M E N S U RA T I O N
FOR EST
M E ASU R I N G LOGS
F OR
T ABLE S
T R E ES AN D T H E G R OWT H
OF
S T AN DS
BY
STAT E FO R ESTE R
T H E M ASSA C H U SETTS
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‘
H
O
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C OO K C h i f
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T H E H A R VA R D
R
T
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FI
F o res t er
e
,
SHE R
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FO R EST
D ir ec t or
P U BL I S H E D B Y
T H E C O M M O N W E AL T H
D E PAR T M E N T
W A
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L
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OF
M A SS AC H U S E TT S
OF
C O NS ER V A TI O N
BAZE LE Y
.
C mmi i ner
o
ss o
,
C
ONTENTS
.
r ul es
rul e
r ul e
r ul e
r ul e
rul e
ru l e
for
oak
for p in e
for c h es t nu t
for y e ll ow
for bee ch
for
bi r c h
s ug a r m ap l e
t abl e for oa k
( in boa r d fee t'
( in c or d s'
p in e ( in c u bi c fee t '
c h es t nu t ( in c or d s '
c h es t n ut ( in boa r d fee t'
r ed m apl e ( in c or d s'
r ed m ap l e ( in c ub i c fee t '
t ab l e for p i n e
t ab l e for p i n e
t ab l e for
t ab l e for
t ab l e for
t ab l e for
t abl e for
sol i d
w ood in m apl e c or d w ood
of m apl e t r ees r e q ui r e d t o y i e l d
rd
one c o
t ab l e for y e ll ow
t ab l e for
sug ar
t abl e for
bee ch
bi r c h
m apl e
t ab l es
be tter h ar d wood s (in cubi c fee t and c or d s'
t abl es for better h a r d w ood s ( in b oar d fee t an d cor d s'
t a bl es ( in fe r i or h a r d wood s'
t abl e for p in e
f r om t hinnin g s
t ab l es for
owth
tables (gr owth in
l m e'
v o u
G r owt h t ab l es ( g r owt h in h e i g h t'
G I ow t h t ab l es ( for whi t e sp r u c e '
M i s c e ll an e ous
S aw in g
b oar d s
S q u a r in g
n ot
es
an d
pl ank s
r oun d-e d g e d b oa r d s
E q ui v al e n t f a c t or s
M e a su r em en t of fu e l
I NTRO D U C T I O N
.
In 1 9 0 8 the S tate Forester publishe d un d er the titl e
'
Forest M ensurati on of the White Pine
a b ookl et c ontain
ing m ost Of the d ata on the W hite pine include d in this b ull etin
A sec on d e di ti on was pub lishe d in 1 9 1 1 and as that is now
exhauste d a thir d e diti on seems necessary S ince the original
investigati on of the white pine was m
ad e the D epartment has
als oc oll ecte d simil ar data on other species and the D epart
ment Of Forestry at Harvar d U niversity has in its research
work pub lishe d a l arge am ount of i nformati on al ong simil ar
lines
It seeme d to the C ommissi oner of C onservati on that
these tab l es many of which are very valuabl e and interesting
to the f orest owner sh oul d be ma d e avai l ab l e for use Of the
general public by inclu di ng them with the original material
Direct or R T Fisher of the H arvar d Forest has very gr aci ousl y
accepte d this s uggesti on and has turne d his material over t o
us for use in this bulletin T O M r H 0 C ook M F the
auth or of the original b ull etin on W hite pine mensurati on has
been assigne d the task Of c ompi ling and e diting the present
pu blicati on
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WM
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A
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L
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BAZE LE Y ,
Commissioner of C onserv ation
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F OREST
THE
B OA R D
FOOT
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measure on whi ch sawe d lumber is al m ost uni
s old in the U nite d S tates is the b oar d foot which is
In southeastern
and 1 inch thick
they have a practice of sawing
thick and they cal l a b oard f oot a
square an d onl y fiv e-eighths inch in
s ome misun
who are ign orant Of the l ocal system
feet in any given piece of l umber is oh
the pr oduct Of the wi dth and thickness
by the l ength in feet and divi d ing by 1 2
F or
a pl ank 8 inches wi de 2 inches thick , an d 1 2 feet
2
2
1
ll
o
figure as f o ws
1 6 boar d feet
T he unit
y
M E N S U RAT I ON
of
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b oar d rul e whi ch is l ai d across the
of a b oar d and on the ru l e are given the b oar d-feet
ts of th at particul ar wi dth and l ength pr ovi de d it is
thick If h owever it happens t o be thicker say 1 }
instea d of 1 the sc al e as in d icate d on the rul e must be
ce nt to allow for the additi onal thickness
with straight and parall el
but it happens that m ost
lumber cut in M assachusetts is sawed thr ough
and thr ough with the bark l eft on the e dges
S uch l umber is'
narrower on one face than on the other and the b oar d is
nal seal er s
h av e
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narr ower at one en d than at the other (See d iagrams on
T he r ul e for sealing t his f orm of l umber pr ovi d es
page
that it must be scal e d on the narr ow face insi d e the bark at
the pl ace Of average wi dth T he determinati on of the pl ace
of average wi dth is l eft t o the scal er so that it means that a
man measuring this kin d of lumb er must have good '
ud gment
and be with out bias
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R U L ES
LO G
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c ontents of r oun d l ogs are usually expressed in terms
Of b oar d feet and a l og rul e purp orts to S h ow the numb er of
b oar d feet that can be sawe d froma l og of given l ength and
Log ru l es are of two c l asses
diameter
T he fir st c l ass may
b e call e d the the oretical rul es whi ch are base d on ge ometrical
or mathematical for mul m where given val ues are a ll owe d for
lumb er that m ust be waste d in sl abs and saw kerf and the
remain der figure d as usab l e b oards T here are m ore than
f orty s uch rul es in use in America no two of which give the
same value t o the same l og As they are nearly all meant t o
appl y t o square e dge lumber they have no value for use un der
our l ocal c on diti ons
T he sec on d c l ass is ma d e fr om mi ll
tallies ; that is l ogs are f oll owe d thr ough the mill and the
n umber Of b oard feet each l og actually sawe d out n ote d T he
res ul ts of many l ogs are then average d T he l og rul es printe d
in this b ook were c onstructe d in this fashi on and they ar e
c ommen de d for use in all transacti ons for b uying or sell ing
l ogs where t he u l timate pr oduct is to be in the f orm for which
the l og rul e is c onstructe d T hey are base d on c on diti ons of
l umbering and sawing f oun d in this S tate and are the resul ts
Of averaging the saw bil l of many mi lls m ost Of them of the
p ortabl e kin d having circ ul ar saws cutting a 5 inch ker f , un
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l ess otherwise n ote d
T he
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In a dditi on t o log rul es base d on b oar d feet we have in use
in n orth ern M assachusetts and al s o t o s ome extent in s outh
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s
o
ern M assachusetts the
call e d caliper c or d T he b asis of
this r ul e is the cylin
d ri cal f oot
a cyl ind er a f oot in diam eter
It will be seen that by pl acing f our of
and a f oot in l en gth
these en d to en d one has a stick 4 feet l ong an d 1 f oot in
E ight such sticks p l ace d si de b y si de and f our
diameter
ranks deep wil l occupy a space 8 feet by 4 feet by 4 feet or a
c ord hence 1 2 8 cyl indrical feet equal a c or d By means Of
a special cal iper measure use d on the mi ddl e of the l og the
number of cylin d rical feet in that l og ar e d etermin d an d
e
et are call e d a c or d
1 2 8 such f e
is a va r iati on of this caliper c or d rul e very c onsi d er
use d call e d the Humphrey rul e in which the cylin d rical
unit is s omewhat l arger than 1 f oot and so pr op orti one d
1 00 instea d of 1 2 8 cylin d rical feet will occupy 1 2 8 c ubic
of S pace
T his makes it p ossib l e to express the vol umes
in d ec imal parts of a c or d and it is therefore very
t o use
T he resul ting sum is exactl y the same
the or di nary caliper c or d rul e
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T A BLE N O
1
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M ill Ta lly Log Rule for M ix ed Oak
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L EN GTH
Ft B M
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Ft B M
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L O G ( F EE T '
or
Ft B M
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Ft B M
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Ft B M
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B ase d on
logs sawe d into l g—inc h 2-inch 2 g-inch an d 3 -inch roun d-ed g
p l ank Constructe d b y Massac h us etts S tate Fores ter
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T A BLE N O
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2
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L EN GTH OF
B M
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L oo (
F EE T '
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B ased on
log s sawe d principall y into l -inc h an d
sr
Constructe d b y S tate For ester
.
White Pine
M ill Tally Log R ule for
inc h roun d-e d ge l um
l i-
T A BLE N O
.
3
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M ill Ta lly Log Rule for
White Pine
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L E N G T H OF L O G ( F EE T '
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Ft B M
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l ogs saw e d principa ll y into l -inc h an d l i-inc h roun d-e dge l um
B ase d on
ber C onstructe d b y S tate For ester
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L E N G TH
Ft B M
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or
L O G ( F EE T '
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Ft B M
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Ft B M
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tab l es constructe d on the Harvar d
actua l vol ume in b oar d feet sawe d
as follows : 8-foot logs 71 4 ; 1 0-foot l ogs 5 64 ; l 2-foot l ogs
cent Zfi-inc h roun d-edge ; r emai n d er I -i n ch s q uare-e d ge an d
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I n
'A
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M ill Tally Log R ule for Chestnut
T A BLE
Ft B M
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Ft B M
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Ft B M
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T h e mean or averag e of t hree in d ivi d ua l tab l es construc t ed on the H ar v ar
F orest in d i ffere nt years an d base d on the actua l vol ume in boar d feet saw
from 9 34 logs as follows : 8-foot logs 1 69 ; I O-foot log s 1 43 ; 1 2-foot logs 62
S aw ing z 5 0 pe r ce nt l k inch r oun d -e dg e ; remain d er F inc h roun d -e dg e an
l -inc h si d in gs
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— Gr aded M ill
Tally Log R ule
Bir ch
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for Yellow
.
1 O-Foot
Logs
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G RAD E OF LUM BE R
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E M Ft B M Ft B M Ft B M
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Ft B M
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an d 8 give the contents in gra d e d
w birch
b eec h 63 1 ; sugar map l e
pes an d foothi ll s of t h e Green M ountains
run t hroug h a sin gl e-action ban d saw
from eac h was gra d e d accor din g t o t h e
d wood L umber Associati on the res u l ts bein g
r was m ost l y l -inch stoc k sawe d 1 5 inches thick
n k ag e
The mi ll crew w ere m e n of average ski ll ex perie nce d in
mi ll s in other reg ions
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T A BLE N O
Graded M ill Ta lly Log Rule
B ir ch
C ontinue d
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I Q-F oot
L ogs
G RAD E
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LUM BE R
or
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( I NC H ES '
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E M Ft B M Ft B M Ft B
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M
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Pt B
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M
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Ft B M
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was as follows
B irch
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Map l e
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B eec h
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—
A
BLE
Graded M ill Ta lly Log Rule for
T
NO 6
Bir ch
C oncl u d e d
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1 6 -Foot
L ogs
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G RAD E OF LUM BE R
Ft B M
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Ft B M
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Yellow
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T A BLE N O
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7
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Graded M ill Tally Log Rule for Beech
1 0 -Foot
L ogs
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G RAD E OF LUM BE R
Ft B M
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Ft B M
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Ft
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E
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M
10
N early
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Ft
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E
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M
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Ft B M
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20
h al f of t h e l og s out w e re de fectiv e or a b normal in s ome particul ar
3 s h own in t h e followin g tab l e
one-
B E EC H
Defective
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51
per cent
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T ABLE N O
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Gr aded M ill Tally Lo
R
u
l
e
o
r
B
e
c
h
7
e
f
g
C ont i nue d
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I Q-Fool
L ogs
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G RAD E
B M
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1 4-Foot
E M
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L ogs
LUM BE R
OE
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ye ll ow birch a comparis on was ma d e of the co ntents of non defective butt
l ogs , n on d efective t op l ogs an d the averag e of all l ogs This showe d that the
d iff erence in vol ume d ue b oth t o d efect an d position in the tree was neg l i gib l e
for l ogs un d er 1 2 inches in d iameter at the sma ll en d whi l e for l og s 1 2 inches
an d over in d iameter it am ounte d t o about 9 per cent of the vol ume of the soun d
butt l ogs It was l ess than 6 per cent for l ogs from 1 2 to 1 6 inches in d iameter
an d a l itt l e l ess than 1 1 per cent for 2 1 t o 24 inch l og s The d ifference d ue t o
p osition in the tree between s oun d n orm a l t op an d butt l ogs varie d from about
3 per cent of t h e v ol um e of the 1 2 t o 1 6 inch butt l ogs to abo ut 1 0 per cent of the
21 t o 24 inch butt l ogs
I n the tab l e for yellow birc h it wi ll be n ote d that the 1 0-foot logs
proportion of the p oorer gra d es than d o the l on ger l ogs T his
F or
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especiall y to the fact that the ma'
foot l ogs w ere top l ogs an d hence
ori ty of the 1 0—
kn ott y an d of inferior q ua l ity
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TABLE
No 7
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Gr aded M ill Ta lly Log Rule for Beech
C onc lu de d
.
1 6 -Foot
L ogs
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G RAD E
or
LUM BE R
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F t B M F t B M F t B M Ft B M F t B
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regi ons by carefull y stu dyin g an d comparin g d efects methods of uti l iz ati on etc
an d app l yin g suitab l e convertin g factors With these precautions gra d e d vol um e
ta b l es can be constructe d by c ombinin g t h e gra d ed l og ru l es her e give n wit h
tab l es w hic h show the averag e taper of tr ees Gra d e d vol ume tab l es actuall y
constructe d from these tabl es wi ll be foun d on pages 3 7 to 4 7 They are not
base d upon taper tab l es b ut on fell e d trees (ye ll ow birc h 5 05 ; su gar map l e 3 0 1 ;
beech
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T A BLE N o
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—
Gr aded M ill Tally Log Rule for S ugar
8
M aple
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I O-Foot
L ogs
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G RAD E OF LUM BE R
Ft B
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N early one-h alf
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M
Ft B M
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Ft B M
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th e logs out w er e d efectiv e or a b norm al in som e particu l ar
as s h own in t h e f ol l owing ta b l e
of
M AP LE
D efective
,
45 per
ce nt
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8
Gr aded M ill Tally Log Rule for S ugar
M aple
C ont inue d
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1 2 -Foot
L ogs
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G RAD E OF LUM BE R
Ft B M F t B
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1 4-Foot
S ee
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M Ft
.
L ogs
footnote un d er Gra d e d Mi ll Tall y
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B M Ft B M F t B M
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ue
Log R l
for Y
ell ow B irch
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TAB LE N O
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8
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Gr aded M ill Tally Log R ule for S :
M aple
C onc lud e d
.
1 6 -Foot
L ogs
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G RAD E OF LUM B E R
D I AM E T E R I NS I D E BAR K
AT SMA LL E N D ( I NC H E S '
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Ft
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B M Ft B M
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Ft
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3
sampl e pl ot Of known
A circl e with a 5 9-f oot
area preferab l y one-quarter acre
ra di us or a square 1 0 4 feet on a si d e encl oses one-quarter
acre C aliper all trees on this pl ot , and Obtain the volume as
ab ove T he t otal v olume will be t o this volume as the t ot al
area is t o the area Of the sampl e plot
A simpl e but yet m ore uncertain method is to c ount the
trees on the l ot pick five or six which appear to be average
scal e these by the v ol ume tabl e t o obtain the v olume Of the
average tree an d mul tipl y this am ount by the t otal number Of
trees If one is not careful in sel ecting his average trees the
err or is mu l tiplie d many times so that this meth od is not
highl y rec ommen d e d
T he simpl est al th ough not the l east l ab ori ous way of
at the height of a stan d is t o cut down
m eas ure it with tape
F all en tree
gr oun d Any instrument th
and the applicati on of a l ittl e trigon ometry will give the
l ts
T here are several instruments c onstructe d
res u
by direct rea din g the heights of trees
T here i s a meth od of Obtaining the height of a tr ee that
fairl y simpl e and requires no instrument but a stick whic
when stuck in the gr oun d will c ome
S et this stick in the gr oun d at such a distance
of the tree t o be measure d so that when y ou l ie
with y our feet at the stick the t op of the tree an d the to
the stick are in l ine T he distance betwee n your hea d
the base Of the tree is equal to its height
A caliper Of great c onvenience for use in c onne
v olume tabl es and l og scal es men
ofa beam 3 6 inches l ong and gra d
At the l eft end is a ri gi d arm set
A sec on d meth od is to sel ect a
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arm is so fixe d that it will sli de back and f orth
calipers can be purchase d from Keuffel
tab l es for pine are of three
fir st
quantities in b oar d feet ; se con d one Sh owing
ds ; and third one show mg v ol umes in
T he volume tabl e for oak is c l asse d not
t otal height , b ut on diameter b re as t high
l ength
By merchantab l e l ength we mean
of the b ol e that can be cut int o saw l ogs
In the
chestnut only the volumes in b oar d feet ar e gi ven
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T A BLE N O
9
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Volume Table for M ixed Oak
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M E R CH A N T A B L E H E I GHT ( F EE T '
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Data fr om Nort h An dover an d Mi ddl e boroug h based on 5 70 tr ees sawe d im
1 i—
inch 1 §—inc h 2g-inc h 2 } -inc h an d 13-inc h roun d-e dg e p lank (portab l e m i
ope ra tion ' Con s tr u ct e d b y S t ate For este r
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T A BLE N O
10
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Volume Table for White Pine
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T O TA L H E I G HT ( F E E T '
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Ft B M F t B M Ft B M Ft B M Ft B M Ft B M Ft B M Ft B M
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tr ees scal e d from rul es ma d e b y mi l l tall ies
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Cons tructe d b y
T A BLE N O
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11
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— Volume Table in
White Pine
,
Caliper
.
T O TA L HE I G HT ( F E E T '
.
Cor d s
.
Cor ds
.
Cor ds
.
Cor ds
.
Constructe d b y S tat e Forester
.
Cor ds
,
f
.
NO
.
12
Volume Table for White Pine
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T OT AL H E I G HT ( F EE T '
.
Cu F t Cu F t Cu F t Cu F t Cu F t Cu F t Cu F t
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b y S tate For e ter Vol ume outs i d e bark up to a 4—inc h top
s
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T A BLE N O
.
13
.
stnut in 6 by 8 I nch Ties
Volume of Che
a nd
Additiona l Cor dwood
.
H E I G HT ( F E E T'
.
Compute d from tab l es in Forest S er vic e B u ll etin
N o 96
.
.
T A BLE N O
.
15
Volume Table for R ed M aple
.
.
T OTA L H E I G HT OF T R E E ( F E E T '
.
Cor d s
.
Cor d s
.
01 5
.
01 9
.
.
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Cor ds
.
,
02 4
03 4
0 48
For estry C l ub V ol II 1 9 1 3 pages 1 8 A Vol ume Tab l e fo R ed Map l e on t he
H arvar d Forest R evise d an d en l ar ge d b y the aut hor in 1 9 1 5 an d pub l ishe d in
The Nort her n
U nite d S tates Department o f A g ricu l ture B u ll etin N o 2 85
Har d w oo d Fore t pa ges 6 1 63 T h e present tab l es are taken from t h e l atte
C ubic foot vol umes are fo stem an d branc h wood to a minim um
so urce
d iameter outsi d e the bark of about 2 inches at the mi ddl e of a 4—foot l en gt h
T he measurements were taken in a wi d e variety of types inc l u d in g b ottom o
swa l e pine s lopes swamp an d birc h an d map l e coppice M ost of t he tr ees
o ver 6 inches breast hi g h were of see dl in g ori g in
In 1 9 20 the cor d vol ume tab l e was g iven the followin g test A s q uare q uarter
acre was l ai d off in an even age d mi e d ha r d wood stan d B y ca l iperin g eac h
tree an d meas urin g a number of h eig hts the vol ume in cor d s was computed b y
the use of the tab l e T he area was then c l ear cut an d the wood pi l e d T h e
actua l vol ume cut was
cor d s ; the vol ume as d erive d fr om the tab l e am ounte d
cor ds The test in d icate d t h at th e vol ume tab l e fo re d map l e is ap pl i
to
cab l e t o secon d gr owth mi e d har d wood regar dl ess of speci es
-
,
,
,
.
r
,
'
.
'
,
.
s
-
,
i
.
r
.
,
,
.
r
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
-
x
.
.
.
r
.
x
,
.
T A BLE N O
.
16
.
Volume Ta ble for Red M aple
.
T OTA L H E I G HT OF T R E E ( F EE T '
.
C u Ft C u Ft C u Ft
.
C or dwood
.
.
.
.
.
.
Diameter
,
0
1g
Trees
in P i l es
5a
3
Inches
0
.
8
(
C ent of
in P i l es
'
.
S ee footnote un d er Vol ume T ab l e fo
r
R ed
.
C
ent
of
T rees
1
0
in
P i l es
3535
0
1g
10
.
( I nches '
.
Mapl e in Cor ds
.
T A BLE N o
.
—
18
N umber
.
n
i
ld
e
O
e
y
d
a
l
e
M
R
f
p e Tr ees r equ ir ed
o
Cor d of Wood
.
T O TA L H E I G HT OF T R E E ( F EE T '
.
Derive d fro m Vol um e Tab l e for
R ed
Map l e in Cor d s
.
NO
.
19
Gr aded Volume Table for Yellow Bir ch
.
.
Used L ength
,
12
G RAD E
Fee t
.
LUM B E R
or
.
Ft B M Ft B M Ft B M Ft B M Ft B M Ft B M Ft B M
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Used L eng th
.
,
14
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
F ee t
.
n otes on construction an d use see footnote un d er Gra d e d Mi ll Ta ll y
pag e 1 5
,
.
Lo g
NO
.
—
19
Graded V olume Table for Yellow Birch
C on tinue d
.
.
Used L en gth
‘
,
16
F ee t
.
G RAD E OF LUM B E R
Ft
.
E M
.
.
Ft B M Ft B M
.
.
.
.
.
n ot es on construction an d use
R u l e pag e 1 5
F or
,
.
,
see
Ft B M Ft B M Ft B M
.
Used L ength
.
.
,
20
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ft
.
Fee t
.
footnote un d er G ra d e d Mi ll T a ll y
Log
No
.
19 —
.
Graded Volume Table for Yellow
C ontinue d
Birch
.
Used L ength
,
22
Fee t
.
G RAD E OF LUM BE R
.
F t B M F t B. M F t B M F t B M F t B M F t B M F t B M
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Used L ength
not es on
pag e
15
.
.
,
24
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
F ee t
.
construction an d use s ee footn ote un de r G ra d e d Mi ll Tally Log
,
TAB LE
v
NO
.
1 9 —4 Graded Volume Table
.
C ontinue d
Used L eng th
’
,
26
for Y ellow
.
Fee t
.
G RAD E OF LUM B E R
E M
.
.
F t B M Ft B M
.
.
.
.
.
B irch
.
.
10
10
10
15
25
35
45
55
60
75
85
1 00
Used L eng th
,
28
F ee t
.
n otes on c onstruction an d us e see footnot e un d er G ra d ed Mi ll T al l y
R u l e pa g e 1 5
F or
,
,
.
Log
Gr aded Volume Table for
C onc l ude d
T A BLE N o
.
.
Used L eng th
,
34
Fee t
.
G RAD E OF LUM BE R
Pt B
.
.
M Ft B M
.
.
.
.
Pt B
.
.
M
.
Us ed L e ngth
,
Pt B
.
36
.
M
.
Ft B M F t B
.
.
.
.
.
.
M
Fee t
.
n otes on c onstru ctio n an d use see footnote un d er Gra d e d Mi l l T all y Log
R u l e pag e 1 5
F or
,
,
.
20
.
Gr aded Volume Table for S ugar M aple
.
Used L eng th
,
12
F ee t
.
G RAD E OF LUM BE R
Ft B M
.
notes
on co
.
.
Ft B M
.
.
.
Ft B M
.
Used L eng th
,
16
F eet
Used L eng th
,
20
F ee t
‘
.
.
.
Ft B M
.
.
.
Ft B M
.
.
.
.
.
nstruction an d use see footnote un d er G ra d e d Mi ll Ta ll y
Log
TA BLE N o
.
—
20
Gr aded Volume Table for S ugar M aple
.
O
C ontin ue d
Used L ength
,
24
.
F ee t
.
G RAD E OF LUM BE R
E
,
.
M
Used L ength
,
28
Fee t
U sed L eng th
,
32
F ee t
n otes on c onstructi on an d
R u l e pa ge 1 5
F or
.
.
use,
.
.
see footn ote un d e r G r a d e d Mi ll T all y
Log
20
.
Graded Volume Table for S ugar M aple
C onc l ude d
.
Use d L ength
'
,
36
Fee t
.
G RAD E
or
LUM BE R
.
Ft B M Ft B M Ft B M Ft B M Ft B M
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Used L e ng th 40 F ee t
.
,
30
40
50
55
75
F or
n ot es on constructi on an d
us e,
'
see footnote un der
G r a d ed
Mi ll Tall y
Log
Gr aded Volume Table for
T A BLE
Used L e ngth
,
12
.
.
.
.
Ft B M
.
Used L e ngth
.
,
Us ed L eng th
notes on
R u l e p age 1 5
F or
,
.
cons
,
.
Ft B M
.
16
F ee t
20
F eet
‘
.
Fee t
G RAD E OF LUM BE R
Ft B M
B eech
.
.
.
Pt B
.
.
M
.
Ft B
.
.
.
.
truction an d use see footnote un der Gra d ed M il l T a ll y Log
.
21
.
Graded Volume
el ud ed
Used L eng th
.
.
.
Us ed L eng th
,
Us ed L ength
,
C on
.
Ft B M
.
Beech
Fee t
G RAD E
Ft B M
f
or
.
24
,
Table
.
.
or
LUM BE R
.
F t B M Ft B M
.
28
Fee t
82
F ee t
.
.
.
.
.
Ft B M
.
.
.
.
.
not es on construction an d use see footn ote un d er Grad e d Mill Tall y Log
pag e 1 5
,
.
Y I E LD
TA B LE S
.
Yiel d tab l es S h ow the vol ume in b oar d feet or other
for an acre Of fully-st ocke d w oodl an d at any given age
'
'
By the term full y-st ocke d we mean that the c rowns of the
.
trees occupy al l the avail ab l e space on the acre an d that
there are no b l ank s nor Openings
A yiel d tab l e can be use d t o pre d ict the future yi e l d of
d
l
y oung or mi d e age stan d s T he owner find s the age and
v ol ume of his prese nt stan d in or der t o determ ine in whi ch
qual ity site it bel ongs and from the tab l e he can pre dict its
yiel d at any peri od in the future In making his cal cu l ati ons
all owance must be ma d e for the fact that his imm ature stan d
may not be f ully st ocke d In the same way the yiel d tab l e
is necessary i n pre dict i ng the returns fr om an investment in
pl anting T hey are of particul ar value i n suits where damage
t o i mmature timber is inv ol ve d for in Such case the l oss is
the d estruct i on of p ossib l e future growth T hey are Of s ome
use in estimating the present c ontents of stan d s if the est i
mat or can d etermine the present age and fr om the height
the qual ity of the site on whi ch his stan d is gr owing
F or the data on the pine yiel d tab l es 1 77sampl e pl ots were
measure d in stan d s ranging fr om twenty t o seventy years
Al l the trees on each quarter or eighth acre pl ot were calipere d
T hese
a nd the v ol umes c ompute d fr om the v ol ume tab l es
sampl e pl ots were divi de d int o t hr ee site or s oil cl asses ( call ed
l
d
o
f
o
o
a
ity
I
II
III
acc
r
ing
their
rate
o
gr
th
in
v
ume
l
o
t
w
u
'
Q
It has since been generall y agree d by f oresters that height
gr owth is a better in d ex Of quality of site than v ol ume an d
the yiel d tab l es on hardwoods are divi de d on this basis F or
the l atter t wo sets of tabl es are given one of which incl udes
in which the mer
all trees of 2 inches d iameter an d ov er
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
T A BLE N O
—
22
N or ma l
Acr e, in Cubic F eet
of Better S econd Gr owth Har dwood S tands
-
.
.
C or ds
Centra l N ew
and
in
,
.
Yield
E ngland
per
.
S I T E C LA ss I
Al l t rees 2
.
inches an d over in diameter
.
F irst pub l ishe d in H arvest Forest B ull etin N o 2 Growt h S tu d y an d N ormal
Y ield Tab l es fo Sec on d G r owth Har d woo d S tan ds in C entra l N ew E n gl an d
' N e l s on Spaeth Data g athere d in n ort h ern Worcester C ounty Mas in 1 9 1 9
B ased on forty ful l y stoc k e d natu a l even age d samp l e p lots c ontainin g over
trees The principal species were red o k w hite ash re d map l e an d bass
w oo d C ubic foot an d cor d vol umes were obtaine d by the u of Harvar d F orest
R evise d R ed Map l e Vol ume Tab l es (tab l es 1 5 an d 1 6 in this Han d book '
; boar d
foot vol umes were comp ute d by the use of Cl ar k s Internationa l Log R ul e ( as
which ag rees cl osel y with averag e yields
u b l i h d in G
es
d e sawin g
Conc l usi ons drawn from this stu d y
om the cus t omary r oun d
were that fo even age d secon growt h har d woo d stan ds in spite of wi d e varia
ti on in percentag e of Species in mi tu e fo a g iven site g an d d ensity the
vol um e I n boar d feet cubic f et an d cor ds is constant ; a lso that the vol ume of
a tree of given hei ght an d d iameter in cor d s an d cubic feet is the same regar dl ess
of species
( F o fu ll discussion see ori gina l pub l icati on '
.
,
'
r
.
,
s
,
.
,
r
-
,
a
.
,
,
se
.
’
s
e
’
r av
s
-e
r
-
r
,
.
,
x
r
,
r
,
a
e
'
,
e
,
.
r
.
,
.
NO
.
2 3 — N ormal
.
Yield
per
Acre,
in
C ubic
F eet
Cords of B etter S econd Gr owth Har dwood S tands
in Central N ew E ngland
a nd
,
.
S I T E C LA ss I I
All
.
trees 2 inch es an d over in d iamete r
See footnote to Ta b l e N o
.
22 ,
page 5 0
.
.
—
N or ma l Yield per A cr e in B oar d F eet and
T A BLE N O 24
A dditiona l C ords, Cubic F eet and C or ds of B etter S econd
‘
.
.
'
Gr owth Har dwood S tands in Central N ew E ngland
S I T E C L AS S I
All
Trees
per
Acre
.
trees
7inch es
fiéé g
g
t
.
an d over in d iameter
.
V
l
ume
ol ume
am et
V
1
1
B reast 23 3
per
A
cre
5
2
or d '
Hi g h
C
(
F 09 9
er
,
3 8
11
1
( Inches '
s
.
S ee footnote to T ab le N o
.
.
22 ,
page 5 0
.
.
V OL UM E P
ACR E
E R
NO
.
25
.
—N or ma l
Yield
per Acr e in B oard F eet
and
Additiona l C or ds, Cubic F eet a nd Cords of B etter S econd
Gr owth Hardwood S tands in Central N ew E ngla nd
.
S I T E C LA S S I I
A ll
.
trees 7inches an d over in d iameter
.
Di
ol ume
V
ol ume
m te
V
3 6
1
B reast 23 1225 per A cre
C
or d s '
(
F eet '
a
e
r
,
1
11
.
.
S ee footnote to Ta b l eN o
.
22,
pa
ge 5 0
.
V OL UM E P
AC R E
.
E R
T A BLE N O
.
I nfer ior
—
26 r N or mal Yield in Cubic Feet and Cor ds
S econd Gr owth Har dwood S tands in Centra l
E ngland
.
.
Al l
trees 2 inc h es an d over in d iameter
.
Di
(Y E A Rsl ‘
per Acr e
Hei g h t
.
m et er
per
A
cre
B reast ( C ubic
Hi g h
F
eet
'
I
nches
(
'
a
,
.
.
See footn ote to T ab l e N o
.
22 ,
page 5 0
.
NO
.
Yield Table for White Pine
27
.
.
Q UA L I T Y
I
.
Q UA L I T Y
II
.
Q UA L I T Y
III
.
Data obtaine d b y m easurin g 1 77sam m
e p l ots
T A B LE N o 28
Yield fr om Thinnings
Trees un d er 5 inches from report of t he N ew Hampshire Forestr y Comm
.
.
.
,
1 90 6
.
T R EES O V E R 5
I NC H E S I N D I AM E T E R
A GE
.
(Y E AR S '
.
G R OW T H
.
f oll owing tab l es represent the average gr owth
white pine in volume an d height as f oun d in d iffe rent l oo
ti ons or sites Volume gr owth is expresse d in s oli
feet because it is the best unit for scientific
The material for gr owth stu d y is obtaine d fr om a series 0
'
'
T he trees are fell ec
measurements call e d a stem anal ysis
ect t o the f ollowin g
and sawe d int o secti ons which are s ub '
meas urements T he diameter on the stump and its heighl
are taken al s o the diameters at the l arge and small end Ol
each l og and its l ength and the diameter at the base Of the
All these diameters are taken insi de the
top and its l ength
bark T he stump is c ube d as a cylin der each l og as the
T he two
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
T A BL E N o 2 9
.
A GE
( Y E AR S '
.
.
Gr owth Tables
.
Gr owth in Volume
.
Gr owth Tables
.
Gr owth in Height
.
F eet
.
F eet
.
T A BLE N O
.
31
White S pr uce Gr owth
.
S tands
am et er
B reast
Tota l
,
H eI g h t
hI gh
( Inches '
Table for E v e
.
Mer
Mean
o ta l
T
chant
chant V ol ume ab l e A nnua l
ab l e
G
r
owth
ol ume
ic
C
ub
V
(
H e i g ht F eet ' ( C ubic ( C ub I c
( Feet '
F eet '
.
.
.
.
is
for
ten -year pe riods
,
t
.
e
.
,
1 0 t o 20 , 1 5 t o 25 ,
etc base d on t ota l vol um es
.
,
.
M I S C E LLA N E O U S
N OT E S
.
Whi le gathering the data for the pine tab l es in this bulletin
was p ossi b l e to investigate several rel ate d pr ob l ems which
ter est t o lum b er operat ors
T he avai la b l e
may not be s ufficient in every case t o yield c onclusive
ts b ut they are offere d for what they are worth
.
.
,
S a w in g
Bo a r d s
and
Pl a n k s
.
As has been sta te d b efore , nearly all our native pine l ogs
in roun d-e dge l umb er in two general cl asses , the
b ox b oar ds which are us ually 1 or
inches in
~
an d the sec on d p l ank or butt cuts which are
n thickness T he log scal e on page 1 2 c ompile d
M assach usetts Forestry D epartment was derive d
l ogs sawe d int o b ox b oar ds whil e the scal e com
at the H arvar d Forest was derive d from l ogs sawe d
y int o pl ank If the two scal es are c ompare d one wi ll
n ote that with the Small er logs b ox b oar ds S h ow a higher
yield than pl ank whil e in the l arger l ogs the p ositi ons are
reverse d The f ollowi ng diagram Of a 2 § -inch pl ank taken
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
C om p a
r
i s o n of fi
ca
l e in S
.
a
w
‘
xn
g 2 Yo
.
'
P la
n
k an
d
Bo a r d
s
from a small log wi ll serve t o expl ain the reas on T he pl ank
—
l
n
is sca e d o the narrow face C D and the resul t mu l tiplie d
.
.
IQ I A
by 2 whereas if that pl ank were sawe d int o two l -inch b oards
—
—
l
d
l
we wou d have the c omb ine sca es C D pl us A B whio
—
—
—
l arger than twice C D by A C an d D B
T he l arger the
l ogs h owever the small er the wane that is the small er the
d i fference between the wi de and narr ow face so that wi th the
wi der pl anks there is no l oss in scal e an d there is an actu al
saving in l umber due t o the fewer saw kerfs ma d e i n sawing
2 -inch instea d of l -inch l umber
T herefore on the l arger
l ogs the r ul e for pl ank excee d s that for b ox b oar d s
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
Ba n d S a w
v er s u s
C ir c u l a r
.
A p ortabl e mill l ocate d near M anchaug was equippe d with
a ban d saw instea d of a circul ar so that it was p ossibl e by
c onstructing a mi ll tall y rul e at this mil l t o c ompare the resu l ts
of using a ban d saw which makes a kerf onl y one—
eighth of an
inch in wi dth with a mill tal ly r ul e represente d by the general
M assachus e
tts rul e which all ow for a circu l ar saw kerf of one
quarter Of an inch T he two rul es are printe d in parall el col
umns bel ow and a c omparis on will sh ow an average gain Of 2 0
per cent in the yield of pine l ogs by using the ban d saw It
wou l d seem that this saving wou l d '
ustify a m ore th or ough
tryout of the ban d saw even in c onnecti on wi th a p ortab l e
,
,
.
,
.
,
I iI
ill
.
32
.
Compar ison of Log S cales (Band S aw
v er sus Cir cula r S aw'
.
F OO T L O G S
14-
Ft B M Ft B M
.
.
.
R o u n d -ed g e
.
.
Ft B M Ft B M Ft B M
.
v er s u s
.
.
.
Sq u a r e-ed g e
.
.
.
L u m b er
.
.
.
.
.
Lumber Operat ors generall y rec ogni z e the fact that l ogs
sawe d int o square -e dge b oar ds do not yield as much lumber
as th ose sawe d int o roun d-e dge lumber but they are not Often
the precise di fference or why it c omes ab out ; We
ob taine d fr O
m M r Austin C ary a mill tally scal e ma de at a
-e dge l um
o
bl
l
n
rta
e
mi
l
in
M
aine
hich
was
pr
o
d
uci
g
sq
are
u
w
p
b er onl y and we have printe d that i n parall el c ol umns with
our M assachusetts ru l e representing the r oun d-e d ge yiel d
,
,
.
,
.
T he rea d er will n ote that the difference in fav or of the r oun d
e dge sawing is from 1 0 to 1 5 per cent in the smaller l ogs ,
gra duall y diminishes unti l it reaches z er o in the case Of
1 6—
inch l ogs T his is as it sh oul d b e in the ory b ecause
di fference b etween the two meth ods of sawing is due t o
s l ab which must b e rem ove d t o pr oduce square-e dge lum
an d the pr op orti on of s l ab t o the yiel d in l um b er bec o es
and l ess as the l og increases in si z e
One wi ll al s o n ote
the 1 4-foot l og sh ows a l arger difference than the 1 2-f oot
T his is due t o the fact that there is a greater taper an d
sequently greater pr op orti onate waste in s l ab in squaring
l onger l ogs
.
,
m
.
.
T A BLE N o 3 3
.
.
Compar ison of sawing R ound and S quar e-edge
Lumber
.
F OO T L O G S
1 2-
.
F OO T L O G S
1 4-
.
Eq
T he
F a c t or s
u iv a l en t
.
f oll owing tabl e c ontains a series of c onverting fact ors
are often useful T he fir st sh ows the n umber of b oard
ct to Obtain fr oin a l og per cubic f oot
has a l og which he wishes to scal e and
l og rul e he can fin d the s oli d c ontents
c one and then remem
7 b oar d feet per c ubic
int o b oar d feet T hese
In the case of square
b oard feet
that the equival ent fact or is onl y 5 feet for
T he i ncrease is due to the
5 for the l arger
sawing Of small er l ogs there is a l arger per
which must be waste d in the f orm of s l ab
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
rul es we call e d attenti on t o the c aliper
omm er cial practice it is us ual t o state that it takes
a half to equal a th ousan d feet or t o reverse the
a c ord is equal to 6 70 b oar d feet Of inch l umb er
0 the tabl e wil l sh ow th at t his is a v ery satisfact ory
fact or for a r un of l ogs T he increase in yiel d
0 the l arger l ogs is due to the same reas on
for the yie l d per cubic f oot namel y , the
of waste in small er l ogs
In s outheastern
the practice is t o saw 3-inch l umber,
c omm on to call
feet Of this s ort of lumber equival ent
c or d al th ough an a verage r un of logs wi ll slightly excee d
yield
on l og
,
,
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,
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8
,
.
T A BLE N O
.
34
.
Ta ble
changi ng
F eet
Cubic F eet
White Pine
D I AM E T E R AT
showing
to B oar d F eet
.
M I DD LE
E q uiv alent
OF L O G ( INC H ES '
.
a nd
Factor s
C or ds
to B
M
EAS U R E M E N T OF F U EL
.
is c onsi derabl e c onfusi on atten dant up on the b uying
and sel ling of fue l wood because it is s ol d as one thing whi l e
the p urchaser receives it in an other f orm It is s old as c or d
wood ; i e wood in sticks 4 feet l ong pi l e d so as t o occ upy 1 2 8
c ub ic feet of space b ut it is del ivere d t o the c ons ume r as
fuel wood cut int o l engths 2 feet or l ess T he S tate Forester
determine the am ount of space that
sh ou ld occupy after it has b een cut
r cial l engths
2 4 -inch 1 6 -inch 1 2
inch
an d then thrown l oose int o a bin or restacke d At the
same time we experimente d t o Obtain the numb er Of 2 and
4 b ushel baskets per c or d
We use d approximatel y 1 5 0 c or ds
of har dwood of di fferent types
all c l eft al l r oun d mixe d
r oun d and c l eft
and the ta b l e b e l ow gives the average r e
An at tempt was ma de t o make
sul ts of th ose experiments
these figures l egal stan dard for a c or d b ut the prop ositi on
ecte d b y the Legis l ature
was re'
T here
.
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T A BLE N O
.
35
.
Fuel
Wood
L en gths
1 2 -I n ch
Units per Cor d
.
.
4 B ushe l
B ushe l
B asis
B as k ets B asis B as k ets B asis
( Cor d s '
( per
( Cor ds '
( per
( Cor d s '
Co r d '
Cor d '
2-
-
.
.
.
1 6 -I n ch
L e ngths
.
.
.