BANDALA, JANN PATRIX M. CRI331 (5940) FINAL PROJECT PART I ULOA In this topic, it explained first what is Globalization. It refers to the growing links in economic, social, political, and communication spheres between many societies and cultures worldwide. Second, Leaderless Resistance. refers to a mode of operation whereby lone actors or small groups who identify with a greater good utilize violence to further their own ends. Third, the 9/11 attacks were started in September 2001 by members of Al Qaeda. The Pentagon and the World Trade Center's twin towers were both struck by hijacked aircraft. The White House was the objective of a fourth hijacked airliner, but it missed its mark when it landed in western Pennsylvania. In addition to that, the main topic on this SIM that define what is terrorism. Terrorism is the use of violence or the threat of violence to frighten a people and forward a political, ideological, or religious cause. The word “terror” comes from the Latin word “terrere” which means “to frighten” or “to scare.” However, it also discussed the criteria of terrorism, how violent and brutal they are, and the reason why they want to join and involve in such terrorists group. It also discussed about what is “Extremist or Extremism” it is a someone whose opinions are deemed extreme and objectionable by the majority: a group of extremists. It talks also about Political Extremism, the Objectives of terrorists, elements of terrorists action such as Political Objectives, Violence, Target Audience, Organization, Actions other than states involved, Weapon of the Weak. ULOB In this topic, it explained first what is state-sponsored terrorism. It is a governmental aid given to terrorist non-state actors who use violence. Second, Ideology. It is an individual or group of people may be credited with a set of ideas or ideologies, especially those that are embraced for reasons other than merely epistemic ones and in which "practical components are as significant as theoretical ones. Third, Modernization. is the transition from a traditional, agrarian, rural society to an industrial, secular, metropolitan civilization. In addition to that, in this topic it focuses about the causes of terrorist violence, In psychological explanation, it can be divided in two main tradition such as the psycho-pathological and the psycho-sociological traditions. However, it talks also that the Poverty and Terrorism is the majority of violent conflicts take place within (and between) impoverished or underdeveloped countries, not often in rich governments, according to one of the most compelling conclusions in quantitative peace research. Terrorist Violence and the Role of the Media is one of tactics and weapons of the terrorists in order to recognize them as a group of terrorists. In addition, there are terrorists group that are state sponsor and non-state sponsor. It depends in a specific group. ULOC In this topic it discussed the different types of terrorism: Dissident Terrorism - committed by nonstate movements, organizations, and 'lone wolf' extremists against authorities, ethnic nationalist organizations, and other 'enemies'. Revolutionary Terrorism - the use or threat of political violence intended to influence a total revolution in change. Sub revolutionary Terrorism - the use or threat of political violence intended to influence a variety of modifications to a certain political system (but not its abolition). Establisment Terrorism - threatening or utilizing political violence by a reputable against internal or external opposition in a governing system. This grievance-related concept is best shown by the insurrection fought in Mexico by the ZAPATISTA NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT, a group of insurgents. Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN), Spanish Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional. - a guerrilla organization in Mexico that was established in the late 20th century and named after the Emiliano Zapata, a revolutionary peasant of the 20th century. In the year 1994, the Zapatistas a revolt from their stronghold in Chiapas, the most southern state in Mexico, to protesting economic measures they thought would have a negative impact indigenous people of Mexico. Later, the insurgency evolved into a potent political movement. movement that promoted the rights of Mexico's marginalized Indians. The earliest records of the Unknown zapatista movement. The Bureau of Counterterrorism in the State Department (CT) constantly keeps an eye on the actions of terrorist organizations present all over the world to find possible targets. When evaluating potential targets, CT takes into account not just the actual terrorist actions that a group has committed, but also whether it has engaged in planning and preparation for potential future acts of terrorism or still has the capacity and purpose to commit such acts. Revolutionary Dissident Terrorism: A Clear World Vision example Hezbollah, Arabic Ḥizb Allāh (“Party of God”), also spelled Hezbullah or Hizbullah, political party and militant group that first emerged during Lebanon’s civil war as a militia after the Israeli invasion of that country in 1982. Religious Terrorism Knox Thames, a former State Department staffer on Policy and Religion, notes in the most recent State Department Country Repo: "the premeditated religiously or politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational, transnational, or antinational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence or exact revenge upon a political audience or to gain the honor, respect, or benediction from a deity and/or fellow religious observants." Strategic Overview never uses terms like violent religious extremism or Islamist extremism to characterize terrorists. PART II Communist Party of the Philippines/New People’s Army (CPP/NPA) Founders Jose Maria Sison Bernabe Buscayno Leader vacant Dates of 1969–present[1]: 96 operation Split to Motives Alex Boncayao Brigade Revolutionary Proletarian Army Rebolusyonaryong Hukbong Bayan Cordillera People's Liberation Army Establishment of a People's Democratic Government through proletarian revolution Active regions 22 guerrilla fronts (2022)[2] Operates in 110 guerrilla fronts across 73 provinces in the Philippines (CPP claim, 2018)[3][non-primary source needed] Ideology Marxism–Leninism–Maoism Status Active Size 2,112 (AFP estimate, 2022)[2] 5,600 (CPP claim, 2018)[3][non-primary source needed] Unknown number of lightly armed and unarmed supporters Part of Allies Communist Party of the Philippines National Democratic Front of the Philippines Kabataang Makabayan The New People's Army (Filipino: Bagong Hukbong Bayan), abbreviated NPA or BHB, is the armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). It acts as the CPP's principal organization, aiming to consolidate political power from what it sees as the present "bourgeois reactionary puppet government" and to aid in the "people's democratic revolution". Founded on March 29, 1969, by the collaboration of Jose Maria Sison and former members of the Hukbalahap led by Bernabe Buscayno, the NPA has since waged a guerrilla war based on the Maoist strategy of protracted people's war. The NPA is one of the key figures in the ongoing Communist rebellion in the Philippines, the longest ongoing conflict in the country. The NPA operates and is based primarily in the Philippine countryside, where the CPP alleges it has established itself in 73 out of the country's 81 provinces, across over 110 guerrilla fronts. Following the division of the previous Communist Party (Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930) into the Lava and Guerrero factions, the New People's Army was founded on March 29, 1969. Following the founding of Kabataang Makabayan and the rise in popularity of Mao Zedong Thought as a development of doctrinal Marxism-Leninism, the 1960s saw a rebirth in radical ideology. Under the pen name Amado Guerrero, Jose Maria Sison published Rectify Errors and Rebuild the Party in 1966., a work that condemned the previous Lavaite leadership and underlined the importance of adhering to Mao Zedong's ideas in order to promote re-establishment. The First Great Rectification Movement was the name given to the uprising, which lasted until December 26, 1968, when the Communist Party of the Philippines was legally re-established along Maoist ideals. The NPA was given immediate responsibility for carrying out the CPP's plan for a People's Democratic Revolution. Amado Guerrero listed the following as the New People's Army's primary responsibilities in its Declaration: 1. The New People's Army Must Engage in Party Rebuilding 2. The New People's Army Must Carry Out Agrarian Revolution, Build Rural Bases, and Advance the Armed Struggle 3. The New People's Army Must Build the National United Front Along with the CPP's organizational efforts, the NPA soon spread. The country's estimated 400,000 residents were governed by the 735 barrio organizing committees and 60 barrio organizing committees that had been established by 1972. Barrio organizing and revolutionary committees were established by the CPP using the NPA as tools for running the people's revolutionary government. In order to reduce land rent, end usury, and guarantee the "annihilation of enemy troops and the elimination of landlord despots, enemy spies, and such bad elements as cattle rustlers, extortionists, robbers, murderers, arsonists, and the like," barrios organizing committees were formed. The BOC was eventually replaced with barrio revolutionary committees, which legally declared the region to be a bastion of the revolutionary government. At the time, the NPA had 72 squads of 800 regulars that were armed.
