MODULE 2: TEXT AS READER-WRITER SUBJECT
A subject is something that is acted upon. Both the
reader and the writer act upon the text they read and
write.
( 6 ) GENERALIZATION AND EXAMPLE
PATTERN ORGANIZER
This pattern is used when the author explains a general
idea and discusses it in specific terms using examples.
TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND ORGANIZING
INFORMATION IN READING AND WRITING:
GRAPHIC_ORGANIZERS
( 7 ) DEFINITION PATTERN ORGANIZER
( 1 ) TIME PATTERN ORGANIZER
This pattern is used when ideas in
a text need to be arranged in a
chronological order such as in
stories and procedures.
( 2 ) SPACE PATTERN ORGANIZER
This pattern is commonly used in descriptions to
show how an object of description appears in space
(e.g., from top to bottom, left to right, etc.).
( 3 ) LISTING PATTERN ORGANIZER
This pattern is used when the author provides a series
of details that does not require any order.
This pattern is used when the author provides a
meaning of a new or difficult word.
----------------------------------------------------------------Critical Reading requires us to scrutinize the text
we have read before making valuable judgment. It is
making your conclusions without letting your
personal bias or opinions detract arguments.
CLAIM
- A statement essentially arguable, but used as a
primary point to support or prove an argument
- Central argument or thesis statement of the text
- The main point, the thesis, and the controlling idea.
- You can find the Claim by asking the question,
"What is the advocate trying to prove?"
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAIMS
( 4 ) COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
PATTERN ORGANIZER
This pattern is used to show the
similarities and differences of
two or more subjects. Whenever
you read a text that uses the
comparison and contrast pattern,
you may use the Venn Diagram.
( 5 ) CAUSE-AND-EFFECT PATTERN ORGANIZER
This pattern is used when the author
intends to express why something
happened or what resulted from a
particular event that happened.
( 1 ) If the claim is argumentative which proves a
point for discussion, then it makes sense to the
reader.
( 2 ) It should be specific and clear. The claim
should be not too broad but important points should
enable the reader to understand the text fully.
( 3 ) It should be interesting and engaging. It
allows the reader to think about the point of
argument and making them learn from it.
( 4 ) It should be logical. Should it be properly weighed
in support of the author’s main point? What is the
author’s stand with regard to the issue? Is this true? Is
it valuable?
TYPES OF CLAIMS
( 1 ) CLAIM OF FACT
- It asserts that a condition has existed, exists, or will
exist and are based on facts or data.
- Factual claims attempt to persuade you that
something has to be explained.
- Usually answer the question “what”. “What is true or
false?”, “What happened/didn't happen?”, “What
exists/doesn't exist?”
The following are used in making claims of fact:
( 3 ) CLAIM OF POLICY
- An argument in support of, in opposition , or for the
alteration of an existing policy, law, or mandate.
- The key word in a claim of policy is the conditional
verb “should”
- Asserts that something should or should not be done
by someone about something. It proposes that some
specific course of action should, but not necessarily
will, be taken.
- Propose and promote policies and solutions based on
changing an existing policy
A. Words such as in the past or in the future
B. Causal terms like; leads to, improves, destroys or it is
EXAMPLES:
caused by.
EXAMPLES:
1. Smoking can cause cancer.
2. Obesity causes health problems.
3. Converting to solar energy can save homeowners
money.
4. Neil Armstrong was the first man to step foot on the
moon.
5. Death penalty leads to fewer crimes.
6. Zoos help save endangered species with captive
breeding programs.
7. Millions of bees are dying off with alarming
consequences for our environment and our food
supply.
( 2 ) CLAIM OF VALUE
- It attempts to prove that some things are more or less
desirable than others.
- A statement that approves or disapproves something.
It attempts to explain issues about moral and
philosophical values of the topic.
- It is attempting to prove that some action, belief or
condition is right or wrong, good or bad, worthwhile or
undesirable.
- Is it good or bad?”, is it right or wrong?, How moral or
immoral?, and is it ethical or unethical?
EXAMPLES:
1. Smoking is unhealthy.
2. Cellphones are valuable and perhaps even necessary.
3. Democracy is superior in any form of government.
4. Mac computers are more reliable than PC's.
5. The right thing to do is to support this year's school
fundraiser.
6. Rebuilding flooded homes in flood plains is a poor
decision.
7. Rebuilding flooded homes in flood plains is a poor
decision.
1. The president should be the protector of his own
country.
2. All professional athletes should be randomly drugtested.
3. Cell Phones should not be used while driving.
4. Students' cell phones should be collected by office
personnel when they enter school.
5. Mandatory swabbing or mass testing should be
implemented by the state.
Examples:
1. Smoking can cause
cancer.
2. Obesity causes
health problems.
3. Converting to solar
energy can save
homeowners mone
was the first maath
penalty leads to
fewrimes