REPORT ON TRAINING IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AT A.C.K GUEST HOUSE FOR ADSK BOARD MEMBERS AND STAFF HELD ON
28 AND 29/2/2023 FROM 9:00AM TO 5:15 PM.
INTRODUCTION
The workshop was organized to educate the board members and the staff on the importance of observing a disaster risk reduction policies in their operations. His
Lordship, Bishop began the meeting by giving a sermon and officially opening the workshop.
Each of the participants handed over their expectations on the workshop as indicated below:
PARTICIPANTS EXPECTATIONS
1. Learn on how to reduce risk/How to respond to disaster effectively
2. How to better lives of the poor.
3. Acquire new knowledge on DRR.
4. Learn on how to mitigate risks.
5. Come up with a DRR plan for our project.
6. Types of risks in project.
7. To be well equipped in case of a disaster.
8. To be able to help others.
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9. Identify early warning signs of disaster (drought).
10. Come up with strategies on disaster risk reduction mainstreaming.
11. To learn best practices in mainstreaming Disaster Risk Management.
12. Come up with an action plan on DRR.
13. D.R.R financing strategies.
14. How to educate and transform drought condition (vile tunaweza badilishq na kuelimisha wengi juu ya janga la njaa ).
15. Tree planting and the environment
16. To learn if there are areas that have managed to address disaster successfully.
Report
Disaster Risk Reduction- This is the systematic approach by following steps and identifying and assessing risks in order to reduce and lessen the impact of a
disaster.
CMDRR- Community Managed Disaster Risk Reduction.
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Butterfly Story:
 Butterfly represents those in need of relief assistance.
 Scissors represent the projects being offered to those in need.
 The man represents the project implementers.
The lesson from the story is:
There is need for public participation before offering any aid to the community. This ensures that the aid offers the essential and basic aid as best fit for a specific
society.
Day one :
Introduction to disaster concepts;
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
 What is disaster Risk Reduction
 Significant terms in DRR
 Classification of disasters
 Why DRR
 Principles of DRR
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 Disaster cycle management
 Gender in DRR
 Board and DRR
 Disaster/Drought cycle management DRR PRESENTATION
What is DRR/CMDRR?
DRR: A systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing the risks of disasters. It aims at reducing the damage caused by
natural hazards through an ethic of prevention, mitigation and preparedness.
CMDRR: Process of mobilizing a group of people in a systematic way towards achieving a safer and resilient individual/community.
It entails bringing together of people within the same community to enable them to collectively identify a common disaster risk and
collectively identify and pursue common disaster risk reduction measures.
Singnificant DRR termsHazard

A potential event that could cause loss of life, or damage to property or the environment
Disaster

Serious disruption of the functioning of society causing widespread human, material or environmental losses, which exceed ability of the affected
communities to cope using their own resources. Disasters occur when the negative effects of the hazard are not well managed.
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Disaster Risk

The probability of meeting danger or suffering/harm.
Disaster Risk Reduction
Is a framework and a tool that determines the degree of risk and describes measures to increase capacities and
reduce hazard impact on the elements at risk so that disaster will be avoided Vulnerability

The degree to which an area, people, physical structures or economic assets are exposed to loss, injury or
damage caused by the impact of a hazard.
Capacities

Refers to individuals and collective strength and resources that can be enhanced, mobilized and accessed, to
allow individuals and communities to shape their future by reducing disaster risk. This includes prevention,
mitigation, survivability of the individual and readiness of the community.
Early Warning

The provision of timely and effective information, through identified institutions, that allows individuals
exposed to a hazard to take action to avoid or reduce their risk and prepare for effective response.
Warning

Signs and signals, including scientific and indigenous indicators, that a hazard is likely to happen.
Prevention

The activities designed to impede the occurrence of a disaster event and/ or prevent such occurrence from having harmful effects
on communities and facilities. Usual examples are safety standards for industries, flood control measures and land use regulations.
Other non structural measures are poverty alleviation and asset redistribution schemes such as land reforms, provision of basic
needs and services such as preventive health care, and education.
Mitigation

Covers measures, which can be taken to minimize the destructive and disruptive effects of hazards and thus lessen the magnitude
of a disaster.
Preparedness

Involves measures taken in anticipation of a disaster to ensure that appropriate and effective actions are taken in the aftermath.

It attempts to limit the impact of a disaster by structuring the response and effecting a quick and orderly reaction to the disaster.
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Recovery

Decisions and actions taken after a disaster with a view to restoring or improving the pre-disaster living conditions of the stricken
community,
Basic DRR formula
Risk= H x V
C
CLASSIFICATION OF A HAZAR/DISASTER
1. Natural (Geological, Hydro-meteorological).
2. Man-made( domestic fires)
Both further sub-classified into Rapid Onset or Slow Onset depending on whether the responsible event is rapid or slow respectively.
Natural / Man-made hazards may occur simultaneously.
Disasters are further classified as :
1. Slow onset –Drought,desertification,
2. Rapid onset- floods,vulcanicity,diseses
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The shift…mainstreaming DRR
World development direction has shifted from poverty reduction to disaster risk reduction.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are now being defined by the UN agencies from the DRR perspective. Their basis is that the
SDGs will never be attained unless disaster risk is addressed.
Subsequently…
UN Systems, Donor Agencies (Cordaid, DFID, Caritas, European Union, USAID
GIZ, etc.) and International NGOs (Oxfam, Care, Save the Children, world
Vision, Plan International,) have moved towards DRR
WHY DRR??
1.
Because incidence of disasters and number of people affected are increasing. Disaster affected 2 billion people in the 1990s, triple of the
number affected in 1970s, climate change is increasing the incidence of disaster
2.
Disasters are costly. Put the 12.1 billion US $
3.
Disasters increase poverty. In most developing countries disasters are both causes and consequences of poverty. E.g. drought and loss of
livelihood
4.
Disaster responses are not effective in addressing underlying causes. While improvement in disaster response have enabled countries to avoid
massive starvation scenarios (in the case of drought), effective response in itself has failed to forestall subsequent disaster occurrence.- Reactive
versus
5.
Inappropriate disaster response aggravates the problem. People living in crowded camps exposes them to diseases like cholera.
6.
Development projects could contribute for increase or decrease of vulnerability. i.e. water pans versus grazing pattern management
7.
Disasters pose a significant threat to development. Governments and donors diverting development monies to response activities
Investment in disaster risk reduction is beneficial. Only about 2.1 billion US$ could have been used for
DRR measures to avert the costly impacts of 20082011 drought
Summary of damage, losses, and needs from the 2008 2011 drought (source: PDNA report 2012)
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CMDRR
Principle 1. Disaster happens as a result of human failure to plan and act well ahead
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Principle 2. Recognition that communities have accumulated knowledge in addressing hazard events and navigating from their adverse conditions
Principle 3. Recognition that communities are survivors rather than victims Principle 4. Recognition that basic rights are foundation of safety
Principle 5. Recognition that community organizations are mechanism for successful disaster risk reduction initiatives and that the government is a
major player Principle 6. Recognition that communities have to take responsibility for
their most at risk
members
Principle 7. Recognition that it is the communities that decide if they are in a state of disaster: if they could not cope and need outside help or they
can cope and have the capacity to face the challenge Principle 8. Recognition that resilience is not merely accumulated physical assets or secured
livelihood. Resilience is the will to survive and ability of community to claim rights to be members of just and equitable society.
Disaster/Drought cycle management
GENDER, children AND DRR
 Perception differs because of differences in background, experience, culture, education, history, gender, age and other similar functions, or a
combination of various elements.
 Hazards affect women, children and men differently because of their different needs and culturally dictated roles in the home, in
production and in the community. For instance, caring for the family and the home is usually seen as the women’s primary
responsibility whereas production/earning a living for the family is the men’s responsibility.
 Just as there are differences in how women, children and men are affected by hazards, they also have different ways/capacities for
coping with disaster because of these culturally dictated roles and perceptions of women and men.
 These differences must be considered when planning for disasters. Instead of perpetuating the “stereotypes”, encourage the
communities to see that both women and men’s contributions in the home, in production and community management are equally
important.
 DRR measures must be able to develop the capacities of both women and men in all spheres and aspects of their lives (family,
production, community) as they are equal partners in DRR.
GENDER AND DRR contnd…
Importance of involving men, women and youth in DRR
How should women be involved in Disaster Risk Reduction
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ROLE OF BOARD IN DRR
1. Big eyes to observe
2. Lead in providing strategic direction
3. Big ears to listen
4. Big nose to be sensitive
5. Small mouth to allow more people to talk
6. One big hand to embrace mistakes
7. One small hand to refrain from taking over the work of the community
8. Two big feet to journey with the people
9. An open mind
10. Brain of a scientist (objectivity as opposed to subjectivity)
11. Big heart because it is the heart of a missionaly
DRR mainstreaming
Six areas:
 Policy
 Strategy
 Geographical Planning
 Project Cycle Management
 External Relations
 Institutional Capacity.
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Policy
Organization policy commitment;

Development programmes/ projects protected through disaster risk reduction elements

Disaster relief and rehabilitation programmes/projects are managed in a developmental manner

Development, relief and rehabilitation programmes/

projects do not increase people’s vulnerability to disasters.

The risk reduction ‘policy’ is fully endorsed by senior management.

The risk reduction ‘policy’ is reflected in internal and external documents
DRR strategy
 Comprehensive DRR mainstreaming strategy based on the conceptual framework
 The strategy is fully endorsed by senior management.
 The strategy is reflected in internal and external documents.
Geographical planning
 Decentralized HVCA (at community level
 Appropriate risk reduction strategies are developed on the basis of HVCA
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 Integration of DRR measures into County, Sub- county and Ward development plan
Project Cycle Management
Risk assessment integrated in all stages of project cycle to;




Protecting projects from disaster impact
Ensuring that new projects do not increase disaster risks or enhance vulnerability.
Development and humanitarian programme integrated/linked
MEL risk and gender sensitive and recommendations used.
External Relations

Appreciating merit of partnership in DRR

Stakeholder analysis used to identify DRR potential partners

Linkage with other actors for learning and influence at local, national and international level

Public ‘face’ of organization reflect the organizational commitment to DRR
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Institutional capacity
DRR supportive institutional environment;
 Financial resources
 Staff capacity development
 Innovational in adaptation of tools and methods and learning
 Cross organization commitment to DRR
HQ to Field office
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Risk Reduction from Livelihood Perspective
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Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
Hazard
•
An event, human activity, phenomenon that has potential to cause harm, loss of lives, property damage, social and economic disruption.
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Concepts of Disaster risk
•
Disaster- serious disruption of the normal function of the society leading to widespread loses of lives, injuries, social and economic disruption,
environmental loss that exceed capacity of the affected community to cope using its own resources
Concepts
• Disaster risk- the expected loss or probability of harmful consequences resulting from interaction between a hazard and
vulnerability conditions.
Elements of Disaster
Risk
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Natural Disaster Risk = Hazard×
Exposure×Vulnerability×Emergency response and recovery capability
In this equation, natural disaster risk is the product of the four factors:
Hazard
exposure
vulnerability
emergency response and recovery capability.
Meaning of Disaster Risk Reduction
• Disaster risk reduction (disaster reduction) is the conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and
disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad
context of sustainable development(ISDR, 2004).
Meaning of DRR
•
•
DRR is the broad development and application of policies, strategies and practices to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout society
It aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster as well as dealing with the environmental and other hazards that trigger them
Foundation of Global Disaster Risk Reduction Frameworks
•
Establishment of UN Disaster Relief Office (1971)
“to promote the study, prevention, control and prediction of natural disasters”
•
International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction & International Framework of Action for the IDNDR (1989)
“fostering international cooperation in the field of natural disaster reduction”
•
Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action (1994)
“to achieve a safer world by the end of this century”
•
Geneva Mandate on Disaster Reduction (1999)
“to shift from a culture of reaction to a culture of prevention”
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• Hyogo Framework for Action (2005)
“building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters”
HFA – Priorities for Action
•
1. Ensure that disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a national and local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation
•
2. Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning
•
3. Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels
•
4. Reduce the underlying risk factors
•
5. Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels
THE SENDAI FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER
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RISK REDUCTION (2015-2030)

Adopted on 18 March 2015 by representatives from 187 UN Member States gathered at the 3
Reduction (WCDRR), Sendai, Japan
rd
World Conference on Disaster Risk

The outcome document builds on the knowledge and experience of all stakeholders across public and private sectors. It builds on 10
years of work with the Hyogo Framework for Action and nearly three years of consultations.
Today we have a concise, practical, forward looking and action oriented framework that will guide our actions for the next 15 years.
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Preamble
Scope and Purpose
1 Global
Outcome
7 Global Targets
4 Priorities for Action
1 Goal
13 Guiding
Principles
at 4 Levels
Local, National, Regional and Global
The SENDAI FRAMEWORK for DRR : Content at a Glance
International Cooperation and Global Partnerships
Role of Stakeholders
GL
O
GU
BA
IDI
L
NG
TA
R
PR
GE
IN
TS
CIP
LE
S
Goal
“Prevent new & reduce existing disaster risk through the implementation of integrated & inclusive economic, structural,
legal, social, health, cultural, educational, environmental, technological, political & institutional measures that
prevent & reduce hazard exposure & vulnerability to disaster, increase preparedness for response and recovery, &
thus strengthen resilience”
(paragraph 17)
Reduce
7
Mortality/
global population
2020-2030 Average << 2005-2015 Average
13
Affected people/
global population
2020-2030 Average << 2005-2015 Average
Economic loss/
global GDP
2030 Ratio << 2015 Ratio
Damage to critical infrastructure
& disruption of basic services
2030 Values << 2015 Values
Increase
Countries with national & local DRR strategies 2020
Value >> 2015 Value
International cooperation
to developing countries
2030 Value >> 2015 Value
Availability and access to multi-hazard early warning systems &
disaster risk
information and assessments
2030 Values >> 2015 Values
Responsibility
for DRR
•States have primary •All of society responsibility •All state rd & inclusive
•International cooperation &
•Local expression of risks
global partnerships •Post disaster action & resolve •Support to developing underlying risks
Engagement
countrie
Priority 1
Understanding disaster risk
Policies and practices for DRR should be based on
an understanding of disaster risk in all its
dimensions of vulnerability, capacity, exposure of
persons and assets, hazard characteristics and the
environment.
Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage
disaster risk
Disaster risk governance at the national, regional
and global levels is of great importance for an
effective and efficient management of disaster risk.
Priority 3
Priority 4
Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience
Public and private investment in DRR are essential
to enhance the economic, social, health & cultural
resilience of persons, communities, countries, their
assets, as well as environment
Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective
response, and to “Build Back Better” in recovery,
rehabilitation and reconstruction
Strengthened disaster preparedness for response,
recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction are
critical to build back better
Priority 1
•
•
•
•
•
collection, analysis, management and use of relevant data;
use of and strengthening of baselines;
Dissemination of location-based disaster risk information;
Publicly accounting for disaster losses;
Promoting real time access to reliable data
Priority 2
•
Mainstreaming and integrating disaster risk reduction within and across all
sectors;
•
Adopt and implement national and local disaster risk reduction strategies and
plans;
•
•
Establish and strengthen government coordination forums;
Developing new or amending relevant legislation and setting budget allocations
Priority 2 continued
• Formulation of public policies aimed at addressing the issues of prevention or relocation,
where possible, of human settlements in disaster risk-prone zones
Priority 3
•
•
•
•
Allocation of the necessary resources at all levels of administration;
Promote mechanisms for disaster risk transfer and insurance;
Strengthen disaster-resilient public and private investments;
Support protection of cultural and collecting institutions and other sites
Priority 3 Conti
•
•
•
•
•
Promote disaster risk resilience of workplaces;
Promote the mainstreaming of disaster risk assessments
into land-use policy;
Revision of existing or the development of new building
codes and standards and rehabilitation and
reconstruction practices;
Enhance the resilience of health systems;
Inclusive policies and social safety-net mechanisms
Priority 4
•
•
•
Prepare or review and periodically update disaster preparedness and contingency
policies, plans and programmes;
Develop, maintain and strengthen people-centred multihazard, multisectoral forecasting
and early warning systems;
Promote the resilience of new and existing critical infrastructure
Priority 4 continued
•
•
•
•
Establish community centres for the promotion of public awareness and the stockpiling;
Train the existing workforce and voluntary workers in disaster response;
Ensure the continuity of operations and planning and the provision of basic services in the
post-disaster phase
All these issues need to be considered in the DRM policy development. And DRM bill
development
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
FINANCING
Introduction
• Noting that disasters are on the increase, and their impact lead to heavy losses to the
country, it is important that the country invests in risk reduction to protects its people,
development, and assets.
Key issues to note
There is little evidence of sustained financing from the international community;
1. Financing is gradually moving away from larger (often infrastructure) projects towards
‘technical support’.
2. Development assistance for DRR is biased towards preparedness
3. Poor, drought prone countries miss out
on
DRR finance
• Calls for internal DRR financing mechanisms
Models for DRR Financing
●
DRR as part of a DRM budget: - financed as part of a larger DRM budget that
includes preparedness, response and sometimes recovery. This usually requires
management by a single governance structure, such as a County disaster management
agency;
●
DRR as a budget line or special fund: financing the targeting of DRR needs as a
first priority;
●
DRR integrated into development planning and management: the ‘heavy lifting’
of risk reduction, where risk is integrated into sector plans and management.
DRR as part of a DRM budget
• Early warning systems
• Climate and risk monitoring
• Evacuation facilities
• County disaster management agency
• County risk reduction frameworks and plans
• Risk and vulnerability assessments
• Disaster response
• Stockpiling
• Catastrophic risk insurance
DRR as budget line or special fund
•
•
•
•
County disaster management agency
Early warning systems
Climate and risk monitoring
County risk reduction frameworks
•
•
Probabilistic risk assessments
Targeted risk reduction infrastructure, e.g. dykes, tsunami defenses
DRR integrated into development planning and management
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Land use planning and management
Transport infrastructure
Water resource planning and infrastructure
Retrofitting schools and hospitals
Risk targeted social protection;
Targeted risk reduction infrastructure- dykes and tsunami defences;
Environmental protection;
Biodiversity protection
Measures needed for effective DRR Financing
• Great need for internal country and county DRR financing. To achieve this counties need to:
1)
2)
3)
Development of supportive policies;
Creation of National and county institutions;
Development of DRR plans clearly setting out goals and targets
• Development of enabling policies, laws and and plans are critical for an effective and financed
DRR response.
Issues from discussion
•
What model of financing DRR is adopted to Nyeri(Kieni) County?
•
•
What is the weakliness/gap in Nyeri County financing of DRR?
What model of financing DRR is would be appropriate for Nyeri County?
Conclusion
• Financing of DRR in the current global requires countries to focus on internal
financing.
• For effective internal financing, policy environment and institutional frameworks are
critical
• There
is thus a need for conscious efforts to create a policy and institutional
environment supportive of internal financing of DRR in counties
The final training task was to create an action plan both the staff and the board members.
The ction pan should include DRR requirements.
DRR ACTION PLAN
ACTIVITY
OBJECTIVE
WHEN
WHO IS
RESOURCES
RESPONSIBLE REQUIRED
Report compiled by:
Martin Kibe
Intern