SBI 3U-Diversity-2023 Name: _______________________ Research Project: Viruses and Vaccinations TASK 1: Read the two articles posted on D2L ARTICLE 1: Mandatory Masks…1918 Spanish Flu pandemic (Globe & Mail) ARTICLE 2: History of Small Pox (CDC) TASK 2: Complete the research questions on Viruses and Vaccinations TASK 3: Complete the Small Pox case study. TASK 4: Complete the research quiz on HIV Viruses & Vaccinations The following questions will appear on a quiz in the near future. You may do it all yourself or split up the work load by picking a few partners you trust and share quality answers with each other. 1. The human influenza virus H1N1 – also referred to as the 2009 “swine flu” – was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Use the internet and other sources to answer the following questions: a. What criteria does the WHO use to distinguish a disease outbreak as a “pandemic”? b. How many deaths are thought to have resulted from this pandemic? c. How many countries have reported cases of H1N1? d. How did Canada respond to this outbreak? 2. Viruses control populations of organisms by causing disease. Humans have also used viral diseases to control pests and invasive species. Do online research to find an example of a virus used to control rabbit populations in Australia. a. When and why did rabbits become a problem in Australia? b. Why and how were viruses used to control the rabbits? c. How successful was the viral pest control? d. What are some possible drawbacks of using viruses as pest control? Have any examples of these drawbacks been observed? 3. Use the internet and other sources to find out what routine vaccinations are currently recommended by the Ontario Ministry of Health. Conduct research to find out what vaccinations are recommended for teenagers and for travel to a tropical country of your choice. 4. Mumps is a potentially serious viral disease. It can cause deafness, sterility, meningitis, and encephalitis. Do online research to answer the following questions: a. Why is there renewed concern about this disease when there is already a vaccination program in place? b. What does “herd immunity” mean? How does it help control the spread of disease? c. Why is getting the disease after puberty of particular concern to males? SBI 3U-Diversity-2023 Name: _______________________ Case Study: Smallpox- The First Vaccine In England, a country doctor named Edward Jenner developed the first modern vaccine. His technique of injecting a less harmful virus into the body to stimulate the immune system was truly remarkable. This vaccine for smallpox was developed nearly 150 years before the virus could be seen with the electron microscope. The action of white blood cells was not understood until nearly 100 years after the administration of the first smallpox vaccine. Despite a lack of information on how the disease spread, Jenner developed a successful vaccine in 1796. Noticing that rural townsfolk seemed less susceptible to the deadly smallpox, Jenner formed a hypothesis. He believed that their immunity must be related to their environment. He noted that dairymaids had a particularly low incidence of smallpox but a high incidence of much less harmful disease called cowpox. Cowpox had many of the same symptoms as smallpox, but they were milder. 1. Dairymaids often had cowpox sores on their hands. Suggest a possible source of the virus. 2. Assuming that the virus is contagious, would you expect cowpox to infect people other than dairymaids? Give your reasons. Jenner reasoned that cowpox must provide some immunity to the more dangerous and faster growing smallpox virus. To test his theory, he injected the pus from a festering wound on the arm of a dairymaid into a young boy named James Phipps. James developed cowpox but quickly recovered from the mild infection. Two months later, Jenner inoculated James with smallpox. When James failed to develop smallpox, Jenner declared that he had developed a successful vaccine. 3. What dangers did Jenner’s untried procedure hold for James? 4. Why do you think using humans as a first test subject is no longer accepted? White blood cells identify cowpox antigens and signal other white blood cells to produce antibodies against them. Fortunately, the antibodies for cowpox work against smallpox because the viral surface antigens are very similar. 5. What makes the cowpox virus less virulent than smallpox? 6. Explain why cowpox antibodies stop the spread of smallpox in the human body? A coordinated international vaccination program against smallpox during the twentieth century has eliminated this disease. Extension The measles (also known as morbilli, rubella, or red measles) is a highly infectious illness that is caused by the measles virus. Typically, symptoms include a high fever (40°C or 104°F), cough, runny nose, sore throat, red eyes and red rash that spreads across the rest of the body. It is an airborne virus that spreads easily through coughs and sneezes. SBI 3U-Diversity-2023 Name: _______________________ In developed countries, children are vaccinated against the measles at 12 months as a part of a threepart MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, rubella) and are again vaccinated between four and five to increase immunity. This has caused the measles to become relatively uncommon in these countries 1. The Ontario Immunization of Public Schools Act2 requires that children attending school in Ontario be vaccinated against a variety of illnesses including the measles before they attend school. If parents do not want their child to be vaccinated or if their child cannot receive the vaccination due to medial reasons, there is an option to be exempted from vaccinations3. A statement of conscious or religious belief or a statement of medial exemption can be completed to be exempted4. 7. Recently, there has been a measles outbreak in the United States and Canada. Hypothesize as to why you think that this outbreak has occurred, using your knowledge of viruses and vaccines. 8. Should the government and health agencies be allowed to develop laws and regulations that require children to be vaccinated to attend school? Support your answer with evidence. 1 http://www.cdc.gov/features/measles/ (http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90i01_e.htm) 3 (http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/measles-outbreak-the-loopholes-in-canada-s-vaccination-laws-) 2 SBI 3U-Diversity-2023 Name: _______________________ HIV Virus Take Home Quiz Research the answers to the following questions. 1. AIDS stands for: a) Acquired Immune Depletion Syndrome b) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome c) Acute Inflammatory Distress Syndrome d) Acute Invasive Debilitating Syndrome 2. HIV stands for: a) Herpes Immune Virus c) is Human Immortal Virus b) Human Immunodeficiency Virus d) Human Inflammation Virus 3. In the HIV particle, the genetic material is: a) RNA b) DNA c) A phospholipid 4. HIV is a retrovirus; this means that it: a) travels backwards up nerves c) is an ancient virus d) A protein b) converts RNA to DNA d) is a degenerate virus 5. HIV is an enveloped virus; this means that it: a) envelops target cells b) is covered by a cell membrane c) is sealed in cells d) can be snail-mailed in 5-10 business days 6. The enzyme reverse transcriptase: a) converts RNA to DNA b) converts DNA to RNA c) reverses the effect of HIV d) removes HIV from cells 7. The most common route of transmission of HIV is a) mosquitoes b) unprotected sexual activity c) blood transfusions d) airborne droplets 8. The diameter of HIV is about: a) 2 Angstroms b) 140 nm 9. HIV matrix proteins: a) are transmitted from the mother b) form a cage around the viral core c) stick out from the surface of the virus d) all of the above c) 31 microns d) 0.01 cm
