things
remember
to
CHEMISTRY
PAPERS
CHEMISTRY
A
-
LEVELS
A-
*
example
of
distillation
filtration
biichner funnel
residue
moist
-- -
-
-
-
-
filter paper
porous
[
[
plate
rubber
☒
bung
→
pump
biichnerflask
filter
paper
V5
vacuum
8
filtrate
biichner
gravity
advantages
/
→
filter
funnel
↑
◦£
-
filtrate
beichner
✓ faster
✓
collecting
☆ sometimes
clamp
we add
anti
-
bumping granules
burning
reflux
( but
they normally ask about distillation )
ore
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µ
-
pipe
-
drier
string
4¥
A.it
dilute
-
,
"
" "" ""
.
-
-
>
is
gas
nya.a.w.am
Crucible
precipitate
water basin
-
water out
delivery
clay
tube
triangle
tripod stand
bunsen burner
water
>
in
99s syringe
"
ore
I
dilute
hydrochloric acid
"
=
retort stand
and
clamp
collecting several gases
by using solution
heating
☆
nitrate
! ! I
g)
^
to collect
4/7 =
t
heat
☆ NO, reacts
gas syringe
NaOH solution
and use
collecting several gases
" ""9
tube
↑
heat
electrolysis
but the
gas
☐ 0
,
☐
( 9701152 /
must be collected
M
/
/
J
Is
-
o
""" "
←
CO2 ✗
ethene
-
☆ the
tube
iced water
=
"
"
using
nitrogen
dioxide
to collect
Oz
the
gas
does not
liquid nitrogen
.
)
✗ CO2
to collect ethene
gas syringe
to collect
" " " " " " " " " "
a
7
^
ethene
{
concept
gas
is
same as
.
NaOH solution
( to trap
CO2
(alkali )
gas )
,
dioxide
separated by cooling
diagram is
collected
syringe
solution
and
NO , condenses and
41?=
" " " °"
can be
potassium butanedioate
Noa
E P T
of nitrates produces the metal oxide
Nazis
☆ this
7
1
of
heating
☐
•
supply
a
NaOH
.
of
od
power
1
to
Of 0 ,
C O N C
until
☐
☐
.
volume of
☆
u
☐
find Mol
find
oxygen
00
to
containing
before and after
( 9>01/53 / M / 3/20 )
/
^
stoichiometry
☆ measure mass of tube
( alkali )
ice
lead
nitrate
of Oz
gas obtained
gas )
NO ,
( to trap
the NaOH
measure the volume
☆
~
.
✓
on
,
dioxide
oxygen
V1
I 1 1 11 I 1 1 11
nitrogen
and
oxygen
anhydrous magnesium
by using
E P T
of nitrates produces the metal oxide
C O N C
( rarely comes out ,
the above one
explanations
Why
do we
>
( substance )
how to
get
reason
why
/ acid
100 %
the reaction
>
experiment
flammable and should not be heated
rid of acid
add alkali
>
is
is
/alkali
yield
,@ 1 ,
it shows
neutral )
heating
must measure
>
do we heat
why
to
>
why
do
prevent
Why
do
we
why
/
the
liquid
as
the student starts the
difficult to
see
to
from
.
mass of Crucible
( after
burette
+
residue
heating )
spilling out
reference
water at the start ?
value
when time starts
equilibrate (
> 24 hours
allows it to be saturated
a
instantly
3
the 0.00cm
for
mass of Crucible + solid
,
( before heating )
using distilled
temperature
leaving the solution
s
crystals
not add the solid
to allow
>
gently
the
,
first ?
we measure the
to calibrate
>
>
mass of Crucible
room
readings
.
-
.
temp )
with
.
0
-
10cm
ˢ
instead of
0
.
00
3
am
?
are on
the
line
anomalous
→
points
)
much scattering
(there is
.
show about
points
or near
not reliable
impossible
reversible
able
Cno
(add till indicator until
.
graph
?
all
directly
solution ?
in a
and indicator
is
.
What does the
temperature
to control the
>
graphs
?
water bath
use a
a
point of
anomaly )
safety precautions
+
other
standard solution
Milli
corrosive
gloves
flammable
→
definitions
formulas
improvements
Ma V2
:
a
solution of known concentration
wear
n
from naked flames
keep away
>
/ heat source
t,
conduct
fume
in
damage aquatic
insulate with
>
a
volume
use
material
use
,
larger mass
substance
lid
( polystyrene Cup)
☆
>
,
you
e.
/ Volume / etc
.
_
✗ 2×100
tips
.
must show that it
smallest division
÷
2
:O -0s
2
0.0s ✗ 2
÷
is
(smallest division
burette
✗
29.50
accurate
apparatus (specify what )
•
)
answering about
when
physical properties
e.
100
find
concordant
•
.
percentage error
[
average
theoretical
value
_
experimental
value
+
]
if it
✗ 100
•
only
volume of
:
use
gas collected ✓
×
if
accuracy ( no
is in excess or
they
asked
should be used
apparatus
to
not
ofdp
-
.
,
) and check
.
improve accuracy
specific experiment try finding
in the steps of
experiment
value
average
to know which
look at the
of experimental value
theoretical
readings ( for titration )
,
.
dependent variable
g.
variables
rate of reaction
FM 22
qz
plot graph
>
due to final reading
initial reading
÷ 2
/ mass / etc
g.
Of the
improve reliability
repeat
.
.
> use more
>
( decay constant ]
measured
improve accuracy
>
✗
of apparatus
reduce heat loss
Tooo
:
smallest division
remains down the drain
MV
:
0.693
,,
percentage error
life
do not throw
>
cupboard
n
I
Mr
toxic fumes
>
mass
:
,
for the
the
error
.
completely dry
>
repeat drying
mass is
:
,
constant
reweigh
.
and continue till
if the value
total
is
less than
percentage error
results are valid
( vice versa )
'
maximum
the
•
when
experiment requires time
can use
observer has
a
to be measured
slow reaction time
.
we
,