ENGG 413: Environmental Science and Engineering
Levels of Organization
1.
Lecture 1
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
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Field of science that studies the interactions
of the physical, chemical, and biological
components of the environment and also
the relationship and effects of these
components with the organisms in the
environment
Brings together the fields of ecology,
biology, zoology, oceanography,
atmospheric science, soil science, geology,
chemistry and more in an interdisciplinary
study of how natural and man-made
processes interact with one another and
ultimately affect the various biomes of
Earth
Main Goals
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To learn how the natural world works
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To determine how we affect the
environment and finding ways to deal with
these effects on the environment
2.
Ecosystem
all of the organisms
3.
Community
group of different species that live together
in one area
4.
Population
group of the same species that live in one
area
5.
Organism/individual
Biome
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To understand how we as humans interact
with the environment
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Understanding earth processes
Evaluating alternative energy systems,
pollution control and mitigation, natural
resource management, and the effects of
global climate change
Bringing a system approach to the analysis
of environmental problems
Ecology
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VS
Desert
Grassland
Savanna
Rainforest
Deciduous Forest
Taiga
Tundra
Incident VS Population
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Study of the relationships among organisms
and their environment
Biological community that is formed in
response to shared physical climate.
Terrestrial
Environmental Scientists And Engineers
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Biome
major regional or global community of
organisms characterized by the climate
conditions and plant communities that thrive
there
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Plague of Justinian
(First Pandemic)
Black Death
(Second Pandemic)
Third Pandemic
Aquatic
Ocean
Estuary
Freshwater
Ecosystem
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Includes both living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) factor
Biotic
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Plants
Animals
Fungi
Bacteria
Biogeochemical Cycles
Abiotic
The balance of these factors determines what
can live in a particular environment
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Example:
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Moisture
Temperature
Wind
Sunlight
Soil
Rocks
Keystone Species
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Have an unusually large effect on its
ecosystem
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Most common elements associated
with organic molecules: carbon,
nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus, sulfur (CHONSP)
Examples:
- Water or Hydrological Cycle
- Carbon Cycle
- Nitrogen Cycle
- Phosphorus Cycle
- Sulfur Cycle
Water Cycle
Steps:
1. Water from the land and oceans enters
the atmosphere by evaporation or
sublimation,
2. where it condenses into clouds and falls
as rain or snow.
3. Precipitated water may enter
freshwater bodies or infiltrate the soil.
4. The cycle is complete when surface or
groundwater reenters the ocean
Carbon Cycle
Steps:
1. Carbon dioxide gas exists in the
atmosphere and is dissolved in water.
2. Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide
gas to organic carbon, and
3. respiration cycles the organic carbon
back into carbon dioxide gas.
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Long-term storage of organic carbon
occurs when matter from living
organisms is buried deep underground
and becomes fossilized.
Volcanic activity and human emissions
bring this stored carbon back into the
carbon cycle.
Nitrogen Cycle
Steps:
1. Nitrogen enters the living world
through free-living and symbiotic
bacteria, which incorporate nitrogen
into their organic molecules through
specialized biochemical processes.
2. Certain species of bacteria are able to
perform nitrogen fixation, the process
of converting nitrogen gas into
ammonia (NH3), which spontaneously
becomes ammonium (NH4 +)
3. Ammonium is converted by bacteria
into nitrites (NO2 −) and then nitrates
(NO3 −)
4. the nitrogen-containing molecules are
used by plants and other producers to
make organic molecules such as DNA
and proteins. This nitrogen is now
available to consumer.
Human activity can alter the nitrogen cycle
by two primary means:
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the combustion of fossil fuels
releases different nitrogen oxides
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the use of artificial fertilizers
which contain nitrogen and phosphorus
compounds) in agriculture, which are
then washed into lakes, streams, and
rivers by surface runoff
Atmospheric nitrogen (other than N2)
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is associated with several effects on
Earth’s ecosystems including the
production of acid rain (as nitric acid,
HNO3) and greenhouse gas effects (as
nitrous oxide, N2O), potentially causing
climate change
Saltwater And Freshwater Eutrophication
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A major effect from fertilizer runoff
a process whereby nutrient runoff
causes the overgrowth of algae, the
depletion of oxygen, and death of
aquatic fauna.
Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus
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an essential nutrient for living
processes. It is a major component of
nucleic acids and phospholipids, and, as
calcium phosphate, it makes up the
supportive components of our bones.
also reciprocally exchanged between
phosphate dissolved in the ocean and
marine organisms
Steps:
1. In nature, phosphorus exists as the
phosphate ion (PO4 3- ).
2. Weathering of rocks and volcanic
activity releases phosphate into the
soil, water, and air, where it becomes
available to terrestrial food webs.
3. Phosphate enters the oceans in surface
runoff, groundwater flow, and river
flow.
4. Phosphate dissolved in ocean water
cycles into marine food webs
5. Some phosphate from the marine food
webs falls to the ocean floor, where it
forms sediment.
Acid Rain
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Sulfur Cycle
Sulfur
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is an essential element for the
molecules of living things. As part of the
amino acid cysteine, it is involved in the
formation of proteins
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1. Atmospheric sulfur is found in the form
of sulfur dioxide (SO2), which enters the
atmosphere in three ways:
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STEPS:
a. the decomposition of organic
molecules
b. volcanic activity and geothermal
vents
c. the burning of fossil fuels by humans
2. Sulfur dioxide from the atmosphere
becomes available to terrestrial and
marine ecosystems when it is dissolved
in precipitation as weak sulfuric acid or
when it falls directly to Earth as fallout
3. Weathering of rocks also makes
sulfates available to terrestrial
ecosystems
4. Decomposition of living organisms
returns sulfates to the ocean, soil, and
atmosphere
phenomenon created through the
burning of large quantities of fossil
fuels, especially from coal, releases
larger amounts of hydrogen sulfide gas
into the atmosphere
damages the natural environment by
lowering the pH of lakes, thus killing
many of the resident plants and
animals.
is corrosive rain caused by rainwater
falling to the ground through sulfur
dioxide gas, turning it into weak sulfuric
acid, which causes damage to aquatic
ecosystems
ex. Lincoln Memorial in Washington,
DC, have suffered significant damage
from acid rain over the years
LECTURE 2: Water Environment , Water
Pollution and Water Quality Management
Hydrology
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Study of water
Science that encompasses the
occurrence, distribution, movement,
and properties of the waters of the
earth and their relationship with the
environment within each phase of the
hydrologic cycle
Deals with the question of how much
water can be expected at any particular
time and location
Surface Water Hydrology
Human activities
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have played a major role in altering the
balance of the global sulfur cycle
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Deals with the question of how much
water can be expected at any particular
time and location
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Deals with the question of how much
water can be expected at any particular
time and location
Describes the movement and
conservation of water on earth
Groundwater Hydrology
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Deals with the distribution of water in
the earth’s subsurface, geological
materials, such as sand, rock, and grave
Groundwater
Surface Water Hydrology Processes
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Evaporation
conversion of liquid water from lakes,
streams, and other bodies of water to
water vapor
Transpiration
water is emitted from plants
Precipitation
water is released from the atmosphere
such as rain, hail, snow, sleet, freezing
rain
Evapotranspiration
combined losses of water due to
transpiration and evaporation
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Surface runoff
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Overland flow
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Direct runoff
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Interflow
move laterally just below the ground
surface
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Infiltration/Percolation
move vertically through the soils to
form groundwater
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Is the water that soaks into the soil
from rain or other precipitation and
moves downward to fill cracks and
other openings in beds of rock and
sand.
Is a renewable resource
Zone of Aquifiers
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Unsaturated zone
- water drains down through the soil
and flows through the root zone;
-also called as vadose zone or zone of
Aeration
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Saturated zone
-water continues to migrate vertically
down through the soil until it reaches a
level at which all of the openings or
voids in the soils are filled with water
- also called as phreatic
zone or zone of saturation
-water in this zone is referred to as
groundwater
Types of Aquifiers
1. Unconfined Aquifier
(Water table/phreatic aquifer)
- is the upper surface of the zone of
saturation in aquifers that are not
confined by impermeable geologic
material
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Recharge
The process of infiltration and
migration, renewing the supply of
groundwater
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Capillary Action
The process of soil drawing water above
its static level
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Capillary Fringe
The zone where capillary action occurs
2. Perched Aquifiers
- Lens of water held above the
surrounding water table by an
impervious geologic layer, such as
bedrock or clay
3. Confined Aquifier
- Aquifers bounded both above and
below the saturated zone by
impermeable layers
ground from the well.
- The water in a confined aquifer may
be under considerable pressure due to
the impermeable nature of confining
layers, which restrict flow or due to
elevation differences in the aquifer.
- The system is analogous to a
manometer
Water Pollution and Its Sources
Common Point Source Discharge of
Pollutants to Waters of the United
States
1. Municipal
2. Municipal Separate Storm Sewer
System
3. Concentrated Animal Feeding
Operation
4. Incidental Vessel Discharge
5. Non-municipal Process
6. Construction Stormwater
7. Combined Server Overflow
Water Pollution
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Confining layers
The impermeable layers
Aquicludes
Essentially impermeable to
water flow
Aquitards
less permeable to water flow
4. Artesian Aquifier
- Water in the aquifer is under pressure
- The name artesian comes from the
French province of Artois (Artesium in
Latin) where in the days of the Romans,
water flowed to the surface of the
1. Point Sources
o Generally collected by a network
of pipes or channels and
conveyed to a single point of
discharge into the receiving water
o Can be reduced or eliminated
through waste minimization
and proper wastewater
treatment
o Domestic sewage / Industrial
waste
2. Non-point Sources
o Characterized by multiple
discharge points
o Polluted water flows over the
surface of the land or along
natural drainage channels to
the nearest water body
o Occur during rainstorms or
spring snowmelt, resulting in
large flow rates that make
treatment even more difficult
o Urban and agricultural runoff
3. Oxygen-demanding Material
o When organic substances are
broken down in water, oxygen
is consumed.
o Anything that can be oxidized in
the receiving water resulting in
the
o Usually biodegradable organic
matter but also includes certain
inorganic compounds
6. Suspended Solids
Organic and inorganic particles that are
carried by wastewater into a receiving
water. Particles that settle at the
bottom as sediment which includes
eroded soil particles.
7. Salts.
All water contains some salt. These salts
are often measured by evaporation on a
filtered water sample.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
are salts and other matter that don’t
evaporate.
8. Pesticides
Chemicals used by farmers, households,
or industry to regulate and control
various types of pests and weeds
9. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care
Products (PPCPs)
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4. Nutrients
Nitrogen and phosphorus are
considered pollutants when they
become too much of a good thing
Sources:
- Phosphorous-based detergents
- Fertilizers
- Food-processing wastes
- Animal and human excrement
5. Pathogenic Organisms
Found in wastewater which includes
bacteria, viruses, and protozoa
excreted by diseased persons or
animals
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Class of compounds that are
applied externally or ingested
by humans, pets, and other
domesticated animals
Released to the environment
through the disposal of expired,
unwanted or excess
medications to the sewage
system
10. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDC)
o Class of chemicals that has
received significant interest
from the scientific community,
regulatory agencies, and the
general public
o Includes polychlorinated
biphenyls and phthalates
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Bisphenol A (BPA) from plastics,
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethan
e (DDT) from pesticides,
vinclozolin from fungicides,
diethylstilbestrol (DES) from
pharmaceutical agent
11. Other Organic Chemicals
o Hydrocarbons from combustion
processes and oil and gasoline
spills
o Solvents used in dry cleaning
and metal washing
15. Nanoparticles
o Particles in a nanorange
structure with unique optical,
magnetic, electrical, and
thermal properties
o Dimension: less than 100 nm
o Humic material
(plant and animal matter)
titania particles
(painkilling creams)
fullerene nanotube composites
(manufacture of tires, tennis
rackets, and video screens)
12. . Arsenic
o Naturally occurring element in
the environment
o Occurrence in groundwater is
largely the result of minerals
dissolving naturally from
weathered rocks and soils,
mainly from iron oxides or
sulfide minerals
13. Toxic Metals
o Heavy metals which enter
through discharge of industrial
waste and wastewater
treatment plants, storm-water
runoff, mining operations,
smokestack emissions and
other diffuse sources such as
from vehicles
o Cadmium, chromium, copper,
nickel, lead, mercury
fullerene cages
(cosmetics)
protein based nanomaterials
(soaps, shampoos, and
detergents)
Water Quality Management
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Drinking Water Quality
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14. Heat
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Waters released by many
processes such as electric
power industries are much
warmer than the receiving
waters
Science of knowing how much waste is
too much for a particular water body; to
know how much waste can be tolerated
/ assimilated by a water body
To protect the intended use of a water
body while using water as an economic
means of waste disposal within the
constraints of its assimilative capacity
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Palatable
Water that does not impart a taste or
odor and is pleasant to Drink
Potable
Free of chemicals, microorganisms, and
other contaminants and is safe to drink
How to Describe Drinking Water
Physical
1.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
appearance of water
color
turbidity
temperature
taste
odor
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Coagulant
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Chemical
1. Components
2. Concentration
Microbiological
1. free from pathogens (diseaseproducing organisms) such as viruses,
protozoa, bacteria, and helmnths
(worms)
Removal of particulate matter
a process of coagulant to destabilize a
stabilized charged particle.
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Chemical that is added to the water to
cause the particles to coagulate
Properties: trivalent cation (sodium and
calcium), nontoxic, insoluble in neutral
pH (lime or sodium carbonate to
neutralize acid)
Commonly used: aluminum, ferric ion
Factors: pH and dose
Mixing or rapid mixing
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Chemicals are quickly and uniformly
dispersed in the water
Radiological
1. naturally occurring radioactive species
Flocculation
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Drinking Water Treatment Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sediment Filters
Carbon Filters
Reverse Osmosis
Ultraviolet Sterilization
Water Treatment Terms
Coagulation
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Used to remove turbidity, color, and
bacteria from drinking water
Used to remove turbidity, color, and
bacteria from drinking water
Larger particles and dissolved ions are
removed by gravity settling or
precipitation
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Precipitates must be brought into
contact with one another so they can
form flocs
Synonymous with agglomeration and
coagulation /
Mixing technique that promotes
agglomeration and assists in the settling
of particles.
Hardness
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Used to characterize a water that does
not lather well, causes a scum in the
bath tub and leaves hard, white, crusty
deposits (scale) on coffee pots, tea
kettles, and hot water heaters
Result of reactions of calcium and
magnesium with the soap
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
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The amount of dissolved oxygen
needed by aerobic biological organisms
to break down organic material in a
given water sample at certain
temperature over a specific time period
Ion Exchange Softening
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Reversible exchange of an ion on a solid
phase with an ion of the like charge in
an aqueous phase
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Disinfection
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Sedimentation
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Required process to subsequent
treatment when surface water contains
high turbidity
Sedimentation Basins
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Also called clarifiers or settling tank
Usually rectangular or circular with
either a radial or upward water flow
pattern
Sludge that is withdrawn from the
bottom of sedimentation basins may in
some cases be discharged back to the
river
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Semi-solid slurry and can be produced
as sewage sludge from wastewater
treatment processes or as a settled
suspension obtained from conventional
drinking water treatment and other
industrial processes
Solids separated from suspension in a
liquid
Filtration
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As the water flows over the weirs and
exits the sedimentation tank, it still
contains particles that were too small to
Kill pathogens present in water that
would cause mild to fatal illness if
ingested
Not the same as sterilization as this
implies to destruction of all living
organisms
Republic Act 9275 ( The Philippine Clean Water
Act of 2004)
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Sludge
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settle or somehow escaped removal
due to fluid patterns.
Process by which flows slowly through a
bed of granular media, usually sand,
anthracite coal or garnet
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An act providing for a comprehensive
water quality management and for
other purposes.”
The law aims to protect the country's
water bodies from pollution from landbased sources industries and
commercial establishments, agriculture
andcommunity/householdactivities). It
provides for a comprehensive and
integrated strategy to prevent and
minimize pollution through а multisectoral and participatory approach
involving all the stakeholders.
Approved on March 22, 2004
Presidential Decree No. 1067
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The Water Code of the Philippines
Why the need for the Clean Water Act?
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51% of the classified rivers still met the
standards for their most beneficial use
domestic wastewater is the principal
cause of organic pollution (at 48%) of
our water bodies.
only 3% of investments were going to
sanitation and sewage treatment.
Metro Manila was second to the lowest
in sewer connections.
Thirty-one percent (31%) of all illnesses
in the country are attributed to polluted
waters.
allotment of funds for the construction and
rehabilitation of required facilities
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How wil water quality be managed?
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Management of water quality will
either be based on watershed, river
basin or water resources region
Water quality management areas which
affect the reaction and diffusion of
pollutants in water bodies are to be
designated by the DENR in coordination
with the National Water Resources
Board (NWRB).
How will the discharge of wastewater be
discouraged
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How will discharges of wastewater be
controlled?
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required to get a permit to discharge
from the DENR or the Laguna Lake
Development Authority
without any permit are given 12 months
from the effectivity of the implementing
rules and regulations (IRR)
LGUs
are to provide the land including road
right of the way for the construction of
sewage and/or septage treatment
facilities
The Department of Health (DOH)
will formulate guidelines and standards
for the collection, treatment and
disposal of sewage
The MWSS
are required to connect existing
sewage lines
Anyone discharging wastewater into a
water body will have to pay a
wastewater charge.
Rewards will also be given to those
whose wastewater discharge is better
than the water quality criteria of the
receiving body of water.
What safeguards are provided for?
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All possible dischargers are required to
put up an environmental guarantee
fund (EGF) as part of their
environmental management plan.
What are the prohibited acts under R.A. 9275?
How will domestic wastewater be addressed?
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The Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH)
will prepare a national program on
sewage and septage management
A priority list will likewise be prepared
which will be the basis for the
1. Discharging or depositing any water
pollutant to the water body,
2. pollute groundwater
3. without the valid required permits
4. Disposal of potentially infectious
medical waste into sea
5. Unauthorized transport or dumping into
waters of sewag
6. discharge of prohibited chemicals,
substances or pollutants listed under
Toxic Chemicals, Hazardous and Nuclear
Wastes Control Act (Republic Act No.
6969)
7. without the valid required discharge
permit pursuant to this Act
8. Noncompliance of the LGU with the
Water Quality Framework and
Management Area Action Plan
9. Refusal to allow entry, inspection and
monitoring by DENR
10. Refusal or failure to submit reports
and/or designate pollution control
Officers
11. Directly using booster pumps OR
tampering with the water supply
12. Operate facilities that discharge or
allow to seep
13. wastewater treatment/sewerage
facilities in violation of P.D.1586 and its
IRR
What are the fines and penalties imposed on
polluters?
For anyone who commits prohibited acts such
as discharging untreated wastewater into any
water body
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will be fined for every day of violation,
the amount of not less than Php 10,000
but not more than Php 200,000
Failure to undertake clean-up operations
willfully
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shall be punished by imprisonment of
not less than two years and not more
than four years and includes a fine of
not less than Php 50,000 and not more
than Php 100,000 per day of violation
Failure or refusal to clean up which results in
serious injury or loss of life or lead to
irreversible water contamination of surface,
ground, coastal and marine water
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shall be punished with imprisonment of
not less than 6 years and 1 day and not
more than 12 years and a fine of Php
500,000/day for each day the
contamination or omission continues
In cases of gross violation
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a fine of not less than Php 500,000 but
not more than Php 3,000,000 will be
imposed for each day of violation.
Criminal charges may also be filed
LECTURE 3
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
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The amount of dissolved oxygen
needed by aerobic biological organisms
to break down organic material in a
given water sample at certain
temperature over a specific time period
Class D
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Navigable Waters
Unclassified Water Bodies
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classification shall be based on the
beneficial use as determined by the
Environmental Management Bureau
(EMB).
Water Body Classification and Usage of
Freshwater
Class AA
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Public Water Supply Class I
Intended primarily for waters having
watersheds, which are uninhabited and
/or otherwise declared as protected
areas, and which require only approved
disinfection to meet the latest PNSDW
Air Pollution
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Class A
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Public Water Supply Class II
intended as sources of water supply
requiring conventional treatment
(coagulation, sedimentation, filtration
and disinfection) to meet the latest
PNSDW
Risk to Health of Air Pollution
Class B
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Recreational Water Class I
Intended for primary contact recreation
(bathing, swimming, etc.)
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Class C
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Contamination of the indoor or outdoor
environment by any chemical, physical
or biological agent that modifies the
natural characteristics of the
atmosphere
mainly caused by combustion of fuels
and waste, industrial activities, and also
natural dust.It consists of fine particles
and harmful gases. Ambient air
pollution is curently the greatest
environmental risk to health, causing
mainly cardiovascular and respiratory
diseases. It is widespread and affects
almost all countries.
Fishery Water
for the propagation and growth of fish
and other aquatic resource
Recreational Water Class II
For boating, fishing, or similar activities
For boating, fishing, or similar activities
4 out of 10
According to Philippine Health Statistics
the leading cause of morbidity in 2008
were attributed to air pollution
Around 4.2 million deaths occur each
year as a consequence of ambient air
pollution,
Household Air Pollution
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The main cause of air pollution in
households around the world is cooking
and heating by burning unclean fuels,
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such as wood, coal, waste or dung, in
inefficient and polluting stoves.
Around 3.8 million deaths are caused
each year by st msmoky homes due to
cooking or heating with inefficient fuels
and technology combinations.
45% of all pneumonia deaths are
caused by household use of solid fuels
and kerosene paired with polluting
cookstoves.
7. Particulates
Secondary Pollutants
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Sulfur trioxide
Nitric acid
Hydrogen peroxide
Sulfuric acid
Ammonium
Ozone
Particulates
Types of Air Pollution
Factors air pollutants affect human health:
Outdoor Air Pollution
• Nature of pollutants
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Power Plants
Construction and Road Dustst
Brick Kilns
Emissions
Transportation
Biomass Burning
Open Waste Burning
Industries
Indoor Air Pollution
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Chemicals released from building
Animal hair
Chemicals from cleaning products
Particulate matter
Chemical fumes from paints
Outdoor air pollution
Mold and bacteria
Cigarette soke
Combustion gases from woodburning
Fumes from garage
Primary Pollutants
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Carbon monoxide
Nitric oxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Ammonia
Nitrogen dioxide
Volatile organic cmpds
• Concentration of pollutants
• Duration of exposure
• Stage of health receptor
• Age group of the receptor
Air Pollution Control
1. collecting pollutants using equipment,
2. destroying the pollutants by thermal or
catalytic combustion,
3. changing the pollutants to less toxic
form, releasing pollutants
4. through tall chimneys / stack for greater
dispersion
RA 8749 (The Philippine Clean Air Act)
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”An act providing for a comprehensive
air pollution control policy and for other
purposes.”
Air Quality Management System
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Air quality monitoring and information
network
Integrated air quality improvement
framework
Air quality control action plan
Airsheds
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Management of non-attainment areas
Air quality control techniques
Emission charge system
Air quality management fund
Air pollution research and development
program
Guideline for disposal is covered by the
Healthcare Waste Management Manual
covered by DOH
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Air Quality Management System
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Ambient air quality guideline values and
standards
LECTURE 4: SOLID WASTE
Solid Waste management
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Land Pollution
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Destruction or a decline in quality of the
earth’s surface as a result of human
actions
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WACS (Waste Analysis and Characterization
Study)
Paper
Plastics
Glass
Metals
Residuals
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Residuals with Potential for Recycling
Residuals not salable in local junk shops
or recycling markets
Residuals for Recyling
The volume of residual waste that end
up in our landfills
Special Waste
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Hazardous waste
Are covered under Republic Act 6969
and related policies like Department
Administrative Order 2013-22
Healthcare Waste from Hospitals
Minimize waste generation
Maximize the collection efficiency of
waste
Reduce the waste volume requiring
disposal and maximize the economic
value of waste
Develop and adopt environmentally
sound treatment and disposal methods
STEPS:
1. Collection
2. Transportation
3. Recovery
4. Processing
5. Disposal
Recyclables
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Bulky Waste
Require separate hauling arrangements
with the LGU.
Waste Management Hierarchy
Most Favoured to Least Favored
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Prevention
Minimization
Reuse
Recycle
Energy recovery
Disposal
Open Dump
-
Land disposal site at which solid wastes
are disposed of in a manner that does
not protect the environment
-
Susceptive to open burning, surface and
groundwater
contamination, detrimental to the
natural beauty of the land,
deteriorating soil quality and are
exposed to scavenger
Landfill
-
-
Sites designed to store garbage
Minimize the effects of the trash on
human health and the environment
-
Republic Act No 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000)
-
”An act providing for an ecological Solid
Waste Management program, creating
the necessary institutional mechanisms,
declaring certain prohibited acts
Hazardous Waste
-
Prohibited Acts
-
-
Littering, throwing, dumping of waste
matters in public places
violation of sanitation operation and
other requirements
open burning of solid waste
collection of non-segregated or
unsorted waste
Squatting
Open dumping n flood-prone areas
Unauthorized removal of recyclable
material
mixing of source-separated recyclable
material with other solid waste
Establishment or operation of open
dumps
non-environmentally acceptable
packaging (NEAP) materials
Importation of consumer products
packaged in non environmentally
acceptable materials
Importation of toxic wastes
Transport and dumping areas other
than centers or facilities
without an Environmental Compliance
Certificate required pursuant to
Presidential Decree No. 1586 and this
Act and not conforming with the land
use plan of the LGU
Construction within 200 meters from
open or controlled dumps
The construction or operation of
landfills or any waste disposal facility on
any aquifer, groundwater reservoir or
watershed area
-
Substances that are without any safe
commercial, industrial, agricultural or
economic usage and are shipped,
transported or brought to the country
of origin for dumping and disposal into
or in transit through any part of the
territory.
present unreasonable risk and/or injury
to health and safety and to the
environment
Listed Was
•
•
•
•
F-list
hazardous waste from nonspecific
sources;spent solvents, 28 specific
chemicals
K-list
hazardous waste from specific sources
and industrial processes which employ
chemicals that result in the generation
of unstable waste; 100 type
U-list
discarded commercial chemicals,
container and spill residues
P-list
any of the above that are categorized as
acutely hazardous.
Hazardous Waste Management
•
•
•
•
•
Waste minimization
Detoxification and neutralization of
waste by treatments
Destruction of combustible waste by
incineration
Solidification of sludge and ash
Disposal of residues in landfills
Incineration
•
•
•
Able to achieve 99.99% destruction and
removal efficiency of hazardous
components in wastes
Primary products: carbon dioxide, ash,
and vapors
Types: liquid injection system, rotary
kiln
Solidification Or Stabilization
•
•
Converts the waste into an insoluble,
hard rock material
Additive materials are used to reduce
the mobility of pollutants in the waste
• Residues that are left out are solidified to
reduce the leachability
Leachate
•
•
Contaminated water
Liquid that takes in substances from the
material through which it passes, often
making the liquid harmful or poisonous
Disposal Methods
•
•
Land disposal, underground disposal,
and deep-well injection
Based on the evaluation of economics
and pollution potential risks
RA 6969 (Toxic Substances and Hazardous
Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990)
-
An act to control toxic substances and
hazardous and nuclear wastes,
providing penalties for violations,
thereof, and for other purposes.
Prohibited Acts
-
-
Knowingly use a chemical substance or
mixture in violation of this act
Failure or refusal to submit reports,
Failure or refusal to comply with the
pre-manufacture and pre importation
requirement
Storage of any amount of hazardous
and nuclear wastes in any part of the
Philippines
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