1a. Cell Theory - The cell theory states that all biological organisms are composed of cells; cells
are the unit of life and all life come from preexisting life. The cell theory is so established today
that it forms one of the unifying principles of biology.
1.b Features of a living cell
Those characteristics are cellular organization, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis,
heredity, response to stimuli, growth and development, and adaptation through
evolution.
2a.
Organelle
Function
Nucleus
DNA Storage
Mitochondrion
Energy production
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Lipid production; Detoxification
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Protein production; in particular for
export out of the cell
Golgi
apparatus
Protein modification
and export
Shipping department
2b. Cells make up the smallest level of a living organism such as yourself and other living
things. The cellular level of an organism is where the metabolic processes occur that
keep the organism alive. That is why the cell is called the fundamental unit of life.
4ai Essential amino acids- Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body. As a result,
they must come from food. The 9 essential amino acids are: histidine, isoleucine, leucine,
lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
Ii Non essential amino acids- Nonessential amino acids include: alanine, arginine,
asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and
tyrosine. Conditional amino acids are usually not essential, except in times of illness and
stress.
4b. “A zwitterion is a molecule that has both positive and negative regions of charge.” In the
solid state, amino acids exist as dipolar ions called zwitterions. While discussing whether a
substance is zwitterionic or not, the pH range in which the information is required must be specified
(because a sufficiently alkaline solution will change the zwitterion to an anion, and a sufficiently acid
solution will change it to a cation).
5a. Amino Acids- Amino acids, often referred to as the building blocks of proteins, are
compounds that play many critical roles in your body. You need them for vital processes such as
building proteins, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Amino acids are concentrated in proteinrich foods such as meat, fish, and soybeans. Some people also take certain amino acids in
supplement form as a natural way to boost athletic performance or improve mood. They’re
categorized as essential, conditionally essential, or nonessential depending on several factors.
5b.
6a. Lipids - any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are
insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and
steroids.
6b. The Functions of Lipids in the Body




Storing Energy. The excess energy from the food we eat is digested and incorporated
into adipose tissue, or fatty tissue.
Regulating and Signaling.
Insulating and Protecting.
Aiding Digestion and Increasing Bioavailability.
7a. Fatty Acids-a carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group,
especially any of those occurring as esters in fats and oils.
7b. The three primary types of lipids are phospholipids , sterols, and triglycerides .
8a.heteropolysaccharide
component sugars
functions
distribution
hyaluronic acid
D-glucuronic acid and Nacetyl-D-glucosamine
lubricant, shock
absorber, water
binding
connective tissue,
skin
chondroitin-4-sulfate*
D-glucuronic acid and Nacetyl-D-galactosamine-4O-sulfate
calcium accumulation,
cartilage and bone
formation
cartilage
heparin*
D-glucuronic acid, Liduronic acid, N-sulfo-Dglucosamine
anticoagulant
mast cells, blood
gamma globulin*
N-acetyl-hexosamine, Dmannose, D-galactose
antibody
blood
blood group substance*
D-glucosamine, Dgalactosamine, L-fucose,
D-galactose
blood group
specificity
cell surfaces,
especially red
blood cells
9i. All amino acids except for glycine are stereoisomers. This means that there are mirror
images of their structure. It is just like how we have left hands and right hands. These are
labeled L (left-handed) and D (right-handed) to distinguish the mirror images.
ii. Epimer in stereochemistry specifies one of a pair of stereoisomers. At stereogenic centre, two
isomers present in the molecules differ, while the rest remains identical. A molecule may contain
numerous stereocenters leading to several stereocenters.
iii. Pyranose is a collective term for saccharides that have a chemical structure that
includes a six-membered ring consisting of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.
There may be other carbons external to the ring.