)The
t
knowledge
regarding
experience
he
as
reas on
cons deY
Source
the
as
lisis
Empiricisd s ono Radiona
had Empirici sts considey
Radionalisds
whexeas
of Enowle dge
be1ween
dideyen ce
main
Source
of
knowledge.
fo
Enpiricibm a r e r e la ted
ofun da men ta ls idea abo t
the bevms, Rahiona lism and
philos ophy philesephy is he study
Both
knowle dge.
Source
main
innate
the
s
Empin Ci'sm
dea
of knowle dge
empirtcor eurdence
discovered through
Rodiona lism
to
on
refer to
ond logic
a source
giuen
s
is
T+
of
experience.
Ra
behind
ther
a
han
han
Evidente
the
know ledge
is
a
vew
is the
that
which
is
renson
oY
term
used in
derived
appeals
knowledge . Any
Considey about
example of
Ya hona lism
ic
experiments.
to
rom
from
believe
that
examples
empiricism. Mathemails
rea son
to be
wh Ch
is
indellecdual
everyBhing
exper imental
philosephy
rea Sen
justificadian
alogic ,that is
Tationalism . Rationa lists
we
o
that
that
shyed
loaic behind .
when
the
the
refey do
here is
tha
every knowledge.
+he other hand
any
wih a
to
belje ve
empirici'stS
,
philesophy
in
used
term
Scr ence
is an exampe
has
has
a
Both Inductivism
theories
the
and
dosigne d
la wS
do
Hypothetico- Deducti vism
actound foY
and heories
in scientitic
empleyed
When we consider abou
how su ch a
Tn
Hupothefico - Deducdive, melhod
to
method of
certainity
the
hallmats of
of
saien ce
dedu cing Predic tions from
Inductivism , the
are
esplana fions.
we
navelty
ore
indu ctiobn.
the method
s
tha
hypohesis.
hallmarks of sientific
an d bread t h . Then
Sci ence
heorie S,
SCien ce is he method of
Tnductiu'sm
Accor dinq
logic justifes
method of scien ce of those
In
of hypothe s19 and
are ph losep re
knowledge
Consider Hypothas im,
and depth.
A theory is a statement o r set of sta tements invo luing ot
least one heorefical term . Pnductivists ase empiricists who
maindain that onghing
-fore
inducivists
fictious
claimed
enties
of a
to
ex IsBs
that
Crea fed
must be obsesUasle . 7here
theoyiHrcal
y
des crip ion
of ei-ther economiC
Hence , according
which
inductivi sts
endries
humans fo
the
of observoa tions
heories
are
not
a e
po pare
0r predica tion
des Coiphions
rel world of un observa bles.
Bat, the Hypothe si'sts maintain that the theovihh eal terms
desiqnate real entries not given fo
and
+heovies are
ungbse rvable
descriptions
entrie S
us
of a
in
obee Tva tion s
real wor/d
(ir)
Faoncis
numbey of
experimenta
or observationa
propo si ion (a low o
Bacon s
6i en ce
nduc4ive generali2ad.on , That 5
method of
genera
conce. ved the method o
Bacon
me
thod
is an
rea Son ing. Bacon's
requiremen ts
for
theory)
example
of
method begins
making
the
by
from
facis, a
arge
ri 1ving
n ducdion .
the
opplicoion
th
de sc ription
of nducrve
of
nreful, systematic
he
the
obse r va tions
produce 9ualiky facts. He then proceeds to use
inducdion, the ab 1,4y to genera lige trom
rom a s e
nece SsaT
to
one o
axiom S.
more
GU)
Hume's
Problem
do human
fact ?
How
is
composed
bein gs
form
The second 2uestion,
Are
justied? Does
do
really have
o
Parts
nature
of two
qnestion
opinions about unobs e rve d matlers
belies
formed
in
the way
we noy mally
SomeOne who 'reuSCns" as
rea son to belie ue his conclusions
he hus not
chserved ? 7his
abon
!
s
normative Problem.
As
men
mefhod
hioned
and
above David Hamk
the
by ha method.
possibilidy
of
critiei zed
dinding causes
he
of
indnc ,
ve
phenomena
4he
Co) ).
Kar! PoppeY yejected ad-hoc modi ditations to the theoies
because
changes
they are
to
theorg
a
testable- Ad -hoc
not
that
made
are
mod. fi cafions are
Solely
to
explain
ne w
underlging princ ip le
Karl Popper behoved that theorles should be based on
evidence. and
set
they
are
not bused on
an
of principles that can be tested and
should only
be made f
in
by thetheory
a
way
4he
new
+hat
is
that mo di diee fions
eidente
Can be
con si'stent wh
explained
Ahese
Princtp les
G)
kasl
Popper
CoTS oboTate d
the
contends
cun
Accovdingto
theory,
,
in
howeve
Hem ce, PoPper drops
by 4he concept of
Trudh and replaces
his chasacteri 2ation of h e goa of scien ce
aike rion
The criterion of the
Thus
sciend idic theory
be true',
better
Popper, in serence we go from theory
and the
the truth
no
be said to
of
very concept
'yertSimiliHude
tha
verisimildude of a
Content minus
occording to
of beHesness
ess
the
false
fo be Her
fo
VerisimiliHu de
theory S
nothinq br
content of hat
theory,
theory
Popper, Out of two Successiue he0y ies
any time in the history of science, we
fin d
theory Posse sses greater Verisimi lidu de, and
betler han ids prdecessoT
he sucesso7
s
herefore
When an
observa 1ion goes aga nst
possible
hat the
or
initia
to Say
Sa
more of the
main
cond on
o
predicf/ion, i o
of
theory
o
is
the
fa
lse.
as,
one
auxiliaIy
hy poth e Ses could be folse.
Thus, falsificadion
ofa theory by a aingle
observational statement going
poscible , as
Sdatements
we
unable
against
the
instanc e o
theoxy
to pick ovl which
used to gef the pred1chion
is
of the
1o be dalse.
an
not
o3).
Main feadure
theorg o
his
physiCs
is
he qave madhemadi rul
he worl od ond hente i t burl4 a solLd fonnda tion
to 4he
Also
of Newtonian
i
end1di
his grasp
hought
C
of mathematics
was
faw more
powertul
than
He
conempora rieS.
could develop most important
invendron,4hat is all we know prfferential Calculus, to
descrrbe
the motion of Solid bodies.
So overall con sderation about neudonian
ma hematica
physics
theoales are 4he main impor tont
Consider Crownin9
chreven ent of the
a
17*h
i). Before revolution of newtonian physics
o pposing 4rends
in
17
The empirica
2.
So the, Newton introduted
empha9i2ing
tha
interpredadion
thin9
to
to
thing
century Gcience
there hnd been2
represended by
represented by
the
nethey
Ba con and
De S Ca
proper mrx ture of
eaperiments
wrthoud
rte s
both metheds
systemadic
noT dedu cfron from dirst prin tiples wrtho ut
Cxperimentalevidence
Newton
his
his
cendury Science.
method
method
The rational
/s
will
could go beyon d
lead to a relia ble
trom
reuions
trends
the r
using
his
mathemadical analysis
ii.Newtonian mechamcs mainly developed base On the mo tion
ofmate rial particles, caused by theiz m ntual attra c fion
that is, by
of
the dorce of gravty. Also
thisforre
on
a
parrcie using
he exp laine d fhe efed
Newton's
ea nations
ol
mo d,on
Bunt arcording to he Neton's vrew, Cnod crea ted in4he
heqinning he maBerial parBrcles, the forces be dw e n Lhem and
the fun dament al lows mohion.
So mechancstrc vrew
rig010US deterninism
of nadure
,
with
is hus
clere ly ' ated to
Hha giand cosmic mahine Compe lely tasua
and
delermiy:de
fv).
Tn
nineheenth- terrlu ry
d.scoverd
phenomena.
This
mechanistri
model, couldn
So
Faradag
and
he
ekchric
d
of a
fore
tw
a
first
subtler
to
new
pe
of
describe
force
.
qo
much
beyond
from
these forces
subler con ceppt
Con cept of a
mag n e ic
So
Maxwell drd studies abou
magneic for re. By replacing
wh the
wih he mu
were
5
elecdrc and
for ce
Newtoian
4h
properl
prop lu
effecds of
e
ofa
ofa
freld
physres
oncept
forre
fore
he
they