MLS 051- Community and Public HealthLecture Module #1 Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________ Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________ Lesson title: MLS 051- HISTORY of COMMUNITY & PUBLIC HEALTH Materials: Pen, paper, lecture book Lesson Objectives: At the end of this module, you will be able to: 1. 2. Trace the history of community health. Discuss the basic concepts of community, its organization and health. References: Bien Eli P. Nillos, Introduction to Public Health., Educational Publishing House, First Edition 2015 A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW 1) Introduction ORIENTATION Hello Students! Welcome to MLS 051- Community and Public Health subject! We will be discussing topics such as community acquired diseases, water borne diseases, its methods of mitigation and control, study of population, evolution of diseases that affects population, etc. This subject is very relevant in today’s epidemic since it is a public concern and there are several issues to be discussed. One way of preventing this epidemic to happen in the future is by educating the younger generation so they will be equipped and furnished with full knowledge and skills. Moreover, I am hoping that by this modality students will appreciate, cooperate and apply their learnings in this subject. 1 MLS 051- Community and Public HealthLecture Module #1 Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________ Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________ HISTORY People believed in “deity” or supernatural being. – People who are ill are believed to be punished by supernatural being. People started to settle and gather together in communal living (e.g. tribes). Certain group of people emerged- “Shamans” – Shaman or medicine man became natural healers 2 MLS 051- Community and Public HealthLecture Module #1 Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________ Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________ Terms: • • Geophagy - ingestion of clay or earth. Trepanation - process of drilling a hole into the human skull. - Done to release evil spirit dwelling within the person. Hippocrates- father of medicine and contributed largely to the “professionalization” of medicine. “De Aere, Aquis Et Locis”- book written by hippocrates. “Of Air, Water, and Land” – States that diseases develop because of our environment and not because of some form of divine act. After the Egyptian period, it was the Romans who were their closest rivals. Eventually, Greek physicians paved the way for modern medicine. The most notorious epidemic was, the “Black Plague”- also known as the Bubonic Plague. Bubonic plague, decimated one third of Europe’s population over the span of 5 years. It was caused by a bacteria Yersinia pestis, transmitted through flea bites. In the Philippines, the American colonizers established “Board of Health for the Philippine Islands” and eventually became the “Department of Health”. The first secretary was Dr. Jose Fabella. After World War II, World Health Organization (WHO) was established in 1948. Two years earlier, the Center for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) was established in Atlanta, USA. • 1978, “Declaration of Alma-Ata on Primary Health Care”. – States that health is a human right and it pushed for “Health for All” by the year 2000. • 1982, the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), came up with the GOBI strategy. – GOBI stands for Growth Monitoring, Oral Rehydration Therapy, Breastfeeding and Immunization. 3 MLS 051- Community and Public HealthLecture Module #1 Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________ Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________ • In the 20-21st Century, emerging diseases such as AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). – transmitted via unprotected sex, contaminated blood transfusion, hypodermic noodles and mother to child during pregnancy, delivery and even breastfeeding. Anti-retroviral treatment has shown to reduce the risk and complications due to AIDS. • COMMUNITY HEALTH defined – A community is a social group determined by geographical boundaries and/ or common values and interest. Its members know and interact with each other. It functions within a particular structure and exhibits and creates certain norms, values and social institutions”. -WHO expert Committee (1974) FUNCTIONS of COMMUNITY HEALTH • • • • It provides space for housing, shelter, socialization and recreation. It provides means and facilities for livelihood. Community provides opportunity for employment. It takes care off socialization and education of its members. COMMUNITY HEALTH • Is a subset of Public Health. • Charles-Edward Amory Winslow (1920) – Father of Public Health – “the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation 4 MLS 051- Community and Public HealthLecture Module #1 Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________ Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________ Based from Winslow’s definition, Public Health deals with the following: – Surveillance of emergence of diseases. – Identification of diseases among community members – Investigating factors that contribute to the existence of diseases – Educating the community regarding ways that will prevent them form acquiring diseases – Creation of strategies that will ensure sustained well-being among the community – Provision of health services to address community members who already have the diseases. – Institutionalize lessons learned through policies and structures that will prevent diseases. – Monitoring the health status of the community and providing means that will ensure of sustaining health. 5 MLS 051- Community and Public HealthLecture Module #1 Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________ Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________ In a study by MacQueen et. Al. (2001), a community has five core elements: – Locus – Sharing – Joint Action – Social Ties – Diversity CORE ELEMENTS • LOCUS – Something which can be located or described, thus implying a sense of place, locale or geographical boundaries. – Refers to specific areas such as neighborhood, a village, a city or country. • SHARING – Referred to as sharing an existence of “shared perspectives” and “common interest” that would contribute to a sense of community. • JOINT ACTION – “source of community cohesion and identity” – A community is seen as emerging from joint actions of people through socializing, hanging out, conversing, volunteering together, praying together, working together and getting things done together. 6 MLS 051- Community and Public HealthLecture Module #1 Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________ Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________ • SOCIAL TIES – “Interpersonal relationships” – Relationships in the community: • Family • Parents • Siblings • Cousins • Roommates, etc. • DIVERSITY – “Communities within a community” – Variations in interactions among members of the community. LEVELS of HEALTH CARE • • • PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY • PRIMARY CARE – Provided by a professional acting as first point of contact or consultation. • E.g. Family physician, nurses in rural health units SECONDARY CARE – Provided by medical specialists and other professionals to whom a primary care professional has referred to. TERTIARY CARE – More specialized form of health care. Services are far more advanced considering that the medical cases referred to this level are far more complex. • E.g., Cancer managements and more advanced surgical procedures (neurosurgeries). • • 7 MLS 051- Community and Public HealthLecture Module #1 Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________ Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________ CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING Answer the question briefly. I. Based on the definition of community and public health, make your own concept of community health. Please use a table for better plotting of answers. 8 MLS 051- Community and Public HealthLecture Module #1 Name:__________________________________________ Class number: _________________ Section: _________ Schedule: ______________________ Date: _________________________ LESSON WRAP-UP Activity: Thinking about Learning Mark by circling the work tracker which is simply a visual to help students track how much work they have accomplished and how much work there is left to do. This tracker will be part of the student activity sheet. My Work Tracker: You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress: P1 1 2 3 P2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Exit Ticket: Write down below a part of the discussion that is unclear to your understanding. 9
