REDUCED CLAUSE
Reduced clause

Reduced clause refers to shortening a relative clause which
modifies the subject of the sentence

It must be noted, reduced clause only able if there is same subject
in the sentence

Example:

My friend should be on the train which is arriving at the station now

My friend should be on the train arriving at the station now (REDUCED)

Although it was not difficult, the exam took a lot of time

Although not difficult, the exam took a lot of time (REDUCED)

There are two type of clauses can be reduced in English:

Adverb clause

Adjective clause
Adverbial clause

Adverbial clause is a group of words that works together as adverb

Adverbial clause ALWAYS dependent clause

Example:
1.
He bakes cakes before he leaves for work every Sunday
2.
As dollars signs flashed in his eyes, my brother agreed to the business
proposal
3.
Andrei eats lunch faster than everyone else eats.


The adverb clause is a dependent clause that modifies the verb,
adjective, or adverb in the independent clause of a complex
sentence.
It tells how, when, where, why, and under what conditions.

Adverb clauses begin with common subordinating conjunctions

When reduced ussually into phrases, by omitting the subject and
form be
RULES !!!
Time sequences with after, before,
once, since, until, when, and while

After they sang two songs, the performers did a dance. [clause]
After singing two songs, the performers did a dance. [phrase]
Before he answered the phone, he grabbed a pencil and notepad.
[clause]
Before answering the phone, he grabbed a pencil and notepad.
[phrase]
Giving reasons with because

When a clause introduced by because is reduced, because is
omitted and the verb changes form:
Because she had always been interested in sports, Linda became
an avid supporter of the team. [clause]
Having always been interested in sports, Linda became an avid
supporter of the team. [phrase]
Clauses of concession with although, despite,
in spite of, though, and while

Although he was hurt, Jack managed to smile. [clause]
Although hurt, Jack managed to smile. [phrase] . . .

In spite of the fact that she works long hours, Joan spends a lot of
time with her family. [clause]
In spite of working long hours, Joan spends a lot of time with her
family. [phrase]
Adjective clause

An adjective clause (also called relative clause) is a dependent
clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. It tells which one or what
kind.

Adjective clauses almost always come right after the nouns they
modify. Example:

There is the mountain that we are going to climb.

My blue tennis shoes, which used to be my mom's, were under the bed.

Daniel, who was late again today, sits next to me in English.
RULES !!!
Reduce to an Adjective

Remove the relative pronoun.

Remove the verb (usually "be," but also "seem," "appear," etc.).

Place the adjective used in the relative clause before the modified
noun.

Examples:

The children who were happy played until nine in the evening. Reduced: The
happy children played until nine in the evening.

The house, which was beautiful, was sold for $300,000. Reduced: The beautiful
house was sold for $300,000.
Reduce to an Adjective Phrase

Remove the relative pronoun.

Remove the verb (usually "be," but also "seem," "appear," etc.).

Place the adjective phrase after the modified noun.

Examples:

The product, which seemed perfect in many ways, failed to succeed in the
market. Reduced: The product, perfect in many ways, failed to succeed in
the market.

The boy who was pleased by his grades went out with his friends to
celebrate. Reduced: The boy, pleased by his grades, went out with his friends
to celebrate.
Reduce to a Prepositional Phrase

Remove the relative pronoun.

Remove the verb "be."

Place the prepositional phrase after the modified noun.

Examples:

The box, which was on the table, was made in Italy. Reduced: The box on the
table was made in Italy.

The woman who was at the meeting spoke about business in
Europe. Reduced: The woman at the meeting spoke about business in
Europe.
Reduce to a Past Participle

Remove the relative pronoun.

Remove the verb "be."

Place the past participle before the modified noun.

Examples:

The desk, which was stained, was antique. Reduced: The stained desk was
antique.

The man who was elected was very popular. Reduced: The elected man was
very popular.
Reduce to a Past Participle Phrase

Remove the relative pronoun.

Remove the verb "be."

Place the past participle phrase after the modified noun.

Examples:

The car, which was purchased in Seattle, was a vintage
Mustang. Reduced: The car purchased in Seattle was a vintage Mustang.

The elephant, which was born in captivity, was set free. Reduced: The
elephant born in captivity was set free.
Reduce to a Present Participle

Remove the relative pronoun.

Remove the verb "be."

Place the present participle phrase after the modified noun.

Examples:

The professor who is teaching mathematics will leave the
university. Reduced: The professor teaching mathematics will leave the
university.

The dog that is lying on the floor won't get up. Reduced: The dog lying on the
floor won't get up.
Inverted sentences

An inverted sentence switches the placement of the verb before
the subject of a sentence as if in a question

Inverted sentences are required with certain grammar structures, or
used as a means of sentences stress or emphasis

Example:

Not only is he difficult to understand, but he is also funny.

Never have I understood less about women.

Scarcely have they been on time