CHILD ABUSE
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Child Abuse with Various Perspectives
Arda Certel
Landscape Architecture -Faculty of Architecture
020180502
Çağatay Tüfekci
Ship Building and Ocean Engineering -Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
080190042
Nur Yağmur Atlamaz
Mechanical Engineering -Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
030190113
English 201
Pelin Gökalp Yılmazer
January 15, 2021
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Child Abuse with Various Perspectives
Thesis: A lot of studies have been conducted on how wide the child abuse is, why abusers act
these harmful behaviours, and how children are affected psychologically and
behaviorally, and they have shown that child abuse is a serious comprehensive issue
with its broad types which includes particular causes and consequences for both
victims and abusers.
I. Types
A. Physical Abuse
1. Domestic Violence (World Health Organization [WHO], n.d, para. 1),
(Jouriles et al., 2008), (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2019, p. 3)
2. Sexual
a. Forcing children to take part in sexual activities (World Health
Organization [WHO], 2003, para. 4)
b. Child trafficking (Wood, 2020, p. 1, 2)
B. Emotional Abuse
1. Neglect (Tyler, Allison & Winsler, 2006, p. 3)
2. Monitoring
a. Controlling behaviour (Smith, 2018)
b. Non - contact abuse (McCarthy, 2010)
II. Causes
A. Genetic Inheritance
1. Studies in the bloodline
a. Evidence of defence (Farahany, 2016, p. 69)
b. Family (Goffney et al., 2016)
c. Genetic factors (Comings, 1994)
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d. Low IQ, left-handed, shorter than average (Mellan et al., 1969, pp.3033)
2. Paedophilia Brain
a. Grey matter (Schiffer et al., 2007, p. 756), (Schmahmann et al., 1999).
b. Gender analyze (Cantor et al., 2008, p. 168)
B. Psychological Condition
1. Mental health conditions
a. Alcohol (Tenbergen cited in Fagrel et al., 2015, para. 30)
b. Personality disorders (Tenbergen cited in Bailer et al., 2009, para. 7)
2. History of child abuse or neglect during their childhood
a. Own childhood (Hilton &Mezey, 2001, para. 10-11)
b. Incomplete childhood (Stines cited in Lanyon, 2015, para. 16)
III. Consequences
A. Psychological Consequences
1. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
a. Permanent depression and anxiety. (Hébert, Lavoie and Blais, 2013 p.
2) (McQueen, Itzin, Kennedy, Sinason, and Maxted, 2008, p. 35)
(Torros, 2020, para. 3)
2. Attachment problems and diminished cognitive skills
a. Feeling unsafe and have attachment problems (Pearce and PazzotPearce, 2006, p. 14)
b. Memory skills and neurological deformity (Patoine, 2018, para. 6)
c.
Academic performance (Turner & Rogers, 2012, p. 4)
B. Behavioural Issues
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1. Criminality
a. Dangerous behaviours (Odhayani, W. Watson & L. Watson, 2013,
“Conclusion” section) (National Institute of Justice, 2017, para. 2)
b. Alcohol and drugs problems (Juntunen, 2013, p. 157)
2. Unhealthy Sexual Practices
a. Feeling disgusted, fear and anger about sexuality (Cicchetti &
Carlson, 1989, p. 109) (Rowan, 2006, p. 36)
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Child Abuse with Various Perspectives
Human races have had groups, which will later be named as ‘family’, to perform basic
instinctive behaviours such as shelter, nutrition, and maintaining the generation in every stage
of history. These groups whose priority are to survive showed all kinds of reflexes that a wild
animal can give in regarding that, and thus, the first steps of violence concept were taken in
different perspectives. In this context, the main target has been children who are innocent and
lack self-protection. In the basic definition, child abuse includes all kinds of attacks on
personal areas of the child by individuals stronger than her/him. A lot of studies have been
conducted on how wide child abuse is, why abusers act these harmful behaviours, and how
children are affected psychologically and behaviorally, and they have shown that child abuse
is a serious comprehensive issue with its broad types which includes particular causes and
consequences for both victims and abusers.
Every action that restricts the individual's freedom to create a negative situation shows
that violence has broad types and any action that includes body part intervention meets the
definition of physical violence. To begin with, children are exposed to domestic violence
physically on a universal scale as a result of the disadvantages brought by their anatomical
weakness and life inexperience in this age defined as modern life. The World Health
Organization defines child abuse as all types of violence against underage individuals and
states that domestic violence is mainly involved child maltreatment (i.e. physical, sexual, and
neglect) (n.d, "Child Maltreatment”, para. 1). Aside from the insufficiency of parents, who
have responsibilities for meeting the needs of children within the family, a common part of
domestic violence in society is that children are exposed to physical violence even in cases
that develop independently from them. Besides, according to Sedlak and Broadhurst, hitting
with a hand or objects or acts that may endanger a child such as kicking, punching and
choking is physical abuse (cited in Jouriles, McDonald, Smith Slep, Heyman, & Garrido,
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2008). On the other hand, Child Welfare Information Gateway (2019) declares that actions in
the name of discipline taken by parents that do not physically harm the children are not
considered as abuse. When it is predicted that all children will experience accidents, tripping
and falls due to their nature and environment, every bruise and bumps on the child's body
should not be perceived as abuse. However, if a child regularly has injuries and explanations
do not match the injuries, then this should be reported. In addition to domestic violence,
sexual abuse is another issue of physical maltreatment. Sexual abuse is defined as an
unwanted sexual activity by using force under threats and thence taking advantage of victims
(children) that not able to give consent. More specifically, using body parts or objects to
penetrate a child, touching any part of the body sexually whether they are clothed or not, and
forcing to take part in sexual activities are the main categoric samples. According to World
Health Organization (WHO), (2003), in the gradual abuse process that will engage in
sexualization over time, abusers try to manipulate the child's trust first as a caregiver, and then
they initiate unlawful sessions such as having sexual activities and the exploitative use of
children in pornographic performance (para. 4). Therefore, it is necessary to foresee that
providing meaningful and explanatory training to children in their development process can
prevent these situations. Nevertheless, child trafficking is another part of sexual abuse with
it's a global and multifaceted approach. Wood states that child trafficking (child modern
slavery) has wide ranges from sexual to using children as soldiers and transporters. Mainly
child trafficking actions occur in the form of personal gratification, forcing to perform or
being subjected to sexual acts for imagery, and being employed in the brothel-based massage
and business rooms (2020). Exposing children to child trafficking for all kinds of work is a
certain violation, but also it is the most brutal aspect of violence on behalf of that every
moment of children is formed independently from themselves. It is simply seen that child
abuse has physical type issues as maltreatments in terms of domestic and sexual violence.
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Although physical maltreatment is better known in society considering the types of
child abuse, emotional abuse is more common and detailed with its wide range. To start with,
neglecting is a popular form of emotional child abuse and defined as a failure to meet a child's
basic needs such as education, health care, clothing, and housing including the failure to
provide adequate supervision. Moreover, Polansky stated that child neglect is the situation in
which the person responsible for the child, deliberately or carelessly, cannot provide the
components needed to develop the child's physical, intellectual and emotional capacity (cited
in Tyler, Allison & Winsler, 2006, p.3). Any child who is not sent to school or whose school
needs are not met, who are not treated for health problems are exposed to neglect in that
respect. In addition to the disruptions in basic obligations such as education and health,
children should be provided with clothes that can be worn in a variety of conditions and a
home where they can continue their life safely. Also, children who live in a safe home with
basic needs provided share their feelings about a daily situation with their family or ask for
help and if their caregiver is reckless and mocking, this is seen as an example of neglect.
Children’ feelings and opinions must always be valued and taken into consideration by
authorities, otherwise, these emotional abuse forms can be more dangerous. In addition to
neglect, monitoring is another emotional abuse issue. Parenting has never been an easy job,
with responsibilities that seem to change every day, but parents also need to be aware of their
children’s activities and interactions through every age and stage of growth. While this effort
of awareness may sometimes be natural situations such as being aware of their friends and
knowing the area where they play, sometimes it can turn into oppressive and overwhelming
controls. To begin with, controlling behaviour is mostly perceived as checking a child's phone
and other devices all the time, choosing friends instead of the child, and deciding when a child
comes home and goes, and providing no private time. Thus, these bullying and coercive
control approaches are emotional abuse and their effects on the child are ignored. According
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to the Home office (2015), controlling behaviour is an act or a sample of threats, humiliation,
and assault, or other abuse forms that are used to frighten, punish, or harm the opponent
(victim). Also taking control over aspects of their everyday life and enforcing rules and
activities are the main samples of abuse (as cited in Smith, Children experiencing interparental coercive control, 2018). Controls free from bullying without restricting children's
private lives and behaviours will produce much more beneficial results for the child's
development. Another monitoring form of emotional violence is non-contact abuse. Noncontact abuse is a type of emotional abuse that a child is abused without being touched
physically by the abuser. This can be an in-person attitude or an online relationship. Due to
immense development in communication systems and high-level usage of social media, there
are many open +18 material sources that children access and exposure to easily or people
from any culture and any age are available for cyber attacks. In this relation, especially
children are the main innocent target of abusers and flashers. According to McCarthy (2010),
wide internet networks and forums are providing minor abusers to have contact with each
other and revealing illegal interest to minors that has not yet been discovered by the
individuals (para. 2). As a person abuse acts; flashing or exposing sexual body parts to a child
and making a child undress are the most common examples. Moreover, using sexual language
towards a child and showing pornography with other +18 online materials are other
perspectives of non-contact abuse as a part of online violence. It is simply seen that child
abuse has emotional abuse issues in terms of neglect, controlling behaviour and non-contact
abuse.
There are many reasons for common causes of child abuse, however, it is possible to
collect them under the two main heading. The first of these is genetic causes. Due to consistent
studies on genetic factors, child abuse offenders demand a reduction in their sentences by citing
genetic factors in their defence of court defence (Farahany, 2016, p. 69). In the researches, it
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was seen that the families of the child abusers also had a criminal history of child abuse. In this
study conducted in 1984, 10.3% of first-degree paedophilia individuals were found in the
pedigree family tree of individuals with paedophilia. This study reveals that it is a hereditary
transmission (Gaffney et al., p. 546). Another study has shown the susceptibility of individuals
with Tourette Syndrome (TS) linked Gts gene to paedophilia. 18.5% of the patients
participating in this study admitted that they had another paedophilia individual in their family
(Comings, 1994). In light of these studies, it has been revealed that paedophilia is passed down
through generations. Researchers think that drugs effective on the Gts gene may be useful for
the effective treatment of paedophilia in the coming years. Other common traits that appear in
individuals prone to paedophilia are low IQ due to head traumas, being left-handed, and having
a shorter height than average (Mellan et al., 1969, pp. 30-33). These and similar physical
characteristics and mental states have an important role in determining paedophilia. Of course,
based on these studies, we should not consider every individual with common characteristics
as paedophilia, but the findings show that there is a positive correlation between paedophiles
and individuals with these physical and mental conditions. As can be seen, the genetic factor,
which is the first cause of paedophilia, manifests itself in many factors, from mental retardation
to the Gts gene. These studies can be used in the detection and treatment of paedophilia
individuals and possible disasters can be prevented. However, we have to consider that every
determination to be made through these studies has a margin of error. While investigating the
causes of paedophilia, it is essential to examine the brain structure, which is one of the most
important factors that drive individuals to this behaviour. With the advancing technology, brain
imaging and access to its results have become easier, enabling them to study the brains of
paedophilia individuals more easily. Recent studies show that individuals with paedophilia have
abnormal brain structure and activity. “Studies on structural brain alterations in obsessivecompulsive (OC) and spectrum disorders showed abnormalities in frontostriatal circuits, the
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basal ganglia, and insula-opercular regions as well as the cerebellum (Schiffer et al., 2007, p.
756)”. In a study conducted in Germany on 200 paedophilia subjects with a mean age of 37
years, grey matter deficiency was observed in the bilateral orbital frontal cortex, bilateral insula
and bilateral ventral striatum of paedophilia patients. (Schmahmann et al., 1999). Another
neurobiological theory argues that the brain structure responsible for the formation of male
brain sex drives men to paedophilia. Although this theory has not yet yielded complete results,
it allows us to infer the gender distribution of individuals with paedophilia (Cantor et al., 2008,
p. 168). The results of the studies show that there are common points in the brain structures of
individuals with paedophilia. As stated in the previous paragraph, although these common
points cannot be used as a definitive determination of paedophilia, they should be considered
as the first steps taken in taking measures against paedophilia
With the inferences that can be made from the psychological health of individuals, their
susceptibility to paedophilia can be determined. It is possible to examine the topic of
psychology under two main headings. It starts by examining the first of these, their mental state.
60% of paedophilia patients stated that they were drug addicts during their lifetime and 51%
stated that they were addicted to alcohol (Tenbergen et al., 2015, para. 30). Although these
addictions are seen among other psychological disorders, it is thought that they mentally destroy
individuals with paedophilia and cause these behaviours. Besides, paedophilia individuals
consist of people who are not satisfied with their sexual life. Although these types of individuals
are usually male, they do not mind using vulnerable individuals to reduce their dominant
therapeutic status (Tenbergen, 2015, para. 7). Since these mental symptoms are more concrete
than other symptoms, they make it easier to identify paedophilia individuals. Also, there is no
definite study on whether paedophilia individuals are prone to paedophilia due to this mental
breakdown or whether they have a mental breakdown because they have paedophilia. Another
issue about the study of paedophilia individuals is the traumas they experienced in their
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childhood. In his hypothesis, Hilton argues that paedophilia patients were abused in their past
and therefore joined the victim-to-victimiser circle (1996, para. 10). Hilton also emphasizes that
these individuals are generally male. Here, we understand that abused women behave
differently than men, and men have difficulty coping with this trauma (2001, para. 11).
Individuals who have been raped at a young age cannot forget this trauma throughout their lives
and have permanent changes in their understanding of sex. In this case, it pushes them into
society as new exploiters. On the other hand, paedophilia individuals do not find their
behaviours wrong because they see themselves as immature. The reason for this is thought to
be due to childhood unexpectedness. This situation makes it difficult to treat paedophilia
individuals (Stines, 2015, para. 16). The common causes and results in the physical and
psychological examination of paedophilia individuals show that these individuals have more
than one common point. Thanks to improved data collection ability, it seems possible to identify
these individuals in the light of more consistent experiments and patients in the coming years.
Adhering to these determinations and forcing people to treat or not, is, of course, a complex
process, but it seems to be a risk factor to be taken into account for the safety of new generations,
which is our priority.
The human brain is shaped in years through events. An important part of the character
of people is formed in childhood since children have pure feelings for life, and they are
inclined to effect by environmental factors. Taking care of them and behave them ageappropriate are significant things for child development. Otherwise, it will be seriously hard
to their awareness of their values. All types of abuse affect people’s psychology directly.
Especially in childhood, the consequences could be more serious. However, Read (cited in
McQueen, Itzin, Kennedy, Sinason, & Maxted, 2008) stated that the severity of psychiatric
disturbance is related to the type of abuse. According to a study, adults sexually abused as
children were sixteen times more likely to be admitted to a psychiatric hospital (p. 35). Thus,
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this research shows how the sexual type of abuse affects people. Yet, it does not mean the
other abusive traumas except the sexual abuse are forgotten easily. Hébert, Lavoie and Blais
(2013) state that the fear and discomfort do not felt just during the event, also leads to longterm psychological problems. As well as physical health problems and risky sexual behaviour,
childhood sexual abuse is a clear fact for several psychological disorders like depression,
suicidality, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) (p. 2). This statement explains
that one of the most important reasons for PTSD is child abuse. Although the sexual child
abuse mentioned more than the other types of abuse, the other abusive behaviours like
neglect, violence and maltreatment are also traumas for children. According to the American
Psychiatric Association, PTSD is explained like that although a long time has passed, people
with PTSD have intense and disturbing thoughts and feelings about their trauma. These events
may be relived through flashbacks or nightmares. And also, sadness, fear, anger, and
detachment from other people are common feelings in PTSD (Torros, 2020, para. 3). If the
feelings that abused child has about their traumas are considered, it is a certain fact that
neglect, inappropriate sexual contact, and other abuse types damage their psychology. Other
psychological consequences of abuse in childhood are diminished as cognitive skills and
academic performance. The traumas that occurred in childhood are not damaging just their
feelings inside, but also affect their relationships with the environment. The home and family
should be the safest things for children while for some it is not. Thus, it is normal that these
children who live under these conditions feel unsafe and have attachment problems., Cassidy
and Kobak (cited in Pearce and Pazzot-Pearce ) stated that a child who is neglected by his or
her parent in the moment of need experiences intense, emotional arousal and an extremely
unstable effect. To cope, feelings, and thoughts that would normally awaken the attachment
system are excluded, and the expression of the effects used to signal parental response is
suppressed by the child (2006, p. 14). It shows the child's reaction to a negligent attitude.
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These defensive reactions of abused children make can affect their approach to future
relationships because these abusive events are not easily overcome, and these repressed
emotions in childhood have a lasting effect on their brains. Although it is not widely known in
the society, abuse or neglected situations experienced at early age damage the structure of the
brain. Patoine informs that increased reactivity in the amygdala, a structure at the centre of the
brain's part that is concerned with fear processing is one of the important findings. Also, it
turns to impulsivity and increased response to the threat occasionally. “A smaller
hippocampus; structural differences in the insula; reduced grey matter in specific cortical
regions; and alterations in the corpus callosum, the major white-matter tract interconnecting
the left and right hemispheres” are the other abnormalities seen often in the brain (2018, para.
6). These brain deficiencies complicate the lives of child victims in many areas such as
academic life, cognitive skills and memory skills. De Bellis, Hooper, Spratt, and Wooley
(cited in Turner & Rogers, 2012) claim that declined academic achievement, dramatically
lower IQ, weakness in language, visual-spatial, and poor attention span are shown among
neglected children (p. 4). In line with all these researches, an abused brain makes plenty of
moments in life harder. Besides, people who experienced any type of abuse do not try to find
a solution because of shame mostly. In conclusion, traumas in childhood such as neglect,
maltreatment, and sexual abuse obstruct the victims even while they do just usual activities
like meeting someone and education.
Child abuse or maltreatment cause also several behavioural issues at all ages. Some of
them are the tendency to criminality such as a sense of revenge, alcohol and drugs problems.
The events in childhood leave deep signs on the subconscious. Also, children mostly tend to
do what they see in their surroundings. Therefore, abused children may one day be potential
abusers. Odhayani, W. Watson and L. Watson (2013) state that abusive behaviour towards
children is a common problem. These physical and psychosocial effects are particularly
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evident by their families and peers. Changes in the mental and behavioural development of
the victim are related to these traumas. It is also a risk to their potential for harmful behaviour
in the future (“Conclusion” section). Traumas such as neglect, violence and sexual abuse can
cause a predisposition to violence and overreaction while in their nervous situations for
victims even after years have passed. According to the National Institute of Justice, child
abuse raises adulthood crime's risk since its pioneer to antisocial behaviour in childhood and
adolescence. Besides, in older ages, unhealthy relationships with antisocial romantic partners
and peers can happen because of that (2017, para. 2). The anger and hatred against the
abusers, it can be family, peers or a stranger, settle in the brains of abused children, and these
repressed emotions can turn into the potential of criminality for the future. It's not just about
harming their environment, but these kids can become addicted to alcohol and drugs in
adolescence. For example, in the study, it is stated that victims of child sexual abuse use drugs
and alcohol at a higher rate in adulthood compared to a normal childhood (Juntunen, 2013, p.
157). The harm of child abuse is observed on behavioural issues in the future. Moreover, child
abuse, especially sexual abuse, brings about sexual dysfunctions by the time. The most hurter
type of child abuse for unhealthy sexual behaviours is sexual abuse. Therefore, in this part,
sexual abuse is mentioned mainly. Child sexual abuse is an effectuation improper sexual
approach to people who are age under eighteen. These children are exposed to sexual abuse
by even their relatives, families and friends. It is mostly more harmful to them. McGuire and
Wagner (as cited in Cicchetti & Carlson, 1989) argue that incest victimization causes some
specific sexual dysfunctions. Some of these dysfunctions are minimal arousal and loathing at
nudity (p.109). This claim demonstrates that sexual assault by relatives can be enormous
challenges for abused children. It is a predictable thing that victims of child sexual abuse have
fear and disgust for sexuality. In adolescence and adulthood, sexuality can become a more
fraught and insecure thing. As cited by Rowan (2006), University of Nevada-Reno
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psychologists Leah Leonard and Victoria Follette describes the relationship between child
sexual abuse and sexual dysfunction within two theories:
One is experiential avoidance, a process that includes an unwillingness to reexperience painful thoughts, feelings, and memories associated with the experience of
sexual abuse. The other is emotional avoidance, a process where sexual intimacy is
associated with emotional pain. Both must be addressed as part of the therapeutic
process. (p.36)
This argument displays that sexual assault is not the only problem with their bodies, but also
leaves abused children an extreme emotional pain. Pain and damages caused by sexual abuse
in childhood are experienced during the event and later that severely. This fear and insecure
feelings make victims feel unwilling about sexuality in the future. In summary, it is clear what
effects child abuse and maltreatment have on the future behaviour of abused children. These
effects are observed even in their daily activities.
In conclusion, child abuse is one of the most striking problems of the time. It is
obvious that when examined under more than one heading, more realistic and objective
results will be reached. Child abuse takes a wide range of forms. Children are abused not
only physically but also emotionally. There are also crucial causes of this issue. The causes
of child abuse are not as superficial as thought but have been supported by many scientific
studies. Finally, child abuse creates serious consequences both psychologically and
behaviorally. Correct examination of all these topics is essential for understanding child
abuse. Increasing studies on child abuse will improve the perspective of society on this
issue. Therefore, parents and authorities should observe children and communicate well so
that violence can be detected early and evaluated correctly. Besides, they should be with
children in the face of this crime that they are exposed to. Meanwhile, further research is
recommended in that it is vitally important to expand the scope of the work done to prevent it.
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