A Field Survey Report
ON
A STUDY ON THE CUSTOMER ATTITUDE
TOWARDS ELECTRIC VEHICLES
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
Submitted by
ANURAG CHARABORTY
(2201060700049)
Submitted to
Dr. Amitabh Pandey
(Associate Professor)
School of Management Sciences,
Varanasi
(An Autonomous College)
Affiliated to
(Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow)
1
PREFACE
The report is an integral part of IInd semester curriculum of Master
of Business Administration (MBA). The title of project is about
“A STUDY ON THE CUSTOMER
ATTITUDE TOWARDS
ELECTRIC VEHICLES”
I did a Descriptive study about various trust building factors in ecommerce industry. In
this report I have put my efforts to compile the data with utmost accuracy and give the
views to the best of my judgment.I hope that the finding of the research report work must
conform to the companies’ expectation and suggestion made on that basis must be useful
for the future prospect.
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DECLARATION
I, Anurag Chakraborty hereby declare that my report entitled “A STUDY ON THE
CUSTOMER ATTITUDE TOWARDS ELECTRIC VEHICLES” is a project work
carried out by me independently. The information presented in the report is correct to the
best of my knowledge and the analysis is as per the norms and guidelines of the report.
I feel extremely exhilarated to have completed this report under the able and inspiring
guidance of Dr. Amitabh Pandey, Associate Professor. His guidance and timely
encouragement has infused courage in me to complete the work successfully.
I claim this report to be my indigenous work and have not presented it anywhere else for
any purpose.
ANURAG CHARABORTY
MBA II Semester
Roll no:(MBA2210050)
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The work on this report has been an inspiring, often exciting, something challenging, but
always an interesting experience.
Bearing in mind, I am using this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude and special
thanks to the School of Management Sciences, Varanasi. I express my deepest thanks to
Director, Prof. P.N. Jha, Coordinator: Dr. Amitabh Pandey of MBA for providing me the
valuable chance for doing the research purpose.
Last but not the least I apologized for my omission & mistakes, as from my side I prepared
it by my best. I perceive this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development. I
will strive to use gained skills & knowledge in the best possible way, & I will continue to
work on their improvement in order to attain the desired career objectives.
ANURAG CHARABORTY
MBA II Semester
Roll no:(MBA2210050)
4
CERTIFICATE
5
TABLE OF CONTENT
S. No.
Particulars
Page No.
1.
Preface
-
2.
Acknowledgement
-
3.
Declaration
-
4
Table of Content
1
5
Introduction
2
6
Literature Review
15
7
Objective
30
8
Research Methodology
35
9
Data Analysis & Interpretation
40
10
Limitations
77
11
Findings & Conclusion
95
12
Suggestions & Recommendations
96
13
Annexure
97
13
Bibliography
101
6
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
7
1.1 Introduction
Electric vehicles are vehicles that are either partially or fully powered on electric power.
Electric cars are growing in popularity every day. It can be powered by a collector system
that uses electricity from outside the vehicle, or it can be self-powered by a battery
(sometimes charged by solar panels, or by converting fuel to electricity using fuel cells or
a generator). Electric vehicles have minimal operating expenses since they have fewer
moving parts to maintain, and they are also very eco-friendly because they consume little
or no fossil fuels (petrol or diesel). This vehicle is envisioned as a replacement for today’s
automobiles. It can be used to address concerns such as pollution, global warming, natural
resource depletion, and so on. The electric car concept offers a clear cut solution to the
environmental problems of gasoline-powered automobiles.
This study is conducted to determine how people feel about electric automobiles. The goal
is to reduce vehicular pollution by switching to electric vehicles. The increasing popularity
and use of electric vehicles is supported by a number of advantages, including:
(i) Savings:-Electric vehicles can be fuelled at extremely low prices, and many new cars
will provide excellent incentives for going green, such as money back from the
government. Electric vehicles might also help you save money in your daily life.
(ii) More Convenient:-Recharging an electric vehicle is simple, and the greatest part is that
you won’t have to stop at a gas station to do it before hitting the road! An electric vehicle
might be charged using a standard household outlet.
(iii) Safe to drive:-Electric vehicles are subjected to the same fitness and testing protocols
as gasoline-powered vehicles. Electric cars are safer to drive because they have a lower
Centre of gravity, making them more stable on the road.
(iv) No emission:-The most significant benefit of an electric vehicle is its environmental
credentials. Electric automobiles are completely environmentally beneficial because their
engines are powered by electricity. Because it runs on a clean energy source, it does not
produce any toxic gases or smoke into the environment. They are even better than
8
Hybrid cars, because hybrids that run on gas emit pollution. You’ll be helping to maintain
ahealthy and environmentally friendly environment.
(v) Low maintenance:-Electric automobiles use electrically driven engines, which
eliminates the need for lubrication, everything linked to the combustion engine, and a slew
of other maintenance responsibilities that come with a gas engine.As a result, the cost of
maintaining these vehicles has decreased. You won’t have to take it to the mechanic as
frequently as you would with a regular gasoline-powered vehicle.
1.2 Statement of the problem.
The topic of the project is ‘a study on the attitude of customers towards electric vehicles:
with special reference to youngsters. The study’s goal is to examine the current state of
electric car potential, as well as customer attitudes and preferences regarding electric
vehicles, particularly among young people. The research would also aid in concentrating
on the numerous elements that may have influenced the use of electric vehicle.
1.3 Objective of the study
•
To study the attitude of students towards electric vehicles.
•
To understand the experience of using electric vehicles.
•
To determine the factors influencing the purchase and use of electric Vehicles.
1.4 Significance of the study
The study focuses on customers’ attitudes toward electric vehicles as well as projected
demand in the future. As a result, statistical study of people’s desire for electric vehicles
would be possible. The research would also aid in deducing the experiences and
perspectives of various electric vehicle customers.
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1.5 Research Methodology
The study is conducted among youth aging between 18-30 which are mostly Students to
infer their attitude towards electric vehicles. Study is conducted through distribution of
questionnaires online and a total of 50 responses were collected.
1.5.1 Data collection
Primary data: The primary data has been collected through random sampling, from the
sample respondents through the schedule with the help of the questionnaire which was
distributed online.
Secondary data: secondary data has been collected from standard reference book and
various websites.
1.5.2 Tools of data collection
Data collection tools refer to the devices/instruments used to collect data. The success of
any research depends solely on the data which drives it. In this study, data is collected
through well-structured questionnaire.
1.5.3 Sampling design
Stratified sampling technique is used to select the sample.
1.5.4 Sample size
The sample size is limited to 100.
1.6 Tools used for analysis
The data collection tools refer to the devices or instruments used to collect the data. The
success of any research depends solely on the data which drives it. In this study data is
collected through well structured questionnaire.
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1.6 Limitations of the study:
1. Study is limited to 100 respondents of which are youth. So findings and suggestions
givenon the basis of the study cannot be extrapolated to the entire population.
2. The primary data collected may be biased.
1.7 Chapterization
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Chapter 2 – Review of literature
Chapter 3 – Theoretical framework
Chapter 4 – Data analysis and interpretation
Chapter 5 – Findings, Suggestions & Conclusion
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An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric
motors for propulsion. It can be powered by a collector system, with
electricity from extravehicular sources, or it can be powered autonomously
by a battery (sometimes charged by solar panels, or by converting fuel to
electricity using fuel cells or a generator). EVs include, but are not limited
to, road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft
, and electric spacecraft.
Plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) is a subcategory of electric vehicles that
includes battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles,
(PHEVs), and electric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles and
conventional internal combustion engine vehicles.
The benefits of electric vehicles include:
•
Zero tailpipe emissions, which help to improve air quality and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.
•
Lower running costs, as electricity is generally cheaper than gasoline
or diesel.
•
Fewer moving parts, which means less maintenance and repairs.
•
Quieter operation, which can be beneficial in urban areas.
•
Increased acceleration and torque, which can provide a more
enjoyable driving experience.
The drawbacks of electric vehicles include:
•
Limited range, as electric batteries have a smaller energy capacity
than gasoline or diesel tanks.
12
•
Longer charging times, as it can take several hours to fully charge an
electric battery.
•
Higher purchase price, as electric vehicles are still a relatively new
technology.
•
Lack of charging infrastructure, as there are fewer public charging
stations than gasoline or diesel pumps.
Despite the drawbacks, electric vehicles are becoming increasingly popular
as the technology improves and the cost of ownership decreases. In 2022,
global sales of electric vehicles reached 6.6 million units, up from 2.1 million
units in 2018. This growth is expected to continue in the coming years, as
governments around the world introduce policies to promote the use of
electric vehicles.
If you are considering buying an electric vehicle, there are a few things you
should keep in mind. First, you need to make sure that an electric vehicle is
right for your lifestyle. If you have a long commute or frequently travel long
distances, an electric vehicle may not be the best option for you. You also
need to factor in the cost of purchasing and charging an electric vehicle.
Electric vehicles are typically more expensive than gasoline or diesel
vehicles, and charging can be time-consuming. However, the cost of
ownership of an electric vehicle can be lower over the long term, due to the
lower cost of electricity.
If you decide that an electric vehicle is right for you, there are a few things
you can do to make the most of your purchase. First, do your research and
compare different models to find the one that best meets your needs.
Second, consider installing a home charging station, which will make it more
convenient to charge your vehicle. Third, take advantage of government
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incentives, which can help you save money on the purchase of an electric
vehicle.
Electric vehicles are a great way to reduce your environmental impact and
save money on fuel. If you are considering buying a new car, I encourage
you to consider an electric vehicle.
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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2.1 Review of literature
A literature review is a written summary of major works and other materials on a certain
subject. Scholarly journal articles, books, government reports, Web sites, and other sources
may be used in the review. Each source is described, summarised, and evaluated in the
literature review. It is typically included as a separate portion of a graduate thesis or
dissertation.
1. Consumer preferences for electric vehicles: by, Eric Molin & Bert van Wee,
The widespread adoption of electric vehicles may help to alleviate issues such as pollution,
global warming, and oil reliance. EV penetration, on the other hand, is comparatively low,
despite governments’ aggressive promotion measures. They offered a comprehensive
assessment of studies on consumer preferences for electric vehicles in order to inform
policymakers and guide future research. They compared consumer preference for electric
vehicles from an economic and psychological standpoint. Financial and technical
characteristics of electric vehicles, such as their purchase and running costs, driving range,
charging duration, vehicle performance, and brand variety on the market, are all proven to
have a substantial impact on their usefulness. The number of charging stations available
has a favourable impact on the utility and promotion of electric vehicles. The impact of tax
cuts and incentive measures. ( Fanchao Liao,2017)
2. International Council on Clean Transportation: LingzhiJin, Peter Slowik,
The early market for electric vehicles is still growing, but a number of obstacles are
preventing mainstream adoption. These challenges include the new technology’s higher
cost, its greater inconveniency in terms of range and charge periods, and customer
awareness of the technology’s availability and feasibility. This final criterion, often known
as “customer awareness,” is critical. (2017, LingzhiJin)
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3. Exploring Consumer Preferences towards Electric Vehicles: by Morton, C, Anabel, J
orcidand Nelson, JD (2016)
The diffusion of Electric Vehicles (EVs) is regarded as an important aspect of government
policy Which aims to generate a transition to a low-carbon mobility system .In relation to
EVs, studies which apply psychological theory comprise a rapidly growing and already
Substantial body of literature examining a variety of emotional or non-conscious regulatory
processes, but with only loose consensus as to the factors emerging as most directly or even
indirectly influential on individual’s adoption intention or behavior. This study uses a
conceptual framework to investigate the impact of consumer innovation and attitudes on
the functional qualities of electric vehicles on reported preferences for these vehicles (JD
2016)
4. Opportunities and Scope for Electric Vehicles in India: by Janardan Prasad Kesari, Yash
Sharma, Chahat Goel,
Developing an aggressive plan for EV adoption in India and assuring a well-executed
implementation is a difficult task for the government, but it is critical. India’s geography
and diversity will bring challenges that would necessitate smart answers. With the
acquisition of four-wheeled cars for government offices, three-wheeled vehicles, and buses
for public transportation, public procurement is likely to be a major driver of EV growth.
The initial expansion of two- and four-wheeled electric cars is likely to be boosted by
investments from fleet operators such as Ola and Uber, as well as operators of food
distribution services. However, it may take 5-6 years for private EVs to attain popularity
and acceptance.(Janardan Prasad Kesari, 2019)
16
5. How individual values and attitude influence consumers’ purchase intention of electric
vehicles: by Afroz, R., Rahman, A., Masud, M. M., Akhtar, R., &Duasa, J. B. (2015).
The major goal of this study is to see how ECNs and ICNs measure attitudes and how they
connect to environmentally responsible EV PIN. ICNs were found to be negatively
associated to green PIN in this investigation. This suggests that, given their preferences,
knowledge of alternatives, and financial constraints, people are more likely to choose
solutions that maximise utility . When they make the decision to purchase a vehicle, they
examine the vehicle’s fuel efficiency, fuel consumption, and comfort within their limited
budget. They may think about the convenience of recycling or charging batteries for the
EV. As a result, when car makers construct their electric vehicles, they should take this
conclusion into account.
6. Consumer attitudes towards electric vehicles: Effects of product user stereotypes and
self-image congruence. European Journal of Marketing: by Bennett, R., &Vijaygopal,
R. (2018).
Based on the posited influences of a specific stereotype of EV owners possibly held by
people without experience with EVs, and the latter’s self-image congruence regarding EV
ownership, this research developed an integrated model of potential determinants of
consumer attitude toward electric vehicles. Both product user SIC and stereotype negativity
were proposed as determinants of both product user SIC and stereotype negativity, as well
as exerting direct impacts on consumer attitude. The association between attitude and
willingness to purchase, as well as interrelationships among the variables, were
investigated. Before and after study participants played a game in which they took the
position of an electric vehicle driver, the model was estimated.(Vijayagopal,2018)
8.
Key factors influencing consumers’ purchase of electric vehicle : by Tu, J. C., &
Yang, C. (2019)
17
Customers must gradually accept and welcome the new trend because of the crucial
position that EVs play. Consumers, on the other hand, typically have a cautious attitude
toward innovative items due to a lack of necessary knowledge, which means they will not
buy them until these uncertainties are resolved. Manufacturers should take appealing
initiatives to suit consumer needs in order to increase EV adoption in the future. Consumers
believe that electric automobiles are going to cut technology goods that operate and cost
the same as traditional vehicles. Consumers’ views about purchasing electric vehicles are
positively influenced by these ideas and factors. Personal innovativeness, on the other
hand, has a negative influence, indicating that when customers believe they have no more
understanding of electric vehicles than their peers, they will not prioritise electric
automobiles. (Yang, C,2019)
9.
Perception towards electric vehicles and the impact on consumers’ preference: by
Ghasri, M., Ardeshiri, A., & Rashidi, T. (2019)
The degree to which a new technology is seen to be superior to an existing technology that
is being replaced has a big impact on people’s decisions about when, how, and how much
to adopt it. Studies on consumer preferences towards EV can be divided into economic and
psychological studies. Discrete choice modelling is the most commonly used methodology
in economic studies which is supported by the theory of utility maximisation. The history
of using electric motors for propulsion in electric vehicles (EVs) started with the history of
batteries in early 18th century.
10.
Factors influencing the behavioral intention towards full electric vehicles: by Lai,
I. K., Liu, Y., Sun, X., Zhang, H., & Xu, W. (2015)
18
Electric vehicles have been around since before the turn of the century, and they were
popular until 1918. Because gasoline-powered internal combustion engine vehicles
continued to advance, they became too competitive, and full electric vehicles were phased
out of the transportation sector by 1933. Most major vehicle manufacturers are already
creating tiny full electric vehicles, usually for short-range city driving, after a century of
evolution. The perception of economic benefits, that is, the long-term cost advantage of
full electric vehicles over gasoline-powered vehicles, would be the primary determinant of
their acceptability as mainstream transportation equipment. Long-term lifetime expenses
are important to consumers.
11.
A Study of Consumer Perception and Purchase Intention of Electric vehicles: Pretty
Bhalla, InassSalamah Ali, Afroze Nazneen,
Environmental concerns, cost, comfort, trust, technology, societal acceptance, and
infrastructural availability all influence car selection. These arguments both conventional
cars and electric vehicles have been tested. They believe that these elements have a direct
impact on an individual’s vehicle choice. They discovered that EV producers and
governments must invest more in social acceptability of the car by expanding infrastructure
and emphasising technology to build trust. According to the findings, the general public is
fully aware of the environmental benefits. The government and manufacturers share
responsibility for investing in car manufacturing. (2018, Pretty Bhalla)
12.
Potential Need for Electric Vehicles, Charging Station Infrastructure and its
Challenges for the Indian Market: by Praveen Kumar and Kalyan Dash,
Rather than making a massive adjustment, India can engage in small-scale reinforcements
to address load difficulties locally. Charging at home should be promoted. Before
constructing the large scale charging infrastructure, proper planning of location,
population, traffic density, and safety should be considered. It is critical to integrate efforts
in the energy and transportation industries. Drivers of electric cars are offered a financial
19
consumer incentive, such as tax credits, purchase subsidies, discounted tolls, free parking,
and access to restricted highway lanes, which will assist the market grow.(P. K. Dash,
2013)
13.
Electric Vehicles for India: Overview and Challenges: by Mr. A. Rakesh Kumar,
Dr.SanjeevikumarPadmanaban,
Global pollution is increasing, and every attempt is being made to reduce CO2 emissions
and rescue the planet. The introduction of electric vehicles is one such initiative. Because
transportation is one of the greatest CO2 emitters, it is critical to cut emissions. The
government has devised ambitious plans to bring electric vehicles to the Indian market and
keep up with global trends. An in-depth report on EVs was included in the National Electric
Mobility Mission Plan 2020. India faces a significant hurdle in transitioning from internal
combustion engines to electric vehicles. This will necessitate extensive planning as well as
R&D. To deal with range anxiety, charging infrastructure must be properly built. It’s
critical to establish a strong foundation.
14.
Study on Electric Vehicles in India Opportunities and Challenges: by Mohamed M,
G Tamil Arasan, and G Sivakumar
The replacement of internal combustion engines (ICE) with electric engines will
significantly reduce pollution while also providing a financial benefit to consumers. Many
countries have adopted this technology and are benefiting the environment as a result. The
study observed the advantages and disadvantages of EV implementation in India.
Government initiatives, batteries, industries, and the environment have all been taken into
account. Cost of electric vehicles, efficiency of electric vehicles in India, and demand for
electric vehicles were all taken into account. In India, the usage of electric vehicles is
largely intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and oil costs. The government should
20
make the most of the opportunities offered and identify appropriate solutions to the issues.
(2018, Mohamed M)
15.
Perception and Awareness Level of Potential Customers towards Electric Cars:
Masurali.A, Surya P,
In terms of carbon emissions, India is responsible for over 18% of them in the
transportation sector alone. One of the most viable alternative answers to the issues is the
electric vehicle (EV). Several automakers are introducing electric vehicles and diversifying
their product lines. Promoting electric vehicles (EVs) can help reduce fuel reliance and
pollution, which is good for both customers and the country. People’s levels of awareness
of EVs are substantially influenced by their education. Apart from manufacturers, the
government should make a concerted effort to raise awareness and generate favourable
perceptions among potential buyers. Masurali.A (Masurali.A, 2018)
16.
Electric Vehicles in India: Market Analysis with Consumer Perspective, Policies
and Issues: Pritam K. Gujarathi, Varsha A. Shah, Makarand M. Lokhande,
The Indian scenario is unique in that the present market share of electric and plug-in hybrid
vehicles is under 0.1 percent. Almost all cars today rely on fossil fuels for propulsion.
These damage the atmosphere and contribute to global warming by emitting greenhouse
gases. The disparity between petroleum production and demand in the United States is
increasing. India imports almost 70% of the oil it needs each year. As a result, there is a
pressing need to look at the elements and obstacles that could lead to more sustainable and
cleaner alternatives. Pritam K. Gujarathi (Pritam K. Gujarathi, 2018)
17.
Conventional, Hybrid, or Electric Vehicles: Which Technology for an Urban
Distribution Centre: by Philippe Lebeau, Cedric De Cauwer, Joeri Van Mierlo, Cathy
Macharis
21
The impact of freight transportation on urban migration is significant. The possibility of
integrating electric vehicles into urban logistical operations was investigated by
researchers. A fleet with a variety of technologies has the potential to lower last-mile
expenses. A fleet size and mix vehicle routing problem with time windows for EVs was
provided by the researcher. The authors’ key contribution was to take into account the
unpredictability of the EV range. EVs are often the most competitive technology in the
small van segment. In the segment of large vans, diesel has proven to be the most
costeffective alternative, as electric cars would need to travel a greater distance to be
costcompetitive. Hybrid vehicles are preferred in the truck category due to their lower
operating costs.(Philippe Lebeau, 2015)
18.
Indian Electric Vehicles Storm in a teacup: Yogesh Aggarwal, Vivek Gedda and
Kushan Parikh,
Users of scooters who only need to travel short distances may want to consider an EV,
while those who need to travel longer distances and currently possess motorcycles like the
Hero Splendor may find switching to an e-2W challenging. It is relatively straightforward
to enhance the range of an automobile by increasing the battery size. However, with electric
2Ws, every increase in kWh may provide an additional 30km of range, but the weight gain
is roughly the same. For electric 2Ws though, every increase in kWh may provide an extra
30km in range, but the increase in weight is around 10kg, approximately a 10% increase
in the total weight of the bike. This weight issue is even more pronounced in smaller bikes
(less than 150cc). (Yogesh Aggarwal, 2019)
19.
Driving an electric vehicle. A sociological analysis on pioneer users b: by M Pierre,
C Jemelin, N Louvet – Energy Efficiency, 2011
22
Similar incidents have occurred in the recent decades-long albeit more modest but full of
learning: in the 1990s, certain local governments sponsored innovations based on electric
vehicles, and some people picked this type of vehicle for their everyday commutes. We
seek to uncover the causes for this unique modal choice, highlight the problems that electric
vehicle drivers faced at the time, and analyse the patterns of use that dictated their mobility
and use of electric vehicles by reporting research conducted in 2006 and 2008.(M
Pierre,2011)
20.
The History of Alternative Fuels in Transportation: The Case of Electric and Hybrid
Cars: by Hoyer, 2008
Electric car technology has been around for over a century. Electric driving, on the other
hand, has been put on hold due to the availability and convenience of use of combustion
engines. Various (pushing and pulling) elements are currently rekindling interest in electric
automobiles. On the one hand, a limited supply of oil and growing awareness of the
environmental impact of traditional combustion engine vehicles push people toward
cleaner electric vehicles. In terms of pulling power, recent advancements in battery
technology and electric motors have made the electric vehicle a viable competitor to
traditional automobiles.(Hoyer,2008)
21.
Advances in consumer electric vehicle adoption: by Rezvani, Jansson, and Bodin,
2015 They provide an overview of EV adoption research, but they only focus on
individualspecific psychological aspects that influence people’s desire to embrace electric
vehicles, and they only choose a few typical studies. Our review adds to it in two ways:
first, we look at a broader variety of factors that influence electric car adoption than just
psychological dimensions; and second, we compile all accessible academic Electric vehicle
preference studies to give a comprehensive picture of current research. (Bodin, 2015)
23
Electric vehicles (EVs) are a type of vehicle that uses one or more electric
motors for propulsion. They are powered by electricity, which can be
stored in a battery or generated by a fuel cell. EVs have a number of
advantages over traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, including zero
tailpipe emissions, lower running costs, and fewer moving parts.
•
History of EVs
The first EVs were developed in the late 1800s, but they were not
commercially successful due to the high cost of batteries. In the 1970s,
there was a renewed interest in EVs due to the oil crisis, but they were
again not commercially successful due to the limited range of batteries. In
recent years, there has been a renewed interest in EVs due to advances
in battery technology, which have made EVs more affordable and
practical.
•
Types of EVs
There are two main types of EVs: battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). BEVs are powered solely by
electricity, while PHEVs have a gasoline engine that can be used to
extend the range of the vehicle.
•
Benefits of EVs
EVs have a number of benefits over traditional
vehicles, including:
24
gasoline-powered
Code snippet
* Zero tailpipe emissions: EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, which helps to
improve air quality and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
* Lower running costs: The cost of electricity is generally lower than the cost of
gasoline, which can save EV owners money on fuel costs.
* Fewer moving parts: EVs have fewer moving parts than traditional gasolinepowered vehicles, which means less maintenance and repairs.
* Quieter operation: EVs are quieter than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles,
which can be beneficial in urban areas.
* Increased acceleration and torque: EVs have increased acceleration and torque,
which can provide a more enjoyable driving experience.
Use code with caution. Learn more
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•
Drawbacks of EVs
EVs also have a number of drawbacks, including:
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* Limited range: The range of an EV is limited by the size of the battery, which
can be a problem for drivers who need to travel long distances.
* Longer charging times: It can take several hours to fully charge an EV battery,
which can be inconvenient.
* Higher purchase price: EV purchase prices are typically higher than the
purchase prices of traditional gasoline-powered vehicles.
* Lack of charging infrastructure: There are fewer public charging stations than
gasoline stations, which can make it difficult to find a place to charge an EV.
Use code with caution. Learn more
content_copy
•
Future of EVs
25
The future of EVs is promising. As battery technology continues to improve, the
range and affordability of EVs will increase. Additionally, as governments
around the world introduce policies to promote the use of EVs, the demand for
EVs is expected to grow.
26
OBJECTIVE
27
1
The objective of an electric vehicle (EV) is to provide transportation with zero
tailpipe emissions. EVs are powered by electricity, which can be stored in a
battery or generated by a fuel cell. EVs have a number of advantages over
traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, including:
•
Zero tailpipe emissions: EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, which helps
to improve air quality and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
•
Lower running costs: The cost of electricity is generally lower than the
cost of gasoline, which can save EV owners money on fuel costs.
•
Fewer moving parts: EVs have fewer moving parts than traditional
gasoline-powered vehicles, which means less maintenance and repairs.
•
Quieter operation: EVs are quieter than traditional gasoline-powered
vehicles, which can be beneficial in urban areas.
•
Increased acceleration and torque: EVs have increased acceleration and
torque, which can provide a more enjoyable driving experience.
The main objective of an EV is to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas
emissions. EVs do this by not emitting any pollutants from their tailpipes. This is
in contrast to gasoline-powered vehicles, which emit harmful pollutants such as
nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter. These pollutants can
cause respiratory problems, heart disease, and cancer. They can also contribute
to climate change.
28
EVs also help to reduce noise pollution. EVs are quieter than gasoline-powered
vehicles, which is beneficial in urban areas where there is a lot of noise from
traffic.
In addition to the environmental benefits, EVs also offer a number of economic
benefits. The cost of electricity is generally lower than the cost of gasoline,
which can save EV owners money on fuel costs. EVs also have fewer moving
parts than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, which means less maintenance
and repairs.
The future of EVs is promising. As battery technology continues to improve, the
range and affordability of EVs will increase. Additionally, as governments
around the world introduce policies to promote the use of EVs, the demand for
EVs is expected to grow.
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3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
3.1 Understanding Electric vehicles
A vehicle that is powered by one or more electric motors or traction motors is known as
an electric vehicle (EV). An electric vehicle can be self-contained, with a battery, solar
panels, fuel cells, or an electric generator to convert gasoline to energy, or it can be fueled
by electricity from off-vehicle sources via a collector system. Road and rail vehicles,
surface and underwater watercraft, electric airplanes, and electric spacecraft are all
examples of electric vehicles.
Electric vehicles (EVs) originally appeared in the mid-19th century, when electricity was
one of the favoured means for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a degree of comfort
and ease of operation that gasoline cars could not match. For nearly a century, internal
combustion engines were the primary propulsion system for cars and trucks, while
electric power remained prevalent in other vehicle types, such as trains and smaller
vehicles of all types.
3.2History of Electric vehicles
• 1800’s
Inventors in a number of nations have begun testing battery-powered automobiles. In
1832, Robert Anderson of the United Kingdom is credited with inventing the first electric
vehicle. Camille Jenatzy, a Belgian race car driver, breaks the 100 km/h barrier in 1899 in
the La Jamais Contente, an electric vehicle he designed. On September 13, 1899, in New
York, an electric cab was involved in the first reported US motor vehicle death.
• 1900’s-1960’s
30
EVs are targeted at women, with luxurious upholstery, flower bouquets, clocks, and even
beauty kits. They are said to be quieter, cleaner, and easier to run than gasoline-powered
vehicles. Henry Ford and Thomas Edison collaborate on a “affordable and practical”
electric car that can travel 100 miles. They do, however, abandon the endeavour in the
end. Ferdinand Porsche creates the P1, an electric automobile.
The demand for Ford’s mass-produced Model T and other gasoline-fueled automobiles is
reducing the popularity of electric vehicles. National Union Electric Corp converts 100
Renault Dauphine automobiles to operate on batteries in 1959. Henney Kilowatts is the
name given to the latest versions. In response to growing worries about air pollution,
several corporations begin developing prototype vehicles.
• 1970-1990’s
The globe sees NASA’s electric Lunar Roving Vehicle bounce around on the moon in
1971 and 1972, giving battery power a promotional boost. Late in the decade, rising
gasoline prices prompted automakers and the US Department of Energy to investigate
alternate fuels, with GM constructing a prototype urban electric car in 1973 and
SebringVanguard releasing its CitiCar. However, a restricted range and performance
concerns prevent wider adoption.
Auto manufacturers are increasingly focusing on alternative-fuel vehicles as emission
regulations tighten. GM debuted the EV1 in 1997, producing over 1,000 of the sleek
twoseaters and leasing them to customers as part of a market study. The first massproduced hybrids are also available for purchase. Toyota’s Prius and Honda’s Insight, as
well as Nissan’s Altra EV minivan, are all electric vehicles powered by lithium-ion
batteries.
• 2000’s-2010’s
The majority of the EV1s are destroyed by GM. Marc Tarpenning and Martin Eberhard
founded Tesla Motors in 2003. Elon Musk, a cofounder of PayPal, leads a $7.5 million
31
initial investment and is named chairman in 2004. Tesla produced roadster sports car (the
first production EV to use lithium-ion battery cells) in 2008.
Nissan’s Leaf has become the best-selling electric vehicle in the world. Tesla continues to
expand its product line. Musk reveals ambitions to develop an electric semi-truck to
compete with Daimler and BYD, a Chinese company financed by Warren Buffett. China
is the world’s largest EV market, because to its focus on reducing smog and oil imports,
which has prompted hundreds of local manufacturers and startups to compete for market
share.
• The future
According to Bloomberg New Energy Finance, more than 230 battery-powered
automobiles will be available globally by 2021. SUVs and pickup trucks, such as Audi’s
e-tron and Jaguar’s I-Pace, will be among them. By 2024, electric vehicle sales in the
United States will surpass 1 million, up from 104,000 in 2017, and deliveries in China
will surpass 3 million. And to think that it all began with Robert Anderson’s electric
carriage in 1832.
3.3 Electric vehicle development in India
The United Kingdom (UK) recently announced that new petrol and diesel cars will no
longer be sold after 2030. In addition, as part of its green strategy, the United Kingdom is
working to provide the necessary infrastructure for electric vehicles (EVs). Such a
significant step could have ramifications for the global green movement. The Indian
government is likewise interested in replacing fossil-fuel-powered automobiles with
electric vehicles. In 2017, the government set a lofty goal of having all cars be electric by
2030. However, the government was obliged to cut the aim due to opposition from the
car industry and fears of job losses. Will be difficult to overhaul the mobility sector
unless the government supports upfront investment in EV infrastructure rather than
shifting the buck to the automotive industry and customers.
32
3.4 Advantages of electric vehicle
•
Electric vehicles save energy:- The amount of energy from a fuel source that is
transformed into actual energy for driving a vehicle’s wheels is referred to as
energy efficiency. Compared to traditional gas-powered vehicles, AEVs are
significantly more efficient: AEV batteries convert 59 to 62 percent of their
energy into vehicle movement, compared to 17 to 21 percent for gas-powered
vehicles. This means that charging an AEV’s battery contributes more to actual
vehicle power than filling up at a gas station.
•
Electric cars reduce emissions :-Emission reduction, including reduced usage of
fuel, is another pro for all-electric vehicles. Because they rely on a rechargeable
battery, driving an electric car does not create any tailpipe emissions which are a
major source of pollution in the United States. In addition, the rechargeable
battery means much less money spent on fuel, which means all energy can be
sourced domestically.
•
Electric vehicles are high-performance and low-maintenance vehicles:- Allelectric
vehicles are high-performance vehicles with quiet, smooth motors that require
less maintenance than internal combustion engines. The driving experience can
also be enjoyable because AEV motors are responsive and have good torque.
AEVs are generally newer than their gasoline-powered counterparts, and they are
frequently more digitally connected with charging stations, allowing for charging
control via an app.
3.5 India’s necessity for EV’s
India is in need of a transportation revolution
33
•
The current trajectory of adding ever more cars running on expensive imported
fuel and cluttering up already overcrowded cities suffering from infrastructure
bottlenecks and intense air pollution is unfeasible.
•
The transition to electric mobility is a promising global strategy for decarbonising
the transport sector.
3.6 India’s Support to EVs:
Need for Electric Vehicles: India is in need of a transportation revolution.
The current trajectory of loading already overcrowded cities with infrastructure
constraints and high levels of air pollution with ever more cars relying on expensive
imported fuel is unsustainable.
Electric mobility is a promising global method for reducing carbon emissions in the
transportation industry.
India’s Electric Vehicle Support: India is one of only a few countries to back the global
EV30@30 initiative, which aims for at least 30% new electric vehicle sales by 2030.
At the COP26 in Glasgow, India’s promotion of five factors for climate change —
“Panchamrit” — is a commitment to the same.
At the Glasgow summit, India proposed a number of initiatives, including using
renewable energy to meet 50% of India’s energy demands and cutting carbon emissions
by 1 billion tonnes by 2030 and achieving net zero by 2070.
The government of India has taken various measures to develop and promote the EV
ecosystem in the country such as:
The remodeled Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME II) scheme
Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) for the
supplier side
34
The recently launched PLI scheme for Auto and Automotive Components for
manufacturers of electric vehicles.
Major Players in EV Market
1. Tesla
Founded in 2003 and headquartered in California, US, Tesla is one of the leading players
in the electric vehicle market. Tesla creates high-performance completely electric
automobiles as well as energy generation and storage solutions, which it designs,
develops, manufactures, and sells. The business just released the Model 3, which has
quickly become one of the best-selling vehicles in the United States. The company has
demonstrated that it has the ability to produce highly creative automobiles over time.
With the construction of a new production factory in Shanghai, China, the company plans
to establish a strong presence in the Asia Pacific region.
2. BMW
BMW, a multinational vehicle manufacturing corporation, was founded in 1916 and is
based in Munich, Germany. Automotive, financial services, motorcycles, and other
businesses are the company’s four business segments. The company sells cars and SUVs
in the automobile industry. BMW also sells electric vehicles such as the BMW i3 and
BMW i8, both of which are plug-in hybrids. The company intends to offer 25 electrified
vehicles by 2025, with 12 of them being entirely electric.
3. Nissan Motors
Nissan Motor was formed in 1933 and is headquartered in Yokohama, Japan. Nissan
Motor Company is a global automaker known for its Nissan, Infiniti, and Datsun brands.
Its best-selling Nissan Leaf model has dominated the market for a long time, selling over
200,000 units in 2016. Vehicles and vehicle parts, engines, manual transmission,
specifically equipped vehicles, industrial equipment engines, and so on are all available
from the company. For its customers, the company also makes electric cars
35
(BEVs).Nissan introduced the Nissan Leaf Plus model in 2019 with better new features
such as a larger battery and a 160 kW electric motor, increased range (up to 363 km), and
increased power (214 hp).
4. Volkswagen
Volkswagen is a well-known automobile manufacturer based in Wolfsburg, Germany,
that was founded in 1937. Volkswagen Passenger Cars, Audi, SEAT, KODA, Bentley,
Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, Ducati, Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, Scania, and
MAN are among the company’s 12 brands. Sedans, minicars, SUVs, premium cars,
supercars, and commercial vehicles are all sold by the corporation. It sells automobiles
with various propulsion systems, including diesel, gasoline, and electric vehicles. The eGolf and e-Up are the company’s most popular electric automobiles. Volkswagen
announced pre-orders for the first model of its next full-electric car, the ID.3, in Europe
in May 2019. It quickly drew 15,000 registrations, accounting for more than half of the
total 30,000 pre-bookings. Volkswagen intends to launch over 70 all-electric vehicles
worldwide by 2028.
5. BYD GROUP
BYD is one of the few businesses that specialises in commercial electric car manufacture.
Its headquarters are in Guangdong, China, and it was founded in 1995. Automobiles,
handset and assembly services, and rechargeable battery and photovoltaic are the
company’s three main business segments. BYD is a company that specialises in the
design, manufacture, and assembly of a wide range of goods. China, the United States,
Europe, and India are among places where the company has a presence. The organisation
has placed a strong emphasis on partnerships and has built them all over the world. For
example, Nobina, Sweden’s and the Nordic region’s largest bus operator, added another
20 e-buses to its growing order book from BYD in 2019.
36
Customer satisfaction
On this subject, numerous studies have been conducted. Customer satisfaction is defined
as a response to a specific issue that occurs at a certain time. Satisfaction can be achieved
in a variety of ways. Post-purchase satisfaction is most typically measured. It’s a general
assessment of the buy. It is described as an emotion experienced through the acquisition
and use of a product. In measure, there are primarily two notions. Specific or cumulative
effects are possible. According to a specific method, contentment is a measure of a user’s
experience when using a product or receiving services. When making a satisfaction
judgement, cumulative measurement refers to how an individual analyses his or her
earlier experience and purchases with the company. The majority of the authors consider
contentment to be an emotional reaction. The intensity of an emotional reaction is
determined by the circumstances. Satisfaction elicits a wide range of emotions, from
strong ones like enthusiasm to milder ones like indifference or relief. It is the buyer’s
cognitive state that determines satisfaction in the case of cognition. Satisfaction can be a
combination of cognitive and emotional factors. This response is frequently focused on
one’s contentment, and the object is usually compared to some standard to arrive at a
satisfaction judgement.
There is no customer who knows if satisfaction is an outcome or a process. In the context
of the outcome, satisfaction is defined as a reaction to an event. Satisfaction is defined as
an evaluative process from the process standpoint.
3.2 Consumer Perception
According to the Business Dictionary, consumer perception or customer perception is a
“Marketing concept that encompasses a customer's impression, awareness, or
consciousness about a company or its offerings.”
37
Customer perception is a “Process during which an individual acquires knowledge about
the environment and interprets the information according to his/her needs, requirements
and attitudes.” – as defined by F.G. Crane and T.K. Klarke (1994), G.D. Harrell, G.L.
Frazier (1998).
Customer perception is a process where a customer collects information about a product
and interprets the information to make a meaningful image about a particular product.
When a customer sees advertisements, promotions, customer reviews, social media
feedback, etc. relating to a product, they develop an impression about the product. The
entire process of customer perception starts when a consumer sees or gets information
about a particular product. This process continues until the consumer starts to build an
opinion about the product. Everything that a company does will affect customer perception.
The way the products are positioned in a retail store, the colors and shapes in the logo, the
advertisements, the discounts, everything impacts the customer perception.
3.2.1 Factors influencing customer perception
In general, customer perception can be influence by a lot of factors. Some of the major
factors are
•
Consistency of performance – How has the brand performed in the past and how it
is performing currently.
•
Emotional connect – Superb brands know that emotional connection with the
customer is critical to brand development.
•
Marketing communications – How the brand communicates with the customers
using the various media vehicles.
•
Holistic marketing – A brand cannot be excellent if it has good sales staff but
pathetic support staff. A brand has to be a good all rounder and satisfy customers
from all its touch points.
38
•
Personal experience – Personal experience is one of the most important influencers
that can easily have a direct impact on customer perception. Our personal
experiences matter most. When a customer experiences a good service or purchases
a great product, the quality of goods and services matter.
•
Advertising – Promotional campaigns are an integral part of any organization. It
takes important steps to create advertisements that can change the perception about
a brand easily.
•
Influencers – We all are surrounded by several influencers that have a direct and
indirect impact on your mindset. It can change customer perception at the drop of a
hat.
•
Social media platforms – This is the age of technology where most people are on
one or the other social media portal browsing to their heart’s content. When you
read reviews or comments about particular products services of a brand, your
subconscious mind automatically takes a decision.
3.2.2 Four distinct stages of consumer perception
Sensation
Sensation describes what happens when a person's senses are initially exposed to the
external stimulus of a product. Through sight, sound, smell, taste and texture the sensory
receptors of a consumer is engaged by product or brand cues. For example, Starbucks
engages all the senses in its sensory brand marketing. A customer who enters a Starbucks
coffee shop may hear the sounds and smell the aroma of the grinding of fresh coffee in the
store with background music and a unique store design round out the experience of the
taste of hot or cold coffee and food products that can be enjoyed in-store at quaint cafe
tables.
39
Attention
To the external stimulus from a product or brand in consumer information processing,
attention occurs when a person lingers and gives mental processing capacity. Selective
perception is when a consumer pays attention to messages that are consistent with her
attitudes, beliefs and needs. The consumer will withdraw attention when a product is
inconsistent with these factors.
3.2 Consumer Perception
According to the Business Dictionary, consumer perception or customer perception is a
“Marketing concept that encompasses a customer's impression, awareness, or
consciousness about a company or its offerings.”Customer perception is a “Process during
which an individual acquires knowledge about the environment and interprets the
information according to his/her needs, requirements and attitudes.” – as defined by F.G.
Crane and T.K. Klarke (1994), G.D. Harrell, G.L. Frazier (1998).
Customer perception is a process where a customer collects information about a product
and interprets the information to make a meaningful image about a particular product.
When a customer sees advertisements, promotions, customer reviews, social media
feedback, etc. relating to a product, they develop an impression about the product.The
entire process of customer perception starts when a consumer sees or gets information
about a particular product. This process continues until the consumer starts to build an
opinion about the product. Everything that a company does will affect customer perception.
The way the products are positioned in a retail store, the colours and shapes in the logo,
the advertisements, the discounts, everything impacts the customer perception.
3.2.1 Factors influencing customer perception
In general, customer perception can be influence by a lot of factors. Some of the major
factors are
40
•
Consistency of performance – How has the brand performed in the past and how it
is performing currently.
•
Emotional connect – Superb brands know that emotional connection with the
customer is critical to brand development.
•
Marketing communications – How the brand communicates with the customers
using the various media vehicles.
•
Holistic marketing – A brand cannot be excellent if it has good sales staff but
pathetic support staff. A brand has to be a good all rounder and satisfy customers
from all its touch points.
•
Personal experience – Personal experience is one of the most important influencers
that can easily have a direct impact on customer perception. Our personal
experiences matter most. When a customer experiences a good service or purchases
a great product, the quality of goods and services matter.
•
Advertising – Promotional campaigns are an integral part of any organization. It
takes important steps to create advertisements that can change the perception about
a brand easily.
•
Influencers – We all are surrounded by several influencers that have a direct and
indirect impact on your mindset. It can change customer perception at the drop of a
hat.
•
Social media platforms – This is the age of technology where most people are on
one or the other social media portal browsing to their heart’s content. When you
read reviews or comments about particular products services of a brand, your
subconscious mind automatically takes a decision.
3.2.2 Four distinct stages of consumer perception
41
Sensation
Sensation describes what happens when a person's senses are initially exposed to the
external stimulus of a product. Through sight, sound, smell, taste and texture the sensory
receptors of a consumer is engaged by product or brand cues. For example, Starbucks
engages all the senses in its sensory brand marketing. A customer who enters a Starbucks
coffee shop may hear the sounds and smell the aroma of the grinding of fresh coffee in the
store with background music and a unique store design round out the experience of the
taste of hot or cold coffee and food products that can be enjoyed in-store at quaint cafe
tables.
Attention
To the external stimulus from a product or brand in consumer information processing,
attention occurs when a person lingers and gives mental processing capacity. Selective
perception is when a consumer pays attention to messages that are consistent with her
attitudes, beliefs and needs. The consumer will withdraw attention when a product is
inconsistent with these factors.
Interpretation
From a product or brand marketing interpretation occurs when a person assigns a meaning
to the sensory stimulus. Comprehension is aided by expectations and familiarity. To
retrieve previous experiences with the brand or a similar brand a consumer scans his
memory. Stage when product packaging design contains logos, colours and other elements
that are similar to national brands that consumers are generally more familiar with
storebrand marketing frequently capitalizes on the interpretation.
Retention
The conclusion of the consumer perception process is the retention stage and it marked by
the storage of product or brand information in short-term and long-term memory. The
information about the product or brand into long-term memory is the marketer's goal to
provide positive stimuli in the proceeding stages that translate into consumers storing.
42
CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS & INTREPRETATION
43
GENDER
● Male
● Female
Interpretation
The above diagram depicts that out of the 100 respondents 40.6
% of the respondents were females and 56.4% were men as our
objective was to know the consumer behaviour of both men and
women as to infer from it, it’s necessary to know the response of
both the genders.
44
Age Group
INTERPRETATION:42% of peoples of age group is 16 to 25 years are shopping
in Electric Vehicle, 18% of peoples of age group is 26 to 35
years, 34% of peoples of age group is 26 to 35 years and
other hand 6% of peoples shopp4i5ng in Electric Vehicle.
Education
INTERPRETATION:40% of peoples they are Bachelor’s Degree, 20%
of peoples having Master’s Degree, 32% of peoples
Prefer not to say, and 8% of peoples are High school
and Intermediate.
46
OCCUPATION
INTERPRETATION:27.7 % of people are shopping, they are students, 24.7 % of
salaried peoples choose Electric Vehicle, 23.8% of peoples are
house maker, 23.8 % of peoples are 4s7elf-employed.
Marital Status
INTERPRETATION:82% of peoples shows interest in shopping are Married, on the
other hand, 18% of peoples are unmarried.
48
Do you satisfy Electric Vehicle ?
INTERPRETATION:78% of peoples are aware & satisfied of Electric Vehicle, on
the other hand, 22% of peoples does satisfied.
49
Do you have any of the following vehicle
INTERPRETATION:40% of peoples is like Style of product in first view, 50% of
peoples like Nature of product, 6% of peoples like Need of product,
and 4% of peoples like Packaging of product.
50
From where did you heard about electric vehicles
INTERPRETATION:60% of peoples come in shoppers stop price to encourage, 20% of
peoples like service of Multi-brand store, 10% of peoples like for
ambience and 10% of peoples encourage to come for product
and variety.
51
Which model will you prefer the most if electric model is available
Interpretation
Respondents have mostly agreed that they shop most from
online sites and then super marts then ration shops and sabzimandi. The figure above illustrates that 44% of respondent buy
grocery from online store , 36% people buy from super market
,10 % of respondent buy grocery from ration shops and 10 % buy
from Shoppers Stop.
52
What sort of attitude do you have towards electric vehicles
INTERPRETATION:42% of peoples know about offer and discount in shopper
stop by Bloggers or Social Media Influencers, 18% of peoples
get the information Magazines, 34% of peoples get the
information by Family & Friends, and 6% of peoples by Media
& Internet.
53
Attitude towards Government incentives
INTERPRETATION:20% of peoples strongly disagree Electric Vehicle , and
10% of peoples disagree Electric Vehicle , 46% of peoples
agree Electric Vehicle , 30% people strongly agree Electric
Vehicle .
54
Electric vehicles are more convenient for long trips that short trips.
INTERPRETATION:20% of peoples strongly disagree Electric Vehicle , and
10% of peoples disagree Electric Vehicle , 46% of
peoples agree Electric Vehicle , 30% people strongly
agree Electric Vehicle .
55
Initial cost is high
INTERPRETATION:20% of peoples strongly disagree Electric Vehicle , and 10%
of peoples disagree Electric Vehicle , 46% of peoples agree
Electric Vehicle , 30% people strongly agree Electric Vehicle
.
56
Number of charging stations are less
INTERPRETATION:20% of peoples strongly disagree Electric Vehicle , and 10% of
peoples disagree Electric Vehicle , 46% of peoples agree
Electric Vehicle , 30% people strongly agree Electric Vehicle .
57
The source of data collection from the questionnaire distributed to students in
Christ college autonomous Irinjalakuda. Responses from 50 students were collected.
GENDER OF RESPONDENTS
Gender
Table 4.1
No of respondents
% of respondents
FEMALE
31
62%
MALE
19
38%
TOTAL
50
100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.1
Gender of Respondents
38%
Female
Male
62%
58
ource: Table 4.1)
INTERPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents
•
38% Of the respondents are male
•
62% Of the respondents are female
AGE GROUP OF THE RESPONDENTS
Table 4.2
Age groups
No. of respondents
% cof respondents
18-21
32
64%
22-24
8
16%
24 and above
10
20%
Total
50
100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.2
AGE GROUP OF RESPONDENTS
20%
18-21
22-24
16%
64%
59
24& above
(Source: Table 4.2)
INTERPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents.
•
64% respondents belong to 18-21 age category.
•
16% respondents belongs to 22-24 age category.
•
20% respondents belong to 24& above age category.
35
60
VEHICLE OF RESPONDENTS
Particulars
Table 4.3
No of Respondents
% of respondents
Bike
8
16%
Scooter
17
34%
Car
11
22%
All of the above
14
28%
Total
50
100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.3
VEHICLE OF RESPONDENTS
16%
28%
bike
scooter
car
34%
all of the above
22%
(Source: Table 4.4)
INTERPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents.
•
16% of respondents have bike.
•
34%of respondents have scooter.
•
22% of respondents have car.
•
28% of respondents have all of the above
3661
FUEL USED IN VEHICLES
Table 4.4
Particular
No of respondents
% of
respondents
Petrol
22
44
Diesel
18
36
Charging(ev’s)
10
20
Total
50
100
(Source: Primary data)
Figure4.4
FUEL USED IN VEHICLES
20%
44%
petrol diesel
charging ev's
36%
(Source: Table 4.4)
INTREPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents.
•
88% of respondents use petrol vehicle.
•
12% of respondents use diesel vehicle.
3672
AWARNESS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Table 4.5
Particulars
No of respondents
% of respondents
Heard(YES)
49
98
Not Heard(NO)
1
2
TOTAL
50
100
(Source: primary data)
Figure 4.5
AWARNESS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
2%
Heard
Not Heard
98%
(Source: Table 4.5)
INTREPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents.
•
48% of responds have heard about electric vehicles.
•
2% of respondents have not heard about electric vehicle.
3683
SOURCE OF AWARNESS ABOUT ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Particulars
Table 4.6
No of respondents
% of respondents
Friends/family
16
32%
Newspaper
4
8%
Advertisement
10
20%
Social media
18
36%
others
2
4%
Total
50
100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.6
Source of awarness about electric vehicles
4%
32%
36%
8%
20%
Friends/family
Newspaper
Advertisement
Social media
Others
(Source: Table 4.6)
INTREPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents.
•
32% of respondents heard from friends and family.
•
8% of respondents heard from Newspaper.
•
20% of respondents heard from advertisement.
•
36% of respondents heard from social media.
•
4% of respondents heard from others.
3694
PREFERENCE TOWARDS ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Particulars
Table 4.7
No of respondents
% of respondents
bike
3
6%
scooter
16
32%
car
31
62%
total
50
100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.7
PREFERENCE TOWARDS ELECTRIC VEHICLES
6%
32%
Bike
Scooter
Cars
62%
(Source: Table 4.7)
INTREPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents.
•
62% of respondents prefer cars.
•
32% of respondents prefer scooter.
•
6% 0f respondents prefer bike.
65
ATTITUDE OF RESPONDENTS TOWARDS ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Particulars
Table 4.8
No of respondents
% of respondents
Positive
33
66%
Negative
0
0%
Neutral
17
34%
Total
50
100%
(Source:
Primary
Data)
Figure 4.8
Attitude of respondents towards electric
vehicles
34%
Positive
Negative
Neutral
66%
0%
(Source: Table 4.8)
INTREPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents.
•
66% of respondents have positive attitude.
•
0% of respondents have negative attitude.
•
34% of respondents have neutral attitude.
66
ATTITUDE TOWARDS GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES
Particulars
TABLE 4.9
No of respondents
% of respondents
Strongly agree
20
40%
Agree
21
42%
Neutral
8
16%
Disagree
1
2%
Strongly disagree
0
0%
Total
50
100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.9
Attitude towards government incentives
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
(Source: Table 4.9)
INTREPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents.
•
40% of respondents strongly agree to this.
•
42% of respondents agree to this
•
16% of respondents are neutral.
•
2% of respondents disagree to this.
67
INITIAL COST IS HIGH
Particulars
Table 4.10
No of respondents
% of respondents
Agree
29
58%
Neutral
18
36%
Disagree
3
6%
Total
50
100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.10
INITIAL COST IS HIGH
6%
Agree
36%
Neutral
58%
Disagree
(Source: Table 4.10)
INTREPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents.
•
58% of respondents agree to this.
•
36% of respondents are neutral to this.
•
6% of respondents disagree to this.
68
NUMBER OF CHARGING STATIONS ARE LESS
Particulars
Table 4.11
No of respondents
% of respondents
Agree
43
86%
Neutral
6
12%
Disagree
1
1%
Total
50
100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.11
Number of charging station are less
2%
12%
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
86%
(Source: Table 4.11)
INTREPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents.
•
86% of respondents agree to this.
•
12% of respondents are neutral to this.
•
2% of respondents disagree to this.
69
COST OF BATTE REPLACEMENT IS HIGH
Table 4.12
Particulars
No of respondents
% of respondents
Agree
33
66%
Neutral
16
32%
Disagree
1
2%
Total
50
100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.12
COST OF BATTERY REPLACEMENT IS HIGH
2%
32%
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
66%
(Source: Table 4.12)
INTREPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents.
•
66% of respondents agree to this.
•
32% of respondents are neutral to this.
•
2% of respondents disagree to this.
70
PRICE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IS HIGH
Particulars
Table 4.13
No of respondents
% of respondents
Agree
26
52%
Neutral
20
40%
Disagree
4
8%
Total
50
100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.13
PRICE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IS HIGH
8%
Agree
52%
40%
Neutral
Disagree
(Source: Table 4.13)
INTREPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents.
•
52% of respondents agree to it.
•
40% of respondents are neutral.
•
8% of respondents disagree to this.
71
EMISSION OF GREENHOUSE GASES IS COMPARTIVELY LOW
Particulars
Table 4.14
No of respondents
% of respondents
Agree
37
74%
Neutral
12
24%
Disagree
1
2%
Total
50
100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.14
EMISSION OF GREENHOUSE GASES IS
COMPARATIVELY LOW
2%
24%
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
74%
(Source: Table 4.14)
INTREPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents.
•
74% of respondents agree to it.
•
24% of respondents are neutral to it.
•
2% of respondents disagree to this.
72
PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES ARE HIGH
Particulars
Table 4.15
No of respondents
% of respondents
Agree
11
22%
Neutral
32
64%
Disagree
7
14%
Total
50
100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.15
PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES ARE HIGH
14%
22%
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
64%
(Source: Table 4.15)
INTREPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents.
•
64% of respondents agree to this.
•
22% of respondents are neutral to it. •14% of respondents disagree to this.
73
ELECTRIC VEHICLES ARE MORE ECO-FRIENDLY THAN
PETROL AND DIESEL VEHICLES
Particulars
Table 4.16
No of respondents
% of respondents
Agree
42
84%
Neutral
8
16%
Disagree
0
0%
Total
50
100%
(Source: 4.16)
Figure 4.16
RESPONDENTS
0%
16%
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
84%
(Source: Table 4.16)
INTREPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents.
•
84% of respondents agree to this.
•
16% of respondents are neutral to this.
•
0% of respondents disagree to this.
74
ELECTRIC VEHICLES WILL GAIN MORE POPULRITY IN FUTURE
Particulars
Table 4.17
No of respondents
% of respondents
YES
44
88%
NO
1
2%
May be
5
10%
Total
50
100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.17
ELECTRIC VEHICLES WILL GAIN MORE POPULARITY IN
FUTURE
2%
10%
YES
NO
May be
88%
(Source: Table 4.17)
INTREPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents.
•
88% of respondents agree to this.
•
10% of respondents are neutral to this •2% of respondents disagree to this.
•
75
ATTITUDE OF RESPONDENTS TOWARDS SHIFTING TO ELECTRIC
VEHICLES
Particulars
Table 4.18
No of respondents
% of respondents
Agree
9
18%
Neutral
29
58%
Disagree
12
24%
Total
50
100%
(Source:
Primary
data)
Figure 4.18
ATTITUDE OF RESPONDENTS TOWARDS SHIFTING
TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES
18%
24%
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
58%
(Source: Table 4.18)
INTREPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents.
•
58% of respondents agree to this.
•
24% of respondents are neutral to this.
•
18% of respondents disagree to this.
76
PLANNING TO BUY ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN THE FUTURE
Particulars
Table 4.19
No of respondents
% of respondents
Agree
24
48%
Neutral
23
46%
Disagree
3
6%
Total
50
100%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.19
RESPONDENTS
6%
Agree
48%
46%
Neutral
Disagree
(Source: Table 4.19)
INTREPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents.
•
48% of respondents agree to this.
•
46% of respondents are neutral to this.
•
6% of respondents disagree to this.
77
ELECTRIC VEHICLES MORE CONVINIENT FOR SHORT TRIPS THAN
LONG TRIPS
Particulars
TABLE 4.20
No of respondents
% of respondents
Agree
40
80%
Neutral
8
16%
Disagree
2
4%
(Source: Primary data)
Figure 4.20
LONG TRIPS MORE CONVENIENT THAN SHORT
TRIPS
4%
16%
Agree
Neutral
80%
Disagree
(Source: Table 4.20)
INTREPRETATION
•
The primary data is collected from 50 respondents.
•
80% of respondents agree to this statement.
•
16% % of respondents are having a neutral opinion.
•
4% of respondents disagree to this statement
53
CHAPTER 5 FINDINGS, SUGGESTION,
CONCLUSION
54
FINDINGS
•
Most of the respondents use petrol as fuel for their vehicles.
•
Social media had a significant role in spreading information about electric
automobiles.
•
Electric vehicles are seen positively by respondents.
•
Majority of respondents have heard about electric vehicles.
•
Major respondents prefer car as EV model if any electrical model is available.
•
The majority of respondents believe that the government should provide incentives
to encourage people to adopt electric vehicles.
•
Around 90% of respondents agree that EV’S can reduce pollution to a certain
extent.
•
Majority are of the opinion that the initial cost for EV’S are bit high.
•
Respondents are satisfied with the environmental friendliness of electric vehicles.
•
The number of charging stations are less is a major problem for many respondents.
•
Majority have a neutral opinion about the high performance of EV’s.
•
The majority of respondents are willing to spread the word about electric vehicles
to others.
•
Most of the respondents agrees that price of electric vehicles are high.
•
Majority agree that emission of green house effect are low.
•
Most of the respondents have neutral opinion about performance of electric
vehicles.
•
Majority agrees that electric vehicles will gain more popularity in future .
55
SUGGESTIONS
•
By increasing the number of charging stations, more people will be interested in
purchasing electric vehicles.
•
People should place a greater emphasis on electric vehicles in order to reduce
pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
•
Companies should concentrate on informing the public about new car electric
modes.
•
Petrol prices are steadily rising. The problem of rising petrol prices can be
addressed with electric vehicles. The government’s promotion of electric vehicles
will aid the country’s future progress.
•
Incentives and subsidies should be provided by the government for the purchase
of electric vehicles.
•
Reduced tax rates can attract buyers to buy electric vehicles to a certain extent.
•
By lowering the initial cost of electric vehicles, there will be a growing market in
the near future.
•
Electric vehicle promotion also aids the government in saying goodbye to crude
oil and its high price.
56
CONCLUSION
Limitations of the study:
1. Study is limited to 100 respondents of which are youth. So
findings and suggestions given on the basis of the study cannot
be extrapolated to the entire population.
2. The primary data collected may be biased.
57
Findings
Most of the respondents use petrol as fuel for their vehicles.
• Social media had a significant role in spreading information
about electric automobiles.
• Electric vehicles are seen positively by respondents.
• Majority of respondents have heard about electric vehicles.
• Major respondents prefer car as EV model if any electrical model is
available.
• The majority of respondents believe that the government should
provide incentives to encourage people to adopt electric vehicles.
• Around 90% of respondents agree that EV’S can reduce pollution to
a certain extent.
58
CONCLUSION
In India, there is a need for energy transition in automobiles due to the
depletion of fossil resources and the steady rise in fuel prices. The government
has taken steps to reduce pollution levels by promoting electric vehicles and
providing purchasing subsidies. The government has relaxed FDI rules in order to
promote output. EVs are being introduced in India by a number of new brands.
Governments and manufacturers should work
together to construct the infrastructure and create a favorable climate for
electric vehicles. The respondents are aware of global climate conditions and are
ready to change their cost is an important factor while considering the purchase
of EV.
If sufficient infrastructure is available, respondents are willing to accept EVs as a
future buying option. The initial cost of purchasing, the limited number of
charging stations, and the time it takes to recharge the battery are all factors
that limit consumer confidence.
In India, there is a need for energy transition in automobiles due to the depletion of
fossil resources and the steady rise in fuel prices. The government has taken steps to
reduce pollution levels by promoting electric vehicles and providing purchasing
subsidies. The government has relaxed FDI rules in order to promote output. EVs are
being introduced in India by a number of new brands. Governments and manufacturers
should work
together to construct the infrastructure and create a favorable climate for electric
vehicles. Therespondents are aware of global climate conditions and are ready to change
their cost is an important factor while considering the purchase of EV.
If sufficient infrastructure is available, respondents are willing to accept EVs as a
future buying option. The initial cost of purchasing, the limited number of charging
stations, and the time it takes to recharge the battery are all factors that limit
consumer confidence.
59
Electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising alternative to traditional gasoline-powered
vehicles. They have a number of advantages, including zero tailpipe emissions, lower
running costs, and fewer moving parts. However, EVs also have a number of
drawbacks, including limited range, longer charging times, higher purchase price, and
lack of charging infrastructure. The future of EVs is promising, as battery technology
continues to improve and governments around the world introduce policies to promote
the use of EVs.
Here are some of the key conclusions about EVs:
•
EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, which helps to improve air quality and
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
•
The cost of electricity is generally lower than the cost of gasoline, which can
save EV owners money on fuel costs.
•
EVs have fewer moving parts than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, which
means less maintenance and repairs.
•
EVs are quieter than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, which can be
beneficial in urban areas.
•
EVs have increased acceleration and torque, which can provide a more
enjoyable driving experience.
•
The range of an EV is limited by the size of the battery, which can be a problem
for drivers who need to travel long distances.
•
It can take several hours to fully charge an EV battery, which can be
inconvenient.
•
EV purchase prices are typically higher than the purchase prices of traditional
gasoline-powered vehicles.
•
There are fewer public charging stations than gasoline stations, which can
make it difficult to find a place to charge an EV.
As battery technology continues to improve, the range and affordability of EVs will
increase. Additionally, as governments around the world introduce policies to promote
the use of EVs, the demand for EVs is expected to grow.
60
The future of EVs is promising. They have the potential to significantly reduce air
pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and they can also save EV owners money
on fuel costs. As battery technology continues to improve and charging infrastructure
expands, EVs are expected to become more popular in the years to come.
61
BIBLIOGRAPHY
58
WEBSITES
1. Electric vehicle industry in India(Oct 2019). Retrieved from:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle_industry_in_India
2. European Environment Information and Observation Network (Eionet). Retrieved
from:https://eea.europa.eu/highlights/eea-report-confirm-electriccars
3. The Evolution of the Automobile Industry in India, SYMBO. Retrieved
from:https://www.symboinsurance.com/blogs/car-insurance/evolutionautomobileindustry-india/
4. Transportpolicy.net. Retrieved from:
https://www.transportpolicy.net/standard/india-regulatory-background/
5. Etymology of Car. Wikipedia. Retrieved from:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car#Etymology
NEWSPAPER
•
The Hindu
•
The Times New Roman
•
The Economic Times
•
The Indian Express
JOURNALS
•
Janardan Prasad Kesari,Y.S.(2019). Opportunities and Scope for Electric Vehicles
in India. IJME Journal,8
•
Philippe Lebeau ,C.D. (2015).Conventional, Hybrid, or Electric Vehicles; Which
Technology for an Urban distribution Centre? The Scientific World Journal,11.
•
Pretty Bhalla,I.S.(2018).A Study of Consumer Perception and Purchase Intention
of Electric Vehicles, European Journal of Scientific Research,362- 368.
59
APPENDIX
60
QUESTIONNAIRE
A study on customer attitude towards electric vehicles
The following questionnaire is used for the collection of primary data from an academic
research titled “A study on customer attitude towards electric vehicles.” The study is
conducted by Anurag Chakraborty, MBA IInd semester Aided batch 2022-24 of School of
management sciences Varanasi .
1. Gender
•
Male
•
Female
•
Other
1. Age group
•
18-21
•
22-24
•
24 & above
2. Do you have any of the following vehicle
•
Bike
•
Scooter
•
Car
•
All of the above
3. Which fuel do you use in your vehicle
•
Petrol
•
Diesel
•
Charging( ev’s)
61
4. Are you aware of electric vehicles
•
Yes
•
No
5. From where did you heard about electric vehicles
•
Friends and family
•
Newspaper
•
Advertisement
•
Social media
•
Others
6. Which model will you prefer the most if electric model is available
•
Bike
•
Scooter
•
Car
7. What sort of attitude do you have towards electric vehicles
•
Positive
•
Negative
•
Neutral
8. Attitude towards Government incentives
•
Strongly agree
•
Agree
•
Neutral
•
Disagree
•
Strongly disagree
9. Initial cost is high
62
•
Agree
•
Neutral
•
Disagree
10. Number of charging stations are less
•
Agree
•
Neutral
•
Disagree
11. Cost of battery replacement is high
•
Agree
•
Neutral
•
Disagree
12. Price of electric vehicles is high
•
Agree
•
Neutral
•
Disagree
13. Emission of greenhouses gases is compartivelylow
•
Agree
•
Neutral
•
Disagree
14. Performance of electric vehicles are high
•
Agree
•
Neutral
•
Disagree
15. Electric vehicles are more eco-friendly than petrol and diesel
•
Agree
63
•
Neutral
•
Disagree
17. Electric vehicles will gain more popularity in future
•
Agree
•
Neutral
•
Disagree
18. Attitude of respondents towards shifting to electric vehicles
•
Agree
•
Neutral
•
Disagree
19. Planning to buy electric vehicles in the future
•
Agree
•
Neutral
•
Disagree
20. Electric vehicles are more convenient for long trips than short trips.
•
Agree
•
Neutral
•
Disagree
64
Reference
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Effects of produce user stereotypes and self-image congruence. European Journal of
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Singh, V & Vaibhav, S. (2020). A review and simple meta-analysis of factors
influencing adoption of electric vehicles. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and
Environment, 86, 102436.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102436
Tu, J. C., & Yang, C. (2019). Key factors influencing consumers’ purchase of electric
vehicles.Sustainability, 11(14), 3863.
Ghasri, M., Ardeshiri, A., & Rashidi, T. (2019). Perception towards electric vehicles
and the impact on consumers’ preference. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and
Environment, 77, 271-291.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.11.003
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behavioural intention towards full electric vehicles: An empirical study in Macau.
Sustainability, 7(9), 12564-12585.
Morton, C, Anabel, J orcid.org/0000-0002-4259-1641 and Nelson, JD (2016) ISSN
22105395
Liao, F., Molin, E., & van Wee, B. (2017). Consumer preferences for electric vehicles: a
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COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION.
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University Press.
Kesari, J. P., Sharma, Y., & Goel, C. (2019). Opportunities and scope for electric vehicles
in India. SSRG International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 6, 1-8.
Tu, J. C., & Yang, C. (2019). Key factors influencing consumers’ purchase of electric
vehicles. Sustainability, 11(14), 3863.
Bhalla, P., Ali, I. S., & Nazneen, A. (2018). A study of consumer perception and
purchase intention of electric vehicles. European Journal of Scientific Research, 149(4),
362-368.
Kumar, P., & Dash, K. (2013). Potential need for electric vehicles charging station
infrastructure and its challenges for the Indian market. Advance in Electronic and Electric
Engineering, 3(4), 471-476.
Kumar, R., &Padmanaban, S. (2019). Electric vehicles for India: overview and
challenges. IEEE India Informatics, 14, 139.
Mohamed, M., Tamil Arasan, G., & Sivakumar, G. (2018). Study on electric vehicles in
India opportunities and challenges. International Journal of Scientific Research in
Environmental Science and Toxicology.
Anifa, M. (2018). Perception and Awareness Level of Potential Customers towards
Electric Cars. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering
Technology, 6, 359-362.
Gujarathi, P. K., Shah, V. A., &Lokhande, M. M. (2018). Electric vehicles in India:
Market analysis with consumer perspective, policies and issues. Journal of Green
Engineering, 8(1), 17-36.
66
Lebeau, P., De Cauwer, C., Van Mierlo, J., Macharis, C., Verbeke, W., &Coosemans, T.
(2015). Conventional, hybrid, or electric vehicles: which technology for an urban
distribution centre?. The Scientific World Journal, 2015.
Tupe, M. O., Kishore, S., &Johnvieira, A. (2020). Consumer perception of electric
vehicles in India. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(8), 2020.
Pierre, M., Jemelin, C., &Louvet, N. (2011). Driving an electric vehicle. A sociological
analysis on pioneer users. Energy Efficiency, 4(4), 511-522.
Pierre, M., Jemelin, C., &Louvet, N. (2011). Driving an electric vehicle. A sociological
analysis on pioneer users. Energy Efficiency, 4(4), 511-522.
Høyer, K. G. (2008). The history of alternative fuels in transportation: The case of
electric and hybrid cars. Utilities Policy, 16(2), 63-71.
Rezvani, Z., Jansson, J., &Bodin, J. (2015). Advances in consumer electric vehicle
adoption research: A review and research agenda. Transportation research part D:
transport and environment, 34, 122-136.
Tu, J. C., & Yang, C. (2019). Key factors influencing consumers’ purchase of electric
vehicles.Sustainability, 11(14), 3863.
Ghasri, M., Ardeshiri, A., & Rashidi, T. (2019). Perception towards electric vehicles
and the impact on consumers’ preference. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and
Environment, 77, 271-291.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.11.003
Lai, I. K., Liu, Y., Sun, X., Zhang, H., & Xu, W. (2015). Factors influencing the
behavioural intention towards full electric vehicles: An empirical study in Macau.
Sustainability, 7(9), 12564-12585.
Morton, C, Anabel, J orcid.org/0000-0002-4259-1641 and Nelson, JD (2016) ISSN
22105395
67
Liao, F., Molin, E., & van Wee, B. (2017). Consumer preferences for electric vehicles: a
literature review. Transport Reviews, 37(3), 252-275.
Jin, L., Delgado, O., Gadepalli, R., &Minjares, R. (2020). © 2020 INTERNATIONAL
68
COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION.
Jankel, A., Morton, R., & Leach, R. (1984). Creative computer graphics. Cambridge
University Press.
Kesari, J. P., Sharma, Y., & Goel, C. (2019). Opportunities and scope for electric vehicles
in India. SSRG International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 6, 1-8.
Tu, J. C., & Yang, C. (2019). Key factors influencing consumers’ purchase of electric
vehicles. Sustainability, 11(14), 3863.
Bhalla, P., Ali, I. S., & Nazneen, A. (2018). A study of consumer perception and
purchase intention of electric vehicles. European Journal of Scientific Research, 149(4),
362-368.
Kumar, P., & Dash, K. (2013). Potential need for electric vehicles charging station
infrastructure and its challenges for the Indian market. Advance in Electronic and Electric
Engineering, 3(4), 471-476.
Kumar, R., &Padmanaban, S. (2019). Electric vehicles for India: overview and
challenges. IEEE India Informatics, 14, 139.
Mohamed, M., Tamil Arasan, G., & Sivakumar, G. (2018). Study on electric vehicles in
India opportunities and challenges. International Journal of Scientific Research in
Environmental Science and Toxicology.
Anifa, M. (2018). Perception and Awareness Level of Potential Customers towards
Electric Cars. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering
Technology, 6, 359-362.
Gujarathi, P. K., Shah, V. A., &Lokhande, M. M. (2018). Electric vehicles in India:
Market analysis with consumer perspective, policies and issues. Journal of Green
Engineering, 8(1), 17-36.
69
Lebeau, P., De Cauwer, C., Van Mierlo, J., Macharis, C., Verbeke, W., &Coosemans,
T. (2015). Conventional, hybrid, or electric vehicles: which technology for an urban
distribution centre?. The Scientific World Journal, 2015.
Tupe, M. O., Kishore, S., &Johnvieira, A. (2020). Consumer perception of
electric vehicles in India. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine,
7(8), 2020.
Pierre, M., Jemelin, C., &Louvet, N. (2011). Driving an electric vehicle. A
sociological analysis on pioneer users. Energy Efficiency, 4(4), 511-522.
Pierre, M., Jemelin, C., &Louvet, N. (2011). Driving an electric vehicle. A
sociological analysis on pioneer users. Energy Efficiency, 4(4), 511-522.
Høyer, K. G. (2008). The history of alternative fuels in transportation: The case
of electric and hybrid cars. Utilities Policy, 16(2), 63-71.
Rezvani, Z., Jansson, J., &Bodin, J. (2015). Advances in consumer electric
vehicle adoption research: A review and research agenda. Transportation
research part D: transport and environment, 34, 122-136.
70
THANK YOU
71