LESSON 001
SEMESTER II
MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE
NOTABLE ARCHITECTS’ DICTUM AND WORKS
MODERNISM
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MODERN MOVEMENT
- Born in the 20th century
- Took off after WW1
MODERN ARCHITECTURAL
MOVEMENTS
- Architectural styles developed
from 1910 -1980s
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
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Also known as MODERNISM
Puts an emphasis on experimentation
rejects predetermined “rules”
has freedom of expression in art,
literature, architecture, and music.
Advancements in engineering, building
materials, social equality, health, and
industry converged.
Past historical styles were rejected.
this created a perfect storm that allowed
architecture to enter a new era of design
WHY MODERNISM HAPPENED:
a. Industrial revolution providing new
products
b. Industrialization expanding the need for
commercial architecture
c. Group of architects in Chicago
determined that a new architecture
deserved its own style; the look based
on function of the structure and not from
past architectures.
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
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Also known as INTERNATIONAL
MODERNISM or INTERNATIONAL
STYLE
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Based after an exhibition of modernist
architecture in America in 1932 by Ar.
Philip Johnson
The term was first used in 1932 by
Henry-Russell Hitchcock & Philip
Johnson in their essay –
THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE:
ARCHITECTURE SINCE 1922
The International Style dictated the search for an
honest, economical, and utilitarian architecture that
would both use the new materials and satisfy
society’s new building needs while still appealing
to aesthetic taste.
NOTABLE ARCHITECTS
1. LOUIS HENRY SULLIVAN
- Considered as the “father of
skyscrapers” and the “father of
modernism.”
- Widely considered america’s first truly
modern architect.
- Best known as a major player in
Chicago school* and the birth of the
modern skyscraper.
CHICAGO SCHOOL
-used to describe the development of
skyscraper architecture in the late 1800s.
-it is a label given to architects who
individually and competitively developed a
brand of Commercial Architecture.
1881 to 1895: Sullivan partnered with engr.
Dankmar Adler
- widely believed that
Adler- business and construction
aspect
Sullivan- architectural design
FL Wright- young draftsman
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE
AUDITORIUM BUILDING (1889)
- firm’s first real success.
- A massive multi-use opera house in
Chicago
- Exterior design was influenced by
Romanesque revival work of H.H.
Richardson
- Interior was largely the work of FL
Wright.
- Includes offices, theatre, and a hotel.
WAINWRIGHT BUILDING (1891)
- Considered on of the first aesthetically
fully expressed early skyscrapers.
- Designed by Sullivan and Adler
- Named for local brewer, building
contractor, and financier Ellis
Wainwright.
This building exemplifies Sullivan’s theories
about the tall building’s tripartite composition
SULLIVANESQUE STYLE:
BASE – SHAFT – ATTIC
based on the structure of classical column,
and his desire to emphasize the height of
the building.
“FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION”
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Coined by Sullivan in his essay:
THE TALL OFFICE BUILDING
ARTISTICALLY CONSIDERED
Statement refers to the idea that a
skyscraper’s exterior design should reflect
the different interior functions.
A tall building’s exterior design should
reflect the activities that take place inside
its walls.
Examples are Wainwright Building and
Prudential Building
2. WALTER GROPIUS
- Educated at the Technical Universities
in Munich and Berlin.
- Experimented with the combination of
technology and art, building walls with
glass blocks, and creating interiors
without visible supports.
Architectural reputation:
FAGUS FACTORY
- A shoe last factory in Alfeld on thr Leine,
Germany
- The factory has been listed as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2011.
- Commissioned by Carl Benscheidt; he
wanted a radical structure to express the
company’s break from the past.
THE MODEL FACTORY
- the factory shows Gropius exploring his
vision in a theoretical setting.
- In the context, the factory is allowed to be
expansive, to be divided into its functional
parts, each function in a separate form.
- Array of interconnected parts is influenced
by Constructivism.
- It is memorable for the variation in elegant
geometric forms in a complex functional
plan in which each part is a complete
architectural composition in itself.
STAATLICHES BAUHAUS
Bauhaus comes from a German word
meaning to build (bauen) a house (haus).
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Sometimes called brings to light that it
was in the interest of the “state” or
government of Germany to combine all
aspects of architecture into a complete
work of art – Gesamtkunstwerk.
Gropius believed that all design should be
functional as well as aesthetically
pleasing.
BAUHAUS SCHOOL: pioneered a
functional, severely simple architectural
style. It features the elimination of surface
deco and extensive use of glass.
Bauhaus was an integration of the arts
– that architecture should be studied
along with other arts and crafts.
LESSON 001
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He repositioned the goals of Bauhaus in
1923, stressing the importance of
designing for mass production.
It was the time that the school adopted
the slogan Art into Industry.
“ARCHITECTURE BEGINS WHERE
ENGINEERING ENDS”
- Talks about how architecture and
engineering cannot exist in the same
time.
- It is due to that vey word design.
- The science of engineering is creating a
large building, so it does not collapse;
the science of architecture is designing a
building so that it is aesthetically
pleasing.
- Architecture, the act of making the building
pretty, can only start when engineering, the
act of making sure the building is going to
be sturdy, ends.
SEMESTER II