2/10/2022 CVE677 Transportation Planning Road and Highway Planning Road and Highway Planning Best Practice for Urban Roadway Systems Context Sensitive Solution (CSS) Traffic Calming Complete Streets Alta Planning + Design 1 2/10/2022 Best Practice for Roadway Systems Road and Highway Planning Best Practice for Urban Roadway Systems Transportation system = different networks & activities One of these layers is the road network or corridors 2 2/10/2022 Road and Highway Planning Best Practice for Urban Roadway Systems Best practices include: Urban roadway systems should consist of a multimodal network of streets and highways that serves automobiles, trucks, transit, bicyclists, and pedestrians. • Handle traffic volumes safely and efficiently, providing convenient routes around and within area for traffic • Define vehicular mobility appropriately in dense urban area, to ensure the plan will not result in speeds threaten safety of pedestrians • Develop roadway system in such a manner that there are sufficient interconnections and a degree of redundancy • Provide reasonably direct access for emergency and service vehicles • Arrange parking facilities, vehicular and pedestrian circulation routes, bicycle routes, and buildings to minimize conflicts Road and Highway Planning Best Practice for Urban Roadway Systems • Provide direct routes for truck movements and system of bicycle facilities and routes • Ensure easy access for pedestrians, cyclists, and motorists accessing bus stops, terminals, or train stations High Occupancy Vehicles • Consider direct connections to activity centers by transit and HOV during the planning stage of freeways WRI Ross Center for Sustainable Cities 3 2/10/2022 Road and Highway Planning Best Practice for Urban Roadway Systems Urban roadway systems should be planned such that individual roads and streets serve different functional classification & all modes of passenger and goods movement Freeway/Exway , Arterial, Collector, Local • Balance the roadway system plan to meet the need for all modes of transportation • Each facility will not need to serve every mode, the whole system should provide a good level of service for each mode • Consider land-use context and urban form in determining the relative importance of each mode on various streets in the network เมืองที่สมบูรณ์ ตอ้ งมีถรรทุกแบบ และmode การเดินทางทุก mode Road and Highway Planning Best Practice for Urban Roadway Systems Urban roadway systems should have a high degree of connectivity to help provide multiple routing options for all user groups. • Provide redundancy in the roadway network to offer more than one direct route • Identify layered and of necessity, overlapping, networks for pedestrians, bicyclists, transit, autos, and trucks so that each network has an appropriate level of connectivity and redundancy • Consider emergency vehicle access as part of the network planning • Provide direct access to regional transportation system for industrial sites • Provide high levels of roadway connectivity to provide options for local trips and less dependence on arterials for short trips 4 2/10/2022 Road and Highway Planning Best Practice for Urban Roadway Systems Urban roadway systems should have a network density appropriate to the landuse patterns and urban form that are served • Size roadway network to complement design and character of surrounding community • Provide high-density, walkable, mixed-use development along major transit corridors • Planning small block sizes, high roadway connectivity and complete sidewalk systems. Road and Highway Planning Best Practice for Urban Roadway Systems Urban roadway systems should recognize the role of roadways as public spaces and in shaping urban environments • Multiple roles of major urban roadways: • Access • Place making • Economic development ใช้ โครงข่ายถนนชีว้ ดั ว่าการให้บริการการเดินทางดีแค่ ไหน • Include an assessment of zones within the planning area • Aesthetically attractive: • Blend in with surroundings and topographic features เรือ่ งความสวยงาม 5 2/10/2022 Road and Highway Planning Best Practice for Urban Roadway Systems Urban roadway systems should be planned with consideration of environmental, social, economic, and financial issues เอาข้อมูลมาวางแผนสร้างถนน • Plan roadway system to be flexible so that it can be adapted over time to meet future travel patterns not foreseen at the time of the plan development • Plan roadway system to reduce VMT/VKT, to consider safety for all users and to minimize conflict • Develop long term financing plan to ensure implementation of the urban roadway system • Plan roadway system to be within the reasonable financial capabilities of the community Context Sensitive Solution (CSS) 6 2/10/2022 Road and Highway Planning Context Sensitive Solution (CSS) FHWA defines CSS as: “A collaborative, interdisciplinary approach that involves all stakeholders in providing a transportation facility that fits its setting. It is an approach that leads to preserving and enhancing scenic, aesthetic, historic, community, and environmental resources, while improving or maintaining safety, mobility, and infrastructure conditions.” [FHWA, 2015a] Road and Highway Planning Context Sensitive Solution (CSS) CSS VS Conventional Road Planning and Design • conventional road planning and design relies on traffic demand and LOS metrics • CSS identifies critical factors and uses them to establish flexible framework for project development For example, ITE’s Recommended Practice on Designing Walkable Urban Roads: A Context Sensitive Approach uses the concept of zones and a set of road types consistent with the diverse characteristics found within urban areas as a guide to road design. [ITE, 2010] 7 2/10/2022 Road and Highway Planning Context Sensitive Solution (CSS) CSS process can relate to both transportation planning and project development (FHWA, 2007) Topics Communication Transportation Planning All Stakeholders Full Range of User-Friendly Tools for Communicating Project Development All Stakeholders Full Range of User-Friendly Tools for Communicating Representative Disciplines Focus on Human, Natural Environment, Quality of Life, Important Issues Understand Landscape, Community, Valued Resources before Analysis of Transportation System Focus on needs of the project Process Preplanning Process allows Formal Partners (e.g. Environmental Agencies & Community Representatives) to identify Issues included in Transportation Planning Process Scoping Phase by Transportation Official together with All Stakeholders to Define Project Purpose Evaluation Evaluate Multimodal, Operational, Innovative Strategies, and Recommendation to address All Transportation Needs (e.g. safety, access/mobility, air-quality) Explore Multiple Alternatives that meet Acceptable Conditions CSS Treatment Adopted Transportation Plan will support CSS in Project Development Phases Process based on Public Involvement Plan for Inputs Top Agency Officials and Local Leaders commit to Project Development Process Public Involvement Process Full Range of User-Friendly Tools for Communicating Transportation Plan Options Full Range of Tools for Communication about Project Alternatives Community and Natural Resources Public Involvement Communication Strategy Understand Landscape, Community, Valued Resources before Starting Engineering Design Traffic Calming 8 2/10/2022 Road and Highway Planning Traffic Calming • Traditional mindset of highway planners and engineers: • Wider and straighter streets promoted safety • Min. of two travel lanes, in addition to two parking lanes reasonable min. cross-section to accommodate traffic • Unintended consequences of this approach: “cut-through” traffic and higher speeds that threatened vehicular and pedestrian safety on local residential streets [Lockwood, 1997; Ewing, 1999] - Now, “overdesigned” local streets are subject to retrofitting to slow vehicle speeds and modify driver behaviors Road and Highway Planning Traffic Calming Examples: Traffic calming used by the City of Chicago [Chicago Department of Transportation, 2013] Intersections and Corridors • Marked crosswalks • In-road “State Law Stop for Pedestrians” signs • Pedestrian refuge islands • Signals and beacons • Accessible pedestrian signals • Pedestrian countdown timers • Leading pedestrian intervals • Lagging left turns • Road diets • Speed feedback signs • Roundabouts Source: michaelmorgenstern.com 9 2/10/2022 Road and Highway Planning Traffic Calming Pedestrian countdown timers Accessible pedestrian signals Speed feedback signs Source: peterborough.ca Source: Fast Company Source: Photonplay Systems Source: The Daily Texan Road and Highway Planning Traffic Calming Examples: Traffic calming used by the City of Chicago [Chicago Department of Transportation, 2013] Neighborhood Streets • Chicanes • Speed bumps • Narrow street lanes • Bumpouts • Neighborhood traffic roundabouts Bumpout Source: mikeontraffic.com Source: Share the road to zero 10 2/10/2022 Road and Highway Planning Traffic Calming Roundabout • Primarily aimed at slowing traffic while at the same time making intersection work more efficiently • Benefits: • • • • • Create a steady flow of traffic Reduce conflict points and vehicular speeds Reduce no. of traffic signals required Narrow entrance streets allows safer pedestrian crossing Provide streetscaping that enhance aesthetic appeal Source: Carmel United Methodist Church Road and Highway Planning Traffic Calming Road diets Reallocate cross-section by restriping the road to provide more space to bicyclists and pedestrians To some, this is a controversial decision because it removes through travel lanes in order to add space for walking and cycling, and removing left turns from through lanes; To others it provides a better context for the road itself and the function it is supposed to serve in the community Source: mass.gov 11 2/10/2022 Road and Highway Planning Traffic Calming Road diets Benefit: • Narrowing lanes and widening sidewalks to provide safer walking space for pedestrians • Removing through lanes and adding bicycle lanes provides safer and more convenient riding space to bicyclists • Narrowing street lanes to discourage speeding [PPS, 2015] Road and Highway Planning Traffic Calming Road diets Source: Roads & Bridges 12 2/10/2022 Complete Streets Road and Highway Planning Complete Streets • Provide the safest achievable access for all users • Best example: Urban Street Design Guide published by the National Association of City and Transportation Officials. [NACTO, 2013] • Urban population prefer streets to also serve as front yards, parks, playgrounds, and public spaces • Streets must accommodate expanding set of needs and they must be safe, sustainable, resilient, multimodal, and economically beneficial, all while accommodating traffic Source: catsip.Berkeley.edu 13 2/10/2022 Road and Highway Planning Complete Streets Many state DOTs, MPOs, and cities have adopted Complete Streets principles as part of their planning and design guides. Chicago Department of Transportation [CDOT, 2013] - Adopt modal hierarchies to inform design and operation decisions (Default: Pedestrian>Transit>Bicycle>Automobile) For example - One could envision in a downtown transit corridor environment where Transit > Pedestrian > Bicycle > Automobile - On a parkway with no bus service, one might consider an Automobile > Pedestrian > Bicycle > Transit Road and Highway Planning Complete Streets Target speed : refers to the speed range that is desired after the street is constructed. P M PW 14 2/10/2022 Road and Highway Planning Complete Streets Minnesota DOT [MnDOT, 2014a] MnDOT revised its guidance on design elements to provide more flexible design opportunities. The design guidance for elements was revised: - Traveled lane width standards for state highways - Bridge width standards for state highways - Design speed guidance for state highways - Superelevation and horizontal alignment design - Maximum roadway design grades, vertical clearance requirements for new construction - Traveled-way pavement cross slopes - Lateral offset to obstruction Road and Highway Planning Complete Streets City of Decatur, Georgia • Use land-use context to identify key multimodal and economic development opportunities • LOS measures ability of facilities to handle current and expected demand • Pedestrian and bicycle LOS measures include sidewalk width, pavement condition, and buffers between pedestrians/bicyclists and moving vehicles • Demand for bicycle and pedestrian travel has most contribution for demand score 15
