Material for section A Read the material for Section Aand then answer the questions 1-6: 1. The Mayor of Amarula was recently invited by the organization Friends of Earth Association'. There, he President of the newly-inaugurated expressed his major concern for the environment and announced that food should be produced locally and that people should be made more aware of the concept of 'food miles'. Many so-called organic products are imported and the longer distance they to He is himself the owner of travel reach our place, the more there is carbon dioxide emission. several greenhouses and has lately diversified his business producing lettuce during winter in flower by polytunnels, requiring heat lamps and in specified his opening speech that food demanding energy. He yearly and that local produce both costs transport costs around 10 milion Amarulan dollars less and is safe for his popularity, he donated As strategy to foster three tractors to local farmers,consumption. is mechanization and is even agreeable to provide storage facilities towilling to invest massively in local have farmers. Some planters recently been subject to an of fruit supply donated by the over-use pesticide scandal and residents are decrying wastage mayor to schools, 70% of which is imported Extract of the speech of the Mayor of Amarula: 2. "Fellow friends, Ifirmly reject food that has been transported to my dinner plates over long distances by road, air or sea. Iam a 'locavore' and believe that only local food is good. You may not know but transportation by sea 1 billion tons of CO2 produces emission annually and we use 11 billion gallons of fuel for transportation. In fact, the internationally amount of carbon dioxide pollution that comes from the 15 largest ships equals the combined amount of all cars in the world. Locally, we use sustainable practices and buying locally is what makes an ethicaly concerned consumer about environment. Look at the recent scandal of imported beef! It was actually horsemeat! Make an al-round green choice just like you are encouraged to recycle and carry out home composting. We say that the fruits and vegetables are organic when they are produced abroad manually with renewable sources of energy and no pollution caused byships and planes! Most of the vegetables or fruitspesticides, but look at the elsewhere are cultivated as monocultures, at the detriment of small farmers, do you produced want to encourage that? Besides, if products were to be labelled, showing the number of air miles involved, you would have made informed decisions. For the moment as a good guide, eat local and eat vegetarian. Do not get influenced by the emotional blackmail that we are destroying jobs of the poor! Adhere to our cause for an ecological world!" I5 20 25 Angus MacGyver, journalist: 3. Friends, balancing your diet with its carbon costs turns out of a fiendishly tricky business. Planes have become the Achilles heel of many would-be-environmentalists just thinking of gaining popularity like Greta Thunberg! Every foodstuff has a carbon footprint, which is the 2 30 honest way of gauging environmental impact. Can you imagine this: no more ginger-pound cake, no more express0s, no more champagne to celebrate life or no more Irish Whisky on a winter's day? This is self-delusion created by some purists! Demands outstrip supply; this is temporary enthusiasm by those tree huggers. Only 2-4% of carbon footprint comesanother from transport, the rest goes to how it is produced, Irepeat 2-4%! Authorities cannot stop us from the food we want to consume and we should not assume that everything cioser to us is necessarily better. They are encouraging seasonal food but in some countries there is no season! The yield of products done out of season has a bigger impact on the environment than transportation. We are not forced to buy imported television, then why food? 35 40 In buying food that is exported from all over the world, we are just following the norm of global trade. What is the sake of buying locally if it costs more energy in the production, requires costly greenhouses or the localproduce being unreasonably expensive! What about poor people struggling to meet both ends? In fact, this is the fashionable obsession of agricultural protectionism, a lifestyle choice for neurotic mothers fearing their child would get cancer if mummy does not get them local produce. We need variety in our plates! Can we supply food to all in these unpredictable weather conditions? Oh, come on! If the multinationals are getting the lion's share; they do employ a lot of locals! If we are using climate change concerns to increase poverty elsewhere, it is dubious ethical concern. Locally doomed agriculture will starve us to death and if you are willing to ban air-freighted import of food, stop thinking of your next holidays to Prague by plane 50 as wel! Remington Steel, owner of a supermarket chain: 4. The concept of food miles is too simplistic and local produce defeats the purpose if it involves mechanization or use of electricity. Working at carbon footprints is horribly complicated but we must not only consider how long aproduct travels but also how it is produced. We need to know 55 howfruitsahd vegetables are grown and processed. In fact, the longer the food chain, the more energy is lost. For instance, food chains involving animals are inherently longer (plant-animal human) and cattle produces harmful methane. Iagree that it limits emission by transport but if youare not careful, cutting food miles can be misleading and can increase carbon footprint. I am certainlyafan of local produce, a reality of anational diet based solely on non-imported food is a dull one. It makes no sense to stop foreign produce; trade keeps the world alive. If you really want to eat local, then eat seasonal good. In fact, the concept of food miles is a poor indicator of the total carbon footprint of a lifecycle of a product. It is an incomplete way of judging sustainability because there are many more steps before the food reaches us and transport is only part of it. The best isto make people aware of issues of sustainability andeducate them of alternatives to really make a difference. 3 60 65 1.Explain the significance of the following: "Planes have become the Achilles heelof many would-be environmentalists" (line 33) ..(2M) 2. In what ways does the Mayor of Amarula contradict himself in his speech? Answer in about 40 of your own words. ....4 M) 3. Outline two advantages of local produce over imported fruits and vegetables mentioned by the Mayor and two other advantages based on your own knowledge. ........... (4 M) 4.Why is it too simplistic to associate carbon emission only with 'food miles'?( Answer in less than 50of your own words) ..4M) 5.In about 80 words of your own, what are the disadvantages that the adoption of the food miles' practice willpose? .(7M) b.You are the CEO of acompany involved in the import and export of fruits. You have been impressed by the oratory skills of Angus MacGyver and want to recruit him as spokesperson of your company. Justify the strategies used by Angus Macgyver in his speech to sound so convincing (Base your ideas on the skills he uses without repeating the arguments he puts forward.) ..4 M) Material for Section B Read the material from section B and answer questions 7-13 in this section. 1. We must first give ourselves the semantic reminder that there is no such thing as art. Art is not an entity, any more than life is an entity. It is a word, a general term conveniently but often loosely used to cover a certain rather wide-ranging type of human activity and its products. It is impossible to delimit the views on art which has undergone fundamental changes with the passage of time. 5 2. According to Michelangelo's Neo-Platonic view, there is more to the world than meets the eye, and it is directly visible to us through the use of the faculties given by God. Not only can we directly apprehend the more basic forms that are the reality that lies behind the world, but to an artist, the material world is filled with windows through which he can transmit the most vibrant realities. Tolstoy's nineteenth century view, that there is more to the world than meets the eye but reason and language cannot reach it. We can only see our own representations of the reality based on our feelings. During Tolstoy's time, the artist had to immerse himself into the whole of feelings in order to create his work of art. The Post-Modern view which can be represented by Picasso states that there is more to the world than what meets the eye and the artist creates how it meets the eye and can transform it. During Picasso's era, Science had made feelings seem to I5
