine or equipment related to your sphere of
engineering from the point of geometry (geometric shapes).
Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Tick (✔) the statements, which are true, continue
the list.
� I know the names of basic shapes in English.
� I know the types of triangle.
� I know the types of polygon.
� I know….
� I can describe objects from the point of geometric shapes.
� I can explain the way of measuring angles.
� I can ….
26
� I understand the difference between angle and corner.
� I understand the difference between leg and side.
� I understand ….
Key Words
Angle, shape, triangle, polygon, leg, corner, equal, rectangle, equilateral, heptagon,
circle, square, helix, hexagon, acute, regular, vertex, isosceles, diameter, sphere,
rhombus, cylinder, geometry, oval, pyramid, technically, radius, Pythagoras, circumference, Pythagorean theorem, approximately, edge.
27
Unit III
Dimensions
Exercise 1. Before starting the unit, say what dimensions there are and why they
are important for the field of engineering.
Exercise 2. Study this information.
We cannot imagine the field of engineering without dimensions. A dimension
is something that allows us to measure a quantity. In the field of engineering dimension usually refers to the linear measurements of any object (e.g. length, width,
height, thickness).
thick
high
high
long
long
wide
wide
wide
high
high
deep
deep
wide
wide
Exercise 3. Complete these combinations:
Example: a. Length – long
b. Width –
c. Height –
d. Depth 
e. Thickness –
28
Exercise 4. Match the words with the number.
width
diameter
height
volume
thickness
area
length
depth
Exercise 5. Put questions to the following answers.
Example: a). What is the height of this building? It’s 0.5 m high.
b) _________? It’s about 3.15 m long.
c) _________? It’s 0.2 m wide.
d) _________? It’s 0.5m thick.
e) _________? It’s 0.75m3.
f) _________? It’s 27 m2.
29
Exercise 6. Make sentences.
Example: The height of the cable distribution cabinets is 2 m and the width is 1.1m.
0.5m
5.47m
2m
10m
3.57m
5.85m
1.1m
20mm
20mm
115.15mm
Exercise 5. How do
250mm
130mm
Exercise 7. Measure objects in your classroom (or guess their measurements).
Make sentences.
Example: box- The width is about 0.7 m.
The length is about 0.4m.
The height is about 1 m.
The volume of the box is about 0.28 m3.
a) blackboard
b) window
c) eraser
d) door
e) desktop
f) laptop
g) room
30
Exercise 8. How do we calculate these? Make instruction.
Example: 1. Multiply 0.5 by 1.5
2. Now multiply 0.75 by 1
3. The volume of the box is 0.75m3
a)
c)
b)
A
2m
Hammer
case
3m
D
C
Height of water
tank = ?
0.2m
peak
2.5m
Volume = 25 м3
BC = ?
Volume = ?
d)
0.5m
2.5m
B
3.5m
(0.5 1.5) = 0.75
(0.75 1) = 0.75
Length of jackhammer = ?
e)
water
tank
0.2m
30m
0.2m
15m
0.5m
Good
job!
Volume of
toolbox = ?
Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Tick (✔) the statements, which are true, continue
the list.
� I know linear measurements of an object.
� I know….
� I can calculate the volume of an object.
� I can ….
� I understand the difference between height, length, width, depth, etc.
� I understand ….
Key Words
Dimension, height, length, depth, width, volume, thickness, area, to measure, to calculate, diameter, linear measurement.
31
Unit IV
Engineering Field
Section I
Engineering Fundamentals
Exercise 1. Before starting the unit tell what engineering is and why it is important.
Exercise 2. Read what Ralph J. Smith, Emeritus Professor of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, California, the author of “Engineering as a Career”
writes about engineering. Answer the questions to the text.
Engineering is the application of science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind. The words ‘engine’ and ‘ingenious’ are
derived from the same Latin root, ingenerare, which means “to create.”
Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and
their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics,
transfer and rate processes, and systems analysis. Associated with engineering is a
great body of special knowledge; preparation for professional practice involves extensive training in the application of that knowledge.
Though engineering is a science, several things set it apart as a field. Whereas
the scientist adds to the store of verified, systematized knowledge of the physical
world, the engineer brings this knowledge to bear on practical problems.
The function of a scientist is to know, while that of an engineer is to do. Problem solving is common to any engineering work. The problem may involve quantitative or qualitative factors; it may be physical or economic; it may require abstract
mathematics or common sense. Of great importance is the process of creative synthesis or design, putting ideas together to create a new and optimum solution.
Although engineering problems vary in scope and complexity, the same general approach is applicable. First comes an analysis of the situation and a preliminary
decision on a plan of attack. In line with this plan, the problem is reduced to a more
categorical question that can be clearly stated. The resulted question is then answered
by deductive reasoning from known principles or by creative synthesis, as in a new
design. The answer or design is always checked for accuracy and adequacy. Finally,
the results for the simplified problem are interpreted in terms of the original problem
and reported in an appropriate form.
In order of decreasing emphasis on science, the major functions of all engineering branches are the following:
 Research. Using mathematical and scientific concepts, experimental
techniques, and inductive reasoning, the research engineer seeks new principles
and processes.
32

Development. Development engineers apply the results of research to useful purposes.
 Design. In designing a structure or a product, the engineer selects methods, specifies materials, and determines shapes to satisfy technical requirements
and to meet performance specifications.
 Construction. The construction engineer is responsible for preparing the site,
determining procedures that will economically and safely yield the desired quality,
directing the placement of materials, and organizing the personnel and equipment.
 Production. Plant layout and equipment selection are the responsibility of
the production engineer, who chooses processes and tools, integrates the flow of
materials and components, and provides for testing and inspection.
 Operation. The operating engineer controls machines, plants, and organizations providing power, transportation, and communication; determines procedures; and supervises personnel to obtain reliable and economic operation of complex equipment.
 Management and other functions. In some countries and industries, engineers analyze customers’ requirements, recommend units to satisfy needs economically, and resolve related problems.
Questions
1. What is engineering based principally on?
2. What is the difference between an engineer and a scientist?
3. What is the general approach to the engineering problems?
4. What are the major functions of all engineering branches?
Exercise 3. Read the text and complete the sentences, find the necessary words in
the box.
evaluate
application
creates
design wizard
scientists maintains
focus
rigor
skills
research
reality
Engineers have excellent mathematical 1____, work largely in theory, and
2____ systems or conduct 3____. They may manage projects, 4____ and test ideas or
theories, or design something as tiny as a single switch. They are not as theoretical,
perhaps, as engineering 5____ , but engineers work from theory to the very doorstep
of practicality. It is the engineering technologist who today carries the idea across the
threshold, into the realm of 6_____ .
An Engineering technologist uses some of the same skills as an engineer,
though with a bit less 7____ in mathematics and theoretical science. Where the engi33
neer might work largely on theoretical work, an engineering technologist is, frankly,
a bit of a 8____. What the engineer devises, the engineering technologist actually
9____, with real parts, products and profits.
An Engineering technologist constructs, 10_____ and repairs all types of devices, systems and inventions that the engineer designs and draws. The focus is on
11______, not theory.
Education for Engineers vs. Technologists
A key distinction between engineering technologists and engineers is their educational background. While engineers will delve deeply into complex undergraduate mathematics classwork and classes in the pure sciences, engineering technologists
12_____ more on application of skills through introductory mathematics, survey science courses, and engineering fundamentals.
Exercise 4. Read about Alison Delahunty, project engineer, RPS, telling
the Engineers Journal why creativity, curiosity and intention to make the world a
better place are at the heart of desire to work in the profession. Match the following
questions with the proper sections in the text.
1. How has the career differed from what you expected, particularly initially?
2. What do you expect to be the most exciting aspect of engineering over the next
five years?
3. At what age did you start to think about becoming an engineer?
4. What would you say to someone right now if they asked you should they study engineering?
5. What were the major influencers of this decision?
6. What for you are the most interesting aspects of engineering?
Alison Delahunty, project engineer, RPS
I studied civil & environmental engineering (Level 8) at the University College
Cork (UCC) from 2008-2012. My engineering career commenced in Malachy Walsh
and Partners (MWP), primarily as a structural engineer, from 2012-2015.
My interest in Geotechnics was piqued while working in MWP and I enrolled
in a Master’s of Soil Mechanics (Level 9) at the Imperial College of London in 2014.
I enrolled on a part-time basis and completed the course in 2016. Prior to completing
it, I joined RPS where I have been a member of the Geotechnics team since 2015.
Here I have had the opportunity to work on a wide range of projects. I am currently working on the conceptual model for a contaminated land site, the earthworks
design for a local access road and the geotechnical design report for a cable stay
bridge.
A _______ ?
34
I was unaware of engineering until the age of 17. I went to an all-girls school
where the CAO focus was on nursing and teaching. I knew neither of these were a
good fit for me so I sought advice from an external career guidance counselor (CGC).
After a brief chat about my interests and subject performances, the CGC immediately
suggested engineering and the rest is history.
B _______ ?
In school, I enjoyed Мaths, Physics and Geography and, outside of school,
I admired architecture and impressive structures such as dams and bridges. I researched the various avenues in engineering and decided that the Civil & Environmental course in UCC was right for me.
I filled out my CAO in 2008 at the start of the economic downturn. Choosing
engineering was a risky decision at the time due to the decimation of the construction
industry in Ireland. However, I was sure it was a solid career choice and I was comforted by the fact that a qualification in engineering travels well and is a pathway into
many other disciplines.
C _______?
I learnt that the title of your engineering degree does not limit you to that one
aspect of engineering. The basics of problem solving stand to you across many fields
within the industry.
For example, having initially qualified as a civil and environmental engineer in
2012, I have since been involved in utilities design, flood risk assessments, temporary
works design, structural design, geotechnical design and health and safety.
D _______?
I love a challenge and that is something that engineering provides every day.
You’re presented with a problem and you use your knowledge and common sense to
produce a solution that is safe, functional and aesthetic.
E _______?
I am looking forward to seeing how geotechnical engineering develops in Ireland over the coming years. The engineering industry is realizing its importance, particularly the benefits of a targeted ground investigation to inform the design process.
I also look forward to learning more about the advantages that the collaborative
design process Building Information Modelling (BIM) offers us on projects.
F ________?
From my own experiences, I would say that you need a strong work ethic and an
aptitude for Maths to progress through a course in engineering. The courses are intense
but certainly achievable for anybody who meets the course entry requirements.
I would also say that engineering is a strong career choice. Engineering, in all its
forms, helps the world function, from transport to energy to water and the digital econ35
omy. It offers a wealth of opportunities. In addition it is a well-respected degree and will
stand to you if you decide to pursue a career outside of the engineering spectrum.
Exercise 5. Study the following information.
Picture description is an important tool for practicing your English vocabulary and other skills besides speaking, such as listening or writing, and also speaking
or conversing. Photo description gives us many possibilities to practice vocabulary in
all kind of areas and it can bring about all sorts of conversations and discussions and
a great variety of lessons depending on the point you want to focus on. Structuring
your picture description is very important. Remember that practice makes perfect.
At the beginning you might find it difficult but little by little, practice by practice you
will get used to describe pictures in English, just be confident, do not get stuck on
words and keep talking.
Example of describing a photo
In this photo I can see a man. He is in the street.
On the background I can see a brick building. The man
is in his twenties. He is wearing a protective mask on
his face and a black uniform. He is sitting and working
with a tool grinder. He is probably a worker. He seems
busy with his work. In my opinion, it is always pleasant
to watch how people work.
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Exercise 6. Describe the photos. The following tips will help you
1. Comment on the general context.
2. Deal with unknown vocabulary by using paraphrase strategies.
3. Give a detailed description, mentioning weather, colours, clothes, etc. that might
seem obvious.
4. Do not waste time describing exact position, but instead use simple prepositions of place.
5. Use the following strategies:
What/when/who/where?
Prepositions of place:
In the foreground/background
On the left/right
In the middle
At the top/bottom
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Exercise 7.
Listen to Dr. Shini Somara about her Crash Course Engineering
and
answer
the
questions.
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=ToC8rFFp88Y&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtO4A_tL6DLZRotxEb114cMR .
1. Why is Dr. Shini Somara excited to talk about engineering?
2. What does an engineering encompass?
3. What is Dr. Shini Somara going to discuss in her course?
4. Where and what did Dr. Shini Somara study?
5. What degree does Dr. Shini Somara have?
6. Where did Dr. Shini Somara work?
Exercise 8. Read the text and suggest the headline of it. Match the parts of the sentences (1-7) with the (a-g).
Engineering has existed since ancient times, when humans devised inventions
such as the wedge, lever, wheel and pulley.
The Ancient Romans built aqueducts to bring a steady supply of clean and
fresh water to cities and towns in the empire.
The pyramids in Egypt, the Acropolis and the Parthenon in Greece, the Roman
aqueducts, Via Appia and the Colosseum, Teotihuacán, the Great Wall of China,
the Brihadeeswarar Temple of Thanjavur, among many others, stand as a testament to
the ingenuity and skill of ancient civil and military engineers. Other monuments, no
longer standing, such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, and the Pharos of Alexandria were important engineering achievements of their time and were considered
among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep. As one of the officials of
the Pharaoh, Djosèr, he probably designed and supervised the construction of
the Pyramid of Djoser (the Step Pyramid) at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630–2611 BC.
Ancient Greece developed machines in both civilian and military domains.
The Antikythera mechanism, the first known mechanical computer, and the mechanical inventions of Archimedes are examples of early mechanical engineering. Some of
Archimedes’ inventions as well as the Antikythera mechanism required sophisticated
knowledge of differential gearing or epicyclic gearing, two key principles in machine
theory that helped design the gear trains of the Industrial Revolution, and are still
widely used today in diverse fields such as robotics and automotive engineering.
Ancient Chinese, Greek, Roman and Hungarian armies employed military machines and inventions such as artillery which was developed by the Greeks around the
4th century B.C., the trireme, the ballista and the catapult. In the Middle Ages,
the trebuchet was developed.
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Renaissance era. The first steam engine was built in 1698 by Thomas Savery.
The development of this device gave rise to the Industrial Revolution in the coming
decades, allowing for the beginnings of mass production.
With the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, the term became
more narrowly applied to fields in which mathematics and science were applied to
these ends. Similarly, in addition to Military and Civil engineering, the fields then
known as the mechanic arts became incorporated into engineering.
The inventions of Thomas Newcomen and James Watt gave rise to modern Mechanical engineering. The development of specialized machines and machine
tools during the industrial revolution led to the rapid growth of Mechanical engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad.
John Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and is often regarded as
the “father” of Civil engineering. He was an English civil engineer responsible for the
design of bridges, canals, harbors, and lighthouses. He was also a capable mechanical
engineer and an eminent physicist. Smeaton designed the third Eddystone Lighthouse (1755–59) where he pioneered the use of ‘hydraulic lime‘ (a form of mortar which
will be set under water) and developed a technique involving dovetailed blocks of granite in the building of the lighthouse. His lighthouse remained in use until 1877 and was
dismantled and partially rebuilt at Plymouth Hoe where it is known as Smeaton’s Tower.
He is important in the history and development of modern cement, because he identified
the compositional requirements needed to obtain “hydraulicity” in lime; work which led
ultimately to the invention of Portland cement.
The United States census of 1850 listed the occupation of “engineer” for the first
time with a count of 2,000. There were fewer than 50 engineering graduates in the
U.S. before 1865. In 1870, there were a dozen U.S. mechanical engineering graduates, with that number increasing to 43 per year in 1875. In 1890, there were 6,000
engineers in Civil, Mining, Mechanical and Electrical engineering .
There was no chair of applied mechanism and applied mechanics at Cambridge
until 1875, and no chair of engineering at Oxford until 1907. Germany established
technical universities earlier.
The foundations of electrical engineering in the 1800s included the experiments
of Alessandro Volta, Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm and others and the invention of
the electric telegraph in 1816 and the electric motor in 1872. The theoretical work
of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave rise to the field
of electronics. The later inventions of the vacuum tube and the transistor further accelerated the development of electronics to such an extent electrical and electronics
engineers currently outnumber their colleagues of any other engineering specialty.
The first PhD in engineering ( applied science and engineering) awarded in the
United States went to Josiah Willard Gibbs at Yale University in 1863; it was also the
second PhD awarded in science in the U.S.
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1. Smeaton work
2. The term engineering
3. The transistor
4. The pyramids
5. The trebuchet
6. Humans
7. The occupation of “an engineer”
a) listed in1850 with a count of 2,000.
b) devised different inventions.
c) became more narrowly applied in
the 18th century.
d) led to the invention of Portland cement.
e) was developed in the Middle Ages
f) shows the ingenuity of ancient engineers.
g) accelerated the development of electronics.
Exercise 9. Study the following information.
Comparing and Contrasting will not only help people with reading, but also
in everyday life. It helps:
• Strengthen Memories (analyzing pairs of ideas, remembering key content).
• Develop Higher-Order Thinking Skills (practical and easy-to-use introduction to
higher-order thinking).
• Increase Comprehension (highlighting important details, making abstract ideas
more concrete, and reducing the confusion between related concepts, in turn, help
make better decisions in life).
• Enhance Writing in the Content Areas (strengthening writing skills by providing a
simple structure that helps organize information and develop ideas with greater clarity and precision).
• Develop Habits of Mind (thinking flexibly; thinking about thinking (metacognition);
striving for accuracy; applying past knowledge to new situations; and thinking and
communicating with clarity and precision).
How to Compare and Contrast Pictures
1. Give a brief description of two photos (action, location).
2. Say what the pictures have in common.
3. Say what the pictures are different in.
4. Say which of the activities presented in the photos you would prefer.
5. Explain why.
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Example of describing photos
Describing the first picture. In the first picture we can see a group of people
sitting under a big tree. It looks like the summer and everyone looks very relaxed.
Describing the second picture. In the second picture there are a lot of people
sunbathing on the beach. In the background, we can see lots of apartments. The beach
is really crowded.
Comparing the pictures. Obviously, both photos were taken in the summertime
and maybe the common theme is about what people like doing in the holidays.
Contrasting the pictures. The scene in the first photo looks very peaceful. On
the other hand, the beach scene looks very noisy and chaotic.
Speculating. Maybe the people in the second picture are on a package holiday
and normally they live in cities, whereas the people sitting under the tree live in the
country. They could be farmers or something.
Personal feelings. Personally, I'd rather be in the first photo. It looks like a perfect way to spend a summer's afternoon. The scene at the beach, it's my idea of a
nightmare, I mean I like going to the beach but I don't really like crowds.
Exercise 10. Compare the photos and say what you think the people are doing.
Compare WHO:
• Who can you see in Picture 1?
• Who can you see in Picture 2?
• The pictures differ because in the first picture there’s a …. while in the second picture there are ….
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42
Exercise 11. Translate the text into English in writing. Say your own opinion about
engineering profession.
Инженер: древняя профессия будущего
В нашем веке невозможно представить себе сферу жизни, где можно
обойтись без участия инженера. Почти все, что нас окружает, создано инженерами: дом построил инженер-строитель, ноутбук, телевизор, телефон и другую
технику создал инженер-электронщик; тепло, воду и электричество мы получаем, благодаря инженерам-энергетикам. «Инженер» происходит от латинского
«ingenium», что означает изобретательность. Работа инженера – придумывать
новые и модернизировать существующие технические решения.
Проявлять эту способность людям приходилось с древних времен. И Востребованность в таких специалистах с каждым годом растет. Профессия входит
в список не только самых актуальных в наши дни, но и находится в рейтинге
профессий будущего. Инженеры – это те люди, которые придумывают, как организовать технологические процессы развития, они творят Четвертую промышленную революцию,
Очень много говорится о том, что роботы будут заменять человека, но то,
что роботы не смогут – это быть творцами, придумывать новое. Нужно будет
решать задачи по обслуживанию роботов, придумывать новые алгоритмы – это
как раз те направления, которые будут развиваться. Поэтому спрос на технических специалистов, потребность в инженерных знаниях и творчестве будут расти. Сегодня инженерное и техническое образование, пожалуй, самое перспективное.
Exercise 12. Read about your future Major and Career Opportunities. Using questions below discuss what an engineer in your branch do, how to become an engineer, what payment and job outlook are, etc. You can use the information from
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) here https://www.bls.gov/ooh/ architecture-and-engineering/home.htm.
Questions
1. What are the duties of an engineer in your branch?
2. What is the work environment of engineers in your sphere?
3. What is job outlook in your future profession?
4. What are the steps to become an engineer in your sphere?
5. What are the occupations with job duties that are similar to those of yours?
6. Where can we find more information about necessary engineering occupations?
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Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Tick (✔) the statements, which are true, continue
the list.
� I know what engineering is.
� I know the difference between engineer and technologist.
� I know ….
� I can speak about my future profession.
� I can speak about ….
� I can describe the photo.
� I can ….
� I understand the difference between engineering and science.
� I understand ….
Key Words
Engineering, career choice, to be set up, engineering department, visiting industrial professor, appropriate, objective, to train, solution, specific area, ancient, practical application, to depend on, human being, widespread, to maintain, technologist, solid career
choice, initially qualified, to look forward to, to pursue a career, to make a research.
Section II
Undergraduate and Postgraduate Engineering Programs
Exercise 1. Before starting the unit tell how many reasons you can think for studying engineering.
Exercise 2. Read the text and answer the questions.
The Difference between Undergraduate and Postgraduate Study in the UK
The terms undergraduate and postgraduate study fall under the umbrella term
of 'higher education', relating to different levels of qualification. An undergraduate is
a candidate enrolled in higher education who hasn't yet received their first degree
such as a Bachelor’s degree.
The term 'postgraduate' is used to describe graduate students, studying a second-cycle qualification, beyond their first degree, typically a Master’s, postgraduate
certificate (PGCert) or postgraduate diploma (PGDip). 'Postgraduate' is also used to
describe those studying PhDs.
While the majority of undergraduate degree courses include lectures and group
projects in their structure, postgraduate courses tend to involve more research-based,
independent study, culminating in a final dissertation.
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Questions
1. What is undergraduate study?
2. What is postgraduate study?
3. What is the difference between undergraduate and postgraduate study?
4. What is the difference in undergraduate and postgraduate study in the Russian system of education?
5. What is similar in undergraduate and postgraduate study in the Russian system of
education?
Exercise 3. Read the text about undergraduate qualification in Great Britain and
write these six headings in the correct order.
1. Higher National Diploma (HND)
2. National Vocational Qualification (NVQ)
3. Diploma of Higher Education (DipHE)
4. Bachelor’s Degree
5. Undergraduate Qualification
6. Foundation Degree
In the UK, an undergraduate degree is an academic step up from A-levels* (or
their equivalent), typically completed at a university or other higher education institution. It is usually the first university degree, such as an Associate or Bachelor's degree. There are generally three kinds of undergraduate course:
 those leading to a degree;
 intermediate qualifications in the form of certificates or diplomas;
 those combining workplace learning and academic study.
It typically takes three to four years of full-time study to complete, with many
institutions including the option to spend a year in industry or study abroad. Some
courses, such as medicine and architecture, are exceptions and run for much longer,
while you can also choose to study a degree on a part-time basis.
The two most common denominations of Bachelor’s degree are Bachelor of
Arts (BA) and Bachelor of Science (BSc). Other degree schools include Bachelor of
Education (BEd), Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) and Bachelor of Laws (LLB).
The classification of a Bachelor’s degree is usually based on a weighted average  for example, 70% or above is typically graded as a first-class honor’s degree
(known as the 1st), while a second-class honor’s degree in the upper division (2:1) is
typically given for marks in the 60-69% range.
A foundation degree is the academic equivalent of two-thirds of a Bachelor’s degree, a Higher National Diploma (HND) and a Diploma of Higher Education (DipHE).
45
Created in partnership between universities, higher education colleges and employers, these courses focus on developing in-demand skills. Therefore, foundation
degrees provide a strong platform for candidates seeking employment - but also open
doors for those looking to study a full undergraduate qualification further down the
line.
A foundation degree offers a combination of workplace learning and academic
study. It carries the same weight as two-thirds of a Bachelor’s degree - equivalent to
an HND or DipHE qualification. Completing a foundation degree full time will usually take two years, with part-time courses lasting around four years.
Candidates looking to match their workplace knowledge with a qualification,
or those looking to enter a specific profession may wish to consider a foundation degree. There are no set entry requirements, as company training and relevant work experience may be more useful than formal qualifications.
An HND is equivalent to the second year of a Bachelor’s degree. It takes two
years of full-time study to complete, or three to four years part time, and is designed
to equip you with skills relevant to your chosen career. Those looking to enter practical industries such as health and social care, engineering or agriculture may benefit
more from an HND than a Bachelor’s degree.
An HND can lead directly to a career, or can be extended via a 'top-up' course
into a full Bachelor’s degree. Applications for full-time HNDs and top-ups are made
through UCAS.
A DipHE is the academic equivalent to the HND and is awarded after two
years of full-time study at a university or other higher education institution.
It's recognized as a stand-alone qualification and teaching is delivered to the
standard of a full undergraduate degree, which makes the DipHE an attractive option
to students who can't commit to a three-year degree.
As long as the DipHE is available for your chosen subject, you may be able to
leave a Bachelor's course early and still obtain a DipHE.
You can also take the Certificate of Higher Education (CertHE), which is a
level below the DipHE and takes one year of full-time study to complete. It's the academic equivalent to the Higher National Certificate (HNC) and a viable option for
those considering transferring onto a Bachelor’s course they don't have the qualifications for.
NVQs are awarded at six different levels, equivalent to other academic qualifications. A Level 6 NVQ is equivalent to a Bachelor’s degree, while Levels 4 and 5
equate to the first and second years of a Bachelor’s degree respectively. NVQs are
focused on practical skills in the context of your full or part-time work. You must be
employed prior to enrolling onto an NVQ course.
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Instead of taking exams, you're assessed by demonstrating your ability to do
your job over a period of time - by submitting a portfolio and undergoing observations by an assessor. Candidates are observed on each unit when they're ready, meaning there's no time limit on completing NVQ modules.
* A level is the common name for the General Certificate of Education Advanced Level certificate (GCE A level). It is a high school qualification studied in England, Wales and Northern Ireland by pre-university students. A level is the standard assessment of applicants for UK university
admission and is highly respected worldwide.
Exercise 4. Look at the types of Bachelor’s degrees and match them (1-4) with their
definitions (a-d).
1. BA
a). Bachelor of Art
2. LLB
b). Bachelor of Engineering:
3. BEng
c). Bachelor of Law
4. BSc
d). Bachelor of Science
Exercise 5. Tick three questions answered in the text written below.
Postgraduate Qualification in Great Britain
Master’s degree
A Master’s degree is a qualification above Bachelor’s degree but below PhDs.
Study is intense and typically involves completing a series of modules and writing a
dissertation. Master’s qualification can greatly improve your career prospects, but the
high costs and academic demands mean this method of postgraduate study isn't for
everyone. Full-time Master’s degrees usually involve one or two years of study,
while part-time program lasts between two and four years.
PhDs
The Doctoral degree, or PhD, is usually a pure research degree and the highest
qualification awarded. It typically takes three years to complete and is undertaken on
completion of a Master’s qualification.
A research program for the Doctoral degree is made up of three components:
 a review of literature, experimentation or other methodical approach to a body
of knowledge;
 an original research project that contributes to understanding and knowledge in
your field;
 a thesis that demonstrates a relationship between the research and the field of
study.
In terms of assessment you'll submit a written thesis, but unlike in other countries you won't need to orally defend your work.
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Questions
1. What kind of qualification is a Master’s degree?
2. Why can Master’s qualification greatly improve your career prospects?
3. How much time do full-time Master’s degrees usually involve?
4. What are the components research program for the Doctoral degree made up of?
5. Do you need to defend your scientific work for PhD orally in all the countries?
Exercise 6. Look at the types of Master’s degrees and match them (1-6) with their
definitions (a-f).
1. MSc
a). Master of Research
2. MRes
b). Master of Science
3. MEd
c). Master of Law
4. MBA
d). Master of Arts
5. MA
e). Master of Education
6. LLM
f). Master of Business Administration
Exercise 7.
Watch funny video about "The Curse of the Engineer" where
Dilbert is diagnosed with "The Knack" at a young age and is destined to become
an engineer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8vHhgh6oM0. What do you think
the phrase, said by the doctor “If an engineer loses the knack, the results can be
devastating”, means?
Exercise 8. Complete the sentences with the suitable words in brackets.
1. The engineer must be _____ and practical in the chosen field [skillful, skilled].
2. Providing _____ business subjects, such as finance, economics and marketing, will
prepare engineers to operate and succeed in the global market [relevant, similar].
3. These qualities were included in the survey to assist in defining precisely what
skills and attributes an engineer is expected to _____ [possess, hold]. 4. _____ is
made on the basis of the application, including not only academic background and
professional experience, but also the rationale for pursuing an ISM degree and how it
fits with the applicant’s career plan [Assessment, Mark]. 5. Students
choose postgraduate study for many different reasons, but most are either looking for
a personal or intellectual _____ or to advance or change their career [challenge,
change]. 6. P.E. is a title used by professional engineers throughout the United
States. The P.E. is granted by state ____ boards upon meeting a combination of requirements in education, experience, and exams [licensing, license].
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Exercise 9. Complete the sentences with the suitable words from the box.
require specialized additional requirements degree certificate
is earned
completed
A number of U.S. higher education institutions offer programs that permit a
student to earn a ____ (it can also be called a diploma) at the same time the Bachelor’s degree _____ or shortly thereafter. These certificates may indicate the mastery
of knowledge and skills, such as foreign languages or computer software, or the completion of ____ permitting access to professional licensure procedures, as in teacher
training, accounting, and other fields. Post-Bachelor’s certificates usually _____ no
more than a single academic year to complete, and are often _____ as part of the degree program. They do not constitute a separate ____ level and are not degrees.
Exercise 10. Look at the categories used in the table about effective engineer qualities, based on Carter's opinion? (R. G. Carter, A taxonomy of objectives for engineering education, Studies in Higher Education), read the explanation of the table
below. Discuss the table with your partner, the following questions will help you.
1. What are three main categories mentioned in the table?
2. What kind of knowledge areas do engineers need?
3. What kinds of skills are included in the table as effective engineer qualities and
why do you think they are important?
4. What kinds of characteristics are important for an effective engineer and why?
5. What subjects at the university are important to study to form these skills and characteristics?
6. What knowledge, skills and characteristics are not so important in your opinion?
7. What knowledge, skills and characteristics among suggested do you have now?
The main conclusion the author (R. G. Carter) makes in his research is the distinguishing effective engineer qualities by type of learning experience (See the Table)
reveals a large number of “skill” qualities which are learnable, and that therefore they
are teachable within an education program. The “knowledge” areas identified in the
study can also be incorporated into an education program.
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Table
Effective Engineer Qualities Identified by Empirical Test
KNOWING
Factual knowledge
Experiential knowledge
awareness needed of:
practical experience
business knowledge
environmental issues
political issues
community issues
DOING
Social skills leadInformation
Analytical skills
Action skills
easily able to separate initiative
ership skills
skills
inquisitive
feelings from ideas
decisiveness
interpersonal
perceptive
recognition of wider
good judgement
skills
resourceful
issues
negotiation skills
application of lateral
respect for others'
thought critiquing
opinions
skills
teamwork skills
BEING
Mental characteris- Attitudes and values
Personality characteristics
self esteem
active
tics
flexibility
ambitiousness
energetic
creativity
optimism
extravert
lateral thinking abilenthusiastic
ity
motivated
intelligence
enjoys challenge
prepared to take risks
calm in crisis
sense of humor
handle pressure well
Exercise 11.
Listen to the song “I Wanna Be an Engineer” (Billionaire
Geeked Out Mix) by Only Won (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WiJczH3cr48),
read the information about the author. Why does the singer want to be an engineer? Sing the song and complete it with these words.
design patent quantify protractor directions cover optimize
equations intelligent
The author of the song Only Won was born Baldwin Chiu in San Francisco. He
played viola in his school orchestra. Only Won attended Sacramento State University
and became a fully licensed mechanical engineer. Why is he in Los Angeles? He's
50
also an actor who appeared in "The Pursuit of Happiness," "The Hulk," and "The Matrix." He also reports that he has a new fashion line -Geek fashion. According to his
Wikipedia bio, he teaches tai chi in Hollywood. Don't mess with this guy. He's over
six foot (six-foot-one) and 188 pounds.
I Wanna Be an Engineer
I wanna be an engineer so freakin' bad,
1_________ the things I've always had
I wanna be on the cover of PC Magazine,
Smiling next to Pentium machines.
Oh, every time I close my eyes, I calculate a new 2 _______
yeah....an efficient way to quantify oh ai..I swear
my 3 _____ would be here...If I was an engineer.
Yeah, I would have a show on Discovery, hoping that e-ve-ry..
body in the country would watch me on their HD.
I'd probably pull an Orville Wright and a Wilbur
Build a plane and take the rudder and dip it in silver.
Give away a few smartphones, like, Einstein here have this
Take my 4 _____ out and do some mathematics
It's been a couple years since I've been single so
you can find me working late and living off Ho Ho's.
Brain food for the 5 ________, sometimes I like to complement
myself for being smart, but you can call me brilliant.
Yeah...Call me a geek or maybe even nerd
but face the facts, we da ones be ruling this world.
Every time I close my eyes (what cha see, what cha see?)
I calculate a new design (uh huh uh huh)
oh ye-ah....an efficient way to quantify, oh ai..I swear
my patent would be here...If I was an engineer
ohhh ohhhh....Yeah, I'm an engineer! oohh ohhhh....
I be playing Xbox with some scientists, workin' with geologist
maybe ask a girl out and get lucky with little kiss.
Or not because I have to...formulate a program
in C or going back and using Fortran.
Toss a few 6 _______ in just for the heck of it.
Solve my own problem just so I can delineate
Yeah, I be comin' on a whole new level.
Like comparing HDMI to a coax cable.
Sometimes I give 7 _______ with Euclidean vectors
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And transfer files faster on eSATA connectors.
...I know we all have a simular dream
to build cantilever beams, ...it makes me wanna sing
I wanna be an engineer so freakin' bad,
optimize the things I've always had
I wanna be on the 8 _____ of PC Magazine,
Smiling next to Pentium machines.
Every time I close my eyes, I calculate a new design
an efficient way to 9 ______, oh ai..I swear
my patent would be here...If I was an engineer
ooh ohhh....
("Yeah! Solve it!) If I was an engineer! ohh ohh
I wanna be an engineer so freakin' bad.
Exercise 12. Look at the highlighted words and explain their meanings. Speak
about Professional Engineers in your country.
What is a PE in the USA?
Attaining licensure is an important step in every professional engineer's career.
To become licensed, engineers must complete a four-year college degree, work under a
Professional Engineer for at least four years, pass two intensive competency exams and
earn a license from their state's licensure board. Then, to retain their licenses, PEs must
continually maintain and improve their skills throughout their careers.
To use the PE seal, engineers must complete several steps to ensure their competency.
 Earn a four-year degree in engineering from an accredited engineering program;
 Pass the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam;
 Complete four years of progressive engineering experience under a PE;
 Pass the Principles and Practice of Engineering (PE) exam.
Exercise 13. Read the text about online learning in the USA and say if the statements are true (T), false (F) or it does not say (DNS)?
1. Digital Learning Compass counts more than 5,000,000 people study online UK.
2. Distance courses are becoming popular.
3. ECPI University has one of the best online Bachelor degree programs in the world.
4. Online students can interact with faculty and fellow classmates.
5. Online students have good marks.
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6. Currently, ECPI University offers not less than 20 undergraduate and postgraduate
degree programs online.
7. ECPI University interacts with online students weekly.
U.S. News & World Report College Rankings finds ECPI University Online
According to a recent report by Digital Learning Compass (2019), there are
about 6,000,000 people nationwide who are enrolled in higher education distance
courses. Moreover, 30 percent of all college students are taking at least one online
course. As online learning continues to grow, the focus is now squarely on quality
and outcomes.
In its most recently released report, it placed ECPI University among the nation’s best for online Bachelor degree programs, its Bachelor’s Programs are among
top 10 percent. Data analysts for the publication ranked online learning programs
based on performance within four categories:
 Student Engagement – Quality programs promote participation among online
students and create ways for them to interact with faculty and fellow classmates, keeping them engaged and on track for graduation.
 Student Services and Technology – Faculty employ advanced teaching technologies and simulation software replicates the in-seat experience online.
School provides students with highly-accessible financial, academic, and career service advisors.
 Faculty Credentials and Training – Faculty members are both highly credentialed and trained to accommodate the needs of distance learners.
 Peer Reputation – Feedback from high-ranking academic officials and employers provide insights not always captured by empirical data.
With approximately 1,000 colleges and universities currently offering online
programs, the U.S. News & World Report ranking (94th) positions ECPI University
among the nation’s best. What’s more, it ranked ECPI University’s online Bachelor’s
program tops for veterans as well (#54). “Our staff has been working diligently to
provide the best educational experience for our students,” says ECPI University Vice
President of e-Learning and Online Education Aaron Wettstein.
Currently, ECPI University offers more than 20 degree programs online, including: Accounting, Criminal Justice, Master of Business Administration (MBA), Homeland Security, Business Administration, Hospitality Management, IT Management,
Healthcare Administration, Radiologic Sciences, Master of Science in Nursing, etc.
“Our faculty and curriculum provide an engaging learning environment where
our students are prepared for real-world, in-demand careers using the latest innovative technologies,” says Wettstein.
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That means interacting with students weekly via live Zoom lecture sessions
and on-demand tutoring through an intuitive, user-friendly learning management system, and ECPI University’s popular Mobile APP 2.0. Virtualization and simulation
labs serve to create a hands-on learning environment linked to real-world applications. At ECPI University, we like to say that ECPI University Online bridges the
“distance” in distance education.
Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Tick (✔) the statements, which are true, continue the list
� I know effective engineer qualities.
� I know …
� I can speak about undergraduate and postgraduate study in the UK.
� I can speak about Professional Engineers and their competency.
� I can tell about educational degrees.
� I can …
� I understand the structure of professional education in the UK.
� I understand …
Key Words
Education, career, research, technical competency, to solve problems and make decisions, professional training, engineering degree, Bachelor of science (BS or BSc),
Master of science (MSc), doctorate degree, PhD – Doctor of Philosophy, to maintain
and improve skills, experience, negotiation skills, to respect for others' opinions,
teamwork skills, challenge, to handle pressure well, full time student, part- time course,
first-class honor’s degree.
Section III
International Engineering Education
Exercise 1. Before starting the section think about the reasons to study abroad, give
advantages and disadvantages of being an international student.
Exercise 2. Read the text about studying in the USA and number the items below in
the correct order in which they occurred in the text.
The process of becoming an international student.
Score for degrees in the programs.
International student enrollment in the USA.
English language proficiency.
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Study in the USA
The USA has the world’s largest international student population, with more
than 1,000,000 students choosing to broaden their education and life experience in
the United States. Nearly 5% of all students enrolled in higher-level education in the
USA are international students, and the numbers are growing. From the mid-1950’s,
when international student enrollment was only just reaching 35,000, international
education in the USA has come a long way.
Trying to become an international student inside the US is not easy. The application process is complex and competitive which means it requires hard work and
dedication before classes even start.
Most U.S. colleges and universities will require international undergraduate
and graduate students to demonstrate their knowledge and English language proficiency as part of the admissions process through standardized tests. These tests are
valuable as a common measure of the skills and abilities of people from different educational backgrounds. Your scores on these tests will play a role in determining
whether or not you are admitted to your schools of choice. For undergraduate admissions, required standardized tests usually include: Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT),
American College Testing (ACT) and the most popular International English Language Testing System (IELTS) and Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL).
The TOEFL IBT (Internet-Based Testing) consists of a 4-hour test in 4 sections
which covers:
 Reading - students are given a reading passage and then posed questions about
the content they have just read;
 Listening - students are given a passage to listen only once and are asked questions about the conversation;
 Speaking - students read passages and answer questions on a variety of subjects. These replies are digitally recorded and sent to exam judges to be tested;
 Writing - students are given a passage, and then asked to write a passage in response to the text. The TOEFL can take up to 4 hours to complete, and students are given optional 10 -minute breaks.
Usually minimum overall score for degrees in the programs are based on our
most common IELTS or TOEFL score:
· A minimum overall band score of 6.5 on IELTS (Academic) (no sub-score less than
6.0)
OR · a minimum score of 575 on TOEFL
OR · an internet-based (IBT) TOEFL score of 79 (no sub-score less than 19)
OR · no score less than 3+ in each skill of the ISLPR (conducted by ISLPR Language
Services only)
55
OR · a minimum grade of C on the Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English
(CAE)
OR · a minimum grade of C on the Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English
(CPE)
OR · an overall score of 58 in the Pearson Test of English (Academic) with no score
less than 50.
Universities do not accept English language test results that are more than two
years old. Some degrees have higher English language requirements.
Exercise 3.
Look at the assignment from IELTS test in listening and try to
do it https://ieltsonlinetests.com/ielts-practice-tests-plus-2-listening-practice-test-1.
Check the answers.
Exercise 4. Look at the assignment from IELTS test in reading and try to do it.
Reading Passage 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-G.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings given after
the text.
Write the correct number (i-x) in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
Snow-makers
Skiing is a big business nowadays. But what can ski resort owners do if the snow
doesn't come?
A. In the early to mid-twentieth century, with the growing popularity of skiing,
ski slopes became extremely profitable businesses. But ski resort owners were completely dependent on the weather: if it didn't snow, or didn’t snow enough, they had
to close everything down. Fortunately, a device called the snow gun can now provide
snow whenever it is needed. These days such machines are standard equipment in the
vast majority of ski resorts around the world, making it possible for many resorts to
stay open for months or more a year.
B. Snow formed by natural weather systems comes from water vapor in the
atmosphere. The water vapor condenses into droplets, forming clouds. If the temperature is sufficiently low, the water droplets freeze into tiny ice crystals. More water
particles then condense onto the crystal and join with it to form a snowflake. As the
snowflake grows heavier, it falls towards the Earth.
C. The snow gun works very differently from a natural weather system, but it accomplishes exactly the same thing. The device works by combining water and air. Two
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different hoses are attached to the gun: one leading from a water pumping station, which
pumps water up from a lake or reservoir, and the other leading from an air compressor.
When the compressed air passes through the hose into the gun, it atomizes the water that is, it disrupts the stream so that the water splits up into tiny droplets. The droplets
are then blown out of the gun and if the outside temperature is below 0°C, ice crystals
will form, and will then make snowflakes in the same way as natural snow.
D. Snow-makers often talk about dry snow and wet snow. Dry snow has a relatively low amount of water, so it is very light and powdery. This type of snow is excellent for skiing because skis glide over it easily without getting stuck in wet slush.
One of the advantages of using a snow-maker is that this powdery snow can be produced to give the ski slopes a level surface. However, on the slopes which receive
heavy use, resort owners also use denser, wet snow underneath the dry snow. Many
resorts build up the snow depth this way once or twice a year, and then regularly coat
the trails with a layer of dry snow throughout the winter.
E. The wetness of snow is dependent on the temperature and humidity outside, as
well as the size of the water droplets launched by the gun. Snow-makers have to adjust
the proportions of water and air in their snow guns to get the perfect snow consistency
for the outdoor weather conditions. Many ski slopes now do this with a central computer
system that is connected to weather-reading stations all over the slope.
F. But man-made snow makes heavy demands on the environment. It takes
about 275,000 liters of water to create a blanket of snow covering a 60x60 meter area.
Most resorts pump water from one or more reservoirs located in low-lying areas. The
run-off water from the slopes feeds back into these reservoirs, so the resort can actually use the same water over and over again. However, considerable amounts of energy are needed to run the large air-compressing pumps, and the diesel engines which
run them also cause air pollution.
G. Because of the expense of making snow, ski resorts have to balance the
cost of running the machines with the benefits of extending the ski season, making
sure they only make snow when it is really needed and when it will bring the maximum amount of profit in return for the investment. But man-made snow has a
number of other uses as well. A layer of snow keeps a lot of the Earth’s heat from
escaping into the atmosphere, so farmers often use man-made snow to provide insulation for winter crops. Snow-making machines have played a big part in many
movie productions. Movie producers often take several months to shoot scenes
that cover just a few days. If the movie takes place in a snowy setting, the set decorators have to get the right amount of snow for each day of shooting either by
adding man-made snow or melting natural snow. And another important application of man-made snow is its use in the tests that aircraft must undergo in order to
ensure that they can function safely in extreme conditions.
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List of Headings
I. Considering ecological costs
II. Modifications to the design of the snow gun
III. The need for different varieties of snow
IV. Local concern over environmental issues
V. A problem and a solution
VI. Applications beyond the ski slopes
VII. Converting wet snow to dry snow
VIII. New method for calculating modifications
IX. Artificial process, natural product
X. Snow formation in nature
Exercise 5. Look at the example of assignment from IELTS test in writing and try
to do it.
Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The graph below shows the total number of internet users in Vietnam from 2003 to
the second quarter 2012.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
You should write at least 150 words.
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Internet users in Vietnam (in million), 2003-2012
* Internet users until the Q2 2012. Data source - Vietnam Internet Network Information Center
(VNNIC).
Sample Answer:
The bar chart delineates how the internet users in Vietnam developed from the
beginning of 2003 to the second quarter of 2012 according to the data provided by the
Vietnam Internet Network Information Center. As is obvious, the internet subscribers
in Vietnam increased steadily throughout the period.
According to the diagram, 3.1 million Vietnamese used the internet in 2003,
which more than doubled in just 1 year. After another year, the total number of internet users in Vietnam exceeded 10 million and in 2006 another 4 million new users
emerged. During 2006 and 2008, the number of such netizens (people who are connected to the internet) doubled, accounting somewhat 21 million total users. It is
worth noticing that the number of new internet subscribers kept on increasing in Vietnam throughout the period and in 2011, their number went as high as 30 million,
ten times higher than that of 2003. During the second quarter of 2012, the Vietnamese internet subscribers reached a record high, 31.2 million with 0.6 million new users in just six months.
Exercise 6. Now it is your turn to do the written task, don’t forget about useful vocabulary
for
graphs
and
diagrams.
You
can
find
it
here
https://www.aehelp.com/blog/2014/04/08/academic-ielts-task-1-useful-vocabularyfor-graphs-and-diagrams/
59
Exercise 7. The graph below compares figures for the production and consumption
of energy in the US from 1950 to 2000. It also predicts figures for 2025. Summarize
the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. You should write at least 150 words.
Exercise 8. Look at the assignment from TOEFL IBT test in speaking and try to do it.
Read a passage from a psychology textbook and the lecture that follows it.
Then answer the question. (Reading time in an actual test would be 45-50 seconds.)
Flow
In Psychology, the feeling of complete and energized focus in an activity is
called a flow. People who enter the state of a flow lose their sense of time and have a
feeling of great satisfaction. They become completely involved in an activity for its
own sake rather than for what may result from the activity, such as money or prestige.
Contrary to expectation, a flow usually happens not during relaxing moments of leisure and entertainment, but when we are actively involved in a difficult enterprise, in
a task that stretches our mental or physical abilities.
Professor Male says, “I think this will help you get a picture of what your textbook is describing. I had a friend who taught in the physics department, Professor
Jones, he retired last year. Anyway, I remember this was a few years ago. I remember passing by a classroom early one morning just as he was leaving, and he looked
terrible: his clothes were all rumpled, and he looked like he hadn’t slept all night.
And I asked if he was OK. I was surprised when he said that he never felt better, that
he was totally happy. He had spent the entire night in the classroom working on a
mathematics puzzle. He didn’t stop to eat dinner; he didn’t stop to sleep or even rest.
He was that involved in solving the puzzle. And it didn’t even have anything to do
with his teaching or research; he had just come across this puzzle accidentally, I think
in a mathematics journal, and it just really interested him, so he worked furiously all
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night and covered the blackboards in the classroom with equations and numbers and
never realized that time was passing by”.
Question: Explain the idea of a flow and how the example used by the professor illustrates the concept.
Preparation Time: 30 seconds Response Time: 60 seconds
Exercise 9. Read about the tests, which are necessary to pass in order to study in
the USA at the university. Say what feelings you have before passing the tests and
exams and what useful tips for passing them successfully there are.
The Importance of the SAT and GRE Tests
If you want to study at a university in the United States as an international student, you must pass the SAT exam, because practically all four-year universities require exams such as the SAT for admission.
The SAT is a college entrance exam that many colleges and universities in the
United States use as a part of the college admissions process. The SAT is a standardized test that measures a student's skills in three core areas: Critical Reading, Math,
and Writing. Students in grades 11 and 12 take the SAT so that they can submit their
scores to colleges as part of the college application process. The SAT is composed
of three main sections  Math, Evidence-Based Reading, and Writing. There is an optional 50-minute essay, and total testing time with the essay is 3 hours and 50
minutes. Each part of the SAT is scored on a scale of 200 to 800 points, so 1600 is
the highest score you can get.
On the first part you will have to focus a lot on the analysis of literature, social
studies, and scientific texts, as well as the vocabulary part within a realistic context
with sections for revision, editing, and text comprehension. The second part, mathematics, focuses a lot on algebra, equations, and interpretation of data through tables
and graphs.
We should mention that the SAT has an optional part: the essay. The essay
lasts 50 minutes and requires the student to analyze the arguments of an author. You
can practice and find more information about SAT here https://www.testverbal.ru/
sat-sample-test-questions, collegeboard.org.
The GRE Subject Tests are achievement tests that measure your knowledge of
a particular field of study. Each Subject Test is intended for students who have an
undergraduate major or extensive background. Prospective graduate school applicants
take the Subject Tests. Applicants come from varying educational and cultural backgrounds and the GRE Subject Tests provide a common measure for comparing candidates' qualifications.
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The GRE is a multiple-choice, computer-based, standardized exam that is often
required for admission to graduate programs and graduate business programs (MBA)
globally.
You will receive three scores on the GRE: Analytical Writing, Verbal Reasoning, and Quantitative Reasoning.
In addition, you will see one of the following sections:
Unscored (may be either Verbal Reasoning or Quantitative Reasoning)
Research (used for ETS research purposes)
The Quantitative Reasoning and Verbal Reasoning sections are each scored on
a scale of 130 to 170. The mean score for Verbal Reasoning is 151, and the mean
score for Quantitative Reasoning is 153. The Analytical Writing Assessment is
scored from 0 to 6 in half-point increments, and the mean score is 4.0.
On GRE Test Day, you can expect to sit for the exam for approximately four
hours, including test-taking time and short breaks.
You can practice and find more information about GRE here
https://www.4tests.com/gre, etc.org/gre.
Exercise 10. Explore the best universities in the world in engineering and technology, using the data from the Times Higher Education World University Rankings
and answer the questions.
1. What are 13 performance indicators, which help to rank universities?
2. What countries are the leaders in top 10 universities?
3. What university has the most quantity of international students in top 10?
4. What indicator do you think is the most important for ranking universities?
5. What university from top 20 would you choose to study and why?
World University Rankings by subject: engineering and technology
Rank
Name
No. of FTE No. of stu- International Female:Male
Students
dents per Students
Ratio
staff
1
11.0
40%
46 : 54
University of Ox- 20,298
ford (UK)
2
7.4
23%
43 : 57
Stanford University 15,878
(US)
3
9.1
26%
48 : 52
Harvard University 20,595
(US)
4
6.5
29%
33 : 67
California Institute 2,255
of Technology (US)
62
5
6
7
8
9
10
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
University of Cambridge (UK)
Princeton University(US)
National University
of Singapore
Singapore
ETH Zurich
Switzerland
Georgia Institute of
Technology(US)
11,231
8.7
34%
38 : 62
18,749
10.9
37%
46 : 54
7,996
8.2
24%
45 : 55
30,727
17.4
28%
50 : 50
18,171
12.3
39%
31 : 69
21,903
21.5
27%
32 : 68
The 2021 Times Higher Education World University Rankings table for engineering and technology subjects uses the same rigorous and balanced range of 13 performance indicators as the overall World University Rankings, but the methodology
has been recalibrated to suit the individual fields.
It highlights the universities that are leading across general engineering, electrical and electronic engineering, mechanical and aerospace engineering, civil engineering and chemical engineering subjects.
This year, we have made a small adjustment to the eligibility criterion for the
academic staff in the subject tables, which has resulted in more universities being eligible for inclusion.
The 2021 engineering and technology ranking has also expanded to include
903 universities, up from 501 last year.
The University of Oxford leads the table for the first time, after overtaking
Stanford University and the California Institute of Technology. Meanwhile, Harvard
University joins the table in third place.
Peking University is the highest-ranked Asian university, but it drops seven
places to 14th position. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore is one place
behind at 15th (up from 16th).
Meanwhile, Germany’s top two representatives – Technical University of Munich and RWTH Aachen University – have both declined.
Exercise 11. Now look at the best universities in Russia according to the RAEX agency data https://raex-rr.com/education/universities/rating_of_universities_of_russia
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For rating RAEX analytics questioned more than 50000 students and studied
158 universities. Analyze the data from the site, the following word expressions will
help you.
 An inspection of the data in the table shows …
 It is apparent from this table that considerable …
 Closer inspection of the table shows …
 As the table shows, there is a significant decrease …
 What stands out in this table …
 …is the general pattern of
 …is the difference between
 …is the wide disparity between
 …is the high rate of
Exercise 12. Read what CV is and say why it differs from resume. Complete the
sentences with the suitable words in brackets.
CV
A curriculum vitae (English: /kəˈrɪkjʊləm ˈviːtaɪ, -ˈwiːtaɪ, -ˈvaɪtiː/), Latin for
"the course of your life", often ____ (shortened, short) as CV or Vita, is a written
overview of someone's life's work (academic formation, publications, qualifications,
etc.). Vitae ______ (summarizes, reviews) your past, existing professional skills, proficiency and experiences. The purpose of this document is to ____ (demonstrate, reveal) that you have the necessary skills (and some complementary ones) to do the job
for which you are applying. Literally, you are selling your talents, skills, ______
(proficiencies, know-how), etc. So, vitae is different from a résumé, which is typically a brief 1–2 page summary of _____ (qualifications, training) and work experience
for the purposes of ____ (employment, business), and often only presents recent highlights. In many countries, a résumé is typically the first item that a potential _____
(employer, employee) encounters regarding the job seeker and is typically used to
screen applicants, often followed by an interview. In English-speaking and most European countries now Vitae is more often requested for applicants to top positions,
postsecondary programs, scholarships, grants and bursaries.
Exercise 13. Do you know how to write a CV? Look at the examples in the internet
and put the components of CV in the correct order. Watch the examples of CV from
Massachusetts University https://capd.mit.edu/sites/default/files/jobs/files/samplecvs.pdf.
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CV Components








Objective
Letterhead (name, address, phone, email, linkedin)
Skills
Education
Work Experience
References
Awards & Recognition
Hobbies & Interests
Exercise 13. Work with the partner, imagine that you are at the job interview. You
are an employer and employee:
a) Look at the CV of the applicant and make a dialogue.
Zara Fahar 263 London Road, Highbridge, Nowhereshire, XP9 8JQ
zfahar99@gmail.com 07567567567
Due to graduate in 2017, I have acquired technical knowledge and skills from
my course as well as practical and business skills from my industrial year in a software company in Germany. I have used a range of languages, operating systems and
development tools as well as experiencing the system development life cycle. Specializing in mobile technology, I am keen to develop as a graduate trainee in software
development.
Education
University of Bedfordshire (2015-2019)
BSc Computer Science and Software Engineering with industrial year. Predicted 2:1.
Modules include object oriented programming, mobile applications, AI and
systems development. Third-year industry placement: Mehrmann Technologies, Essen, Germany (2015-2016).
Placement year individual project: Stock control systems for wholesale food
suppliers.
Final-year group project: Development of a mobile application for the hospitality sector.
Highbridge College (2013-2015)
BTEC Level 3 ICT
A-level maths
Highbridge School (2008-2013)
7 GCSEs in the English language, maths, science, German, IT, PE, history.
IT Skills
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- Development tools: LabVIEW, MATLAB, Simulink, WINDEV/WEBDEV,
OrCAD, MPLAB and ModelSim Packages: MS Office, Dreamweave and Photoshop
- Programming Languages: Java, C++, SQL, TLearn and HTML
- Operating Systems: Android, iOS, Windows and Linux
Other training/skills
PRINCE2
BCS Foundation Certificate in Systems Development
Conversational German, including technical and business
Employment
Junior software developer, Mehrmann Technologies, Essen, Germany
(2017-2018)
- Systems analysis with clients to determine requirements - talking to managers
and staff and observing work practices throughout the supply chain
- Analysis of data including modelling
- Part of a software development team creating a stock control system linking
mobile devices to warehouse systems
- Demonstrating prototypes to staff
- Field testing, implementation and evaluation
- Participating in the final project reporting
- Contributing to the English language documentation and training
Bar assistant, Ship and Crown, Luton (2016-2017)
Serving customers
Keeping bar area tidy and well-stocked
Maintaining health and safety and food hygiene standards
Retail assistant, Primark, Highbridge (2013-2015)
Tidying stock on the shop floor
Restocking shelves and rails
Serving customers at till points
Dealing with customer queries on the shop floor
Sports and interests
University of Bedfordshire Second XI Hockey Captain
Highbridge School Hockey First XI Captain
Represented Nowhereshire in 1500m U16 and U18
Organizing and hosting charity comedy nights in aid of Highbridge Children's
Hospice
References available on request
66
b) Look at the vacancy and make a dialogue.
Mechanical Design Engineer
My client, an award winning global business with a proud history are seeking
an individual a technical expertise to support with mechanical expertise across multiple business units.
To produce engineering technical data that delivers to customer requirements
ensuring Product Quality and Industrial standards, Environmental and Legal requirements are met. To offer technical support to other areas of the business.
Key Responsibilities:
Specific
- The design of products to meet industry and client specifications. Producing
technical data, drawings and BOM’s and any supporting calculations.
- Analyzing the performance of products and providing data for impeller trimming and performance data for applications.
- The checking and approval of drawings and data produced by others.
- The improvement of product design to reduce cost and enable efficient manufacture.
- Perform the activities required to CE mark Products, Risk assessment, Design
reviews.
- Responsible for the management of the product definitions for one or more of
product ranges. This includes the product data, drawings, technical specifications
and BOM required for manufacturing and selling a product.
- Provide technical support to the sales team to select products for applications.
- Investigation and root causes analysis of internal nonconformities and warranty claims.
- Supporting the manufacturing operation with the design of processes, providing assembly and test instructions and procedures.
Qualifications and Experience
NVQ4 or HND equivalent in a relevant engineering subject Knowledge and
practical experience of engineering design and industrial product manufacturing
Highly numerate with competent IT skills
Knowledge of 2D and 3D drafting and design work
Auto CAD and Creo SAP BOM and Material Master Generation and maintenance
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c) Look at the vacancy and write an appropriate CV for it.
Electrical Maintenance Engineer (Days only)
Salary/Rate £33000 - £38000/annum + Package
My client is a world leading manufacturer, supplying to a number of industries
who's products are around each and every one of us every day is seeking an Electrically biased Maintenance Technician who has experience in the practical aspects of
engineering and maintenance in a manufacturing environment. The company like to
develop talent from within and have very low staff turnover with a clear career path
for those who desire career development.
Responsibilities
- To act as an integral part of the operations team to deliver effective and efficient maintenance to the manufacturing facility to ensure continuous operation.
- This role will support the site operations team in carrying out a wide range of
electrical/instrumentation and mechanical maintenance activities to include:
Routine maintenance to support plant critical systems and equipment.
Equipment performance and reliability.
First line fault finding and diagnostics.
Support of Operations Improvement and Transformation projects.
An understanding of automation.
Requirements
Experience of the practical aspects of engineering and maintenance within a
manufacturing environment.
Successful completion of an Electrical/Instrumentation Apprenticeship or academic qualifications to maintain process machinery and equipment.
Exercise 14. Read the text and choose the appropriate sentence below with the
main idea of it. How can you comment pros and cons?
1. Great video CV is important to get a good job.
2. Creating a great video CV can help people get a job.
3. Video CV has pros and cons, nevertheless it can stand you out from the crowd.
4. Creating a great video CV is difficult but important to get a job.
Create a Great Video CV
While they're not suitable for every type of job, video CVs are increasing in
popularity. With employers typically inundated with applications for every advertised
role, it's important to make your CV stand out. One way that graduates are doing this
is by submitting their CV in video format. Despite the common perception that video
CVs are only applicable to certain vocations, they can get you noticed by recruiters in
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any sector. The purpose of a CV in this format is to highlight a candidate's skills and
experience while giving employers an insight into their personality.
Video CVs are usually between one and three minutes long. It's important to
grab a recruiter's attention while keeping the running time of the video to a minimum.
The idea of getting in front of a camera and putting yourself in the public domain can
be scary, but in some industries a video CV can really set you apart.
The most important thing to demonstrate in a video CV is your passion and capability, the format of the video could be a project showcase, mock interview (where
you answer relevant questions to camera) or a narrated timeline of your experience and
achievements. Let your personality in video shine and, where appropriate be funny.
Video CVs are most commonly used to apply for creative and customer-facing
roles in sectors such as advertising, creative arts, marketing, media, PR and sales.
Recorded CVs don't have to be restricted to particular jobs or industries. However, with more traditional jobs, such as those in law, accounting, medicine, construction a video CV may not always be appropriate.
As any idea this method has either the advantages or disadvantages, nevertheless it can help you:
 stand out from the crowd;
 showcase your creativity;
 display your personality; demonstrate particular skills.
However, they also have their share of disadvantages such as:
 make you stand out for the wrong reasons;
 lead you to sell yourself short;
 take up precious time;
 irritate employers.
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Exercise 15.Watch the example of Nick Belling, a graduate who studied for a
Bachelors in Information Technology (Software Design and Development) at
Charles Sturt University in Australia and say your opinion about the idea of video
CV https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=78&v=a2L9DGEUtNg
Items
high
average low
Structure of the video (beginning, middle and end)
Introduction of yourself ( childhood, school years)
Explanation why you've created the video and why
you're the right person for the job
Talking about your unique “selling” points and any
relevant skills and experience
Showing examples of your work and demonstrating
your skills through the use of slideshows, clips or
on-screen graphics
Summarizing at the end of the video what you
have told the employer and reiterate why you're
right for the role
Saying thanks for watching the video and including
contact details
Linking to online platforms that could strengthen
your application, such as a website or social media
account
Demonstrating your passion and capability in a
video CV
Choosing suitable format of the video
Video and audio quality
Exercise 16. Create your video CV (2-4 minutes); tell briefly about your childhood,
school years, pay attention at your achievements in different fields, your previous
jobs, your best professional skills, etc. Say how you see your life in ten years. The
table will help assess your video CV in the group.
Exercise 17.
Learn about Canada's academic advantages. Search Canadian
programs and scholarships (CBIE Student Centre: istudentcanada.ca)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=8&v=CRQrj2Tcb2k. Listen to the
information attentively and complete the sentences with the facts from the video.
1. Canada is the _______ country in the world.
2. Canada hosts the ______ international students population in the world.
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3. Canada is ranked the ______ for scientific research.
4. The teachers in Canada have ______ understanding.
5. Campus life in University has lots of ________ .
6. If you need to improve your language skills, the company will ____ you programs
in one of their accredited language schools.
7. Canada offers a variety of ______ especially designed for international students.
Exercise 18. Your friend Jameson has written you a letter:
I am interested in studying at your University. I’d love to hear all about it. Could
you tell about your major? What subjects do you study? What is the system of assessing?
Reply to the letter (at least 150 words), follow the sample answer.
Dear Marcus,
Hope you and family are doing great.
……………………………………….
……………………………………….
………………………………………
I look forward to hearing from you soon. Take care and stay fine.
Best wishes,
Alex
Exercise 19. Do the crossword about education.
Across:
1. A student who is studying for their first degree at a College or University.
3. Something that needs great mental or physical effort in order to be done successfully and therefore tests a person's ability.
5. The fact of having the skill and experience for doing something.
6. An important skill that is needed to do a job.
7. A person whose job is to design or build machines, engines, or electrical equipment, or things such as roads, railways, or bridges, using scientific principles.
8. The highest college or university degree, or someone who has this.
9. To put yourself or someone else on an official list for an activity or for membership in a group, or to accept someone in such a list.
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11. A detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or
reach a (new) understanding.
12. The job or series of jobs that you do during your working life, especially if you
continue to get better jobs and earn more money.
13. Something that you must do, or something you need.
14. Understanding of or information about a subject that you get by experience or
study, either known by one person or by people generally.
15. A railway engine connected to carriages for carrying people or to wheeled containers for carrying goods.
16. The physical or mental power or skill needed to do something.
17. The amount or level of something.
18. An advanced college or university degree.
20. An ability to do job well, especially because you have practiced it.
Down:
2. Someone who works with a particular technology.
4. The act of judging or deciding the amount, value, quality, or importance of
something, or the judgment or decision that is made.
7. Knowledge or skill from doing, seeing, or feeling things.
10. A first degree at a college or university.
12. A short written description of your education, qualifications, previous jobs,
and sometimes also your personal interests, that you send to an employer
when you are trying to get a job.
19. To find an answer to a problem.
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Tick (✔) the statements, which are true, continue
the list.
� I know what IELTS and TOEFL is.
� I know what CV is.
� I know the top 10 International Engineering Universities.
� I know the top 10 Russian Universities.
� I know the process of becoming an international student.
� I know …
� I can write CV in English.
� I can create video CV.
� I can pass a job interview in English as an employee.
� I can …
� I understand the purpose of CV.
� I understand …
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Key Words
International student enrollment, language proficiency, to require, undergraduate and graduate students, admissions process, common measure of the skills and
abilities, to be admitted, assessment, overall score, completely dependent on, to highlight, civil engineering, Curriculum Vitae, item, job seeker, references, awards,
recognition, requirement, to increase in popularity, to grab a recruiter's attention.
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Unit V
Contemporary Engineering Trends
Section I
Science, Engineering and Technological Breakthroughs
Exercise 1. Before starting the unit, try to explain the idea of Science, Engineering
and Technology.
Exercise 2. The words, given below all appear in the text you are going to read:
a). Work with the dictionary and find the transcription and the meaning of the words;
b). Practice pronouncing the words;
c). Make up the word combinations of your own using these words.
Distinction, technique, requirement, novel, accomplishment, to embed, input,
outcome, to refer, dissemination, consequence, breakthrough, commodity, enterprise, to incorporate, nimble.
Exercise 3. Read the words correctly and guess their meaning. Consult the dictionary.
Systematic, virtual reality, nanomaterial, industrial innovation, process of designing, to exploit natural phenomenon, cluster, detailed knowledge, global, technological system, collection of methods and processes, to achieve some practical result,
term, infrastructure, cost-effectiveness, artificial intelligence.
Exercise 4. Read the text and answer the questions.
Science, Engineering and Technological Breakthroughs
The distinction between Science, Engineering and Technology is not always
clear. Science is systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained
through observation and experimentation.
Engineering is a well-organized process of designing and making tools and
systems to exploit natural phenomena for practical human means, often using results
and techniques from science.
Technologies are not usually products of science. As a rule they have to satisfy
requirements of a society. The word Technology (from the Greek language “science
of craft, art, skill” is a collection of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used
in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such
as scientific investigation.
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Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, or it
can be embedded in machines to allow for operation without detailed knowledge of
their work. Systems (e. g. machines) applying technology by taking an input, changing it according to the system use, and then producing an outcome are referred to
as technology systems or technological systems.
In German and other European languages, there is a distinction between the
words technique and technology that is absent in English, which usually translates
both terms as "technology." By the 1930s, the idea of "technology" referred not only
to the study of the industrial arts but to the industrial arts themselves. To achieve
some practical results the development of technology may be based upon many fields
of knowledge, including scientific, engineering, mathematical, linguistic, and historical knowledge.
Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering, although technology as a human activity precedes these two fields. The exact relations between
science and technology have been debated by scientists, historians, and policymakers
in the late 20th century.
People often ask, what is exactly meant by a “breakthrough”? What people are
really looking for is a technology, or perhaps even a collection of technologies, that
will have a profound effect on our lives. Scientific breakthroughs are those sudden discoveries that have a major impact on follow-up scientific research.
A technological breakthrough drives technologies, system integration solutions, infrastructures, safety systems to provide a higher range of products or services.
It is the ability to overcome emerging technological obstacles to a corresponding increase in commodity supply. Technological breakthroughs significantly increase the
cost-effectiveness of engineering technologies.
The scientific community recognizes that nanomaterial-related applications
have the potential to create major technological breakthroughs, and therefore nanomaterials have been identified as a key enabling technology.
Through research, knowledge and innovation, people contribute to leading discoveries, technological breakthroughs, the dissemination of scientific information,
building of community-based technology clusters, creation of new business enterprises, industrial innovation and global competitiveness of companies.
Particular attention is to be paid to ensuring a balanced approach to research
and innovation, which is not only limited to the development of new products and
services on the basis of scientific and technological breakthroughs, but which also incorporates such aspects as the use of existing technologies in novel applications, continuous improvement and non-technological and social innovation.
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Questions
1. How are the words Science, Engineering and Technology connected with each other?
2. What is the distinction between the words technique and technology?
3. What can the development of technology be based upon?
4. What is meant by a “breakthrough”?
5. How can breakthrough technologies be characterized?
6. Why can nanomaterials be identified as a key enabling technology?
Exercise 5. Match the parts of the sentences using columns I and II.
I
II
1.Technology is a consequence of
a) the physical or material world.
2.Science is systematic knowledge of
b) designing and making tools.
3.Scientific breakthroughs are sudden
c) to overcome emerging technological
obstacles.
4.Engineering is a well-organized pro- d) science and engineering.
cess of
5. A technological breakthrough is the e) discoveries having impact on followability
up scientific research.
Exercise 6. Complete the sentences with the suitable words from the box.
techniques, knowledge, products, respective, problems,
wants, materials, methods, completed
The word “technology” can be used to refer to a collection of
. In this context, it is the current state of humanity_____ of how to combine resources to produce
desired _____, to solve _____, fulfill the needs, or satisfy _____; it includes technical
_____, skills, processes, techniques, tools and raw _____ . When combined with another term, such as “medical technology” or “space technology” it refers to the state
of the _____ knowledge of the field and tools.
Exercise 7. Read the text given below.
Many of modern trends have been predicted for some time. It’s the availability
of the cheap (almost free) computing power that’s delivering many of the promises
made by technology over the last thirty years. These are worth examining more closely. The top some business trends in 2020 might be:
1) Robots taking our jobs
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Probably the biggest change that is affecting our businesses is how machines
are taking over tasks ranging from window cleaning to inventory management. Anyone with a transaction based job or business will be forced to change them before the
end of the decade.
2) The Internet of machines
Those robots and computers are talking to each other and this process speeds
up business decisions.
3) Flatter organizations
A consequence of faster decisions is the need for less management. Organizations need to be flatter in order to process information faster unless they want to risk
nimble competitors seizing business opportunities.
4) 3D printing
One of the most exciting, and business changing technologies is 3D printing
which allows you to print a coffee cup at your desk, help robots construct new buildings and give a little boy a set of fingers.
5) Nano-technology
The 3D printing is happening alongside biological engineering. By the end of
the decade, we’ll be able to print our own skin. By 2030, we’ll be printing replacement body parts like heart valves.
6) Mobile apps redefining service industries
The mobile phone app is currently booming but the real effects of these mobile
services will be felt on such industries as the taxi, mining and agricultural sectors.
7) Fight for control of the mobile payments system
An upshot of the app economy is the question of who processes, and makes
money from online payments. The battle between banks, credit card companies, and
software companies is going to be a major business story of the decade.
8) Reinventing entertainment
Apps and connected machines are going to change consumer behavior and it is
very notable in the entertainment industries which are being revolutionized by such
tools as Google Glasses and social media.
9) Fall and rise of social media
Like many innovations social media was greatly hyped and now we see the
backlash of it being oversold. Over the rest of the decade organizations are going to
figure out how to use social media services effectively and profitably without hype.
10) Newspapers cease to exist
One of the effects of social media, mobile phone apps and the pervasive internet is the end of newspapers by 2020 as the futurist Ross Dawson has predicted.
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Exercise 8. Choose the best answer.
1. Many of modern … are worth examining more closely.
a) styles
b) machines
c) trends
d) technologies
2. There are currently top some … trends.
a) commercial
b) business
c) professional
d) construction
3. … printing allows you to print a coffee cup at your desk, help robots construct new
buildings and give a little boy a set of fingers.
a) Digital
b) 4G
c) 3D
d) Binary
4. Soon … will allow printing our own skin.
a) nanotechnologies
b) technology trends
c) new developments
d) modern inventions
5. At present the mobile phone app is ....
a) successful
b) booming
c) limited
d) not allowed
6. An upshot of the app economy is the question of who processes, and makes money
from online ....
a) payments
b) expenses
c) meetings
d) greetings
7. In the nearest future we might … replacement body parts like heart valves.
a) construct
b) print
c) design
d) apply
8. Apps and connected machines are going to change consumer ....
a) behavior
b) mood
c) conduct
d) interests
9. In some years organizations are going to … how to use social media services effectively and profitably.
a) understand
b) determine
c) give arguments
d) figure out
10. Organizations should be flatter to process information faster if they don’t want to
risk competitors seizing business ... .
a) opportunities
b) chances
c) actions
d) rights
11. The entertainment industries are … by such tools as Google Glasses and social
media.
a) developed
b) revolutionized
c) reformed
d) prohibited
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12. Currently the biggest change affecting businesses is how machines … different
tasks.
a) consult
b) function
c) perform
d) take over
13. The actions between banks, credit card companies, and software companies are
going to be … in the nearest future.
a) virtual
b) very important
c) complicated
d) difficult
14. One of the … of social media, mobile phone apps and the pervasive internet is the
end of newspapers by 2020.
a) inventions
b) possibilities
c) activities
d) effects
15. Robots and computers talking to each other speed up business ....
a) decisions
b) problems
c) prospects
d) competition
Exercise 9.
Watch the video about "Graphene - a material of the future",
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtdNyMaKM0Y&t=14s, answer the following
questions and ask some questions more.
Questions
1)Why is graphene a material of the future?
2)Why is graphene still not used in everyday life?
3)What characteristics of 3D graphene did a team of engineers from MIT create?
4)What applications can graphene be used for?
5) How do engineers from Massachusetts change the mechanical properties of graphene?
Exercise 10. Render the text in English in writing.
«Дигитальное» здоровье
Технологии стремительно влияют на наше самочувствие. Успехи в электронном протезировании поражают: современные роботоподобные конечности
просты в установке и освоении, они способны имитировать мелкую моторику, вплоть до захвата крохотных кусочков пищи.
У прогнозистов возникает закономерный вопрос: а будем ли мы нуждаться в теле как таковом? Множество производителей заняты разработкой комплектов VR, которые служили бы продолжением нашего мозга. Для обычного
человека это звучит как некое излишество, но для миллионов людей с ограни80
ченными возможностями появляется надежда жить, если не полноценной, то
очень к ней приближенной жизнью. Экзоскелеты, управляемые малейшим усилием тела и мысли; поддерживающие каркасы для тела там, где в работе нужны
дополнительные усилия — все эти подобные достижения скоро станут доступны в реальной жизни.
Exercise 11. Find the information about the new technology trends in the field of
your studying. Present it to your group mates. While listening to them, fill in the
table.
Technology/
The
Practical application
Interesting facts
trend
origin/count
of the trend
ry of the
trend
Exercise 12. Do the crossword.
7
1
5
2
13
9
12
15
6
4
11
14
3
8
10
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1. The hundredth part, indicated by the sign "%" used to indicate the proportion of
something relative to the whole.
2. The ratio between the achieved result and the resources used is this process.
3. The definition of the process of joint activity of people or organizations to achieve
common goals.
4. A new material with unique properties created on the basis of nanotechnologies.
5. Energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic, infrared or ultrasonic waves.
6. A colorless, odorless, non-combustible gas.
7. An industry where recycled materials are used to produce a new product.
8. An automatic device designed to carry out various kinds of mechanical monotonous operations.
9. The ability to do something as a result of acquired knowledge or experience.
10. A rotating device to convert the energy of the environment into useful work.
11. Something new providing better results.
12. A device designed to replenish the lost functions due to the external frame.
13. One of the most popular search systems.
14. The name of complex devices, mechanisms or systems (household, industrial).
15. A place where all kinds of plants are grown.
Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Tick (✔) the statements, which are true, continue
the list.
� I know the distinction between the words technique and technology.
� I know that engineering is a well-organized process of designing and making tools
and systems.
� I know the top some business trends in 2020.
� I know 3D printing is one of the most exciting, and business changing technologies.
� I know how machines are taking over many tasks.
� I know ….
� I can identify nanomaterials.
� I can give the definition of a technological breakthrough.
� I can identify nanomaterials as a key enabling technology.
� I can …
� I understand how the words Science, Engineering and Technology are connected
with each other.
� I understand that many of modern trends have been predicted.
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Key Words
Distinction, technique, requirement, novel, accomplishment, to embed, input,
outcome, to refer, dissemination, consequence, breakthrough, commodity, enterprise,
to incorporate, nimble, to exploit natural phenomenon, cluster, detailed knowledge,
global, technological system, cost-effectiveness, artificial intelligence.
Section II
Examples of Modern Technologies
Exercise 1. Before starting this section, tell what countries are the most promising
in making technological breakthroughs. Give your arguments.
Exercise 2. The words, given below all appear in the text you are going to read:
a) Work with the dictionary and find the transcription and the meaning of the words;
b) Practice pronouncing the words;
c) Make up the word combinations of your own using these words.
Foreseeable, to account, emission, refining industry, to capture, boost, to release, greenhouse, to crank, business opportunity, collaboration, to implement, carbon dioxide, efficiency.
Exercise 3. Read the words correctly and guess their meaning. Consult the dictionary.
Per cent, massive, pilot, petroleum industry, technology, natural gas, standard,
greenhouse-gas emission, initial testing, turbine, to recycle, artificial intelligence
(AI), Amazon, Google, Microsoft, etc.
Exercise 4. Read the following texts and answer the questions.
Text A
Promising Technology in Cutting Carbon Emission
The modern world is fixed with natural gas as one of the primary sources of
electricity for the foreseeable future. Being cheap and available, natural gas accounts
for more than 30 per cent of the US electricity and 22 per cent of the world electricity. Although it’s cleaner than coal, it’s a massive source of carbon emissions.
A pilot power plant near Houston, the heart of the US petroleum and refining
industry, is testing a technology that could make clean energy from natural gas a reality. This company believes it can generate power at least as cheaply as standard natural-gas plants and freely capture carbon dioxide released by burning natural gas,
avoiding greenhouse-gas emissions during this process – and it is a breakthrough.
83
Such natural-gas plants could be cranked up and down on demand, avoiding the high
capital costs of nuclear power.
Net Power is a collaboration between technology development and energy construction of foreign companies. They have already begun initial testing. The plant
puts the carbon dioxide released from burning natural gas under high pressure and
heat, using the resulting supercritical CO2 as the “working fluid” that drives a specially built turbine. Much of the carbon dioxide can be continuously recycled; the rest
can be captured cheaply.
Net Power expects the growing demand for carbon dioxide in cement manufacturing and making plastics and other carbon-based materials. Net Power technology
won’t solve all the problems with natural gas, in the case of extraction, but its application can be made much cleaner. This technology is considered to be one of the
most promising in cutting carbon emission.
Questions
1. What is considered to be one of the primary sources of electricity for the foreseeable future in the world?
2. Why is natural gas in demand while generating electricity?
3. What emissions should be avoided in the process of generating electricity in case
of burning natural gas?
4. What breakthrough can this technology result in?
5. How can you characterize a foreign Net Power technology?
Text B
AI for Everybody
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is dominated by a relatively few big companies (such as Amazon, Google, Microsoft, etc.). For many other companies and
parts of the economy AI systems are very expensive but they could give the economy
a boost. At present cloud-based AI is making the technology cheaper and easier to be
used – and this is a breakthrough.
Nowadays AI is chiefly used in the tech industry, where it has created efficiencies and produced new products and services. But many other businesses and industries have struggled to take advantage of the advances in artificial intelligence. Such
sectors as medicine, manufacturing, and energy could also be transformed if they
were able to implement this technology more fully, with a huge boost to economic
productivity.
It is not still clear which of these companies will become the leader in offering
AI cloud services. Up till now most companies don’t have enough people who know
how to use cloud AI. When the cloud puts the technology within the reach of almost
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everyone, the real AI revolution can begin. It is a huge business opportunity for the
winners. These products will be essential if the AI revolution is going to spread more
broadly through different parts of the economy.
Questions
1. What is an AI technology?
2. What breakthrough is there in case of an AI technology?
3. Such sectors as medicine, manufacturing, and energy can’t be transformed if they
were able to implement this technology?
4. Why have businesses and industries struggled to take advantage of the advances in
artificial intelligence?
5. When can the real AI revolution begin?
Exercise 5. Match the parts of the sentences using columns I and II.
I
II
1. Natural gas is
a) technology development and energy
construction of foreign companies.
2. Breakthrough technology being tested b) in cement manufacturing and making
near Houston
plastics.
3. Net Power is a collaboration between c) a massive source of carbon emissions.
4. The growing demand for carbon diox- d) that could make clean energy from
ide is expected
natural gas a reality.
5. Houston, the heart of the US petrole- e) keeps avoiding greenhouse-gas emisum and refining industry, is testing a sions.
technology
Exercise 6. Complete the sentences with the suitable words from the box.
dominated, expensive, cloud, AI revolution, boost, efficiencies, artificial,
companies, tech industry, opportunity, implemented
1. For many parts of the economy AI systems are very ____and difficult to be ___
fully.
2. AI in the ____ has created ____ and produced new products and services.
3. Nowadays the use of ____intelligence is ____ by very big companies.
4. AI systems could give the economy a _____.
5. Up till now most _____ don’t have enough people who know how to use ___.
6. The real AI ____ is a huge business ____for the winners.
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Exercise 7.
Watch the video about "Artificial Intelligence"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mJeNghZXtMo&feature=youtu.be ,
answer the following questions and ask some questions more.
Questions
1. What is Artificial Intelligence?
2. How can Artificial Intelligence influence your work?
3. When was the term Artificial Intelligence coined?
4. Who coined the term Artificial Intelligence?
5. What can IBM Watson’s type machines do?
Exercise 8. Render the text in English in writing.
Самые яркие технологические прорывы последних лет
 Взрывы смартфонов Samsung
Не так давно владельцы новеньких Samsung Galaxy Note 7 стали массово
жаловаться на взрывающиеся смартфоны, фото которых быстро распространились по Сети. Чтобы выяснить причину проблем, компания провела масштабное исследование смартфонов. Для этого инженеры Samsung совместно
с независимыми экспертами исследовали более 200 тысяч устройств и 30 тысяч
аккумуляторов.
Оказалось, что возгорания происходили именно в аккумуляторах, поэтому компания вынесла вердикт, что проблемы с Samsung Galaxy Note 7 возникли
из-за нарушений в технологическом процессе сборки.
 Биткоин
История биткоина началась не в 2017, а несколькими годами ранее, но
именно этот год стал для него прорывным: осенью курс криптовалюты взлетел
до 15 тысяч долларов, хотя еще в сентябре стоимость биткоина была не больше
4 000 долларов. Кто-то начал быстро скупать криптовалюту, считая, что
за виртуальными деньгами наше будущее, но были и те, кто называл биткоин
«мыльным пузырем» и вирусной рекламой.
Тем не менее, криптовалюта активно развивалась: создавались игры
на ее основе, появлялись первые вирусы-вымогатели.
 «Алиса» от «Яндекса»
Компания Яндекс презентовала своего голосового помощника «Алису»,
которую за это время успели протестировать многие пользователи.
Общаться с Алисой можно с помощью голоса или текстовых сообщений. Она
легко распознает ваши слова даже на шумной улице и с самого начала показы86
вает характер. На сложные философские вопросы Алиса не отвечает и «выкидывает» их в «Яндекс». А иногда капризничает, как настоящая девушка.
Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Tick (✔) the statements, which are true, continue
the list.
� I know natural gas is cleaner than coal, but it is a massive source of carbon emissions.
� I know the modern world is fixed with natural gas as one of the primary sources of
electricity.
� I know AI is used chiefly in the tech industry nowadays.
� I know what breakthrough is in case of an AI technology.
� I know natural gas accounts for more than 22 per cent of the world electricity.
� I know …
� I can characterize a foreign Net Power technology.
� I can offer AI cloud services to become the leader of new products and services.
� I can tell when the real AI revolution will begin.
� I can …
� I understand why natural gas is in demand.
� I understand what an AI technology is.
Key Words
Foreseeable, to account, emission, refining industry, to capture, boost, to release, greenhouse, to crank, collaboration, to implement, efficiency, per cent, carbon
dioxide, petroleum industry, technology, greenhouse-gas emission, initial testing, to
recycle, artificial intelligence (AI), business opportunity, etc.
Section III
Robotics
Exercise 1. Before starting this section, give some information about robots and
robotics as a branch of engineering. Do you know the origin of the word “robot”?
Exercise 2. The words, given below all appear in the text you are going to read:
a) Work with the dictionary and find the transcription and meaning of the words;
b) Practice pronouncing the words;
c) Make up the word combinations of your own using these words.
87
Computer science, to resemble, appearance, sensory feedback, to substitute, to
replicate, to survive, dangerous environment, significant, scholar, to overlap, to
mimic, frame, caterpillar track, tracker tread, autonomously, remote control.
Exercise 3. Read the words correctly and guess their meaning. Consult the dictionary.
Deactivation, mechanical construction, bomb, electronic engineering, information engineering, human-like fashion, domestic, creator’s solution, electrical aspect, to originate from a battery, robotic program, preexisting, hybrid.
Exercise 4. Read the text and answer the questions.
Robotics is a branch of engineering and science that deals with mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, computer science, etc.
It deals both with the design, construction, operation and use of robots and computer
systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing.
These technologies are used to develop machines that can substitute for humans and replicate human actions. Some robots are made to resemble humans in appearance. Robots can be used in many situations and for a variety of purposes. In our
days they are used in dangerous environments, e.g. bomb detection or deactivation,
some manufacturing processes or where humans cannot survive (e.g. in high heat,
underwater space).
The idea to create machines that can operate autonomously goes back to classical
times but a significant progress in developing robots took place at the end of the 20th century. Numerous scholars, inventors, engineers and technicians are of the opinion that robots will be able to mimic human behavior and manage tasks in a human–like fashion.
Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances continue.
This field overlaps with electronics, computer science, artificial intelligence, mechatronics, nanotechnology and bioengineering. Researching, designing, and building
new robots serve various practical purposes – domestic, commercial or military. Robotics is used in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) as a
teaching instrument.
The word robot came from the Slavic word robota, which means work or labor.
There are different types of robots. They are used in various environments and
have different application. But they have three basic similarities in connection with
their construction.
1. All robots have some kind of a mechanical construction, a frame, form, or
shape designed to achieve a particular task. For example, a robot designed to travel
across heavy dirt or mud, might use caterpillar tracks. The mechanical aspect is chief88
ly the creator’s solution to completing the assigned task and dealing with the physics
of the environment around it. Form follows function.
2. Robots have electrical components which power and control the machinery. For
example, the robot with caterpillar tracks would need some kind of power to move the
tracker treads. The electrical aspect of robots is used for movement (through motors),
sensing (where electrical signals are used to measure things like heat, sound, position,
and energy status) and operation (robots need some level of electrical energy supplied to
their motors and sensors in order to activate and perform basic operations.
3. All robots contain some level of computer programming code. A program is
how a robot decides when or how to do something. Programs are the core essence of
a robot, it could have excellent mechanical and electrical construction, but if its program is poorly constructed its performance will be very poor. There are three different types of robotic programs: remote control, artificial intelligence and hybrid. A robot with remote control programing has a preexisting set of commands that it will only perform if and when it receives a signal from a control source, typically a human
being with a remote control.
Robots that use artificial intelligence interact with their environment on their
own without a control source, and can determine reactions to objects and problems
they encounter using their preexisting programming. Hybrid is a form of programming that incorporates both AI and RC functions.
Questions
1. What does robotics deal with?
2. What operations can robots perform?
3. Where do we use robotics?
4. What branches of engineering does robotics overlap?
5. What types of robots do you know?
Exercise 5. Match the parts of the sentences using columns I and II.
I
II
1. Robots have three basic similarities
a) designed to achieve a particular task.
2. There are three different types of ro- b) which power and control the machinbotic programs:
ery.
3. All robots have some mechanical c) that incorporates both AI and RC
construction, a frame, form, or shape
functions.
4. Robots have electrical components
d) remote control, artificial intelligence
and hybrid.
5. All robots contain some level of
e) in connection with their construction.
6. Hybrid is a form of programming
f) computer programming code.
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Exercise 6. Complete the sentences with the suitable words in brackets.
More and more robots are designed for specific tasks and the method of their ____
becomes more or less relevant [classification, identification]. For example, many robots
are designed for ____work, which may not be readily adaptable for other applications
[gathering, assembly]. They are termed as "assembly ____" [robots, robotics]. For seam
____, some suppliers provide complete welding systems with the robot i.e. the welding
equipment along with other material handling facilities like turntables, etc. as an integrated unit [linking, welding]. Such a(n) ____robotic system is called a "welding robot"
even though its discrete manipulator unit could be adapted to a variety of tasks [integrated, unified]. Some robots are specifically designed for heavy load ____, and are labelled
as "heavy duty robots" [assimilation, manipulation].
Exercise 7. Render the text in English in writing.
Роботы Boston Dynamics
Инженеры компании Boston Dynamics не раз радовали
любителей роботов своими новыми изобретениями. Не так
давно компания выпустила ролик, в котором представила
двухколесного робота, способного перемещаться на батарейках на 24 километра, развивать
максимальную скорость 15 километров в час, а также совершать прыжки до 122
сантиметров в высоту.
Следующий робот был выпущен несколько позже, и им оказался робопес,
который сразу же покорил сеть. Робот является продвинутой моделью Spot
Mini, которую разработчики презентовали в 2016 году. Тогда робота прозвали
«жирафом» из-за длинной шеи-манипулятора, с помощью которой он мог выполнять разные действия, например, приносить хозяину вещи. Своими движениями он многим напомнил собаку или героя из мультиков Pixar.
Однако компания решила не останавливаться на одной новинке, и выпустила ролик на YouTube, в котором показала, как робот их производства выполняет сальто назад. Стоит сказать, что движения гуманоида захватывают: они очень точные, но в тоже время плавные и «человеческие».
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Exercise 8. Do the crossword.
4
6
1
3
11
7
13
9
5
2
8
14
12
10
1. A set of principles and their application in harnessing resources efficiently to
achieve organizational goals.
2. A process to discover new knowledge.
3. The use of marketing and advertising to make people interested in something.
4. Sudden discoveries that have a major impact on follow-up scientific research.
5. A way, technique, or process of or for doing something.
6. The information about a subject that you get by experience or by study.
7. The abilities, coming from one's knowledge, practice, aptitude, etc., to do something well.
8. A programmable machine capable of carrying out series of actions automatically.
9. Systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation.
10. The collection of techniques, methods, skills and processes used in the production of goods or services.
11. A well-organized process and systems of designing and making tools usually
based on science to exploit natural phenomena for practical human means.
12. A way or method of carrying out a particular task.
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Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Tick (✔) the statements, which are true, continue
the list.
� I know the word robot comes from the Slavic word robota, which means work or
labor.
� I know all robots have some kind of a mechanical construction, a frame, form, or
shape designed to achieve a particular task.
� I know that significant progress in developing robots took place at the end of the
20th century.
� I know robots can be used in many situations and for a variety of purposes.
� I know there are three different types of robotic programs: remote control, artificial
intelligence and hybrid.
� I know …
� I can tell what robotics deals with.
� I can define some characteristics of robots.
� I can prove that programs are the core essence of a robot.
� I can …
� I understand what STEM is.
� I understand that robots can substitute for humans and replicate human actions.
Key Words
Computer science, to resemble, appearance, sensory feedback, to substitute, to replicate, to survive, dangerous environment, significant, scholar, to overlap, to mimic,
frame, caterpillar track, tracker tread, remote control, deactivation, autonomously,
human-like fashion, domestic, creator’s solution, to originate from a battery, robotic
program, preexisting, hybrid.
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Unit VI
Environmental Protection
Section I
Our Planet is in Danger
Exercise 1. Before starting the unit, try to explain the idea of Environmental Protection and urgent steps we can take to improve the situation.
Exercise 2. The words, given below all appear in the text you are going to read:
a) Work with the dictionary and find the transcription and meaning of the words;
b) Practice pronouncing the words;
c) Make up the word combinations of your own using these words.
Influx , shellfish, depletion, vulnerable, spill, notorious, soil, to run off, to
dump, to recoup, to deprive, shelter, nutrients, sustainable, cloth, scarce, fertilizer,
awareness, shortage of resources, acid rain, crucial environmental problem.
Exercise 3. Read the words correctly and guess their meaning. Consult the dictionary.
Humans, global warming, air pollution, melting of polar ice caps, genetic engineering, pesticides and insecticides, emission of Greenhouse gases, renewable
sources of energy, intensive agriculture, allergic, biogas, deforestation, geothermal,
toxins, plankton, biotechnology, target plant.
Exercise 4. Read the text and answer the questions.
Environmental Problems Our Planet Faces
Our environment is constantly changing. With a massive influx of natural disasters, warming and cooling periods, different types of weather patterns, etc. people
need to be aware of what types of environmental problems our planet is facing.
Global warming has become an undisputed fact about our real life. The planet
is warming up and we are definitely a part of the problem. However, this isn’t the only environmental problem that we should be concerned about. Current environmental
problems make us vulnerable to disasters and tragedies, now and in the future. There
are some problems which require urgent attention.
Pollution. Pollution of air, water and soil requires millions of years to recoup.
Industry and motor vehicle exhaust is the No.1 pollutants. Heavy metals, nitrates and
plastics are toxins responsible for pollution. While water pollution is caused by oil
spill, acid rain, urban runoff; air pollution is caused by various gases and toxins re93
leased by industries and factories and combustion of fossil fuels; soil pollution is
mainly caused by industrial waste that deprives soil from essential nutrients.
Global Warming. Climate changes like global warming is the result of human
practices like emission of Greenhouse gases. Global warming leads to rising temperatures of the oceans and the Earth’s surface causing melting of polar ice caps and rise
in the sea levels.
Overpopulation. The population of the planet is reaching unsustainable levels
as it faces shortage of resources like water, fuel and food. Population explosion in
less developed and developing countries is straining the already scarce resources. Intensive agriculture, practiced to produce food damages the environment through the
use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides. Overpopulation is one of the
crucial current environmental problems.
Natural Resource Depletion. Natural resource depletion is the other crucial
current environmental problem. Fossil fuel consumption results in emission of
Greenhouse gases, which is responsible for global warming and climate change.
Nowadays people are taking efforts to shift to renewable sources of energy such as
solar, wind, biogas and geothermal energy.
Waste Disposal. The overconsumption of resources and creation of plastics are
creating a global crisis of waste disposal. Developed countries are notorious for producing an excessive amount of waste or garbage and dumping their waste in the
oceans. Nuclear waste disposal has tremendous health hazards associated with it.
Waste disposal is one of the urgent current environmental problems.
Climate Change. Climate change is the following environmental problem that
has surfaced in the last decades. It occurs due to rise in global warming which occurs
due to the increase in temperature of atmosphere by burning of fossil fuels and release of harmful gases by industries. Climate change has various harmful effects to
melting of polar ice, change in seasons, occurrence of new diseases, frequent occurrence of floods and change in overall weather.
Deforestation. Our forests are natural sinks of carbon dioxide, they produce
fresh oxygen as well as help in regulating temperature and rainfall. At present forests
cover 30% of the land but every year tree cover is lost to the country of Panama due
to growing population demand for more food, shelter and cloth. Deforestation simply
means clearing of green cover and makes that land available for residential, industrial
or commercial purposes.
Ocean Acidification. It is a direct impact of excessive production of CO2. 25%
of CO2 is produced by humans. The ocean acidity has increased by the last 250 years
but by 2100, it may shoot up by 150%. The main impact is on shellfish and plankton
in the same way as human osteoporosis.
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Genetic Engineering. Genetic modification of food using biotechnology is
called genetic engineering. Genetic modification of food results in increased toxins
and diseases as genes from an allergic plant can transfer to target plant. Genetically
modified crops can cause serious environmental problems. The other drawback is that
the increased use of toxins to make insect resistant plants can cause resultant organisms to become resistant to antibiotics.
If humans continue moving forward in such a harmful way towards the future,
there will be no future to consider. Although it’s true that we cannot physically stop
our ozone layer from thinning, there are still so many things we can do to improve the
situation. By raising awareness in our society and within our families about these issues, we can help contribute to a more environmentally conscious and friendly place
for us to live.
Questions
1. Why has global warming become an undisputed fact about our real life?
2. What problems require urgent steps?
3. Why does deforestation take place?
4. What does ocean acidification mean?
5. How is genetic modification of food based on biotechnology called?
6. What can humans stop?
Exercise 5. Match the parts of the sentences using columns I and II.
I
II
1. Ocean acidification is a direct
a) is created by the overconsumption of
resources and creation of plastics.
2. Deforestation means clearing of green b) to shift to different renewable sources
cover to
of energy.
3. A global crisis of waste disposal
c) impact of excessive production of
CO2.
4. If people continue moving forward in d) make the land available for different
a harmful way towards the future,
purposes.
5. At present people are taking efforts
e) there will be no future to consider.
Exercise 6. Prove or correct the following with the facts from the text.
1. People needn’t be aware of what types of environmental problems our planet is
facing.
2. The population of the planet is reaching unsustainable levels as it faces losses of
such resources as water, fuel and food.
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3. At present lawns cover 30% of the land.
4. The increased use of toxins can cause some organisms to become resistant to antibiotics.
5. Climate changes have no harmful effects to melting of polar ice, changes in seasons, occurrences of new diseases, floods and changes in the overall weather.
6. Nuclear waste disposal has no health hazards associated with it.
Exercise 7. Complete the sentences with the suitable words from the box.
destruction activity
to perfect
crucial
threatens
decimating
extinction
marine,
global
Human … is leading to the … of species and habitats and loss of bio-diversity.
Eco systems, which took millions of years …, are in danger when any population of
species is .... Balance of natural processes like pollination is … to the survival of the
eco-system and human activity itself. Another example is the … of the coral reefs
which support the rich … life in various oceans.
Exercise 8.
Watch the video about "The climate change"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4H1N_yXBiA, answer the following questions
and ask some questions more.
Questions
1).What is a greenhouse effect?
2).What is the main manmade source of CO2 emission?
3).How can climate changes affect the life of the planet?
4).What is the main source of fresh water?
5). How can people influence global warming?
Exercise 9. Render the text in English in writing.
Леса для человека выполняют многие полезные функции: от возможности
получать древесину, орехи, грибы, ягоды, лекарственные растения, мясо и
мех диких животных – до природоохранных функций и пополнения атмосферного воздуха кислородом. Поэтому с точки зрения охраны природы и рационального природопользования все леса делятся на три группы.
В первую группу включены леса, в которых рубка деревьев строго запрещена, во второй группе рубки ограничены, и лишь леса третьей группы являются эксплуатационными, в них ведутся основные лесозаготовки. Леса тре96
тьей группы в Приморье занимают около 60% лесопокрытой площади, а леса,
где возможны рубки – около 75%.
Чтобы можно было непрерывно использовать лесные ресурсы, специалисты рассчитывают правила и нормы ежегодной вырубки. Для Приморского
края эта норма составляет около 10 млн. м3 в год. В действительности в некоторых районах вырубается намного больше рациональных норм, а в труднодоступных районах лес может не вырубаться вообще.
Леса в Приморье – это целая кладовая самых ценных продуктов, так
называемых не древесных ресурсов леса. Это и кедровые орехи, и разнообразные ягоды – лимонник, виноград, голубика, калина, рябина, грибы, папоротник,
лекарственные растения, среди которых знаменитый женьшень.
Exercise 10. Say what you think about the following:
1. Pollution and Global Warming.
2. Waste Disposal and Climate Change.
3. Overpopulation and Deforestation.
4. Ocean Acidification and Natural Resource Depletion.
Exercise 11. Make a list of measures helping to solve environmental problems our
planet is facing.
Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Tick (✔) the statements, which are true, continue the list.
� I know that our environment is constantly changing.
� I know industry and motor vehicle exhaust are the No.1 pollutants.
� I know the result of human practices is the emission of Greenhouse gases.
� I know the population of the planet is reaching unsustainable levels.
� I know fossil fuel consumption results in emission of Greenhouse gases.
� I know …
� I can find the answer to the problem of global warming.
� I can give arguments in favor of shifting to such renewable sources of energy as
solar, wind, biogas and geothermal energy.
� I can do so many things to improve the environmental situation.
� I can …
� I understand climate changes have various harmful effects to melting of polar ice,
changes in seasons and occurrences of new diseases.
� I understand that global warming has become an undisputed fact about reality.
97
Key Words
Influx , shellfish, depletion, vulnerable, spill, notorious, soil, run off, to dump, to recoup, to deprive, shelter, nutrients, sustainable, cloth, scarce, fertilizer, shortage of
resources, acid rain, crucial environmental problem, global warming, air pollution,
melting of polar ice caps, genetic engineering, pesticides and insecticides, renewable
sources of energy, deforestation, plankton, target plant.
Section II
Environmental Protection and Management of Natural Resources
Exercise 1. Before starting this section give some facts about the documents concerning environmental protection. Are there any international documents?
Exercise 2. The words, given below all appear in the text you are going to read:
a). Work with the dictionary and find the transcription and the meaning of the words;
b). Practice pronouncing the words.
World Charter for Nature, direct drivers, to engage, evident, to meet one’s
needs, notably, to regard, rainforest.
Exercise 3. Read the text and answer the questions.
Environmental Protection and Management of Natural Resources
In 1982 the UN developed the World Charter for Nature in which the need to
protect nature from further depletion due to human activity was recognized. The document states the measures needed to be taken at all societal levels, from international
right down to individual, to protect nature. It outlines the need for sustainable use of
natural resources and suggests that the protection of resources should be incorporated
into the law system at the federal and international levels.
The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. In recent
years, the depletion of natural resources has become a major focus of governments
and such organizations as the United Nations (UN). The depletion of natural resources is considered to be a sustainable development issue.
The term sustainable development has many interpretations, most notably ‘to
ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’. However in broad terms it is balancing the
needs of the planet’s people and species now and in the future.
At present there is a particular concern for rainforest regions which hold most
of the Earth's biodiversity. According to statistics deforestation and degradation affect
8.5% of the world’s forests with 30% of the Earth’s surface already cropped. If we
98
consider that 80% of people rely on medicines obtained from plants and ¾ of the
world’s prescription medicines have ingredients taken from plants, the loss of the
world’s rainforests could result in a loss of finding more potential lifesaving medicines.
The depletion of natural resources is caused by such ‘direct drivers of change’
as Mining, petroleum extraction, fishing and forestry as well as such ‘indirect drivers
of change’ as demography, economy, society, politics and technology. The current
practice of Agriculture is another factor causing depletion of natural resources; for
example, the depletion of nutrients in the soil due to excessive uses of nitrogen and
desertification. The depletion of natural resources is a continuing concern for society.
Natural resource management focuses on the management problem in such natural resources as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular emphasis on how
management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations.
Management of natural resources involves identifying who has the right to use
the resources and defines the boundaries of the resource. The resources are managed
by the users according to the rules governing of when and how the resource is used
depending on the local conditions.
A successful management of natural resources should engage the community.
The users have the rights to device their own management institutions and plans under the recognition of the government. The right for resources includes land, water,
fisheries and pastoral rights. The users or parties accountable to the users have to actively monitor and ensure the utilization of the resource compliance with the rules
and to impose penalty on those people who violate the rules.
Questions
1. When was the World Charter for Nature developed by the UN?
2. What is the fundamental problem concerning nature at present?
3. What interpretations does the term sustainable development have?
4. What does natural resource management focus on?
5. How are the resources managed by the users?
Exercise 4. Match the parts of the sentences using columns I and II.
I
II
1. At present there is a particular con- a) as Mining, petroleum extraction, fishcern for
ing and forestry.
2. The need to protect nature from fur- b) should be taken at all societal levels.
ther depletion due to human activity
3. The depletion of natural resources is c) rainforest regions.
caused by such ‘direct drivers of
change’
99
4. To protect nature the measures begin- d) land, water, soil, plants and animals.
ning from international right down to
individual
5. Natural resource management focuses e) became evident many years ago.
on the management problem in such
natural resources as
6. The right of resources includes
f) of when and how the resource is used
depending on local condition.
7. The resources are managed by the us- g) land, water, fisheries and pastoral
ers according to the rules governing
rights.
Exercise 5. Choose the best answer.
1. The term sustainable development has many … .
a) readings
b) analysis
c) interpretations
d) senses
2. Depletion has the ability to degrade … and potential to impact the needs of generations.
a) environment
b) county
c) region
d) agenda
3. Rainforest … hold most of the Earth's biodiversity.
a) sections
b) geosystems
c) ecosystems
d) regions
4. One of the terms of “sustainable” is balancing the needs of the … and species now
and in the future.
a) planet’s societies
b) planet’s species
c) planet’s people
d) classes
5. Deforestation and degradation affect 8.5% of the world’s ...
a) resources
b) forests
c) requirements
d) needs
6. The necessary steps should be taken by the countries to … their natural resources.
a) sustain
b) withstand
c) save
d) ensure
7. About 30% of the Earth’s … has already been cropped.
a) natural resources
b) territory
c) surface
d) rewards
8. Plenty of the world’s prescription medicines have ingredients taken from …
a) prescriptions
b) species
c) sustainable development
d) plants
100
9. The … of natural resources is caused by such ‘indirect drivers of change’ as demography, economy, society, politics and technology.
a) depletion
b) restoration
c) increase
d) development
10. The need for sustainable use of natural resources is outlined in the World Charter
for ...
a) flora and fauna
b) nature
c) wild life
d) demography
11. Management of natural resources involves identifying who has the right to use the
resources and defines the … of the resource.
a) boundaries
b) margins
c) levels
d) depletion
12. The users have to monitor and ensure the utilization of the resource compliance
with the rules and to … on those peoples who violate the rules.
a) force
b) rely
c) impose penalty
d) depend
13. The … of resources includes land, water, fisheries and pastoral rights.
a) truth
b) availability
c) amount
d) right
14. How the resource is used depends on local ...
a) conditions
b) situations
c) warehouse
d) deposits
15. The resources are … by the users according to the governing rules.
a) accomplished
b) managed
c) regarded
d) followed
Exercise 6. Render the text in English in writing.
Ничто не влияет на состояние природы, и никакие стихийные бедствия не
оказывают более серьезного и долговременного эффекта на окружающую среду
как деятельность человека. Выбросы токсичных отходов отравляют воду, воздух и почву и приводят к гибели целых экосистем. Вырубка леса и браконьерство ведут к вымиранию многих видов животных. Ситуация ухудшается по мере развития технологий.
Охрана окружающей среды не была приоритетом вплоть до середины ХХ
века, когда была создана новая всемирная организация по защите окружающей
среды (ЮНЕП) и был учрежден особый праздник — Всемирный день окружающей среды, который отмечается каждый год 5 июля и проходит под эгидой
ЮНЕП. Цель этого праздника — напомнить каждому жителю Земли о том, что
планета — наш общий дом и ее состояние зависит от действий каждого из нас.
101
Штаб-квартира ЮНЕП находится в Найроби, Кении. Также у этой организации есть региональные офисы в различных странах.
Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Tick (✔) the statements, which are true, continue the list
� I know some documents in which the need to protect nature from further depletion
because of human activity is recognized.
� I know the term sustainable development has many interpretations.
� I know the depletion of natural resources is caused by such ‘direct drivers of
change’ as Mining, petroleum extraction, fishing and forestry.
� I know the resources are managed by the users according to the rules of local conditions.
� I know the users have the rights to device their own activity under the recognition
of the government.
� I know …
� I can say that according to statistics deforestation and degradation affect 8.5% of
the world’s forests.
� I can monitor and ensure the utilization of the resource compliance with the rules
and impose penalty on those people who violate the rules.
� I can say how management affects the quality of life for future generations.
� I can …
� I understand the boundaries of the resources on the Earth.
� I understand a successful management of natural resources should engage the
community.
Section III
Technosphere Safety
Exercise 1. Before starting this section answer the following questions: How can
technosphere effect human life, flora and fauna? What professional skills should a
specialist with a concentration on technosphere possess?
Exercise 2. The words, given below all appear in the text you are going to read:
a) Work with the dictionary and find the transcription and the meaning of the words;
b) Practice pronouncing the words;
c) Make up the word combinations of your own using these words.
Adversely, hazard, to withstand, preventive measures, resource-saving, assessment, aftermaths, to challenge, disaster, to adopt, approach, to contaminate, option, derelict land.
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Exercise 3. Read the words correctly and guess their meaning. Consult the dictionary.
Factor, flora, fauna, administration, technologies, engineering problems, professionals, active, social, international standard, metallurgy, machinery, industries,
economic, concentration, energy, management, basic method, public.
Exercise 4. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations.
Technospheric hazard, criterion (criteria), skill, resource-saving, production
process, environmental consequences, natural disaster, technical means, vital safety,
technological solutions, to carry out calculations, sustainability.
Exercise 5. Read the text and answer the questions.
Human environment – technosphere – is full of harmful factors adversely affecting human life, natural environment, its flora and fauna.
Technospheric hazards derive from industrial facilities and technologies, dangers, natural disasters and dangers from technical means and devices used by man in
his everyday life. Man would be able to withstand technospheric hazards only in case
of active preventive measures instead of cleaning – up the aftermaths of hazardous
impacts on the environment. This is a great challenge to professionals – specialists in
vital safety in technosphere.
Professional skills of a specialist with a concentration on technospheric safety are
aimed to:
 acquire skills and ability to predict the social, economic and environmental
consequences of the decisions of complex engineering problems, evaluate the
problems associated with the economic activity of man in nature, based on different sources of information to determine the measures to protect the environment, apply the methods and means of energy – and resource-saving technologies for environmental management and protection of the environment
during the production process;

know and be able to apply the criteria, domestic and international standards
and norms in the field of life safety; own methods of assessment of the main
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resource-saving and environmental technologies and to use it for the environmental protection, have basic methods of protection of industrial workers from
the consequences of accidents, disasters and natural disasters;
 adopt technological solutions to be used without waste and resource-saving
technologies in metallurgy, machinery and other industries, to carry out calculations of emissions and assessment of the environmental status by the existing
and projected technological processes and equipment, use standard approaches
to ensure the safety of life and environmental sustainability; apply the legal and
technical standards for security life management.
Career options:
 service and supervisors in the field of environmental protection and safety of
technosphere. Project organization of systems and devices of protection of the
environment from the sources of negative impacts;
 organizations engaged in the administration of health, environment and safety;
 engineering services to ensure environmental security and environmental management in enterprises of any form of ownership in various industries;
 research and development organizations engaged in the development of new
methods for the protection of the environment, rehabilitation of contaminated
and derelict lands;
 organization for the operation and maintenance of systems, equipment and devices protecting the environment from the adverse of man-made effects, industrial enterprises of various sectors of the economy.
Questions
1. Where do technospheric hazards derive from?
2. What are professional skills of a specialist with a concentration on technospheric
safety?
3. Enumerate career options of such a specialist.
Exercise 6. Prove or correct the following with the facts from the text.
1. Professional skills of a specialist with a concentration on technospheric safety acquire the ability to predict the social, economic and environmental consequences of
engineering problems.
2. To adopt technological solutions to be used without waste and resource-saving
technologies in metallurgy, machinery and other industries aren’t professional responsibilities of a specialist.
3. To use standard approaches to ensure the safety of life and environmental sustainability is very important for this specialty.
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4. Specialists with a concentration on technospheric safety should apply the legal and
technical standards for life security management.
5. Technospheric hazards derive from domestic facilities and dangers from devices
used by man in his day-to-day life.
6. Man would be able to withstand technospheric hazards in case of preventive
measures.
Exercise 7. Complete the sentences with the suitable words from the box.
criteria
environmental
approaches
options
contaminated
protection
impacts
standards,
1. Career … of a specialist concentrate on project organization and devices to protect
the environment from different sources of negative ... .
2. Carrying out calculations of emissions and assessment of the … status by the existing and projected technological processes and equipment are very important for a
specialist.
3. A specialist should know and be able to apply …, domestic and international
norms and … in the field of life safety.
4. A specialist should use standard … to ensure the safety of life and … sustainability.
5. The sphere of activities cover research and development organizations engaged in
the development of new methods for the … of the environment.
6. Rehabilitation of … and derelict lands concern professional responsibilities of a
specialist.
Exercise 8. Match the parts of the sentences using columns I and II.
I
II
1. Professionals in this sphere are
a) only in case of active preventive
measures.
2. Human environment is full of harmful b) are aimed to determine the measures
factors adversely affecting
to protect the environment.
3. The problems associated with the c) use standard approaches to ensure the
economic activity of man in nature,
safety of life and environmental sustainability.
4.Man would be able to withstand tech- d) specialists in vital safety in technonospheric hazards
sphere.
5. Professional skills of such a specialist e) human life, natural environment, its
are aimed to
flora and fauna.
Exercise 9. List career options of a specialist in the sphere of Technosphere safety.
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Exercise 10. Render the text in English in writing.
Функциональные обязанности специалиста по техносферной безопасности зависят от отрасли, в которой он работает и занимаемой должности. Общие
для всех сфер деятельности виды работ это:
1) выявление возможных источников опасностей и определение их уровня
на производстве;
2) определение зон, в которых техногенный риск повышен;
3) разработка требований по технике безопасности, средств спасения
и организационных мероприятий в инвестиционных проектах;
4) регулярное проведение инструктажа по технике безопасности среди сотрудников производства;
5) проведение контроля за состоянием средств защиты и выполнением работниками требований техники безопасности;
6) проведение экологической экспертизы и контроль за рациональным использованием природных ресурсов.
В современном мире данная профессия важна и в связи с этим высоко востребована. Ни один проект не может быть эффективно реализован без оценки вредных и опасных производственных факторов. Это стабильная и престижная работа.
Однако к негативным характеристикам можно отнести возможные опасности для здоровья и жизни в процессе работы.
Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Tick (✔) the statements, which are true, continue the list
� I know professional skills of a specialist with a concentration on Technospheric
safety.
� I know career options of such a specialist.
� I know the conservation of natural resources is a fundamental problem.
� I know where technospheric hazards are derived from.
� I know the sphere of activity of the Technosphere safety.
� I know …
� I can recognize the need to protect nature from further depletion due to human activity.
� I can outline the necessary steps to be taken by countries to sustain their natural resources.
� I can consider that ¾ of the world’s prescription medicines have ingredients taken
from plants.
� I can …
� I understand the term sustainable development.
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� I understand there is a particular concern for rainforest regions which hold most of
the Earth's biodiversity nowadays.
Key Words
World Charter for Nature, direct drivers, to engage, evident, to meet one’s needs, notably, to regard, rainforest, adversely, hazard, to withstand, preventive measures, aftermaths, to challenge, to contaminate, option, derelict land, engineering problems,
international standard, metallurgy, machinery, industries, economic, concentration,
energy, management, basic method, public.
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Reading Bank
Text 1
Assignment 1. Read the text and answer the questions.
1. How can you characterize the first year of studying in Griffith?
2. What can double degree option(s) combine?
3. What is the advantage of a professional accreditation program?
Engineering Bachelor Programs in Griffith
The Industry Affiliates Program (IAP) is a work-integrated learning program
designed to integrate final-year students into the workplace. Griffith’s IAP program
has been running for over 20 years and has placed thousands of students into industry
based projects where they gain invaluable skills and experience.
Our Bachelor of Information Technology and Bachelor of Engineering (Honors) have foundation first years, which are designed to allow you to test out different
study areas. You get to choose your major specialization before you start the second
year of your studies. As well as your major, you can choose from an additional range
of minor specializations to create your own, unique skill set.
If you are inspired by great engineering achievements, this degree is for you.
As a part of your core first year, you will develop a strong foundation in basic science
and engineering principles, practice and management. You will study over a range of
engineering areas, to help you decide where your engineering passion lies. You will
learn about current industry practices from passionate academics who are leaders in
their fields. Our degree has a strong practical focus and from your first year provides
you with the opportunity to develop work-ready skills as our teaching focuses on
‘learning by doing’.
From your second year you will study your preferred major and focus more on
your selected area of interest. We maintain strong links with industry, ensuring our
degrees are relevant and you benefit from leading guest lecturers and participation in
real engineering projects. In your final year you will take these skills and work with
our industry partners here or overseas to undertake a trimester long project through
our capstone Industry Affiliates Program.
This program offers young people such Majors as Civil Engineering; Electrical
and Electronic Engineering; Electronic and Energy Engineering; Electronic and UAV
Engineering; Electronic Engineering; Environmental Engineering; Mechanical Engineering; Software Engineering. Graduates find employment as: chief civil engineers;
construction engineers; municipal engineers; structural engineers; transport engineers; water supply distribution engineers; project managers and consulting engineers; UAV pilots; UAV designers; engineers in the aviation and general electronics
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industries; pilot engineers; senior administrators; civil and mechanical engineers;
computer scientists and various workers in the business; building and construction
industries; software architects; software developers; software engineers; software
testers; IT project managers; systems analysts; security specialists; computational scientists; programmers; networking and communications specialists.
Double degree option(s) combine Engineering (Honors) with: Aviation; Business; Computer Science; Environmental Science; Industrial Design; Information
Technology; Science.
In Australia, professional accreditation of entry to practice engineering programs is the responsibility of Engineers Australia and is normally carried out on a
five-year cycle. Accreditation ensures academic institutions consistently meet national and international benchmarks and that engineering graduates of an accredited program are assured membership with Engineers Australia at the relevant career grade
and enjoy reciprocal privileges by equivalent professional bodies overseas. Countries
such as the USA, United Kingdom, Hong Kong (SAR), New Zealand, Canada, South
Africa and others that are co-signatories to international agreements on joint recognition offer international recognition. The Washington Accord, the Sydney Accord, and
the Dublin Accord recognize the substantial equivalence of accreditation systems and
accredited programs across international boundaries at the Professional Engineer,
Engineering Technologist and Engineering Associate levels respectively.
Text 2
Assignment 1. Read the text and answer the questions.
1. What skills can you develop while studying Engineering (Civil Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Energy Engineering, Electronic and UAV Engineering, Environmental Engineering, etc.?
2. What knowledge should you acquire to be engaged into the energy sector?
3. What sphere of engineering would you like to be engaged into?
Bachelor of Engineering (Honors) in Griffith
Majors and Career Opportunities
Civil Engineering
Look around you - much of the physical infrastructure that makes up our modern society is made possible by civil engineers. Civil engineers provide a major contribution to society by supporting the design and development of essential services,
and by managing and improving the built environment. By studying Civil Engineering, you will develop your knowledge in the planning, design and construction of
buildings and infrastructure such as: roads, bridges and highways, rail networks, irri109
gation, drainage and flood mitigation systems, airports, water and wastewater treatment plants, port harbors and residential homes.
Civil engineers provide a major contribution to society by supporting the design and development of essential services, and by managing and improving the built
environment. Demand for Civil Engineering professionals has grown and is expected
to continue to be an area of high demand. You will find employment in jobs such as
chief civil engineer, construction engineer, municipal engineer, structural engineer,
transport engineer, water supply distribution engineer, project manager and consulting engineer.
Electronic Engineering
We are surrounded by technologically advanced electronic devices and gadgets
that make our modern lifestyle possible. These are all developed by electronic engineers. In this major you will gain a foundation in electronics, as well as develop the
hardware and software skills needed for the design, development and engineering of
the electronic circuits used for many applications. You will learn about computerbased products and essential systems in our society. You will focus on the development, construction and design of electronic parts and systems - ranging from everyday items to applications for large corporations and industries.
Our graduates find opportunities in Australia and overseas undertaking the research, design, development and manufacture of electronic systems. You may also
find work with employers who specialize in computer-based hardware and software
systems. You will be equipped for a career in areas such as communications, including satellite navigation, broadband services and telecommunications, energy production, and transport control systems development. If you specialize in microelectronics
you can also look to work in microelectronics design and fabrication. You will find
employment in many multinational companies, as well as in specialist technology
companies.
Electronic and Energy Engineering
The energy sector is one of the fastest growing areas in engineering. Our future
as an advanced society depends upon our ability to produce, store and use energy in a
sustainable way. In this major, you will acquire the knowledge of an electronics engineer, while learning to develop high technology systems that generate, store, distribute and use power in a highly efficient way. This will make you highly employable in
the fast-growing energy industry and in any other electronic engineering roles.
The energy sector is a fast-advancing engineering discipline, with huge investments expected in the coming decades. You will be prepared for a career in areas
such as electronics design and fabrication, power transmission, renewable power
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generation, solar energy systems, wind energy systems, electric vehicles, efficient
lighting and energy research.
Electronic and UAV Engineering
As Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are rapidly finding application in many
areas, the need for both certified pilots and engineers to design and maintain the vehicles grows. The Electronic and UAV Engineering major offers UAV flight training
and professional pilot license theory. The major will provide a pathway to being a
highly qualified UAV pilot while giving the graduate full engineering qualifications.
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Graduates will be employable as UAV pilots, UAV designers, and engineers in
the Aviation and General Electronics industries. This program is also a pathway for
students wishing to be a pilot engineer but with a private rather than commercial license.
Electrical engineers design and create devices and equipment that use electrical
energy and underpin modern economies, contributing to our quality of life. Electrical
engineers work with equipment ranging from heavy power generators to tiny computer chips. In this major, you will learn about the fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and gain knowledge and a range of practical skills. If you are interested in
working with your hands, technical equipment and making things happen, an Electrical and Electronic Engineering career could be for you.
Electrical and Electronic engineers work with senior administrators, Civil and
Mechanical engineers, computer scientists and various workers in the business, building and construction industries. In this discipline, you'll learn about the fundamentals
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and gain knowledge and technical skills in
areas such as communications, power machinery, and digital signal processing. You
will develop a range of practical skills and be able to design, develop, adapt, install,
test and maintain electronic components, circuits and systems used for computer systems, entertainment, transport and other industrial applications.
Electrical devices reach into all aspects of our lives in the form of heating and
cooling, lighting and power, communications and computing, entertainment and information systems. As a graduate you will be prepared to work in any of these areas.
Electrical and Electronic engineers work with senior administrators, Civil and Mechanical engineers, computer scientists and various workers in the business, building
and construction industries. The essential nature of an electrical engineers' role places
them in the position to influence the development and application of new and emerging technologies. This includes the fast-growing energy industry. You could work to
incorporate locally generated renewable energy resources into our more conventional
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supply systems, helping to reduce costs, save energy and alleviate global warming.
Electrical and Electronic engineering is a career for people who want to make a difference.
Environmental Engineering
The wants and needs of a rapidly expanding, global population means it has
never been more important to shape our environmental future. Environmental Engineering is your pathway to protecting the natural environment and its resources by
ensuring that we minimize the adverse effect we may have on it.
In this major you will develop an understanding of complex environmental
problems and issues, and of the challenges facing environmental sustainability. You
will learn to design creative engineering solutions and manage key projects associated with environmental protection in the area of air quality, water & wastewater, and
waste management. If you want an environmental career that can change the world,
this is a chance for you.
Environmental professionals with strong ecological social science backgrounds
are in demand both in Australia and internationally. You will find opportunities in
government departments such as Transport and Main Roads, Natural Resources and
Mines, Department of Science, IT and the Arts (DSITIA) and Environment and Resource Management. You will also enjoy opportunities with consulting firms in the
construction, mining, oil, smelting and manufacturing industries, as well as with local
government and research organizations.
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering is one of the broadest engineering disciplines including
the design, analysis, manufacture and maintenance of mechanical systems. This major is built on a strong foundation of theory and reinforced by practical experience all underpinned by our ethos of learning by doing. You will be involved in the development and use of new materials and technologies, as well as design and analysis using advanced software and computer systems.
Mechanical Engineering is the most diverse of all the engineering disciplines,
which means you will be able to use your skills in a variety of avenues including design, research, development or production. As a graduate, you will be qualified for a
career in medical, automotive, aerospace, renewable energy, marine and sportsrelated sectors.
Software Engineering
Software engineers design and implement the software systems our society depends on - from biotechnology to sports and submarines. In this major, gain a founda112
tion in mathematics, computer systems, engineering principles and information systems. You will learn about software engineering theory and software development as
well as program construction. Our teaching focuses on learning by doing so you will
also complete project work developing software for real clients, ensuring our graduates gain practical skills in teamwork, project management and quality management.
You will also learn about international standards and industry best practice techniques.
As a graduate, you will be prepared for a career in software development and be
equipped to meet the demands of the rapidly changing software industry. You will
find employment as a software architect, software developer, software engineer,
software tester, IT project manager, systems analyst, security specialist, computational scientist, programmer, networking and communications specialist, and in research
and development.
Text 3
Assignment 1. Read the text and answer the questions.
1. What does the Engineering Project Management program develop?
2. What different types of Electronic Engineering are mentioned in the text?
Engineering Master Programs in Griffith
These degrees provide advanced study across a range of specializations in engineering. They are designed to extend and deepen your knowledge and skills gained
from a related undergraduate degree.
Civil: ideal for professional civil engineers who aspire to develop their design
skills and advance their capabilities to analyze and solve structural problems and
manage projects across a wide range of real-world Civil Engineering applications.
Electronic and Computer: you will develop advanced knowledge in electronics
allowing you to work in the many different disciplines of electronics, focusing on the
area of electronic computing and the prolific use of microprocessors and computing
hardware in modern devices.
Electronic and Energy: you will develop advanced technical expertise in diverse areas of Electronic and Energy Engineering, allowing you to work in many different disciplines of electronics. You will also further your understanding of the use
of both classical and the latest electronic technology to allow the generation, distribution, efficient use and storage of energy.
Electronic and Sport: electronic and sport engineers work in the exciting cutting-edge area of high technology in sport. In this degree, you will gain the advanced
core knowledge needed in the electronics area, specializing in sport technology.
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Engineering Project Management: this program teaches engineering and project management to future engineering leaders, equipping them with the skills they
need to compete globally. The program provides engineering graduates with the art
and science of managing engineering projects. The program is ideal for professional
graduate engineers who aspire to develop their managerial skills and advance their
capabilities to initiate, plan, resource and execute real-world engineering projects.
Environmental: you will gain an in-depth understanding of environmental engineering problems and issues, and have the opportunity to specialize in high-demand
areas such as solid and hazardous waste management, water treatment, wastewater
treatment, air quality monitoring and control, and renewable energy.
Professional: designed for those who want to change careers to become an engineer, obtain accredited qualifications to practice as an engineer in Australia and
overseas, or move into different fields of engineering.
Graduates Find Employment
Master of Civil Engineering and Master of Civil Engineering Advanced find
their places of occupation in building, construction, infrastructure, and mining industries; projects for public and private sector clients; analysis and design services to engineering projects.
Master of Electronic and Computer Engineering find their places of occupation in large companies involved in electronic based infrastructure and smaller companies undertaking design and/or manufacture.
Master of Electronic and Energy Engineering find their places of occupation
in energy industries both in technical fields and management, energy discipline consultation, energy efficiency, storage products and renewable energy production
equipment.
Master of Electronic and Sport Engineering find their places of occupation of
senior roles in electronic engineering, sport engineering, elite sport groups or in research bodies.
Master of Engineering Project Management and Master of Engineering Project Management Advanced find their places of occupation in consulting; private or
public sector organizations; built environment; civil infrastructure; oil and gas; mining; facility and asset management services such as project engineers, project managers, contracting managers and team leaders.
Master of Environmental Engineering and Master of Environmental Engineering and Pollution Control find their places of occupation in Environmental Engineering; infrastructure; consulting.
Master of Professional Engineering will provide the engineering professional
practice and research skills that lead to recognition as a graduate engineer in Austral114
ia. The qualification will be recognized internationally through the Washington Accord of the International Engineering Alliance.
Text 4
Cover Letter
Assignment 1. An essential part of any job application, a Cover Letter, needs to be
attention grabbing and concise. Take a look at our examples for inspiration and
discover how to write a winning cover letter.
What is a Cover Letter?
A cover letter is a document sent alongside your CV when applying for jobs.
It acts as a personal introduction and helps to sell your application. A cover letter
is necessary as it gives you the chance to explain to an employer why you're the
best candidate for the job. You do this by highlighting relevant skills and experience; therefore, you should always write your cover letter with the position you're
applying for in mind.
Not to be confused with personal statements for your CV, cover letters should
complement your CV but not duplicate it. The general consensus among recruiters
when it comes to the length of these documents is the shorter the better. Typically,
three to five short paragraphs, cover letters should not exceed one A4 page. If sending electronically, put the text in the body of the email rather than as an attachment,
to avoid it being detected by spam filters. Applications should always include a cover
letter unless the job advert instructs you differently.
How to Write a Cover Letter
Keep your cover letter brief, while making sure it emphasizes your suitability
for the job. It can be broken down into the following sections:
 First paragraph - The opening statement should set out why you're writing the
letter. Begin by stating the position you're applying for, where you saw it advertised and when you are available to start.
 Second paragraph - Cover why you're suitable for the job, what attracted you
to this type of work, why you're interested in working for the company and
what you can offer the organization.
 Third paragraph - Highlight relevant experience and demonstrate how your
skills match the specific requirements of the job description. Summarize any
additional strength and explain how it could benefit the company.
 Last paragraph - Use the closing paragraph to round up your letter. Reiterate
your interest in the role and indicate your desire for a personal interview. Now
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is the time to mention any unavailable dates. Finish by thanking the employer
and say how you are looking forward to receiving a response.
Once finished read through the document and cut out any unnecessary words
and sentences. Don't fill up space by repeating what's already covered in your CV.
How to Address a Cover Letter
Always try and address your cover letter directly to the person who will be reading it. Bear in mind that you're more likely to receive a reply if you send it to the right
person.
Advertised positions usually include a contact name, but if not, it is worth taking
the time to find out who the letter should be addressed to. You can do this by searching the company's website for details of the hiring manager or alternatively you could
call the organization to ask who you should address your letter to. Don't be afraid to
do this, many employers appreciate you taking the time and initiative to do so.
If you're struggling to find a named contact you can use a general greeting such
as:
 Dear Sir/Madam
 Dear Hiring manager
• Dear Human resources director
However, general greetings should only be used once you have exhausted methods of finding a named contact.
How you sign off your cover letter depends on how you addressed it. If you include a named contact, sign off 'yours sincerely'. If you use a general greeting, finish
with 'yours faithfully'.
Text 5
Assignment 1. Read the text, ask the given questions of your groupmate or answer
them.
Alison Delahunty, a Project engineer, RPS
I studied Civil & Environmental Engineering (Level 8) at University College
Cork (UCC) from 2008-2012. My engineering career commenced in Malachy Walsh
and Partners (MWP), primarily as a structural engineer, from 2012-2015.
My interest in geotechnics was piqued while working in MWP and I enrolled in
a master’s of Soil Mechanics (Level 9) at the Imperial College of London in 2014. I
enrolled on a part-time basis and completed the course in 2016. Prior to completing
it, I joined RPS where I have been a member of the geotechnics team since 2015.
Here I have had the opportunity to work on a wide range of projects. I am currently working on the conceptual model for a contaminated land site, the earthworks
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design for a local access road and the geotechnical design report for a cable stay
bridge.
At what age did you start to think about becoming an engineer?
I was unaware of engineering until the age of 17. I went to an all-girls school
where the CAO focus was on nursing and teaching. I knew neither of these was a
good fit for me so I sought advice from an external career guidance counsellor
(CGC). After a brief chat about my interests and subject performances, the CGC immediately suggested engineering and the rest is history.
What were the major influencers of this decision?
In school I enjoyed maths, physics and geography and, outside of school, I admired architecture and impressive structures such as dams and bridges. I researched
the various avenues in engineering and decided that the Civil & Environmental
course in UCC was right for me.
I filled out my CAO in 2008 at the start of the economic downturn. Choosing
engineering was a risky decision at the time due to the decimation of the construction
industry in Ireland. However, I was certain it was a solid career choice and I was
comforted by the fact that a qualification in engineering travels well and is a pathway
into many other disciplines.
How has the career differed from what you expected, particularly initially?
I learnt that the title of your engineering degree does not limit you to that one
aspect of engineering. The basics of problem solving stand to you across many fields
within the industry. For example, having initially qualified as a civil and environmental engineer in 2012, I have since been involved in utilities design, flood risk assessments, temporary works design, structural design, geotechnical design, health and
safety.
What are the most interesting aspects of engineering in your opinion?
I love a challenge and that is something that engineering provides every day.
You’re presented with a problem and you use your knowledge and common sense to
produce a solution that is safe, functional and aesthetic.
What do you expect to be the most exciting aspect of engineering over the next
five years?
I am looking forward to seeing how geotechnical engineering develops in Ireland over the coming years. The engineering industry is realizing its importance, particularly the benefits of a targeted ground investigation to inform the design process.
I also look forward to learning more about the advantages that the collaborative
design process Building Information Modelling (BIM) offers us on projects.
Is engineering worth studying? What would you say?
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From my own experiences, I would say that you need a strong work ethic and an
aptitude for maths to progress through a course in engineering. The courses are intense but certainly achievable for anybody who meets the course entry requirements.
I would also say that engineering is a strong career choice. Engineering, in all its
forms, helps the world to function, from transport to energy to water and the digital
economy. It offers a wealth of opportunities.
Also, it is a well-respected degree and will stand to you if you decide to pursue a
career outside of the engineering spectrum.
Text 6
Assignment 1. Read the text, ask the given questions of your groupmate or answer
them.
Kieran Garvey, Associate, RPS
When it came to picking my subjects for the Leaving Certificate cycle, I knew
I enjoyed physics, chemistry and maths. I also enjoyed technical drawing, so to me, a
career in engineering seemed to pull aspects of all these disciplines together.
What were the major influencers of this decision?
I finished secondary school in the late 1990s. At that time the Irish economy
was starting to ramp up and I was beginning to see more infrastructure development
around Ennis, where I grew up.
Watching these projects progress and seeing how they changed the built environment around the town really was a major influence on my decision to choose Civil
Engineering. I was also fortunate to have some extended family working in engineering who were always a good sounding board.
How has the career differed from what you expected, particularly initially?
In the first years of my career I worked almost exclusively in landfill and waste
management infrastructure design with RPS. This was certainly not an area I would
have envisaged for myself when I started or even finished studying.
I really enjoyed it, however. So much of the early learning was ‘on the job’,
which was hugely refreshing. Like most projects in Civil Engineering, it relied on the
integration of various disciplines: geotechnical, drainage, roads, environmental management and so on – affording me good exposure to these fields.
What are the most interesting aspects of engineering according to you?
As a civil engineer within a multidisciplinary consultancy like RPS, I work almost daily with a wide variety of specialists from other fields – environmental scientists, ecologists, hydrogeologists, noise specialists – delivering projects for our clients
that will leave a positive mark on the built environment.
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I also worked in Australia for a number of years where project drivers and climate were quite different. Having to adapt your skills to suit the environment makes
things both interesting and challenging.
What do you expect to be the most exciting aspect of engineering over the
next five years?
We are now seeing more of our projects being realized through the intelligent
3D model-based process of BIM. Over the next five years, these advancements in
technology will offer engineers of all levels the opportunity to develop new skillsets
in order to more efficiently plan, design, visualize and construct our projects in a way
that we have not done before, which is an exciting prospect.
Is engineering worth studying? What would you say?
An engineering qualification will present you with opportunities in areas that
you may never have considered. Talk to as many qualified engineers as you can
across different disciplines to get a feel for what we do.
Don’t get hung up thinking about how the economy may be performing by the
time you qualify – these are all just cycles that no one can really predict. So if you’re
keen on engineering, go for it.
Text 7
Assignment 1. Translate the following passage from Russian into English, express
your opinion about it. What headline would you give to this article?
Согласно индексу EPI за 2018 год Россия занимает 42-е место из 88 стран
мира, где проводилась оценка уровня знания английского языка. Статистика не
самая позитивная, с чем спорить не имеет смысла. Не знаете, как выучить иностранный язык в сжатые сроки? Начните с чтения простых текстов и переходите к художественным произведениям. Объясняем, почему имеет смысл сделать
это полезной привычкой.
Визуальное восприятие. Во время чтения мозг запоминает правильное
написание слов, сочетание их между собой и расстановку пунктуационных знаков. Чем чаще вы видите слово, тем проще будет его запомнить. Возьмите за
правило переводить все незнакомые слова, которые встречаете во время чтения.
Чтобы не отвлекаться от смысла текста, возьмите в руку карандаш и ставьте
точку каждый раз, когда задумываетесь над значением слова. По окончании
чтения вернитесь к началу отрывка и запишите значения слов прямо над ними.
Образ мыслей. Если нам привычно мыслить, используя русский язык, то
иностранцы, соответственно, в процессе мышления пользуются родным языком. Чтение развивает полезный навык проговаривания слов на английском
внутренним голосом. Это будет хорошим подспорьем, когда вам придется на
практике говорить на английском языке, а значит строить предложения в своих
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мыслях тоже на иностранном. К слову, проблема неумения менять образ мыслей и перестраиваться на «чужую» грамматику ставится преподавателями английского языка как одна из часто встречающихся.
Тема для разговора. Оказавшись за границей, стеснительным людям
сложно начать разговор. Вопросы о погоде всем надоели  лучше завести диалог, представив себя. Потом немного поговорите о городе, хобби и работе, чтобы расположить к себе собеседника. Не хуже будет упомянуть несколько популярных книг  обычно это классические романы, нон-фикшн и детективы. Если
вам повезет и человек окажется знаком с этими произведениями, разговор может увлечь вас на пару часов.
Борьба со страхом. Изучение английского всегда имеет цель. Если вы, к
примеру, работаете врачом, то отличным стимулом к освоению иностранного
становится потребность в чтении зарубежных исследований на языке оригинала. Обычно лексика в таких материалах специализированная, требующая отдельного освоения списка слов. Чтобы не бояться огромного объема новой информации, начните с чтения сказок. Потом перейдите к журналам, романам и
так далее. У вас все получится!
Text 8
Measuring Angles
Assignment . Read the text and answer the following questions.
1. What units should the angles be measured in?
2. How are the angles measured with a protractor?
3. Who decided that angles should be measured in degrees?
4. A regular 'equilateral' triangle has all the angles equal to 60 degrees, hasn’t it?
5. What angles have more or less than 90 degrees?
Angles are measured in degrees
It was apparently an ancient Greek astronomer who decided that angles should
be measured in units called 'degrees', and that there should be 360 of them altogether.
In other words, if you take a large pie and cut it into 360 equal pieces, each one
would have an angle of one degree at the center. It’s an impossible task, of course.
But if you cut the pie into four equal pieces, each one will be a quarter of 360 degrees, which are 90.
What's more, if you cut the pie into four, you'll notice that the angle at the center is like the corner of a square: with two perpendicular sides like this:
.This is
what's called a 'right angle', and even if it's not at the center of a pie it always has
90 degrees as its measurement.
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Measuring angles with a protractor
If you want to measure degrees accurately, the easiest way is to use an inexpensive tool called a protractor, which looks something like this:
. You can buy
them at most stationery shops.
If you put the center point of the protractor on the point of an angle, and the
edge along one side, the number around the half circle that matches the position of
the other edge of the angle is the number of degrees. Try it first with a square corner,
such as a page of a book, to see that it measures 90 degrees. A smaller angle will
have less than 90 degrees and a larger one will have more, right up to the maximum
possible which is 180 degrees - half of 360 - which is the 'angle' of a straight line.
The concept of angles, and recognizing approximate measurements of angles,
is a useful one that may come up naturally in home education. If it doesn't, you can
introduce a protractor casually and show your younger sisters or brothers how it
works. Then suggest they try measuring things. Perhaps they could challenge your
division of a cake or pie, and show that one piece really is bigger than another is. You
could talk with them about how many degrees you would expect each piece to be,
depending on how many you divide it into. If you're dividing into 6, for instance, then
you would expect each piece to have a center angle of 60 degrees.
If your sister or brother is intrigued by this idea, you could experiment with
checking the angles of various shapes, and seeing if you can spot patterns or principles. For instance, try making various sizes and shapes of triangles, and measuring
the angles. A regular triangle has all three angles the same, and all sides the same
length. But you can make many types of triangles with different angles and lengths.
When you've made several, try adding up the angles of each triangle.
Of course, the measurements won't be exact, but there should be a pattern
which emerges. For instance, a regular 'equilateral' triangle will have all the angles
being 60 degrees. Add those together, and the total is 180. Strangely enough, the
same should be true for any triangle you make, no matter how irregular. So long as a
shape has three straight-edge sides, the total of the angles should make 180. Chances
are that if you try this, you'll get totals like 178 or 184 because it's difficult to measure exactly, so it's important to try it several times in order that your children spot the
trend. Alternatively, you could try tearing the corners of a triangle, and then placing
them like this:
to show that they form a straight line - which is 180 degrees.
When you've experimented with triangles, you could try shapes with four sides.
A square or rectangle has right-angled corners of 90 degrees each, so the total angles
will add up to 360 degrees. What about other four-sided shapes such as this
or
this
?
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Text 9
Assignment 1. Read the text and do the test.
The History of Geometry
The first geometrical knowledge was originated from the practical needs of
people in ancient times. People measured distances, made straight spears and arrows,
compared their length, etc.
Farming and constructing played a very important role in the development of
geometry. People worked out the new rules of comparing figures, calculating some
geometrical value and volumes and the rules necessary for the construction of buildings. These rules appeared in Egypt and a bit later in China and India approximately
in the 12th century B.C. In other words, the age of geometry is not less than 4 or 5
thousand years. Originally geometry was not a mathematical science though ancient
Egyptians knew some facts of geometry such as the volume of a sphere, the Pythagoras theorem and some others. Geometry as a science got its further development in
ancient Greece in the 7-5 century B.C.
Assignment 2. Choose the best answer.
1. The first geometrical knowledge appeared in … .
a) Greece
b) Egypt
c) Japan
2. Geometry was originated from the … .
a) practical needs of people
b) theoretical knowledge
c) interdisciplinary sciences
3. Geometry dates back to the … B.C.
a) 15 century
b) 5 century
c) 12 century
4. The following people’s activities ( … ) played the most important role in the development of geometry.
a) fishery
b) farming and construction
c) cattle breeding
5. Geometry got its further development in … .
a) Greece
b) Middle Asia
c) Arabic Countries
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Text 10
Assignment 1. Read the text and answer the questions.
1. What progress did engineering get in Asia in the 13th century?
2. What was the basis of Civil Engineering?
3. What scientists made their great contribution to the development of electronics?
The History of Engineering
The first engineer known by name and achievement is Imhotep, builder of the
Step Pyramid at Saqqara, Egypt, probably in about 2550 BC. Imhotep’s successors Egyptian, Persian, Greek, and Roman - carried Civil Engineering to remarkable
heights on the basis of empirical methods aided by arithmetic, geometry, and a smattering of physical science. The Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria, Solomon’s Temple
in Jerusalem, the Colosseum in Rome, the Persian and Roman road systems, the Pont
du Gard aqueduct in France, and many other large structures, some of which endure
to this day, testify to their skill, imagination, and daring.
In construction medieval European engineers carried technique, in the form of
the Gothic arch and flying buttress, to a height unknown to the Romans. The sketchbook of the 13th-century French engineer Villard de Honnecourt reveals a wide
knowledge of mathematics, geometry, natural and physical science, and draftsmanship.
In Asia, engineering had a separate but very similar development, with more
and more sophisticated techniques of construction, hydraulics, and metallurgy helping to create advanced civilizations such as the Mongol empire, whose large, beautiful cities impressed Marco Polo in the 13th century.
Civil Engineering emerged as a separate discipline in the 18th century, when
the first professional societies and schools of engineering were founded. Civil engineers of the 19th century built structures of all kinds, designed water-supply and sanitation systems, laid out railroad and highway networks, and planned cities. England
and Scotland were the birthplace of Mechanical Engineering, as a derivation of the
inventions of the Scottish engineer James Watt and the textile machinists of
the Industrial Revolution. The development of the British machine-tool industry gave
tremendous impetus to the study of Mechanical Engineering both in Britain and
abroad.
The growth of knowledge of electricity - from Alessandro Volta’s original
electric cell of 1800 through the experiments of Michael Faraday and others, culminating in 1872 in the Gramme dynamo and electric motor (named after the Belgian
Z.T. Gramme) led to the development of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
The electronics aspect became prominent through the work of such scientists
as James Clerk Maxwell of Britain and Heinrich Hertz of Germany in the late 19th
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century. Major advances came with the development of the vacuum tube by Lee De
Forest of the United States in the early 20th century and the invention of
the transistor in the mid - 20th century. In the late 20th century electrical and electronics engineers outnumbered all others in the world.
Text 11
Assignment 1. Read the text and find answers to the questions.
1. How can you define the word technology?
2. What new technology trends can you name?
3 What will the coming technology trends result in the nearest future?
4. Why are different advances in new technologies numerous and amazing?
From smartphones to virtual reality, technology is disrupting our daily lives.
Technology is also impacting the way we work. In recent years, we have seen machinery evolve, becoming smarter, using less fuel and producing fewer emissions.
Using telematics, today’s equipment can also communicate - tell us when a repair
needs to be made, set limits on how deep an operator can dig, or alert the owner if
someone tries to steal it.
It is amazing how smart technology is beginning to impact the construction industry in diverse ways. The question arises: “What does the future hold for the construction equipment?”
The coming technology trends will impact construction equipment in the nearest future. They are:
 Autonomous construction equipment. Imagine a fleet of equipment that can
either be operated remotely, or without an operator at all. That day is coming.
 Smart technology. The data that equipment is producing today is just scratching the surface of what is possible. In the future, different machine components
will be able to communicate with each other further enhancing telematics and
predictive systems.
 Fuel savings. Machinery is getting lighter and more efficient, helping to reduce operating costs, without sacrificing performance.
These technology trends are vital to achieve future development milestones and
we need to dig deeper into each of these trends.
Autonomous Construction Equipment
You cannot go a week without hearing something about driverless vehicles.
Someday soon, everyone in the car will be a passenger during his daily commute. For
construction and mining operations, that type of technology cannot just stop there.
We need equipment to be able to function without anyone in the cab at all. Tire and
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track technology is critical in these operations because getting a flat tire or unexpected downtime just cannot happen. Flat-free solutions like solid tires and tracks
are trends we have already known in the construction industry nowadays, and it will
become even more of the standard in the future.
Construction Equipment Smart Technology
A broad-reaching term used to describe a lot of different advances, at its core
smart technology is all about machines getting smarter and communicating. Using
embedded sensors and other resources, the possibilities are endless for the construction equipment functionality. In a definite area of specialties, there are large earthmover tires helping to make adjustments to the way a machine is operated by tracking
operating hours, air pressure and temperature. Using that information, operators and
managers can make much better, quicker decisions to helping to reduce expenses and
increase productivity.
Smarter tires and tracks for smaller compact equipment are being developed
too. We want to make sure no matter what size of equipment you operate you can access information that delivers value.
Fuel Saving
In addition to labor and equipment expenses, fuel costs are a significant expenditure for most operations. In many sectors of the construction industry, there is a
rise in electric and hybrid equipment. It’s a trend that will continue to impact more
segments of the industry as engineering knowledge and capabilities continue to grow.
Developing products with a lower rolling resistance is a key to achieving lower energy consumption. Weight is also a big consideration. To achieve the required output of
energy to lift, transport or dig electric and hybrid equipment need to be lighter. However, weight reduction could not come at the expense of performance, which means
everything from the tires to different components of a machine need to reduce
weight. The trend for lighter, more fuel-efficient machinery will continue to evolve
into gas - and diesel-powered equipment.
Text 12
Assignment 1. Read the text and do the test.
Hurricanes
In almost every region of the world where hurricanes form, their maximum
sustained winds are getting stronger. That is according to a new study made by the
scientists at the National Center for Environmental Information and University of
Wisconsin, the US, who analyzed nearly 40 years of hurricane satellite imagery.
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A warming planet may be fueling the increase. "Through modeling and our understanding of atmospheric physics, the study agrees with what we would expect to
see in a warming climate like ours," says James Kossin, a NOAA scientist and a primary author of the paper, which was published in the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences in 2020.
The research is made on Kossin's previous work, published in 2013, which
identified trends in hurricane intensification across a 28-year data set. However, that
timespan was less conclusive and required more hurricane case studies to demonstrate statistically significant results.
To increase confidence in the results, the researchers extended the study to include global hurricane data from 1979 - 2017. Using analytical techniques, including
the Advanced Dvorak Technique that relies on infrared temperature measurements
from geostationary satellites to estimate hurricane intensity, Kossin and his colleagues were able to create a more uniform data set to identify trends.
"The main hurdle we have for finding trends is that the data are collected using
the best technology at the time," says Kossin. "Every year the data are a bit different
than the last year, each new satellite has new tools and captures data in different
ways, so in the end we have a patchwork quilt of all the satellite data that have been
woven together."
Kossin's previous research has shown other changes in hurricane behavior over
the decades, such as where they travel and how fast they move. In 2014, he identified
poleward migrations of hurricanes, where tropical cyclones are travelling farther
north and south, exposing previously less-affected coastal populations to greater risk.
In 2018, he demonstrated that hurricanes are moving more slowly across the
land due to changes in the Earth's climate. This has resulted in greater flood risks as
storms hover over cities and other areas, often for extended periods of time.
"Our results show that these storms have become stronger on global and regional levels, which is consistent with expectations of how hurricanes respond to a
warming world," says Kossin. "It's a good step forward and increases our confidence
that global warming has made hurricanes stronger, but our results don't tell us precisely how much of the trends are caused by human activities and how much may be
just natural variability."
Assignment 2. Choose the best answer.
1. Kossin demonstrated that hurricanes move more slowly across the land due to
changes in the Earth's ... .
a) geolocation
b) seasons
c) climate
d) business area
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2. The results of the research show that the storms become stronger on … levels.
a) international and provincial
b) local and national
c) global and regional
d) national and international
3. A warming planet may be the reason of the … formation increase.
a) winds
b) hurricanes
c) fueling
d) ice
4. A new study was made by the … scientists who analyzed nearly 40 years of hurricane satellite imagery.
a) young
b) Russian
c) British
d) American
5. In 2013 Kossin identified trends in hurricane … across a long period.
a) descriptions
b) intensification
c) study
d) growth
6. Infrared temperature measurements from geostationary … allowed estimating hurricane intensity.
a) digital TV
b) satellites
c) poles
d) GPS
7. The confidence in the results demanded to … the study for longer period.
a) extend
b) broaden
c) stop
d) eliminate
8. The main hurdle in finding hurricane … is that the data are collected using the best
technology at the time.
a) trends
b) origin
c) collection
d) foundation
9. This research increases confidence that … has made hurricanes stronger.
a) global warming
b) total boiling
c) natural heating
d) local warming
10. Every year the data are different because each new … has new tools and gets data
in different ways.
a) technology
b) equipment
c) satellite
d) technique
11. The research can’t tell precisely how much of the trends are caused by … and
how much may be just natural variability.
a) human activities
b) people’s behavior
c) technospheric results
d) artificial actions
12. Kossin's research has shown such changes in hurricane … as where they travel
and how fast they move.
a) behavior
b) model
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c) structure
d) age
13. In places where … form, maximum sustained winds are getting stronger.
a) storms
b) hurricanes
c) winds
d) breezes
14. Kossin identified poleward … of hurricanes in 2014.
a) voyages
b) migrations
c) elimination
d) growth
15. The problem written in the text is about hurricanes … .
a) development
b) increase
c) formation
d) creation
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Internet Recourses
https://www.ecpi.edu/blog/engineering-technologist-vs-engineer-whats-difference
https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/About-Us/Accreditation#AP2
https://degrees.griffith.edu.au/Program/1542/Overview/International
https://www.ijee.ie/articles/Vol13-5/ijee996.pdf
https://www.cv-library.co.uk/career-advice/cv/how-to-write-a-cvtips/#targetText=It%20should%20tell%20them%20about,and%20a%20completed%2
0application%20form.
http://www.engineersjournal.ie/2018/03/06/three-stories-why-i-became-an-engineer/
https://www.womanhit.ru/psychology/personality/2019-09-05-chitaem-naanglijskomchem-vam-pomozhet-eta-privychka/
https://www.britannica.com/technology/engineering
http//:www.mayenglishcorner.blogpot.com.es
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Keys
Unit I. Numerals
1 d, 2 b, 3 c , 4 d, 5 c, 6 c, 7 b, 8 b, 9 b, 10 a, 11 c, 12 b, 13 a, 14 a, 15 a, 16 b, 17 c, 18 c, 19 b.
Unit II. Shapes
Ex.9 a) 1. Shapes 2. Triangle 3. Circle 4. Square 5. Diamond 6. Rectangle 7. Ellipse
b) 1. Triangle 2. Quadrilateral 3. Rectangle 4. Trapezoid 5. Square 6. Circle 7. Polygon
Unit V. Contemporary Engineering Trends
Ex.8 1-c, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a, 5-b, 6-a, 7-b, 8-a, 9-d, 10-a, 11-b, 12-d, 13-b, 14-d, 15-a
Ex.12
Across:
Down:
2. Efficiency
1. Percent
3. Collaboration
5. Emission
4. Nanomaterial
7. Refiningindustry
6. Carbondioxide
8. Robot
13. Google
9. Skills
14. Technique
10. Turbine
11. Innovation
12. Exoskeleton
15. Greenhouse
13. A process of changes and improvement necessary for better living and existence.
14. A kind of equipment or an engine which uses electricity to do particular work.
Unit 5, Ex. 8, p.89
Across:
2. Research
3. Hype
7. Skills
10. Technologies
12. Technique
Down:
1. Management
4. Breakthrough
5. Method
6. Knowledge
8. Robots
9. Science
11. Engineering
13. Development
14. Machines
Reading bank. Text 13 (Hurricanes)
1-c, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d, 5-b, 6-b, 7-a, 8-a, 9-a, 10-c, 11-a, 12-a, 13-b, 14-b, 15-c
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