ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY An Integrative Approach: 7th Rd. David H. Barlow V. Mark Durand ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT Chapter 1 What Will I Learn? ▪ ▪ ▪ Define psychopathology/psychological disorder Identify criteria for abnormality Cite events/people significant to the history of abnormal psychology UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Psychological disorder ▪ Abnormal behavior ▪ A Psychological dysfunction ▪ Associated with Distress or Impairment in Functioning ▪ Response that is Atypical or not culturally expected PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER ▪ Psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and response that is not typical or culturally expected. PSYCHOLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION ▪ Refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning ▪ Out on a date- experience severe fear all evening even though there is nothing to be afraid of and severe fear happens every date, your emotions are not functioning properly. ▪ Significant enough to interfere in an individual’s life PERSONAL DISTRESS OR IMPAIRMENT ▪ Distress- extremely upset ▪ Impairment- impossible for you to interact with people and avoid interactions even though you would like to have friends ATYPICAL OR NOT CULTURALLY EXPECTED ▪ Deviation from the average ▪ Greater the deviation, the more abnormal it is ▪ Abnormally short or tall ▪ Violating social norms DANGER They found that individuals with mental illnesses had a 25 percent higher chance of dying from any unnatural cause, including homicide, suicide, and accidents. Drug dependence PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS ▪ Psychological dysfunction ▪ Personal Distress or impairment ▪ Atypical or not culturally expected AN ACCEPTED DEFINITION ▪ The most widely accepted definition used in DSM-5 describes ▪ Behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment. PROTOTYPE ▪ typical profile of a disorder ▪ Diagnostic criteria for DSM-5 are all prototypes ▪ Addition of dimensional estimates of the severity of specific disorders in DSM-5 THE SCIENCE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF ▪ Psychopathology ▪ is the scientific study of psychological disorders. ▪ Clinical and Counseling psychologists receive the Ph.D. degree or Ed.D. or Psy.D. ▪ Counseling Psychologists ▪ study and treat adjustment and vocational issues encountered by relatively healthy individuals ▪ Clinical psychologists ▪ concentrate on more severe psychological disorders. ▪ Ph.D. programs▪ integrate clinical and research training ▪ Experimental and social psychologists▪ investigating the basic determinants of behavior but do not assess or treat psychological disorders. PSYCHIATRISTS ▪ earn an M.D. degree in medical school and ▪ then specialize in psychiatry during residency training that lasts ▪ 3 to 4 years ▪ Nature and causes of psych disorders ▪ Biological PoV PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKERS ▪ typically earn a master’s degree in social work as they develop expertise in collecting information relevant to the social and family situation of the individual with a psychological disorder. PSYCHIATRIC NURSES ▪ have advanced degrees, such as a master’s or ▪ even a Ph.D., and specialize in the care and treatment of patients ▪ with psychological disorders, usually in hospitals as part of a ▪ treatment team. MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPISTS AND MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELORS ▪ typically spend 1–2 years earning a master’s degree and are employed to provide clinical services by hospitals or clinics, usually under the supervision of a doctoral-level clinician SCIENTIST-PRACTITIONER ▪ Many mental health professionals take a scientific approach to their clinical work 1. Keep up with the latest scientific developments in their field 2. Evaluate their own assessments or treatment procedures to see whether they work. 3. Conduct research, often in clinics or hospitals, that produces new information about disorders or their treatment, RESEARCH ATTEMPTS 3 BASIC THINGS: 1. To describe psychological disorders 2. To determine their causes 3. To treat them CLINICAL DESCRIPTION ▪ Presenting problem ▪ Presents- traditional shorthand way of indicating why the person came to the clinic. ▪ Determining clinical description ▪ Clinical description- behaviors, thoughts, feelings that make up a specific disorder. ▪ Clinical refers both to the types of problems or disorders that you would find in a clinic or hospital ▪ What makes the disorder different from normal behavior or from other disorders. ▪ Statistical data ▪ Prevalence- how many people in the population as a whole have the disorder? ▪ Incidence- Statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period, such as a year. ▪ Sex ratio—that is, what percentage of males and females have the disorder ▪ Age of onset- differs from one disorder to another ▪ Course- individual pattern: 3 Chronic Course- suffer for a lifetime or long time (schizophrenia) 2. Episodic course- likely to recover within few months and then suffer a recurrence (mood disorders) 3. Time-limited course- improve in a short period of time (adjustment disorder) 1. ▪ Onset: 2 1. Acute onset- begin suddenly (brief psychotic disorder) 2. Insidious onset- develop gradually over an extended period (psychosis) ▪ Prognosis- anticipated course of a disorder ▪ Prognosis is goodProbably recover ▪ Patient’s age ▪ Psychological disorder may present differently in childhood or adulthood or old age ▪ Developmental psychology▪ study of changes in behavior over time ▪ Developmental psychopathology ▪ study of changes in abnormal behavior adults. ▪ Life-span developmental psychopathology▪ Study of abnormal behavior across the entire age span. CAUSATION, TREATMENT AND ETIOLOGY OUTCOMES ▪ Etiology- study of origins ▪ Why a disorder begins ▪ Biological, psychological, and social dimensions ▪ Treatment HISTORICAL CONCEPTIONS OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR ▪ Supernatural model ▪ Agents outside our bodies and environment influence our behavior, thinking, and emotions. ▪ These agents—which might be divinities, demons, spirits, or other phenomena such as magnetic fields or the moon or stars ▪ Biological model ▪ Psychological model THE SUPERNATURAL TRADITION ▪ Battle between good and evil ▪ Great Persian Empire from 900-600 B.C. – work of the devil ▪ Barbara Tuchman- conflicting tides of opinion on the origins & treatment of insanity. ▪ Distant Mirror (1978) DEMONS AND WITCHES ▪ Magic and sorcery to solve their problems ▪ Possessed by evil spirits ▪ Exorcism- religious rituals performed ▪ Shaving the pattern of a cross in the hair of the victim’s head ▪ Wall near the front of the church- benefit from hearing Mass, ▪ 15th c.-17th c. 1. Attraction to vs. Aversion to Religion. Demons want nothing to do with Christ. 2. Irrational Speech vs. Rational Speech. In New Testament accounts involving demons, the demons spoke in a rational manner. Untreated people with schizophrenia will often speak in nonsense and jump rapidly between unrelated topics. 3. Ordinary Learning vs. Supernatural Knowledge. Demons in the New Testament would speak through people to convey knowledge that otherwise could not have been known to the possessed individuals. Those with NBD have no such ability to know facts which they have not acquired by normal learning. 4. Normal vs. Occultic Phenomena. There is an aspect to demon activity that is just plain spooky (ex.: poltergeists, levitation’s, trances, telepathy). These have an impact on others in the room not just the possessed. With schizophrenia, the effect of the disorder is only on the disordered, not others. 5. The claim to be possessed Authors who have clinical experience both with demon possession and mental illness, believe those who claim to be possessed are very likely not possessed. Demons wish to be secretive and do not voluntarily claim to be present. 6. Effects of Therapy. If prayer solves the problem, then it was probably not schizophrenia. If medicine helps alleviate the problem, it was not demon possession. Read more at: https://mentalillnesspolicy.org/coping/demonic-possession-mentalillness.html STRESS AND MELANCHOLY ▪ Insanity- natural phenomenon ▪ Mental or emotional stress ▪ Curable ▪ Mental depression and anxiety- illnesses ▪ Acedia or sloth- despair and lethargy by the Church ▪ Rest, sleep, healthy and happy environment ▪ Baths, ointments and potions ▪ Nicholas Oresme, philosopher and bishop- depression is a source of some bizarre behavior rather than demons TREATMENTS FOR POSSESSION ▪ Hydrotherapy- patients were shocked back to their senses by application of ice-cold water Connection between evil deeds and sin and psychological disorders Sufferer is largely responsible for the disorder AIDs-homosexuals Punishment for immoral behavior Exorcisms Faith healing Hang people over a pit full of poisonous snakes Scare the evil spirits Some come to their senses Temporarily Snake pits were built in many institutions MASS HYSTERIA ▪ Large-scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior ▪ Middle Ages- Possession of the devil in the Middle Ages ▪ Run out in streets, dance, shout, rave and jump around ▪ Saint Vitus’s Dance and tarantism ▪ Reaction to insect bites MODERN MASS HYSTERIA ▪ Phenomenon of emotion contagion ▪ Experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us ▪ People are also suggestible when they are in states of high emotion. ▪ Identifies a cause- other will assume their reactions have the same source ▪ Popular language- Mob Psychology THE MOON AND THE STARS ▪ Paracelsus, a Swiss physician who lived from 1493 to 1541, rejected notions of possession by the devil ▪ Movements of the moon and stars had profound effects on people’s psychological functioning ▪ Gravitational effects of the moon on bodily fluids might be a possible cause of mental disorders ▪ ―Lunatic‖ ▪ No scientific evidence to support it. ▪ Stages of the moon or position of the stars ▪ Position of the planets COMMENTS ▪ Roman Catholic Church requires that all health-care resources be exhausted before spiritual solutions like exorcism THE BIOLOGICAL TRADITION ▪ Physical causes of mental disorders ▪ Hippocrates; a disease, syphilis; and the early consequences of believing that psychological disorders are biologically caused. HIPPOCRATES AND GALEN ▪ Greek Physician, Hippocrates ▪ Father of Western Medicine ▪ Hippocratic Corpus ▪ Psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease ▪ Brain pathology, head trauma and heredity. ▪ Roman Physician Galen ▪ Created a powerful and influential school of thought within the biological tradition ▪ Hippocratic-Galenic approach is the humoral theory of disorders HUMORS OR BODILY FLUIDS ▪ Normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids or humors: 1. Blood 2. Black Bile 3. Yellow Bile 4. Phlegm ▪ Too much black bile- melancholia (depression) ▪Psychological disorders- chemical imbalance ▪ 4 basic qualities: 1. Heat 2. Dryness 3. Moisture 4. Cold 1. Sanguine- cheerful, optimistic, insomnia, delirium (excessive blood in the brain) 2. Melancholic- depressive (black bile in the brain) 3. Phlegmatic- apathy and sluggishness, calm under stress (phlegm) 4. Choleric- hot tempered (yellow bile) ▪ Excesses of one or more humors were treated by regulating the environment to increase or decrease heat, dryness, moisture, or cold, depending on which humor was out of balance. ▪ rest, good nutrition, and exercise ▪ bleeding or bloodletting ▪ Induce vomiting ▪ Eating tobacco and a half-baked cabbage to induce vomiting Bloodletting, the extraction of blood from patients, was intended to restore the balance of humors in the body. China- movement of air/wind ▪ The Chinese focused on the movement of air or wind throughout the body. ▪ Blockages of wind or the presence of cold, dark wind (yin) as opposed to warm, life-sustaining wind (yang) ▪ Acupuncture Hippocrates coined the term hysteria ▪ Hysteria to describe a concept he learned about from the Egyptians ▪ Somatic symptom disorders ▪ Physical symptoms appear to be the result of a medical problem for which no physical cause can be found, such as paralysis and some kinds of blindness. Hysteria ▪ Primarily occurred in women ▪ Mistakenly assumed- restricted to women ▪ Cause: empty uterus wandered to various parts of the body in search of conception (Greek word for uterus is hysteron) ▪ Cure: marriage/fumigation of the vagina ▪ Disproved THE TH 19 CENTURY ▪ Discovery of the nature and cause of syphilis and ▪ strong support from the wellrespected American psychiatrist John P. Grey. SYPHILIS ▪ Sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain ▪ delusion of persecution- everyone is plotting against you ▪ delusion of grandeur- you are God Symptoms are similar to ▪ Psychosis—psychological disorders characterized in part by beliefs that are not based in reality (delusions), perceptions that are not based in reality (hallucinations), or both ▪ Subgroup- Paralyzed and dying within 5 years of onset ▪ In 1825- the condition was designated a disease, general paresis, because it had consistent symptoms (presentation) and a consistent course that resulted in death. ▪ Louis Pasteur’s germ theory of disease- 1870 ▪ Bacterial microorganism causing syphilis ▪ Treponema pallidum ▪ Cure for general paresis- injected other patients with blood from a soldier who was ill with malaria ▪ High fever burned out the syphilis bacteria ▪ Penicillin cures syphilis John P. Grey ▪ champion of the biological tradition in the United States ▪ Most influential American Psychiatrist JOHN P. GREY ▪ Causes of insanity- physical ▪ Treated as physically ill ▪ Rest, diet, and proper room temperature and ventilation ▪ Hospitals greatly improved ▪ More humane and livable institutions ▪ Became so large and impersonal ▪ Deinstitutionalized- released into communities ▪ Homeless on streets THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS ▪ 1930s- electric shock and brain surgery ▪ Effects of new drugs ▪ Insulin was given to stimulate appetite in psychotic patients who were not eating, calm them down ▪ Manfred Sakel- higher dosages until patients convulsed and became comatose ▪Some recovered ▪ Insulin Shock Therapy ▪ Too dangerous- prolonged coma or death ▪ Benjamin Franklin ▪ mild and modest electric shock to the head produced a brief convulsion and memory loss (amnesia) but otherwise did little harm. ▪ Strangely elated ▪ 1920s ▪ Hungarian psychiatrist Joseph von Meduna observed that schizophrenia was rarely found in individuals with epilepsy ▪ Brain seizures might cure schizophrenia Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini ▪ 1938 ▪ Surgeon in London ▪ treated a depressed patient by sending six small shocks directly through his brain producing convulsions Little knowledge of how it works. ▪ Opium used as sedatives ▪ Herbs and folk remedies ▪ Rauwolfia serpentine (later renamed reserpine) ▪ neuroleptics (major tranquilizers) ▪ for the first time hallucinatory and delusional thought processes could be diminished in some patients ▪ Controlled agitation and aggressiveness ▪ Benzodiazepines (minor tranquilizers) ▪ Reduce anxiety ▪ Valium and Librium (brand names) ▪ Widely prescribed drugs in the world. ▪ Bromides- sedating drugs ▪ Used to treat anxiety and other psychological disorders ▪ Side effects ▪ Modest effectiveness ▪ Neurolepticsside effects like tremors and shaking CONSEQUENCES OF BIOLOGICAL TRADITION THE ▪ Result of brain pathology ▪ Hospitalize patients ▪ Interest focused on diagnosis, legal questions ▪ Study of brain pathology CONSEQUENCES OF BIOLOGICAL TRADITION THE ▪ Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926) was the dominant figure during this period and one of the founding fathers of modern psychiatry ▪ advocating the major ideas of the biological tradition, but he was little involved in treatment EMIL KRAEPLIN ▪ first to distinguish among various psychological disorders, ▪ Different age of onset and time course, ▪ Different clusters of presenting symptoms, different cause. ▪ Many of his descriptions of schizophrenic disorders are still useful today. ▪ End of 1800s- scientific approach to psychological disorders and their classification had begun with the search for biological causes. ▪ Treatment was based on Humane principles THE PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION ▪ Plato- two causes of maladaptive behavior were: 1. Social and cultural influences in one’s life 2. Learning ▪ Treatment: reeducate the individual through rational discussion ▪ Power of reason. ▪ Precursor to modern psychosocial treatment ▪ Psychosocial treatmentpsychological factors but also on social and cultural ones. ▪ Aristotleinfluence of social environment and early learning on psychopathology ▪ Fantasies, dreams and cognitions MORAL THERAPY ▪ First half of the 19th century ▪ Moral therapy- strong psychosocial approach ▪ treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible ▪ restraint and seclusion were eliminated. ▪ Greek Asclepiad Temples of the 6th c. B.C. housed the ill. Cared for, massaged and provided with soothing music. ▪ Originated with French Psychiatrist Philippe Pinel ▪ Jean-Baptiste Pussin ▪ William Tuke of England ▪ Benjamin Rush- founder of US Psychiatry, Pennsylvania Hospital Patients with psychological disorders were freed from chains and shackles as a result of the influence of Philippe Pinel (1745–1826), a pioneer in making mental institutions more humane. HORACE MANN ▪ 1833- Horace Mann- chairman of the board of trustees of the Worcester State Hospital, reported on 32 patients been given up as incurable. ▪ Treated with Moral therapy ▪ Cured and released to their families ASYLUM REFORM AND THE DECLINE OF MORAL THERAPY ▪ After Mid-19th c.- humane treatment declined ▪ Factors: ▪ Moral therapy worked best when the number of patients in an institution was 200 or fewer- individual attention DOROTHEA DIX ▪ The great crusader Dorothea Dix (1802–1887) ▪ campaigned endlessly for reform in the treatment of insanity ▪ Mental hygiene movement ▪ she made it her life’s work to inform the American public and their leaders of these abuses ▪ Hero of the 19th c. ▪ Everyone who needed care received it ▪ Reformed asylums and construction of new institutions ▪ Final blow to moral therapy ▪ Mental illness was caused by brain pathology ▪ Incurable Psychological tradition emerged ▪ Psychoanalysis- Sigmund Freudstructure of the mind and unconscious processes ▪ Behaviorism- Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, John B. Watson- learning and adaptation affect the development of psychopathology. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY ▪ Franz Anton Mesmer ▪ Problem was caused by an undetectable fluid found in all living organisms ▪ Called ―animal magnetism‖ which could become blocked ▪ Identify and tap various areas of their bodies where their animal magnetism was blocked while suggesting strongly that they were being cured ▪ Strong suggestion ▪ Father of hypnosis ▪ Hypnosis- state in which extremely suggestible subjects sometimes appear to be in a trance Franz Anton Mesmer (1734– 1815) and other early therapists used strong suggestions to cure their patients, who were often hypnotized. JEAN-MARTIN CHARCOT, JOSEF BREUER ▪ Jean-Martin Charcot ▪ Head of the Salpétrière Hospital in Paris ▪ 1885- a young man named Sigmund Freud came to Vienna to study with Charcot. ▪ Josef Breuer- state of hypnosis- describe their problems, conflicts, and fears in as much detail as they could ▪ Unconscious mind Josef Breuer (1842–1925) worked on the celebrated case of Anna O. and, with Sigmund Freud, developed the theory of psychoanalysis. Jean Charcot (1825–1893) studied hypnosis and influenced Sigmund Freud to consider psychosocial approaches to psychological disorders. ▪ Catharsis- release of emotional material ▪ therapeutic to recall and relive emotional trauma that has been made unconscious ▪ Insight- understanding of the relationship between current emotions and earlier events ▪ Psychoanalytic model- most comprehensive theory yet constructed on the development and structure of our personalities. ▪ Psychoanalytic theory ▪ 3 Major facets: 1. Structure of the mind and the distinct functions of personality that sometimes clash with one another. 2. the defense mechanisms with which the mind defends itself from these clashes, or conflict 3. stages of early psychosexual development STRUCTURE OF THE MIND ▪ 3 major parts/functions: 1. Id 2. Ego 3. Superego ▪ Id- source of strong sexual aggressive feelings or energies; animal within us ▪ Libido- energy or drive in ID ▪ Thanatos- death instinct ▪ Pleasure Principle ▪ Primary Processesirrational, emotional, illogical INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICTS ▪ Conflicts that occur in the mind ▪ If ego did not successfully mediate the Id and Superego – disorders develop DEFENSE MECHANISMS ▪ Conflict produce anxiety. Anxiety warns the ego to marshal defense mechanisms ▪ Denial ▪ Displacement ▪ Reaction-Formation ▪ Projection ▪ Sublimation ▪ Repression ▪ Rationalization PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 1. Oral Stage- birth to 2 years ▪ Mouth, lips, tongue ▪ Need for food ▪ Oral stimulation ▪ Dependency and passivity, rebelliousness, cynicism- adulthood ▪ Fixation- 2. Phallic stage (3-5 or 6 y.o) ▪ Genital stimulation ▪ Oedipus complex ▪ Castration Anxiety ▪ Electra Complex ▪ Penis envy ▪ Neuroses or neurotic disorders LATER DEVELOPMENTS IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THOUGHT ▪ Ego Psychology of Anna Freud ▪ Self-psychology of Heinz Kohut ▪ Self-concept ▪ Object Relations ▪ Object- important person in life ▪ Introjection- incorporation process ▪ Collective unconscious of Carl Gustav Jung ▪ Wisdom accumulated by society and culture stored deep in individual memories and passed down from generation to generation ▪ Introversion and Extroversion ▪ Alfred Adler ▪ Feelings of inferiority and striving for superiority ▪ Self-actualization ▪ Human nature is positive ▪ Karen Horney and Erich Fromm ▪ Erik Erikson’s Theory of development ▪ Emphasizing development over the life span and ▪ Influence of culture and society on personality PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY ▪ or psychoanalysis ▪ Are designed to reveal the nature of unconscious mental processes and conflicts through ▪ Catharsis and insight FREE ASSOCIATION ▪ patients are instructed to say whatever comes to mind without the usual socially required censoring. ▪ intended to reveal emotionally charged material that may be repressed because it is too painful or threatening to bring into consciousness ▪ Lay on a couch, sat behind them ▪ Couch- the symbol of psychotherapy DREAM ANALYSIS ▪ therapist interprets the content of dreams, supposedly reflecting the primary-process thinking of the id, and systematically relates the dreams to symbolic aspects of unconscious conflicts. ▪ Denial of the interpretation ▪ Resist the efforts to uncover repressed and sensitive conflicts ▪TRANSFERENCE ▪COUNTERTRANSFERENCE TRANSFERENCE ▪ Phenomenon ▪ Patients come to relate to the therapist much as they did to important figures in their childhood, particularly their parents. ▪ Patients who resent the therapist but can verbalize no good reason for it – may be reenacting childhood resentment toward a parent ▪ Patient will fall in love with the therapist- reflects strong positive feelings for a parent COUNTERTRANSFERENCE ▪ therapists project some of their own personal issues and feelings, usually positive, onto the patient ▪ is strictly against all ethical canons of the mental health professions to accept overtures from patients that might lead to relationships outside therapy CLASSICAL PSYCHOANALYSIS ▪ Requires therapy 4-5 times a week for ▪ 2-5 years to analyze unconscious conflicts, resolve them and restructure the personality to put the ego back in charge. PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY ▪ Many psychotherapists employ a loosely related set of approaches referred to as psychodynamic psychotherapy ▪ Conflicts and unconscious processes are still emphasized, and ▪ efforts are made to identify trauma and active defense mechanisms, ▪ therapists use an eclectic mixture of tactics, with a social and interpersonal focus. COMMENTS ▪ Pure psychoanalysis is of historical interest ▪ more than current interest, and ▪ classical psychoanalysis as a treatment has been diminishing in popularity for years. MAJOR CRITICISM OF PSYCHOANALYSIS ▪ Unscientific ▪ relying on reports by the patient of events that happened years ago ▪ there has been no careful measurement of any of these psychological phenomena and ▪ no obvious way to prove or disprove the basic hypotheses of psychoanalysis VALUABLE ▪ Psychoanalytic concepts and observations have been valuable to the study of psychopathology and psychodynamic psychotherapy and to the history of ideas in Western civilization ▪ Careful scientific studies of psychopathology have supported the observation of unconscious mental processes ▪ notion that basic emotional responses are often triggered by hidden or symbolic cues, and the understanding that memories of events in our lives can be repressed and otherwise avoided in a variety of ingenious ways. THERAPEUTIC ALLIANCE ▪ Relationship of the therapist and the patient ▪ Important area of study in most therapeutic strategies HUMANISTIC THEORY ▪ Jung and Adler broke sharply with Freud. ▪ Fundamental disagreement: nature of humanity. ▪ Freud portrayed life as a battleground ▪ Jung and Adler- emphasized the positive, optimistic side of human nature ▪ Jung- setting goals, looking toward the future, and realizing one’s fullest potential ▪ Adler- human nature reaches its fullest potential when we contribute to the welfare of other individuals and to society. ▪ Human strive to reach superior levels of intellectual and moral devt. SELF-ACTUALIZING ▪ watchword for this movement ▪ underlying assumption is that all of us could reach our highest potential, in all areas of functioning, if only we had the freedom to grow. CONDITIONS THAT BLOCK OUR ACTUALIZATION ▪ A variety of conditions may block our actualization. ▪ Blocks originate outside the individual. ▪ Difficult living conditions or stressful life or interpersonal experiences may move you away from your true self. ABRAHAM MASLOW (19081970) ▪ He was most systematic- structure of personality ▪ Hierarchy of needs CARL ROGERS (1902-1987) ▪ PoV of Therapy ▪ Most influential humanist ▪ Client-centered therapy or Person-centered therapy ▪ therapist takes a passive role, making as few interpretations as possible. ▪ Unconditional positive regard- complete and almost unqualified acceptance of client’s feelings and actions ▪ Empathy- sympathetic understanding of the individual’s view of the world. ▪ Hoped for result: clients will be more straightforward and honest. Access their innate tendencies toward growth. HUMAN POTENTIAL MOVEMENTS ▪ result of humanistic theorizing ▪ Emphasized the importance of the therapeutic relationship ▪ Relationships and Therapeutic relationship - single most positive influence in facilitating human growth HUMANISTIC MODEL ▪ contributed relatively little new information to the field of psychopathology ▪ stressed the unique, nonquantifiable experiences of the individual, emphasizing that people are more different than alike ▪ found its greatest application among individuals without psychological disorders THE BEHAVIORAL MODEL th ▪ Beginning of 20 century ▪ Behavioral model ▪ Cognitive-behavioral model or Social learning model ▪ Systematic development of a more scientific approach to psychological aspects of psychopathology. PAVLOV AND CLASSICAL CONDITIONING ▪ Ivan Petrovich Pavlov of St. Petersburg, Russia ▪ Classical conditioning▪ type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response. ▪ Chemotherapy- common treatment for some forms of cancer ▪ Side effects- nausea, vomiting ▪ Merely see the medical personnel who administered the chemotherapy STIMULUS GENERALIZATION ▪ Response generalizes to similar stimuli ▪ Nurse’s uniform/sight of hospital Food Salivation • Unconditioned Stimulus • Unconditioned Response Food • Unconditioned Stimulus Bell Salivation • Unconditioned Response Bell • Conditioned Stimulus Salivation • Conditioned Response Chemotherapy • Unconditioned Stimulus Vomiting • Unconditioned Response Chemotherapy • Unconditioned Stimulus Nurse/Hospital • Associated to Chemotherapy Vomiting • Unconditioned Response Nurse or Hospital Vomiting • Conditioned Stimulus • Conditioned Response EXTINCTION ▪ extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is applied repeatedly without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus ▪ Bell without the food for a long enough period ▪ Eliminate the conditioned response ▪ Bell no longer meant a meal INTROSPECTION ▪ Subjects simply reported on their inner thoughts and feelings after experiencing certain stimuli, ▪ Results were inconsistent and discouraging to many experimental psychologists. ▪ Edward Titchener WATSON AND THE RISE OF BEHAVIORISM ▪ John B. Watson ▪ Early American Psychologist ▪ Considered the founder of behaviorism ▪ Influenced by Pavlov ▪ developing behavioral psychology as a radical empirical science LITTLE ALBERT ▪ 1920 ▪ Rosalie Rayner ▪ 11-month old boy named Albert ▪ Harmless fluffy white rat ▪ Loud noise ▪ 5 trials- fear ▪ Santa Clause mask with a white fuzzy beard ▪ Unethical Mary Cover Jones ▪ Student of Watson ▪ Peter- 2 years, 10 months old- afraid of furry objects. ▪ White rabbit Children who did not fear rabbits in the same room ▪ Peter was touching and playing with the rabbit THE BEGINNINGS OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY ▪ Joseph Wolpepioneering psychiatrist from South Africa ▪ Dissatisfied with prevailing psychoanalytic interpretations of psychopathology. SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION ▪ individuals were gradually introduced to the objects or situations they feared ▪ they could test reality and see that nothing bad happened in the presence of the phobic object or scene. ▪ do something that was incompatible with fear while they were in the presence of the dreaded object or situation ▪ Wolpe had his patients carefully and systematically imagine the phobic scene, and the response he chose was relaxation because it was convenient ▪ Wolpe worked with Hans Eysenck and Stanley Rachman in London ▪ Called Behavior therapy B.F. SKINNER AND OPERANT CONDITIONING ▪ Burrhus Frederic Skinner ▪ The Behavior of Organisms (1938) ▪ Operant Conditioning ▪ behavior changes as a function of what follows the behavior. ▪ Large part of our behavior is not automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus LAW OF EFFECT OF EDWARD L. THORNDIKE ▪ Edward L. Thorndike- Law of Effect ▪ Law of Effect- behavior is either strengthened (likely to be repeated more frequently) or weakened (likely to occur less frequently) depending on the consequences of that behavior. OPERANT CONDITIONING ▪ Behavior operates on the environment and changes it in some way. ▪ Reinforcement- reward; connotes the effect on the behavior. ▪ Schedules of reinforcement- arranged in an endless variety of ways ▪ Punishment- ineffective in the long run ▪ Positively reinforce desired behavior SHAPING ▪ process of reinforcing successive approximations to a final behavior or set of behaviors ▪ Pigeon to play Ping-Pong ▪ Provide pellet of food every time it moves its head toward a Ping-Pong ball ▪ Do you think a pigeon can play pingpong? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGazyH6fQQ4 ▪ Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner contributed significantly to behavior therapy COMMENTS ▪ Behavioral model has contributed greatly to understanding and treatment of psychopathology the ▪ This model is incomplete and inadequate to account for what we now know about psychopathology. ▪ This model also fails to account for development of psychopathology across the life span ▪ Recent advances in our knowledge of how information is processed, both consciously and subconsciously, have added a layer of complexity. THE PRESENT: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH ▪ 3 traditions or ways of thinking about causes of psychopathology: 1. Supernatural 2. Biological 3. Psychological a) Psychoanalytic b) Behavioral EACH TRADITION HAS FAILED IN IMPORTANT WAYS: ▪ Scientific methods were not often applied to the theories and treatments ▪ Health professionals tend to look at psychological disorders narrowly, from their own point of view alone ▪ Grey- result of brain disease ▪ Watsonbehaviors result of psychological and social influences TWO DEVELOPMENTS CAME TOGETHER AS NEVER BEFORE TO SHED LIGHT ON THE NATURE OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: (1) the increasing sophistication of scientific tools and methodology, and (2) the realization that no one influence—biological, behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or social—ever occurs in isolation. ADOLF MEYER (1866-1950) ▪ Dean of American Psychiatry ▪ emphasized the equal contributions of biological, psychological, and sociocultural determinism ▪ 2000 ▪ A veritable explosion of knowledge about psychopathology was occurring. ▪ Young fields of cognitive science and neuroscience began to grow exponentially ▪ The brain and about how we process, remember, and use information. ▪ Behavioral science revealed the importance of early experience in determining later development ▪ new model was needed that would consider biological, psychological, and social influences on behavior. ▪ This approach to psychopathology would ▪ combine findings from all areas with our rapidly growing understanding of how we experience life during different developmental periods, from infancy to old age. Activity ▪ https://app.sli.do/event/1k3jgih5 /embed/polls/cdc52255-f67b4355-93cb-6e7f2c19e8c8 CONCEPT CHECK: ▪ Match the treatment with the corresponding psychological theory of behavior: (a) behavioral model, (b) moral therapy, (c) psychoanalytic theory, and (d) humanistic theory. ▪ 1. Treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible and encouraging social interaction and relationship development. ______________ ▪ 2. Hypnosis, psychoanalysis-like free association and dream analysis, and balance of the id, ego, and superego. ______________ ▪ 3. Person-centered therapy with unconditional positive regard. ______________ ▪ 4. Classical conditioning, systematic desensitization, and operant conditioning. ______________ CONCEPT CHECK: ▪ Match the treatment with the corresponding psychological theory of behavior: (a) behavioral model, (b) moral therapy, (c) psychoanalytic theory, and (d) humanistic theory. ▪ 1. Treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible and encouraging social interaction and relationship development. ______________ (b) ▪ 2. Hypnosis, psychoanalysis-like free association and dream analysis, and balance of the id, ego, and superego. ______________ (c) ▪ 3. Person-centered therapy with unconditional positive regard. ______________ (d) ▪ 4. Classical conditioning, systematic desensitization, and operant conditioning. ______________ (a) END. Any insights you would like to share?
