NEONATOLOGY
Azerbaijan Medical University
Dr. İlhama Mirzayeva
NEONATOLOGY
• Anatomo-physiology
• Developmental features
• Diseases
MOST COMMONLY USED TERMS
• Gestational age is the period from the moment of fertilization to the end of
childbirth, calculated in full weeks.
• The period of intrauterine development is the period of development from
the moment of fusion of sex cells until birth.
• Progenesis - the period of preparation of sex cells before fertilization.
• Chematogenesis is the period from the formation of the zygote to birth:
• Blastogenesis - 15 days,
• Embryogenesis- 16 - 75 days,
• Fetogenesis: Early fetal- 76 -180 days
Late fetal – 181- 280 days
THE PERINATAL PERIOD
• Perinatal period is the time from the 28th week of pregnancy to the 7-day
period of the baby.
• 1) Late antenatal - 28 weeks to 40 weeks of pregnancy
• 2) Intranatal - the time between the onset of labor and the birth of the fetus.
• 3) Early neonatal period - the time from the moment the fetus is born to the
7-day period of the baby.( 6 days, 23 hours, 59 min. )
• The late neonatal period is the period from the 7th to the 29th day of the
child.
THE NEWBORN
BY BIRTH WEIGHT
• LBW- low birth weight newborn (<2500 g)
• VLBW- very low birth weight newborn (<1500 g)
• SGA- low birth weight for gestational age (weight below 10th percentile)
• LGA- newborn overweight for gestational age (weight above the 90th
percentile)
• AGA- newborn with normal weight for gestational age (weight between 10th
and 90th percentile)
ACCORDING TO GESTATIONAL
AGE
• Premature - preterm before 37 weeks
• On time - term 37-42 weeks
• Late - postterm after 42 weeks
THOSE BORN LATE
• Those born after 294 days or 42 weeks of pregnancy.
• The skin is stained with meconium, dry and peeling, long nails, abundant hair,
wrinkles on the skin of the heel are deepened, acrocyanosis, hypotonus, the
subcutaneous fat layer is reduced, no vernix, lively eyes.
• The cause is idiopathic.
• Pathologically: Postterm is seen in Anencephaly, Trisomy 16-18, Seckel
syndrome. .
THOSE WHO WERE BORN LATE
THOSE BORN PREMATURELY
• They were born before 259 days or 37 weeks of gestation
THE PREMATURE BABY
APQAR
• The so-called “APGAR score” was developed by Dr. Virginia APGAR over 65
years ago to provide a means by which doctors and nurses could quickly
assess the health of a newborn baby and the need for resuscitation. The test
has now become a standard part of the labour and delivery process.
• Apgar scale is evaluated in the 1st and 5th minutes.
• 0-2 points severe asphyxia
• 3-4 points asphyxia
• 5-6 points mild asphyxia
• If the Apgar scale is 0-3 points at the 20th minute, the risk of perinatal death
or cerebral palsy is high!
LISTED BELOW ARE A FEW OF THE COMPLICATIONS THAT CAN
CAUSE A BABY TO BECOME OXYGEN-DEPRIVED, AND MAY
MANIFEST IN LOW APGAR SCORES:
C-Section errors and delays
Fetal monitoring errors
Infections
Maternal medical conditions
Placental Abruption
Preterm birth
Prolonged and arrested labor
Umbilical cord problems
Uterine hyperstimulation/tachysystole (this can be caused by the delivery drugs
Pitocin and Cytotec)
• Uterine rupture
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