Chapter Six
Thermal Analysis
Thermal Analysis
Chapter Overview
In this chapter, performing steady-state and transient thermal
analyses in Simulation will be covered:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
•
Geometry
Assemblies – Solid Body Contact
Heat Loads
Solution Options
Results and Postprocessing
Workshop 6.1
Thermal Transient Setup
Transient Settings
Transient Loads
Transient Results
Workshop 6.2
The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable
to ANSYS DesignSpace Entra licenses and above, except for an
ANSYS Structural license.
ANSYS Workbench – Simulation
•
Training Manual
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Thermal Analysis
Basics of Steady-State Heat Transfer
Training Manual
K (T )T  = Q(T )
Assumptions:
– No transient effects are considered in a steady-state analysis
– [K] can be constant or a function of temperature
– {Q} can be constant or a function of temperature
ANSYS Workbench – Simulation
• For a steady-state (static) thermal analysis in Simulation,
the temperatures {T} are solved for in the matrix below:
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Thermal Analysis
Basics of Steady-State Heat Transfer
Training Manual
• Heat flow within a solid (Fourier’s Law) is the basis of [K]
• Heat flux, heat flow rate, and convection are treated as boundary
conditions on the system {Q}
• Convection is treated as a boundary condition although
temperature-dependent film coefficients are possible
• It is important to remember these assumptions related to
performing thermal analyses in Simulation.
ANSYS Workbench – Simulation
• Fourier’s Law provides the basis of the previous equation:
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Thermal Analysis
Physics Filters
Training Manual
– Under “View menu > Physics Filter,” unselect the “Structural”
and “Electromagnetic” options
– This applies to options in the “Environment” and “Solution”
levels only
– If a thermal-stress simulation is to be performed, do not turn
off the structural physics filter
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• If a thermal-only solution is to be performed the Physics
Filter can be used to filter the GUI
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Thermal Analysis
A. Geometry
Training Manual
– Solid, surface, and line bodies are supported
– For surface bodies, thickness must be input in the Details view
of the Geometry branch
– Line bodie cross-section and orientation is defined within
DesignModeler
– Cross-section and orientation information results in an
‘effective’ thermal cross-section
– Only temperature results are available for line bodies
– The “Point Mass” feature is not available in thermal analyses
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• In thermal analyses, all types of bodies supported by
Simulation may be used.
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Thermal Analysis
… Geometry
Training Manual
– For shell bodies through-thickness temperature gradients are
not available. Shells assume temperatures on top and bottom
of surface are the same
– For line bodies through thickness variation in the temperature
is not available. Line bodies assume the temperature is
constant across the cross-section
• Temperature variation will still be considered along the line body
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• Shell and line body assumptions:
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Thermal Analysis
… Material Properties
The only required material property is thermal conductivity
– Thermal Conductivity is
input in the Engineering
Data application
– Temperature-dependent
thermal conductivity is
input as a table
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•
Training Manual
If any temperature-dependent material properties exist, this will
result in a nonlinear solution.
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Thermal Analysis
B. Assemblies – Solid Body Contact
When importing assemblies of solid parts, contact regions are
automatically created between the solid bodies enabling heat
transfer between parts in an assembly
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Model shown is from a sample Inventor assembly.
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Thermal Analysis
… Assemblies – Contact Region
Training Manual
• Heat flow within the contact region is in the contact normal
direction only
• Heat flows only if a target element is present in the normal
direction of a contact element
In the figure on the left, the solid
green double-arrows indicate
heat flow within the contact
region. Heat flow only occurs if a
target surface is normal to a
contact surface.
The light, dotted green arrows
indicate that no heat transfer will
occur between parts.
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– No heat spreading is considered in the contact/target interface
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Thermal Analysis
… Assemblies – Contact Region
Training Manual
– If the parts are initially out of contact no heat transfer takes
place
– Summary:
Contact Type
Bonded
No Separation
Rough
Frictionless
Heat Transfer Between Parts in Contact Region?
Initially Touching
Inside Pinball Region Outside Pinball Region
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
– The pinball region determines when contact occurs and is
automatically defined and set to a relatively small value to
accommodate small gaps in the model
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– If the parts are initially in contact heat transfer will occur
between the parts.
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Thermal Analysis
… Assemblies – Contact Region
If the contact is bonded or no separation, then
heat transfer will occur (solid green lines)
when the surfaces are within the pinball
radius
Pinball Radius
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In this figure on the right, the
gap between the two parts is
bigger than the pinball region,
so no heat transfer will occur
between the parts
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Thermal Analysis
… Assemblies – Thermal Conductance
Training Manual
q = TCC  (Ttarget − Tcontact )
– where Tcontact is the temperature of a contact “node” and Ttarget
is the temperature of the corresponding target “node”
– By default, TCC is set to a relatively ‘high’ value based on the
largest material conductivity defined in the model KXX and the
diagonal of the overall geometry bounding box ASMDIAG.
TCC = KXX 10,000 / ASMDIAG
– This essentially provides ‘perfect’ conductance between parts.
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– The amount of heat flow between two parts is defined by the
contact heat flux q:
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Thermal Analysis
… Assemblies – Thermal Conductance
Training Manual
• One may want to include finite thermal conductance instead
– The contact conductance can be influenced by many factors:
• surface flatness
• surface finish
• oxides
• entrapped fluids
• contact pressure
DT
• surface temperature
• use of conductive grease
T
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• Perfect thermal contact conductance between parts means
that no temperature drop is assumed at the interface
x
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Thermal Analysis
… Assemblies – Thermal Conductance
Training Manual
– The thermal contact conductance per unit area is input for
each contact region in the Details view
– If thermal contact resistance is known invert this value and
divide by the contacting area to obtain TCC value
If “Thermal Conductance” is left
at “Program Chosen,” nearperfect thermal contact
conductance will be defined.
thermal contact conductance can
be input which is the same as
including thermal contact
resistance at a contact interface.
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• In ANSYS Professional licenses and above, the user may
define a finite thermal contact conductance (TCC) if the
Pure Penalty or Augmented Lagrange Formulation is used
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Thermal Analysis
… Assemblies – Thermal Conductance
Training Manual
– For symmetric contact the user does not need to account for a
‘double’ thermal contact resistance
– MPC bonded contact allows for perfect thermal contact
conductance
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• Thermal Contact Notes:
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Thermal Analysis
… Assemblies – Surface Body Contact
– For contact including shell faces or solid
edges only bonded or no separation
behavior is allowed
– For contact involving shell edges only
bonded behavior using MPC formulation is
allowed:
• The user can set the search direction as
either
the target normal or pinball region.
• If a gap exists the pinball region can be
used for the search direction to detect
contact beyond a gap
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• Edge contact is a subset of general
contact:
Training Manual
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Thermal Analysis
… Assemblies – Spot Weld
Training Manual
– Spotweld definition is done in the CAD software (currently
only DesignModeler and Unigraphics)
– Spotwelds can be created in Simulation manually at vertices
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Unigraphics
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Mechanical Desktop
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ACIS (SAT)
Parasolid
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• Spot welds provide discreet heat transfer points:
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Thermal Analysis
C. Heat Loads
Heat Flow:
– A heat flow rate can be applied to a vertex, edge, or surface. The
load gets distributed for multiple selections
– Heat flow has units of energy/time
•
Heat Flux:
– A heat flux can be applied to surfaces only
– Heat flux has units of energy/time/area
•
Internal Heat Generation:
– An internal heat generation rate can be applied to bodies only.
– Heat generation has units of energy/time/volume
A positive value for heat load will add energy to the system.
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Thermal Analysis
… Adiabatic Conditions
Perfectly Insulated:
– Perfectly insulated condition is applied to surfaces
– This is the default condition in thermal analyses when no load is
applied:
• This load type is used as a way to remove loading on specified surfaces
• For example, it may be easier for a user to apply heat flux or convection on
an entire part, then use the perfectly insulated condition to selectively
‘remove’ the loading on some surfaces
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Thermal Analysis
… Thermal Boundary Conditions
Training Manual
• At least one type of thermal boundary condition must be present to
prevent the thermal equivalent of rigid body motion
• Given Temperature or Convection load should not be applied on
surfaces that already have another heat load or thermal boundary
condition applied to it
– Perfect insulation will override thermal boundary conditions
• Given Temperature:
– Imposes a temperature on vertices, edges, surfaces or bodies
– Temperature is the degree of freedom solved for
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Temperature, Convection and Radiation:
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Thermal Analysis
… Thermal Boundary Conditions
Training Manual
– Applied to surfaces only (edges in 2D analyses)
– Convection q is related to a film coefficient h, the surface area
A, and the difference in the surface temperature Tsurface &
ambient temperature Tbulk
q = hA(Tsurface − Tambient )
– “h” and “Tbulk” are user-input values
– The film coefficient h can be constant or temperature
dependent
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• Convection:
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Thermal Analysis
… Thermal Boundary Conditions
Temperature-Dependent Convection:
– Select “New Convection…” for the Correlation
– The “Engineering Data” tab will open and the Coefficient Type can
then be defined for the convection load
– Determine what temperature is used for h(T):
• Average film temperature
T=(Tsurface+Tbulk)/2
• Surface temperature
T= Tsurface
• Bulk temperature
T= Tbulk
• Difference of surface and
bulk temperatures
T=(Tsurface-Tbulk)
Select the temperaturedependency from the
pull-down menu
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Thermal Analysis
… Thermal Boundary Conditions
Training Manual
• The user inputs the film coefficients and temperatures in a table.
The values are plotted on a graph, as shown below
Temperature-dependent
convection will result in a
nonlinear solution.
ANSYS Workbench – Simulation
• Temperature-Dependent Convection (continued):
The only exception is if the film
coefficient h is based on a
function of the bulk temperature
only.
Right mouse click on the table
to add or delete values.
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Thermal Analysis
… Thermal Boundary Conditions
• The convection data can also be imported from a file
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• Temperature-Dependent Convection (continued):
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Thermal Analysis
… Thermal Boundary Conditions
Radiation:
– Applied to surfaces (edges in 2D analyses)
(
4
4
QR = FA Tsurface
− Tambient
–
)
Where:
• σ = Stefan-Boltzman constant
• ε = Emmisivity
• A = Area of radiating surface
• F = Form factor (1)
– Provides for radiation to ambient only (not between surfaces)
– Form factor assumed to be 1
– Stefan Boltzman constant is determined and set automatically based
on the active working unit system
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Thermal Analysis
D. Solution Options
– The ANSYS database can be saved
– Two solvers are available in Simulation:
• Default = Program Chosen
– Iterative = PCG solver
– Direct = sparse solver
– The “Weak Springs” and “Large Deflection”
options are meant for structural analyses only,
so they can be ignored for a thermal analysis
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• Solution options are set under the “Solutions” branch:
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Thermal Analysis
… Solution Options
– “Analysis Type”
– Nonlinear solution
– Solver working directory
– Any solver messages which appear after
solution can be checked afterwards under
“Solver Messages”
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• Informative settings show the user the status of the
analysis:
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Thermal Analysis
… Solving the Model
Training Manual
– If a “Solution Information” branch is requested, the details of
the solution output can be examined
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• To solve the model, request results and “Solve”
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Thermal Analysis
… Solving the Model
Training Manual
– The following will be performed automatically:
• A steady-state thermal analysis will be performed
• The temperature field will be mapped back onto the structural
model
• A structural analysis will be performed
– Simulation automates this type of coupled-field solution
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• To perform a thermal-stress solution add structural
supports and/or loads and request structural results, then
solve the model
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Thermal Analysis
E. Results and Postprocessing
Training Manual
– Temperature
– Heat Flux
– “Reaction” Heat Flow Rate
• In Simulation, results are usually requested before solving,
but they can be requested afterwards, too.
– A new solution is not required for retrieving output of a solved
model.
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• Various results are available for postprocessing:
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Thermal Analysis
… Temperature
– Temperature is a scalar quantity and has no
direction associated with it.
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• Temperature:
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Thermal Analysis
… Heat Flux
Training Manual
– Heat flux q is defined as
q = − KXX  T
– “Total Heat Flux” and “Directional Heat Flux” can be requested
• The magnitude & direction can be plotted as vectors by activating vector
mode
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• Heat flux contour or vector plots are available:
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Thermal Analysis
… Reaction Heat Flow Rate
Training Manual
– Reaction heat flow rate is printed in the Details view after a
solution.
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• Reaction heat flow rates is available for Given Temperature
or Convection boundary conditions:
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Thermal Analysis
… Reaction Heat Flow Rate
Training Manual
– Note: if a thermal support shares a vertex, edge, or surface
with another thermal support or load the reported reaction
heat flow rate may be incorrect. The solution will still be valid,
but the reported values may not be accurate
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• The “Worksheet” tab for the “Environment” branch has a
tabular summary of reaction heat flow rates
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Thermal Analysis
F. Workshop 6.1 – Steady State Thermal Analysis
Training Manual
• Goal:
– Analyze the pump housing shown below for its heat transfer
characteristics.
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• Workshop 6.1 – Steady State Thermal Analysis
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Thermal Analysis
Transient Thermal Analysis
Training Manual
• The previous sections are equally applicable in steady state
or transient analyses
• Three additional areas will be addressed concerning
transient analysis:
– Input time dependent boundary conditions
– Set up transient solution options
– Access results over time
ANSYS Workbench – Simulation
• The previous discussion related to steady state analyses
only. The following section introduces the ability to apply
time dependent boundary conditions on thermal models
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Thermal Analysis
G: Thermal Transient Setup
A thermal transient analysis is
specified from the Environment
branch
•
An “End Time” must then be
entered to indicate the duration of
the analysis
•
Supported transient loads:
– Temperature
– Heat flux
– Heat generation rate
– Heat flow
– Convection film coefficient
– Ambient temperature for radiation or
convection
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Thermal Analysis
. . . Thermal Transient Setup
When a transient analysis is requested the GUI will update with
new information sections:
– Environment will contain an “Initial Condition” branch
– Solution will contain a “Transient Settings” branch
– A timeline and table will be inserted below the graphics screen
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Thermal Analysis
. . . Initial Conditions
– Uniform specified temperature
– Non uniform temperature distribution based on a
previously solved Environment
• Choose the steady state result to be used as an
initial condition then, RMB > “Generate Transient
Environment with Initial Condition”
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• Initial conditions can be handled in 2 ways:
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Thermal Analysis
H. Transient Settings
The next several pages contain descriptions of individual areas
ANSYS Workbench – Simulation
• Transient settings and details:
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Thermal Analysis
. . . Transient Settings
Transient Details:
Tabular Data
ANSYS Workbench – Simulation
•
Training Manual
Curve Type Column
– Time stepping controls
– Visibility of transient
information
DT (Delta Time) Legend
Chart Legend
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Thermal Analysis
. . . Transient Settings
Automatic Step Resets:
– Automatic time step reset places resets
at extreme inflection points in the load
history
• The slider controls the reset frequency
– Manual resets can be added by RMB in
the transient settings graph and at the
desired time point
• Manual reset points can be moved by
dragging with the cursor
Move reset
point
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Thermal Analysis
. . . Transient Settings
Training Manual
– Automatic resets: solid
– Manual resets: wire frame
ANSYS Workbench – Simulation
• Time reset points are indicated by the triangular markers at
the top of the chart
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Thermal Analysis
. . . Transient Settings
The “visible” column in the time line
legend controls specific information to
be plotted
– Notice here the heat flux is applied as a
step function with solution resets at each
inflection point
Time step reset
points
Heat flux history
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Thermal Analysis
I. Transient Loads
Training Manual
• Instead of choosing “Constant” (default), choose “Load
History”
• The history data can be imported from a previously saved
file or created using the Engineering Data application
ANSYS Workbench – Simulation
• Transient loads are applied using the same techniques
discussed earlier. The only difference will be the setup in
the details for the load
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Thermal Analysis
. . . Transient Loads
Training Manual
After choosing “New Load History”, time and load data is entered
in the Engineering Data application
•
The plot builds as the data is entered
•
Project load histories
are managed the same
way as materials and
convections
ANSYS Workbench – Simulation
•
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Thermal Analysis
J. Transient Results
Transient results are plotted like steady state, by highlighting the
branch, however additional information and controls are available
The details view and
graphics legend
include the “display
time”
Timeline and tabular
data are available for
each result time
solved for
Check boxes control timeline
display
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Thermal Analysis
. . . Transient Results
To view results from different time points:
– Click on the time point of interest in the timeline
– The details will indicate a red background until the results are
retrieved for the selected time point
Results not
updated
New time point selected
ANSYS Workbench – Simulation
•
Training Manual
– To complete the operation, in the timeline “RMB > Retrieve Results”
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Thermal Analysis
. . . Transient Results
Transient animations are
controlled using the same
controller as steady state
animations
•
To animate a specific range
use the mouse to drag over
the desired times
•
The resulting animation
will span the highlighted
region
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Thermal Analysis
K. Workshop 6.2 – Transient Thermal Analysis
Training Manual
• Goal:
– Analyze the heating base on a steam iron like the ones shown
here for steady state and cyclic loading conditions
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• Workshop 6.2 – Transient Thermal Analysis
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