Mark Yr. 12
KEY TERMS
Topic 1: Project Management
Project management: planned, methodical, resources and tasks
Communication skills:
 Active listening
 Conflict resolution
 Interview Techniques
 Negotiation skills
 Team building
Team building skills and techniques:
 Forming
 Storming
 Norming
 Performing
Belbin Model: complimentary, work teams
Project Management Tools:
 Gantt Chart - schedule, tasks
 Journals and diaries - recording, completion, tasks
 Funding management plan - allocation, budget
 Communication management plan - Medium (platform), stakeholders
System Development Cycle:
Understanding the problem: Purpose, requirements, report, survey, interview, users,
participants
Systems Analyst: Analysing, existing, requirements, design new systems
Requirements prototype: Working model
Planning: Decide which solution, how developed and managed
Feasibility study: TOES
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Technical - Availability, Information and Technology
Operational - work in practice
Economic - Cost-benefit analysis, calculating, costs
Schedule - completed on time
Development Approaches: COPTAP
 Customisation - specific needs/requirements, alterations
 Outsourcing - 3rd party, specialised skills
 Prototyping - verify and determine requirements
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Traditional - structured, step by step
Agile development - ad hoc, team development
Participant development - end users/participants, develop
Designing: actual system, designed, built
Diagrams in designing:
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Context Diagram
Data flow Diagram
Data Dictionary
Decision Tree and Decision Table
Storyboards
Implementing: 4th stage, installed, commences
Implementation plan: participant training, method conversion, when system tested, data
conversion
4 methods of conversion
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Direct conversion - straight to new
Pilot conversion - test
Parallel conversion - old and new period of time
Phased conversion - gradual
Implementation of training to users/participants
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Traditional group training sessions
Online training such as tutorials and help systems
Operation manual
Peer training
Testing, Evaluating and Maintaining: 5th stage or final stage, continues through SDLC
Tasks
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Testing requirements
Trialling operational manual
Evaluation performance
Review effect - users, participants and people
Maintaining to meet requirements
Modifying - problems identified
Acceptance Tests: formal test, determine - meets requirements
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Types of Tests
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Volume - large amounts of data
Simulated - operational condition - many users, connections or different processes occurring different combination/same time
Live - actual data, real conditions
Social and Ethical Issues include:
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Privacy
Nature of employment
Working conditions - ergonomics
Deskilling
Loss of social contact
Topic 2: Information Systems & Database Systems
Information Systems and Database: produce
information, end-users
Data: organised, stored and retrieved
Organising: prepare data, other info processes
Flat file Database: single table, single file,
attributes, records
Non-computer tools for flat file databases:
telephone books, card catalogues, reference
books, encyclopedias, recipe books
Relational Database: tables, records
Primary Key: uniquely identify record
Database Schema: modelling, relationships
Types of Relationships
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1 to 1
1 to many
Many to many: fixed through creating a joining table that has two 1 to many
relationships
Referential Integrity: match, primary key, another table
Normalisation: excludes redundant data
Redundant Data: unnecessary duplicate data
First Normal Form (FNF): splitting fields
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Second Normal Form (SNF): creating tables, removing redundant data
Hypertext: text, linked
Hypermedia: media, linked
Storyboard: organisation, screens and hypertext
Types of Navigation
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Linear
Hierarchical
Non-linear
Composite
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML):
text file to display pages
Metadata: defines, describes, other
data
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs):
identify, files, internet
Magnetic Disks: spinning disks,
recording heads, magnetic film,
magnetic pattern, electromagnet
Magnet Tape: magnetised sequentially
Optical Storage: layer, pit and flat area, laser, photoelectric cell
RAID: striping, mirroring, RAID 1, RAID 0
Back Ups: copy files, separate location
Full Backup: all files
Incremental backup (partial): all files changed last partial
Differential backup (partial): all files changed last full
Search: look, locate required data
Sort: arrange, specified order
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SQL
SELECT (attributes to retrieve)
FROM (list of table names)
WHERE (search criteria)
ORDER BY (list of attributes)
QUERY BY EXAMPLE [QBE] (visual technique, specifying
database query)
Centralised Database: single database, single DBMS, all
users/client apps connect directly to DBMS
Distributed Database: connected databases, multiple
computers, appear as single database
Screen and Report Design Principles
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Consistency
Grouping
White Space
Colours and Graphics
Legibility of Text
Screen Design Principles: data, validation, effective prompts
Data validation: check, time of collection, reasonable, correct format
Issues: acknowledgement of data sources, access ownership and control, accuracy and
reliability of data
Data Warehouse: large separate copy, different databases, historical data
Data Mining: discovering non obvious patterns, large data
Online Analytical Processing: technique, decision makers, statistical evidence, past trends,
critical information visually online
Topic 3: Communication Systems
OSI levels
1. Application
2. Communication Control and Addressing
3. Transmission
Application layer: actual data, transmitted, software
Presentation layer: data recognised, subsequent transmission
Session layer: communication established, commences, maintained
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Transport layer: manages transmission, packet loss, retransmitted
Network Layer: packets directed destination, address forward destination
Data link layer: how transmission media shared, transmission hardware, size pockets, speed
transfer
Physical layer: physical transfer, hardware, converts bits signal, twisted pair, coaxial, optic
MAC Address: hardware address, uniquely identifies node
Header and Trailer: contain data relevant to layer
Protocol: rules procedures, two devices transfer efficiently successfully
How messages travel: ascend protocol stack | decoded receiver → protocol highest lowest examines, error checks, removes headers/trailers → next protocol similar process → arrives
destination.
Handshaking: negotiating, establishing rules, 2 or more devices
Application level protocol: http, smtp, ssl
Hypertext Transfer Protocol [http]: web browsers, communicate/retrieve web pages from
web servers.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol [SMTP]: relay emails sources to recipients mail server
Secure Sockets Layer [SSL]: encrypted transmission
Communication Control and addressing protocols: TCP IP
Transmission Control Protocol: ensuring messages delivered correctly. Requires IP
Internet Protocol: data packets move sender → receiver
Transmission Level Protocol: ethernet
Ethernet: built into hardware (transmit/receive)
Preamble: sequencing alternating 1s/0s synchronise phase, sender and receiver
Measurements of Speed
Bits per second - bits transferred second
Baud - signal events second or symbols per second
Bandwidth - difference highest lowest frequencies
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Error Checking Methods
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Parity bit - even or odd
Checksum - adds all bits together, sum
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) - value by division
Examples of communication systems
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Teleconferencing
Message Systems
Electronic Banking
 EFTPOS
 Internet Banking
Teleconferencing: multi location, multi person - audio, video - real time
Teleconferencing Hardware: conferencing phone, teleconferencing server
Teleconferencing steps → setup call on server → host pin → creation of Guest PIN →
participants enter conference
Messaging Systems
Telephone: voice travels via copper wire, public switched telephone network, microphone,
speaker
Voice Over Internet Protocol: voice over the internet
Email: envelope (info, transfer, message, destination) - contents (actual message) - SMTP
analyses envelope/contents, sender/receiver
Destination Fields: To: CC (Carbon Copy) BCC (Blind Carbon Copy)
To field: primary recipient
CC field: receive a copy, not primary recipient
BCC field: recipients receive, others cannot see email address
Electronic Commerce
Automatic Teller Machine: magnetic stripe reader, keypad
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Magnetic Stripe Reader: collects data, card, stripe
Magnetic Stripe: data stored → account details
Keypad: Pin number
Display devices: screen, cash dispenser, receipt printer, speaker
Electronic Funds Transfer Point of Sale (EFTPOS): keypad, magnetic stripe reader
Internet Banking: transfer money internet
NETWORK COMMUNICATION CONCEPTS
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Server: processing services → clients
Clients: request service/waits response ← Server processes request
Authentication: process verify person
Physical Topology: actual connections, nodes, network
Logical Topology: signal transmitted between nodes
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ENCODING AND DECODING ANALOG & DIGITAL SIGNALS
NETWORK HARDWARE
Transmission Media
Wired:
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Twisted pair: twisted copper wire, plastic insulation, outer sheath
Coaxial Cable: solid copper core, nylon insulator, aluminium foil wrap, braided
copper, plastic sheath
Optic Fibre Cable: one or more optical fibres → waveguide containing
light waves, glass core, surrounded glass cladding
Wireless:
 Point to point Terrestrial Microwave: relay signals, large distances, direct sight
transmitter/receiver
 Satellite: microwaves signals, out of orbit
 Wireless LANs: microwave signals frequency 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz
 Bluetooth: short-range transmission, 2.4 GHz frequency
 Infrared: frequencies above microwaves, direct line transmission
 Mobile (5G): mobile base station - PSTN (Internet), transmitter (phone) talks base
station
NETWORK CONNECTION DEVICES
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Network interface Cards (NIC): convert data - computer - transmission outside
Repeater: receives signal, amplifies signal, repeats it across network
Hub: receives packet, amplifies, retransmits all nodes
Switch: intelligent hub, finds address, transmits to that node only
Getaway: connects 2 networks together, can be different protocols, e.g., LAN to
internet
Wireless Access Point (WAP): central nodes, transmit to all wireless nodes
Modem: connects computer to internet Service Provider
 Modulation: encoding digital to analog wave
 Demodulation: decoding analog wave to digital signal
Router: direct messages, efficient path
SERVER
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File server: manages storage and retrieval, client requests
Print server: access to printers for clients
Database server: runs Database Management System, executes SQL
Mail server: host emails for clients, allows for email to be sent
Web server: provides servers to web browsers, retrieves web pages - transmits web
pages to client
Proxy server: sits between client and server, processes common requests to speed
up transmission
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NETWORK ADMINISTRATION TASKS
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Adding/Removing Users
Assigning printers
Assigning File Access Rights
Directory Permissions
File Permissions
Installation of software
Issues related to Communication Systems
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Internet fraud
Power and control
Removal of physical boundaries - globalisation
Interpersonal issues - social media
Work and employment issues
Current and Emerging Technologies
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Blogs
Wikis
RSS Feeds
Podcasts
Online Radio, Video on demand (VOD) Netflix, streaming
Topic 4: Transaction Processing Systems
Transaction: multiple events all succeed/fail
Manual Transactions: Strict sequence events
Data verification: Checking data, matches source
Transaction Processing Monitor (TPM): software, manage/control transactions, multiple
databases/systems
Referential Integrity: Foreign key matches primary key another table
Data Validation: data entry, data reasonable- type/range
Data Integrity: how accurate data matches its source -validation, verification, ACID
properties
ACID properties: Atomicity, Consistency, isolation, durability
Atomicity: Transaction never incomplete e.g., ticket paid for but not reserved
Consistency: Data is not inconsistent e.g., reserved seats = issued tickets
Isolation: Transaction do not affect each other
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Durability: Result transaction are made permanent e.g., purchased ticket but system fails
(no ticket recorded)
Transaction log: Transactions recorded on log, once completed the transaction is either
committed or rolled back.
Real time (On-line) Transaction processing: complete transactions immediately they have
been initiated
Examples of Real Time Transaction System:
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Reservation Systems
Point of Sale System
Library Loan System
Batch Transactions Processing Systems: separates data collection from processing,
processing delayed.
Examples of Batch Transactions Systems:
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Cheque Clearance
Generation of bills and invoices
Credit Card Transactions
Backup and Recovery
Backup: copy, files, separate, secondary storage
Recovery: data restored
Full Backup: complete copy of all data
Partial Backups: incremental and differential
Incremental Backup: Partial backup, copy of data change since last backup, fats and less
storage
Differential Backup: Partial Backup, copy of data since last full backup, copies of data,
where archive bit = true
Transaction Log: details transactions made since log and data last backed up, real time
record transactions
Mirroring: writes all data to two or more secondary storage devices
Backup Media:
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Magnetic Tape
Hard Disks
Optical Media - CD/DVD
Online Systems -Cloud storage - Dropbox/icloud
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Backup Procedures:
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Grandmother (monthly), Father (weekly), son (daily)
Round Robin: Tapes labelled 1-5 Mon - Fri, once cycle finished starts from 1
Tower of Hanoi- rotation based on Hanoi logical puzzle. Move disks from 1st to 3rd
pole
Collecting in Transaction Processing Systems
Collection Hardware:
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Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR)
RFID
Barcode Readers
Magnetic Stripe Readers
MICR: ink toner contains ferromagnetic material (can be magnetised) to print characters on
cheques. MICR line position across bottom of cheque. Technologies for MICR:
waveform/matrix readers.
RFID: identify individual articles sending data from tag - reader using radio waves
Barcode Readers: sequence parallel alternating black/white lines (varying thickness)
different bar patterns used to represent each character
Magnetic Stripes: store binary data magnetically E.g., credit cards
Collection of data from forms
Good form principles:
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Know who users are
Identify precise nature of all data items collected
Consistency other forms and applications
Form = readable
Include white space
Analysing data output from Transaction Processing Systems
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Data warehouse
Management Information Systems
Decision Support Systems
Data Warehouse: large database, store historical data - all operational databases. Source
data analysing trends, future predictions, business decisions
Data Mining: unintended patterns, non-obvious relationships data
Decision Support Systems: provide info/evidence support decisions. Solutions to problems
with evidence or probabilities to back up decisions.
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Management Information Systems (MIS): extract info to support day-to-day operations.
Reports statistical summaries (operational data) forms of tables.
Enterprise Systems: perform processes/maintain data = central/critical operation large
organisation.
OLAP: real time decision support system that analyses existing data to produce
OLTP: real time processing of transactions. Produces new/modified data as the transaction
is completed. The transaction data resulting from OLTP exported and recognised to form the
data cubes used by OLAP software.
ISSUES RELATED TO TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS
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Changing Nature of Work
Alternative non computer procedures
Bias data collection
Data security, integrity and quality issues
Control and implications for participants
Changing Nature of Work: type job available, way work undertaken
Alternative non computer procedures: what to do when power is lost, fire, theft, comm
lines broken
Bias data collection: collecting all and correct information
Data security, integrity and quality issues: using passwords, backups copies, physical
barriers, anti virus software, firewalls, data encryption, audit trails
Control and implications for participants: reasonable monitoring of activities
Topic 5: Multimedia Systems
CHARACTERS OF EACH OF THE MEDIA TYPES
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Text and numbers
Hyperlinks
Audio
Images
Animation
Video
Texts: sequence individual characters, characters = binary code (ASCII/unicode)
Numbers: represented binary, decimal → binary. Integers → binary, real numbers →
floating/fixed point, Boolean → single bit (True/False)
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Hyperlinks: HTML links → anchor tags <a href=linked doc or URL > and </a> The first part
links to a document or website, text or media that becomes the links
Audio: Sequencing sound samples, Sound sample = binary number = amplitude original
sound wave
Images: bitmap = represents pixel as binary number. Binary number = colour of pixel.
Vector images = shapes, shapes described mathematically. Description includes: fill colour,
line colour, line weight, specs shape, size, location. Stored binary.
Animation: sequence bitmap images, single file. Sequence images create illusion
movement
Video: sequence bitmap images with synchronised sample sound track. Compressed lossy
techniques.
Raster Fonts: bitmap each character
Outline Fonts: vector mathematical description shape of character
Lossless Compression: retains data from original
Lossy Compression: sacrifices some of the original data - reduce file size
MP3 audio format: compression removes parts of sound that won’t be heard by most
listeners
JPEG Compression: bitmap converted to brightness (Y) chrominance blue (Cb)
Chrominance red (Cr). Brightness more noticeable to human eye
Preparation of images for web:
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File Format
Resolution
Compression - speed of communication connection
HARDWARE FOR DISPLAYING AND CREATING MULTIMEDIA
Screens
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Video Cards (Displaying adapters)
CRT Monitors (Cathode Ray Tube)
LCD based monitors (Liquid Crystal Display)
Plasma Screens
Head Up Display (HUD)
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Sound Card
Speaker
Head-set - Virtual Reality
Audio
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SOFTWARE FOR CREATING AND DISPLAYING MULTIMEDIA
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Presentation Software
Word Processors with sound and video
Authoring Software
Animation Software
Web Browsers & HTML Editors
EXAMPLES OF MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS
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Education and Training
Leisure and Entertainment
Provision of information
Virtual Reality and Simulation
OTHER INFORMATION PROCESSES WHEN DESIGNING SYSTEMS
Organising with Storyboards:
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Linear navigation
Hierarchical navigation
Non-linear navigation
Composite navigation
Collecting:
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Scanner
Digital Camera
Microphone and Sound Card
Video Camera
Storing:
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People in Multimedia
Content Providers: specialise provision media behalf copyright owners, maintain large
portfolios, work different creators/authors, negotiates contracts/licence fees use of content.
Systems Designers: control work stages SDLC, decide best solution, develop system
Project managers: control development process. Create project plan, ensure project is
completed with budget, on time, completion of tasks.
Technical Personnel: ensure final product will work with targeted hardware and software
Authors and Journalists: create text
Photographers: collect original photographic images
Graphic designers: illustrators and artist who create types of images
Musicians: create original music
Sound Engineers: record music/voice/special effects
Video and Film directors: manage/control artistic aspect video production
Camera Operators, audio/lightning personnel
Issues related to Multimedia Systems
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Copyright Issues
Integrity of source of data
Current and emerging trends in multimedia systems
RSS Feeds/Podcasts: provider updates feed regular basis, subscribers devices
automatically updated